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# ARKIT

Hands-On Technical Tutorials

## Posts

### [SaaS Application Development: How to Build a SaaS App (Step-by-Step Guide)](https://arkit.co.in/saas-application-development-how-to-build-a-saas-app-step-by-step-guide/)

**Published:** July 9, 2026
**Author:** Ram Narayanan Karunakaran

**Content:**

If you’re leading an organization, you’re likely aware of the ongoing digital transformation. Staying current is crucial in the present market. But how would you keep up? Besides adopting the right technology and supporting your staff through changes, it’s fundamental to welcome cloud computing.

Cloud computing is key to modernizing your business. Different ways of transitioning to the cloud depend on factors like your processes’ size and complexity. Software as a Service or SaaS is a known cloud computing model. It gives on-request computing service through the Internet. This offers scalability, availability, and reliability while reducing support expenses.

  SaaS is significant for mobile application development firms. The worldwide SaaS market is supposed to grow by $234900 million by 2028. In this article, we delve deeper into SaaS application development.

## What is SaaS application development?

Software as a Service development includes creating and managing software applications. These applications are hosted and accessed online without requiring installation on local gadgets. A capable SaaS development organization handles this cycle and also answers your concern, “how to develop a SaaS application?”

In the SaaS model, clients pay for software access as they use it, accessing it through an internet browser or API. They don’t need to stress over installing or managing it themselves. SaaS development encompasses coding, designing, testing, and conveying scalable, trustworthy, and secure applications.

SaaS engineers focus on creating features customized to their target audience’s requirements. This guarantees smooth integration with different services and systems. Moreover, SaaS application developers prioritize user experience and progress improvement based on client feedback. Continuous monitoring and updates play a critical part in SaaS product development. It guarantees ideal execution and client fulfillment over the long haul.

## Benefits of SaaS Development

**SaaS app development** will offer significant benefits in 2024. Here are multiple reasons to **build a SaaS application**:

### 1. Adaptability in Development

SaaS allows quick adjustments to meet changing needs without waiting for software updates. It also removes the need for extra hardware. This allows access from anywhere with an internet connection.

### 2. Cost-Effective Options

Various pricing plans in SaaS models enable businesses to start small and expand gradually. Customizing features to subscription plans ensures affordability for users.

### 3. Consistent Revenue Generation

SaaS software development ensures stable sales and profit forecasts through monthly subscriptions or annual payments.

### 4. Improved Performance

Unlike traditional software, SaaS applications run on centralized servers. It ensures fast response times and smooth user-system interactions.

### Examples

SaaS, short for Software as a Service, means providing software applications online through a subscription model. Examples include

- Salesforce for managing customer relationships
- Slack for team communication
- Google Workspace for productivity tools.

## 6 Stages of developing SaaS applications

Making software that works in the cloud (SaaS) is not quite the same as making regular mobile applications. The key distinction lies in depending on a reliable cloud service provider to develop a cloud-based solution.

Here is a manual for kickstarting the development of a full-fledged **SaaS-based application development**. We’ve broken down the process into six stages. Let’s dive into each step in detail:

### 1. Add Value to the Solution

To attract clients to your SaaS product, it’s critical to provide a convincing solution that shows its worth. Potential clients look for clarity on what advantages they’ll get before committing to a membership. One practical approach is offering a free trial for testing for a specified duration. During this time, clients can encounter firsthand the handiness and effectiveness of your SaaS service.

Another choice is implementing a pay-per-use model. It permits clients to pay just for the time they use the platform. This game plan benefits people who don’t need frequent access to the service.

**To optimize this technique, consider addressing the following inquiries:**

- Is your product in line with your business objectives and goals?
- Do you have the fundamental specialists and assets, or will you want to employ a development team?
- How does this project connect with your company’s other projects and goals?
- What will be the project’s expense?
- What is the best pricing strategy for the product?

### 2. Competitor Analysis

While developing a SaaS application development platform, conducting statistical market research and acquiring a deep understanding of your intended clients is significant. This includes

- Studying your competitors
- Looking at the features they offer
- Understanding their business models

You can cautiously analyze the market scene and recognize opportunities to differentiate your SaaS solution. This makes it more attractive to expected clients.

### 3. Gather the Necessary Requirements

Before jumping into developing a SaaS application, it is pivotal to gather project requirements. This includes making a detailed list of features that the application will include. These features typically fall into two classes: basic and advanced.

Basic features, frequently referred to as Minimum Viable Product features, are fundamental functionalities important to meet clients’ core requirements. Advanced features, then again, go beyond the basic and offer extra functions to improve client engagement.

**To complete this step, think about the following questions:**

- Who will use the solution and why?
- What issue does the software solve?
- What information is required for the project, and what results are expected?
- How might protection and security concerns be addressed?
- Is integration with external tools or APIs important?

### 4. UI/UX Design is the Key

Now that we’ve outlined the important elements, it’s pivotal to develop a first-class UI/UX plan for your SaaS platform. These days, clients have high requirements and immediately leave the platform with unappealing designs. To guarantee a good outcome and benefit for your SaaS application, focusing on making a user-friendly interface and experience is fundamental.

The process of designing something takes both time and cash. Everything starts with wireframes, similar to blueprints for how things will look on a PC or phone screen. Wireframes are simple and show essential components, like boxes and lines, to address how everything fits together on the screen.

Following this, creators develop a visual character for your upcoming application. They select the right tones, textual styles, and other visual components. It is time to start the design stage. Designers will develop all the screens for the application and their functionalities.

After that, they will assemble these components into a clickable prototype. The last stage in the UI/UX design process includes delivering the plan to the designers responsible for making the SaaS application.

### 5. Pricing

Pricing is a vital procedure for any SaaS Product. Offering different membership plans is currently standard practice, so it’s fundamental to develop various plans that meet and outperform client needs and wants.

Furthermore, integrating different free elements and giving a free trial can be advantageous. SaaS providers normally offer membership choices for fluctuating quantities of clients, going from as few as three to as many as 1,000 accounts.

### 6. Tech Stack

Choosing the right technology for a SaaS application can be complicated. It includes clearly outlining the project’s requirements, its design, and the features it will offer. This data is then passed on to the mobile application development team, who will choose the fundamental technologies for building SaaS applications. It’s fundamental to guarantee that the picked solution remains current and incorporates tools supporting scalability.

### Conclusion

A SaaS application development company offers businesses a modern and adaptable alternative to traditional software development approaches. This allows them to craft budget-friendly, easily expandable, and user-friendly solutions for their intended customers at an accessible price point.

In short, a SaaS development company does more than just answer your question, “[How to build a SaaS application?](https://www.contus.com/blog/how-to-develop-saas-application/)”

Realizing practical SaaS applications necessitates assembling the appropriate team of developers and recognizing the hurdles in their successful creation. Simply put, harnessing the full potential of SaaS applications can propel your business toward greater growth.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2f1a9c19d613661f81f2cf2f7c9eb6fa03f7c41ee846bd5d3399a263da486304?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ram Narayanan Karunakaran 

 [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ramnarayanan-k/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ramnarayanan-k/)

**Categories:** Linux, Virtualization

---

### [How To Create more than 2TB Partitions in Linux | Arkit](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-create-more-than-2tb-partitions/)

**Published:** February 23, 2026
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Directly creating partitions more than 2TB is not possible with MBR disk format. Then how? Creating partitions larger than 2TB in Linux is possible with GPT disk format. Is there any possibility that can i convert basic disk (MBR format) to dynamic? No you can’t directly convert basic disk to dynamic.

## Linux Creating partitions larger than 2TB

GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of the partition table on a physical storage device used in a desktop or server PC, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using globally unique identifiers (GUID).

  Using parted command you can convert DOS/MBR disk to GPT disk

```
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# parted /dev/mapper/ORAu01
GNU Parted 2.1
Using /dev/mapper/ORAu01
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) rm 1
Warning: /dev/mapper/ORAu01 contains GPT signatures, indicating that it has a GPT table. However, it does not have a
valid fake msdos partition table, as it should. Perhaps it was corrupted -- possibly by a program that doesn't understand
GPT partition tables. Or perhaps you deleted the GPT table, and are now using an msdos partition table. Is this a GPT
partition table? Yes/No? yes

(parted) mklabel GPT
(parted) print
Model: Linux device-mapper (multipath) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/ORAu01: 6.05TB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

(parted) mkpart primary 0.00TB 6.05TB
(parted) print
Model: Linux device-mapper (multipath) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/ORAu01: 6.05TB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 0.00TB 6.05TB 6.05TB primary

(parted) 
(parted) quit
```

Check whether disk converted to GPT successfully or not using fdisk command

```
# fdisk -l /dev/mapper/ORAu01
```

## Create Logical Volumes Larger than 2TB

Partition has been created successfully now you can use the same disk to create Physical Volume

```
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# pvcreate /dev/mapper/ORAu01p1
Physical volume "/dev/mapper/ORAu01p1" successfully created
```

Physical volume created

```
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# vgcreate VG1 /dev/mapper/ORAu01p1
Volume group "VG1" successfully created.
```

Volume Group Created

```
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# lvcreate -n lv1 -l 100%FREE VG21
Logical volume "lv1" created.
```

Logical volume created with 100% free space. Let’s create an file system and mount

```
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# vi mkfs.ext4 /dev/VG1/lv1 
mke2fs 1.43-WIP (20-Jun-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=4 blocks, Stripe width=4096 blocks
184549376 inodes, 1476382720 blocks
73819136 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
45056 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
4096 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 
102400000, 214990848, 512000000, 550731776, 644972544

Allocating group tables: 0/45056 3540/4505619456/4505633852/45056 done 
Writing inode tables: 0/45056 done 
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 0/45056 10/45056 done
```

Mount partition permanently by adding a entry into /etc/fstab file. Example as shown below

```
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# vi /etc/fstab

### Oracle Mount Point ##
/dev/VG1/lv1 /data ext4 defaults 1 2

:wq
```

Create mount point directory and verify the entry

```
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# mkdir /data
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# mount -a
[root@ARKITDBDR2 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 185G 12G 164G 7% /
/dev/sda1 488M 129M 324M 29% /boot
/dev/sda6 75G 53M 71G 1% /home
/dev/mapper/VG1-lv1 5.5T 58M 5.2T 1% /data
```

That’s it. Created partition larger than 2TB and mounted in Linux.

**Note:** While creating an partition using mkpart from parted command use 1.0MB and leave few MB of free space in disk to avoid below error

```
Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
```

## Related Articles

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** LVM

---

### [How To Convert .pem to .ppk methods | Arkit](https://arkit.co.in/convert-pem-to-ppk/)

**Published:** February 23, 2026
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Now a days most of the companies switching there infrastructure to AWS (Amazon Web Services) cloud. In this one of the mostly used method to login Linux EC2 instances using .pem/.ppk files. In this article you are going to learn how to convert pem to ppk various methods.

## Convert .pem to .ppk various methods

PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail) is a encrypted format of key-pair file. Using .pem windows users can’t login to Linux EC2 instances of AWS, in order to login you have to convert .pem to .ppk file using PuTTYGen software either portable or installer.

  [Download PuTTY Installer](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty-64bit-0.71-installer.msi)

Install it after successful installation, open PuTTYGen

![PuttyGen](https://www.server-computer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PuttyGen-300x295.png "- ARKIT")PuttyGen

Click on Load button and select .pem file

**Note:** Actually .pem file not visible until you select All Files in drop down

![select pem file](https://www.server-computer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/select-pem-file-300x212.jpg "- ARKIT")select pem file

browse location of .pem file and select file Click **open**

![save ppk file](https://www.server-computer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/save-ppk-file-300x295.jpg "intro to flash - tech tutorials - ARKIT")save ppk file

Click on **Save private key button**

![save private key](https://www.server-computer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/save-private-key-300x295.jpg "intro to flash - tech tutorials - ARKIT")save private key

it will ask you for the confirmation “Are you sure you want to save this key without a passphrase to protect it?” Click yes to save the .ppk file without passphrase

That’s it enjoying cloud computing.

## Related Articles

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

---

### [Convert time Seconds to Hours-Minutes-Seconds format - Shell Scripting - Video](https://arkit.co.in/convert-time-seconds/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

I came across the situation, when i provide seconds it should print values in Hours, Minutes and Seconds. Directly How many seconds equals to how many Hours/Minutes/Seconds. We are going to see on small shell script which can calculate and do it for us. convert time seconds to Hours-Minutes-Seconds.

## Convert time seconds to H:M:S

It is a simple bash script which will convert seconds to Hours:Minutes:Seconds format. convert time.

  First method of script is below, i observed an issue while running same shell script in Ubuntu OS is not working Upended with second method using [bc command](https://arkit.co.in/bc-command-10-practical-examples/)

```
#!/bin/bash
##Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
##Date: 10th July 2017
##Convert Seconds to Hours:Minutes:Seconds Format Using this script
## Starting of Script ##

[ -z ${1} ] && echo "Usage: $(basename $0) " && exit||secs=${1}
_hms()
{
 local S=${1}
 ((h=S/3600))
 ((m=S%3600/60))
 ((s=S%60))
printf "%dh:%dm:%ds\n" $h $m $s
}

_hms ${secs}

## END Of Script##
```

## Convert Time Seconds to Hours Minutes Seconds Shell Script

Please do comment your feedback is very important to us

```
#!/bin/bash
## Ankam Ravi Kumar
##Date: 11th July 2017
##Seconds to Hours:Minutes:Seconds Format Using this script
S=$1
if [ $1 -ge 1 ]; then
H=`echo $S / 3600 | bc`
M=`echo $S % 3600 / 60 | bc`
S=`echo $S % 60 | bc`
echo "H: $H M: $M S: $S"
else
echo "Usage: sh seconds.sh "
fi
```

Output of this convert Seconds shell script is below

```
# sh seconds.sh 8000
H: 2 M: 13 S: 20
```

## Related Articles

[Debug Shell Script Easily identify errors](https://arkit.co.in/debug-shell-script-easily-identify-errors/)

[What is Shell scripting Very Basic to Learn](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-a-shell-shell-script/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** convert time, convert time from seconds to H:M:S format, shell, shell scripting

---

### [Working with Power supply - Personal Computer](https://arkit.co.in/working-with-power-supply-personal-computer/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Working with Power Supply Unit of your Personal Computer. Troubleshooting your own Computer by yourself will have more experience and awareness.

  ## Working with Power supply – Personal Computer

The power supply (power supply unit or PSU) is a rectangular box with several cables that fits in the top back of the case. Its primary purpose is converting AC power from an outlet to DC power the computer can use. The cables have connectors on the ends which supply different voltages to various internal components with the main connector plugging into the motherboard. However some, called modular power supplies, contain built-in connectors so you can use only the cables that are necessary.

Power supplies conform to the ATX factor and come in a range of different wattages – from less than 300W to more than a 1000W. Which should you buy? Depends on what type of system you have. For the average system with one or two hard drives, a DVD drive, dual core CPU, and a low-end graphics card, I would suggest at least a 500W PSU. If you plan on adding more drives, get a unit that can handle the job. Better yet, go ahead and buy a 600 or 700 watt just in case upgrading is in your future. Very powerful machines such as gaming systems can use power supplies that are 1000W or more. Motherboards designed for SLI or Crossfire have PSUs specifically made for them. After purchasing, make sure the voltage is set to the correct number by using the voltage selector (100-120V for N. America. & 220-240V for Europe). Thermal Take, Cool Max, and Cooler Master are just some of the major manufacturers of PSUs.

## Related Articles

[Keyboard and It’s types](https://arkit.co.in/keyboard-and-mouse/)

[Microprocessor CPU](https://arkit.co.in/microprocessor-cpu/)

[Know Computer Parts Well](https://arkit.co.in/working-with-computer-ports/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** arkit, ATX, computer hardware course, computer hardware parts, computer power supply, Computer PS, computer tutorials, power supply, PSU, tech tutorial, techtutorials

---

### [Working Motherboard - Personal Computer](https://arkit.co.in/working-motherboard-personal-computer/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

# Working Motherboard – Personal Computer

working motherboard . The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. A motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.

  ## Features of Motherboard

- A motherboard comes with following features:
- Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.
- Normally a motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
- Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards have to be compatible with motherboard to function properly
- Motherboards, cases and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.

## Popular Manufacturers

1. Intel
2. ASUS
3. AOpen
4. ABIT
5. Biostar
6. Gigabyte
7. MSI

## Description of Motherboard

The motherboard is mounted inside the case and is securely attached via small screws through pre-drilled holes. Motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal components. It provides a single socket for CPU whereas for memory, normally one or more slots are available. Motherboards provide ports to attach floppy drive, hard drive, and optical drives via ribbon cables. Motherboard carries fans and a special port designed for power supply.

There is a peripheral card slot in front of the motherboard using which video cards, sound cards and other expansion cards can be connected to motherboard.

On the left side, motherboards carry a number of ports to connect monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also provide USB ports which allow compatible devices to be connected in plug-in/plug-out fashion for example, pen drive, digital cameras etc.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** arkit, Computer Hardware, computer hardware course, Computer motherboard, motherboard, motherboard troubleshooting

---

### [Working With Memory System RAM & ROM](https://arkit.co.in/wokring-with-memory/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

RAM(Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. Working with Memory

Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive.

  RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold.

# Working with memory – RAM, and ROM

## RAM is of two types

- Static RAM (SRAM)
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

##  Static RAM (SRAM)

The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis.

Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher. So SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access.

## Characteristic of the Static RAM

- It has a long life
- There is no need to refresh
- Faster
- Used as cache memory
- Large size
- Expensive
- High power consumption

## **Dynamic RAM (DRAM)**

DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. The DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.

## Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM

- It has short data lifetime
- Need to be refreshed continuously
- Slower as compared to SRAM
- Used as RAM
- Lesser in size
- Less expensive
- Less power consumption

Your feedback is very important to us…..

SEO: working with memory

## Related Articles

[Computer Hardware Components](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-pc-hardware/)

[Keyboard and Mouse](https://arkit.co.in/keyboard-and-mouse/)

[Microprocessor CPU – Computer](https://arkit.co.in/microprocessor-cpu/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Hardware

**Tags:** A+ Certiication, arkit, Computer Hardware, computer hardware course, hdd, RAM, RAM & ROM, resistive RAM, ROM, tech tutorial, techtutorial, Working with RAM, Working with ROM

---

### [Personal computer fundamentals - Video](https://arkit.co.in/personal-computer-fundamentals/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

PC Stands for Personal Computer, which means your Desktop machine or Laptop machine. Today’s generation using computers in all the way doing there work easier. If your computer is getting into trouble or due to any electronic component issue your computer may not run. Learn Personal Computer Fundamentals

Start the computer but does not switched on..!! Here is an Video Tutorial explain’s you how to resolve PC issue by your own talent.

  # Personal computer fundamentals – Video

Personal computer fundamentals Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes it under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives the result (output), and saves it for the future use.

This Computer Fundamentals tutorial covers a foundation understanding of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals etc. along with how to get the most value and impact from computer technology.

## Related Topics

[Computer Keyboard and Mouse](https://arkit.co.in/keyboard-and-mouse/)

[Microprocessor CPU](https://arkit.co.in/microprocessor-cpu/)

[Working with Computer Ports](https://arkit.co.in/working-with-computer-ports/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** A+ Certiication, arkit, Computer Hardware, computer hardware course, computer hardware parts, fundamentals, PC Fundamentals, PC Hardware

---

### [Introduction to PC Hardware Components Working Method](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-pc-hardware/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Computer is an integral part of your life Now a Days. Where ever you do and whatever you do in most of the situations we use computer to boost our work and get more profits. Not Only as a Personal Computer even in Offices, Schools, Colleges and So many places. This lesson will teach you how to handle your computer. Introduction to PC Hardware Components Working Method.

# Introduction to PC Hardware

  On this page, I will briefly describe all the computer basics. I will try to cover all the different pieces of computer hardware and shortly describe what they are and what they do. Computers are complex machines but when they are split up into separate components they are much easier to understand. Now a days computers are used in wide range.

Introduction to PC Hardware

Desktop computer cases are the home to all the computer components. Everything including the motherboard, the hard drive, the cd drive, the floppy drive and the power supply go inside a computer case. Computer cases can be different colors and in recent years some have become fancy. Extras, such as front USB have become popular as well

## Related Topics

[Personal Computer Fundamentals – Video](https://arkit.co.in/personal-computer-fundamentals/)

[Microprocessor CPU – Video](https://arkit.co.in/microprocessor-cpu/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** arkit, Computer Hardware, computer hardware course, introduction to PC, PC Hardware, tech tutorial, Tech Tutorials

---

### [Root user password reset - RHEL5](https://arkit.co.in/root-user-password-reset-rhel5/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

# Root user password reset – RHEL5

root user password reset

  Step1: Switch on your Server
Step2: When kernel is booting press space bar key to stop the kernel line. then press ‘a’
Step3: Edit the kernel line and add ‘a 1’ then hit enter. Server will boot into single user mode.
Step4: After booting the server into single user mode then enter command ‘passwd’ Enter your new password
Step5: reboot your server and login as a root using new password

root user password reset

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56

**Tags:** arkit, forgot root user password, How to reset root user password, passwd command, Redhat Linux 5, root user password reset, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [root user password reset - Redhat Enterprise Linux 7](https://arkit.co.in/root-user-password-reset-rhel7/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Red hat Enterprise Linux 7 root user password reset process. We have to interrupt booting process of Linux machine then enter into the single user mode and reset forgot root user password. How to reset root user password in RHEL 7 / Centos 7 procedure explained step by step guide.

root user password reset – RHEL7

  ## root user password reset in RHEL 7 / Centos 7

While Linux is booting when your machine is loading boot menu stop the booting process

[![edit kernel parameters](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/edit-kernel-parameters-300x63.jpg "edit kernel parameters - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/edit-kernel-parameters.jpg)edit kernel parameters

press ‘e’ to edit the boot menu parameters

[![interrupt booting process RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/interrupt-booting-process-RHEL-7-300x30.jpg "interrupt booting process RHEL 7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/interrupt-booting-process-RHEL-7.jpg)interrupt booting process RHEL 7

```
linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/rhel-root ro rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root rhgb quiet init=/bin/bash LANG=en_us. UTF-8
```

we have to add init=/bin/bash after the rhgb quiet in kernel line linux16

```
bash-4.2# mount |grep root
/dev/mapper/rhel-root on / type xfs (ro,realtime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
```

[![check root mount point status](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/check-root-mount-point-status-300x34.jpg "check root mount point status - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/check-root-mount-point-status.jpg)check root mount point status

/ mount point is in Read-only we have to make it to read-write so that we can change anything to do that remount the file system with read-write option

```
bash-4.2# mount -o remount,rw /
bash-4.2# mount |grep root
/dev/mapper/rhel-root on / type xfs (rw,realtime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
```

[![remount file system](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/remount-file-system-forgot-root-user-password-rhel-7-300x40.jpg "remount file system forgot root user password rhel 7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/remount-file-system-forgot-root-user-password-rhel-7.jpg)remount file system

use passwd command to change current root user password (Set New one)

[![passwd command to change root password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/passwd-command-to-change-root-password-300x82.jpg "passwd command to change root password - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/passwd-command-to-change-root-password.jpg)passwd command to change root password

root user password has been resetted to new password, Here in RHEL 7 by default SELinux is in enforcing mode so that we have to relabel the SELinux context

To relabel the SELinux context just create an new file under / which will automatically reset required SELinux context to all the files

```
bash-4.2# touch /.autorelabel
bash-4.2# exec /sbin/init
```

[![SELinux relabling percentage](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/SELinux-relabling-percentage-300x98.jpg "SELinux relabling percentage - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/SELinux-relabling-percentage.jpg)SELinux relabling percentage

Linux machine will be rebooted. while rebooting you observe that SELinux context applying status by looking yet above screenshot

That’t it about forgot root user password reset in RHEL 7

## [RHEL7 Second method Steps with screenshots](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2016/05/reset-rhel7-root-password.html)

**Related Posts**

[RHCSA and RHCE course content in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

[Open LDAP Server installation and configuration Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/openldap-server-installation-configuration/)

Please do write your comment about this post.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** arkit, Linux course, Redhat Linux 7, root password reset, Root user password reset - RHEL7, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Netapp Simulator Installation Version 7.3 - 7Mode - Video](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-simulator-installation-version-7-3-7mode/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

# Netapp Simulator Installation Version 7.3 – 7Mode

Netapp Simulator Installation

  [Download Netapp Simulator](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/downloads.html)

Netapp Simulator Installation

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, Netapp, Netapp Simulator, Netapp simulator download, Netapp Simulator Installation, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Operating system Installation - RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/operating-system-installation-rhel7/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Operating system Installation – RHEL7 You must have an active Red Hat subscription to download RHEL 7.0 ISO image from Red Hat Customer Portal.

  RHEL 7.0 Binary DVD ISO image

Although RHEL can be installed on a variety of platforms, such as AMD 64, Intel 64, IBM System Z, IBM Power, etc. This tutorial covers the RHEL 7.0 basic minimal installation with on an Intel x86-64 processor architecture using a binary DVD ISO image, an installation best suited for developing a high customizable server platform with no Graphical Interface.

## Operating system installation – RHEL7

1\. After registering on Red Hat Customer Portal go to Download section and grab the last version of RHEL7 DVD Binary ISO image, then burn it to a DVD media or create a USB boo-table media using [Unetbootin](https://unetbootin.github.io/) LiveUSB Creator.

2\. Then place the DVD/USB in your appropriate system drive, start your computer, select bootable unit and on the first RHEL prompt select

- Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0

3\. After the system loads, select the language for installation process and hit on Continue.

- Booting RHEL 7
- Select Language for Installation

4\. When the installer gets on Installation Summary it’s time to customize the installation process. First click on Date & Time, choose your system location from the provided map and hit on

- Done to apply configuration.
- RHEL 7 Installation Summary
- Select Date, Time and Location

5\. The next step is to change Language System Support and Keyboard language. Click on both if you want to change or add other languages to your system but for a server the recommendation is to stick with English language.

- Language System Support

6\. If you want to use other sources than the ones provided by the DVD media hit on Installation Source and add your Additional Repositories or specify a network location using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP or NFS protocols then hit on Done to use your new sources. If you can’t provide other sources stick to default one Auto-detected installation media.

- Installation Source
- Select Network Location Operating system installation

## Select Required Software’s

7\. The next important step is to select your system software. Click on Software Selection and choose your Base Installation Environment from the down-list. For a highly customizable platform where you can install only the packages that you need after the installation, choose Minimal Install with Compatibility Libraries Add-ons, then hit on Done to apply this changes to installation process.

- Select Software Selection
- Select RHEL 7 Minimal Installation

8\. The next important step is to configure your system partitions. Click on Installation Destination, select LVM as partition scheme for a
 better management over system space, then hit on Click here to create them automatically.

- Installation Destination
- Select LVM Partition Scheme

9\. After the installer presents you with default system partition scheme you can edit in any way that suits you (delete and recreate partitions and mount points, change partitions space capacity and file system type, etc.).

As the base scheme for a server you should use dedicated partitions such as:

- /boot – 500 MB – non-LVM
- /root – min 20 GB – LVM
- /home – LVM
- /var – min 20 GB – LVM

## File System

With XFS filesystem, which is the most advanced file system in the world. After editing partitions hit on Update Setting button, then click on Done then Accept Changes on Summary of Changes prompt to apply new configurations.

As a note, if your Hard-Disk is larger than 2TB in size the installer automatically will convert partition table to GPT disks and if you want to use GPT table on disks smaller than 2TB, then you should pass the argument install gpt to the boot command line in order to change the default behavior.

- Create /boot Partition
- Select /boot Partition Type
- Create /root Partition
- Summary of Partition Changes

10\. The last step before continuing with installation process is setting your Network Connection. Click on Network & Hostname and setup your system hostname. Here you can use your short system hostname or you can append the dot domain (FQDN). RHEL7

- Set System Host Name

11\. After setting up hostname bring up your Network Interface by switching the top Ethernet button to ON. If your network provides automatic Interface configurations through a DHCP server your IPs should be visible on Ethernet Interface Card else go to Configure button and provide your static network settings for your appropriate network connection.

- Enable Ethernet Interface
- Enter Static Network Settings

12\. After finishing editing Ethernet Interface settings hit on Done which you bring you to default window installer and after you check on your installation settings hit on Begin Installation to proceed further with system installation.

- Begin RHEL 7 Installation

13\. As the installation begins writing the system components on your hard-disk, you need to supply your Root Password and create a new User. Click on Root Password and try choose a strong with one at least eight characters in length (alpha-numerical and special characters) and hit in Done when you finish.

- RHEL 7 Installation Process
- Set root Password

14\. Then move to User Creation and provide your credentials for this new user. A good idea is to use this user as a system administrator with root powers through sudo command by checking the box Make this user administrator, then click on Done and wait for the installation process to finish.

- Select User Creation
- Enter User Details

15\. After the installation finishes the installer will announce that everything completed with success so you should be ready to use your system after reboot.

**RHEL 7 Installation Complete**

**Congratulation!** Remove you installation media and reboot your computer and you can now login to your new minimal Red Hat Linux 7.0 environment and perform other system tasks for beginning like register you system to a Red Hat Subscription, activate your system Repositories, update you system and install other useful tools needed to run day to day tasks.

Till then stay tuned to arkit for more such howto’s and don’t forget to give your feedback about the installation. RHEL7

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** arkit, Linux tutorial, Linux videos, Operating system installation - RHEL7, Redhat Linux 7, RHCE, RHCSA, RHEL7, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Linux Class Day 3 Ultimate Way To Learn Linux Basic Commands - Video](https://arkit.co.in/linux-class-day-3/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

I friend this Video Session is recorded while teaching one of the student. Video will explain Linux basic commands such as cat Command, mkdir Command, touch Command, history command and So an. If your an Very beginner to Linux. Here you go Linux Class Day 3 Ultimate Way to Learn Linux Basic Commands.

# Linux Class Day 3 – Ultimate Way to Learn Linux Basic Commands

  In this class you will learn about basic commands of Red hat Linux.

How we can use:

history Command – Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in composing new ones.

cat Command – concatenate files and print on the standard output

redirection and piping –

date command – print or set the system date and time

time Command – run programs and summarize system resource usage

## Related Articles

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[PS Command Executing in Right Way](https://arkit.co.in/know-youre-ps-command-linux-right-way/)

[Detailed explanation about basic command](http://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/08/basic-and-common-commands.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** arkit, date and time, Day3 Class, Linux class day 3, Linux tutorial, RHCE, RHCSA, RHEL5 / 6, RHEL5 Class, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Configuring Cluster Node - C Mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-cluster-node-c-mode-netapp/)

**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going to learn configuring cluster node Netapp step by step guide.

# Configuring cluster node Netapp step by step guide

**Booting the DataONTAP Simulator 1st Node**
 1. Open the simulator vSphere client console, press Ctrl-C for the Boot Menu when displayed on the screen.

  2\. Once the boot menu is loaded, select Opt 4 ” Clean configuration and initialize all disks.”

3\. At the zero disk, reset config and install a new file system prompt, type “yes” or “y” and press Enter. Confirm the selection and press enter.
 4. The simulator VM restarts and will continue the initialization process.

**Note:** Do not interrupt this process as it might result in corruption of the simulator disks.

## Creating the Cluster

1\. At the “Welcome to the cluster setup wizard” screen you will be prompted to create or join a cluster. Since this is the first node in the cluster type create and press enter.

2\. When prompted “Do you intend for this node to be used as a single node cluster”, continue with the default no and press enter.

3\. Allow the cluster network to use network switches and press enter.
 4. When creating the cluster interfaces (e0a & e0b) you have the option of keeping the system defaults or changing the network defaults during the cluster configuration.

5\. Once the cluster interfaces are created, enter the name of your cluster & license key(s).
 6. Create a cluster admin password.

7\. Enter the required network information for the cluster management interface.
 8. Enter the required network information for the node management interface.
 9. Cluster creation is now complete.

10\. Management for the NetApp cluster or node(s) is now accessible via CLI or GUI (browser based) by downloading the OnCommand System Manager.

11\. To validate your cluster setup via CLI, log in and run “cluster show.”

Please provide your valuable comments…..

## Related Articles

[Netapp C-Mode Commands Cheat Sheet](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-mode-commands-cheat-sheet/)

[Practical grep command highlight in color](https://arkit.co.in/practical-grep-command-tricks/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, C Mode, cluster mode netapp, first node configuration, NCSA, Netapp, Netapp Cluster Mode, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Trace packet data to troubleshoot snapmirror, CIFS and NFS](https://arkit.co.in/trace-packet-data-to-troubleshoot-snapmirror-cifs-and-nfs/)

**Published:** September 18, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

This packet trace is very useful because it can capture traffic from switched networks. It is most useful when you want to troubleshoot your snapmirror, snapvault, CIFS, NFS and all NAS related protocol issues. Trace packet data to troubleshoot snapmirror netapp, CIFS and NFS.

It will store data in tcpdump format and can be directly viewed with tcpdump viewers.

  Before collecting you have to enable the web access to download the trace file to enable

```
ARK> options httpd.admin.enable
httpd.admin.enable           on
ARK> options httpd.autoindex.enable
httpd.autoindex.enable       off
ARK> options httpd.autoindex.enable on
ARK> options httpd.rootdir /vol/vol0
```

[![pktt - Tech tutorials by ARK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/pktt-Tech-tutorials-by-ARK-300x95.jpg "pktt - Tech tutorials by ARK - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/pktt-Tech-tutorials-by-ARK.jpg)

collect the pocket trace to file using below command in place of directory path you can also change the path as per your requirements

```
ARK> pktt start all -d /etc/crash
ns0: started packet trace
lo: started packet trace
```

# Trace packet data to troubleshoot snapmirror Netapp CIFS and NFS

check the packet collection status

```
ARK> pktt status
ns0: Packet tracing enabled; packets truncated at 1514 bytes.
ns0: Trace buffer utilization = 0% of 1048320 bytes, 39 packets
ns0: 0 bytes written to file /etc/crash/ns0_20150918_231731.trc
ns0: Currently tracing to file /etc/crash/ns0_20150918_231731.trc
ns0: 39 packets seen; 0 packets dropped; 4046 total bytes seen

lo: Packet tracing enabled; packets truncated at 1514 bytes.
lo: Trace buffer utilization = 0% of 1048320 bytes, 45 packets
lo: 0 bytes written to file /etc/crash/lo_20150918_231731.trc
lo: Currently tracing to file /etc/crash/lo_20150918_231731.trc
lo: 45 packets seen; 0 packets dropped; 3069 total bytes seen
```

stop the packet trace when you done with your collection. When stop your collection it will crate an file with extension .trc

```
ARK> pktt stop all
Fri Sep 18 23:19:29 IST [cmds.pktt.write.info:info]: pktt: 102 packets seen, 0 dropped, 13192 bytes written to /etc/crash/ns0_20150918_231731.trc.
ns0: Tracing stopped and packet trace buffers released.
lo: Tracing stopped and packet trace buffers released.
ARK> Fri Sep 18 23:19:29 IST [cmds.pktt.write.info:info]: pktt: 113 packets seen, 0 dropped, 10365 bytes written to /etc/crash/lo_20150918_231731.trc.
```

if you want to delete the .trc file

```
ARK> pktt delete /etc/crash/lo_20150918_231731.trc.
```

Now download your .trc files from filer using web interface

[![web interface - Tech Tutorials by ARK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/web-interface-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK-300x98.jpg "web interface - Tech Tutorials by ARK - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/web-interface-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK.jpg)

http://YourFiler-IP-Address/na\_admin/cores

That’s it..!!

Please provide your valuable comments and do share this article in social networking sites…

## Related Articles

[Cluster mode top commands basic](https://arkit.co.in/cluster-mode-top-commands-basics/)

[Could not complete give back](https://arkit.co.in/could-not-complete-giveback-because-of-non-ca-locks-on-volume-netapp/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, CIFS&NFS Troubleshooting, NCSA, Netapp, Netapp 7mode, tech tutorial, techtutorial, troubleshoot snapmirror

---

### [Working with Hard Disk - Low level format and High Level format](https://arkit.co.in/working-with-hard-disk/)

**Published:** September 19, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Working with hard disk – Low level format and High Level format

## **In this lesson, you will learn how to: working with Hard Disk**

  ## Working with Hard Disk

- Explain the working of hard disks Install hard disks
- Explain the formatting and partitioning of hard disks
- Install the operating system on the hard disk
- Troubleshooting hard disks

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using one or more rigid (“hard”) rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.\[2\] Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. HDDs retain stored data even when powered off.

Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general-purpose computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. More than 200 companies have produced HDD units, though most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital. Worldwide disk storage revenues were US $32 billion in 2013, down 3% from 2012.

The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-terabyte (TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes). Typically, some of an HDD’s capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery.

Please do comment your feedback

## Related Articles

[How RAM and ROM Works in Personal Computer](https://arkit.co.in/wokring-with-memory/)

[Computer Fundamentals](https://arkit.co.in/personal-computer-fundamentals/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** arkit, Computer Hardware, computer hardware course, Hard Disk Drive, hdd, High level format, Low level format, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [How to Access Windows 7 Shared folder in Ubuntu](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-access-windows-7-shared-folder-in-ubuntu/)

**Published:** September 19, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

A Common goal of setting computers on a local network is being able to share files and folders. In order for file sharing to work, the computer must exist on the same network. Then, the computer sharing files must have a folder configured with on your windows machine and access them from Ubuntu via your home network. How to Access Windows 7 Shared folder in Ubuntu

## Access Windows 7 Shared folder in Ubuntu

1. Now Create a folder in Windows machine

[![Create_Folder](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Create_Folder-300x300.jpg "Create_Folder - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Create_Folder.jpg)

  2\. Share the created folder using folder properties

[![Folder_Properties](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Folder_Properties-224x300.jpg "Folder_Properties - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Folder_Properties.jpg)

right click on folder and click on properties

[![Add Everyone in the share permission](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Add-Everyone-in-the-share-permission-300x267.jpg "Add Everyone in the share permission - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Add-Everyone-in-the-share-permission.jpg)

in properties popup, click on sharing tab, click on share button

add the user permissions, then click on share

Now go to your ubuntu machine

1. open home folder (any other folder)
2. Goto file -> click on “Connect to Server”
3. type your Windows Machine IP with smb protocol smb://192.168.1.10/
4. click connect
5. Provide User Name: , Domain Name and password of windows user

That’s it…!! your in.

**Please provide your valuable comments…!!**

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[Linux for Beginners](https://github.com/techtutorials/Linux-For-Beginners)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) ](https://www.linkedin.com/in/aravikumar48/)

**Categories:** Ubuntu

---

### [Cluster Mode top commands - Basics Netapp - Arkit](https://arkit.co.in/cluster-mode-top-commands-basics/)

**Published:** September 19, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Learning Netapp cluster mode is starts here. The very first we have to see cluster mode top commands. To navigate to different directory and commands with in Netapp Cluster mode Command line interface.

  In this article we are going to see basic commands of Netapp Cluster mode cd, top, up, set, redo and man usage explanation.

## **Cluster Mode Top Commands – CD Command** 

The cd command changes the current working directory of the command prompt to the
 directory you specify. Using this command with value “….” will change the directory path to the mentioned value.

[![cd command - Tech Tutorials by ARK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/cd-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK-300x89.jpg "cd command - Tech Tutorials by ARK - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/cd-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK.jpg)

```
cd "storage aggregate"
```

if you observe above screenshot i have changed the directory path to “volume snapshot”. Using this command we can change the directory path any level directly.

## TOP and UP Command

The top command changes the current working directory of the command prompt to the top-level command directory

The UP command will change the current directory to up one level, if you mention (..) it will go two level up in hierarchy.

[![top command - Tech Tutorials by ARK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/top-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK-300x170.jpg "top command - Tech Tutorials by ARK - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/top-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK.jpg)

## SET Command

using set command you can change the privilege level of access.

- **admin** – Used for routine system management commands
- **advanced** – Used for infrequent, dangerous, or complicated commands
- **diagnostic** – Used for detailed diagnostic commands that are used only by support personnel

```
set -privilege advanced
set -privilege admin
```

[![set command - Tech Tutorials by ARK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/set-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK-300x173.jpg "set command - Tech Tutorials by ARK - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/set-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK.jpg)

## REDO and MAN Command

redo command will execute the previously executed command without typing total command

[![redo command - Tech Tutorials by ARK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/redo-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK-300x86.jpg "redo command - Tech Tutorials by ARK - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/redo-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK.jpg)

man command will give the command usage and its options with details

[![man command - Tech Tutorials by ARK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/man-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK-300x53.jpg "man command - Tech Tutorials by ARK - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/man-command-Tech-Tutorials-by-ARK.jpg)

Please provide your valuable comments.. Is this [useful](http://www.netapp.com).

[Could not give back C-Mode Error](https://arkit.co.in/could-not-complete-giveback-because-of-non-ca-locks-on-volume-netapp/)

[C-Mode Cheat Sheet](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-mode-commands-cheat-sheet/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, basic commands, C Mode Basic commands, C-Mode top commands, Cluster mode, Cluster mode commands Netapp, Netapp, Netapp Cluster Mode, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Could Not Complete Giveback Because of Non-CA Locks on Volume - Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/could-not-complete-giveback-because-of-non-ca-locks-on-volume-netapp/)

**Published:** September 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

I came across this error (Could Not Complete Giveback Because of Non-Ca Locks on Volume) during a failover and give back on a HA pair. Performing the manual failover was fine and all aggregates failed over correctly, however on the fail back the root volumes were successful but some SFO aggregates contained an error.

## Error: Could Not Complete Giveback Because of Non-CA Locks on Volume

First up I saw the basic error during a giveback using the command:

  ```
ArkClus::> storage failover show
```

I then went to look into the logs by typing:

```
ArkClus::> log show (the newest logs are always at the top of the list)
```

These are the exact messages from the log:

```
5/28/2015 21:47:21  NODE1        ERROR         sfo.giveback.failed: Giveback of aggregate aggr1 failed due to Giveback was vetoed..
5/28/2015 21:47:21  NODE1        ERROR         sfo.sendhome.subsystemAbort: The giveback operation of ‘aggr1’ was aborted by ‘lock_manager’.
5/28/2015 21:47:21  NODE1        ERROR         lmgr.gb.nonCA.locks.exist: Could not complete giveback because of non-CA locks on volume volume1@vserver:2345673-5898-11e3-83fb-123478563412.
```

The volume named volume1 appeared to have a locked cifs session and was preventing the aggregate to failback.

Non-CA Locks on Volume Fix

### **There are 3 options to fix this:**

- Wait and then try to perform the give back again
- Disable cifs on the vserver to remove the lock
- Use the option -override-vetoes true. Take not that using this option might drop the cifs sessions momentarily until the aggregate has failed back.

The full command would be

```
ArkClus::> failover giveback -ofnode node1 -orverride-vetoes true
```

Monitor the giveback with the command

```
ArkClus::> storage failover giveback
```

Once the failback is successful, lastly check that the cluster ring is all in sync

```
ArkClus::> set diag

ArkClus::*> cluster ring show
```

### **Please provide your valuable [comments](http://www.netapp.com)….**

## Related Articles

Netapp FAS 2500 Controller Overview
[Cluster Mode Data ONTAP Concepts](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-data-ontap/)
[Solid state Drive Technology (SSD)](https://arkit.co.in/solid-state-drive-technology/)
[Snap Drive Application Installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/snapdrive-application-introduction-installation-and-configuration-part-1/)
[Netapp FAS 2500 Controller Overview](https://arkit.co.in/using-command-line-interface-netapp/)
[Understand Netapp Volumes and Aggregate Reallocation Process](https://arkit.co.in/understanding-about-volume-and-aggregate-reallocation/)
[Thin Provisioning torage Over commitment Explained](https://arkit.co.in/thin-provisioning-and-a-storage-over-commitment/)
[Flex Volumes and Flex Clones in Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/flexvol-volumes-flex-clones/)
[SSH from ESX to Netapp CLI](https://arkit.co.in/ssh-from-esx-to-netapp/)
[Creating and Managing snapshots](https://arkit.co.in/creating-managing-snapshot/)
[Netapp snapdrive application for Windows](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-snap-drive-for-windows/)
[Mounting snapshot to windows using snapdrive application](https://arkit.co.in/mounting-snapshot-using-snapdrive/)
[Configuring Cluster Node Data ONTAP C-Mode](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-cluster-node-c-mode-netapp/)
[Cluster Mode Netapp Basics](https://arkit.co.in/cluster-mode-top-commands-basics/)
[Upgrade Data ONTAP 7 Mode to Cluster Mode step by step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/upgrade-data-ontap-7-mode-to-cluster-mode/)
[Data Migration from Netapp 7 mode to Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/data-migration-from-7-mode-to-c-mode-netapp/)
[Adding Cluster Ports To Netapp FAS Controller](https://arkit.co.in/adding-cluster-ports-to-netapp-fas-controller/)
[Using Quota Management in Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/using-quotas-in-netapp/)
[Data Write Process Netapp Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/data-write-request-process-in-netapp-clustered-data-ontap-data-flow/)
[Cluster Mode Data ONTAP Concepts](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-data-ontap-concepts/)
[Clustered Data ONTAP User Interfaces](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-data-ontap-user-interfaces/)
[Clustered Volumes and Name Spaces Data ONTAP C Mode](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-volumes-and-namespaces-data-ontap-c-mode/)
[Netapp SAN Infrastructure Explained in Detailed](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-san-infrastructure-explanation/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, Could Not Complete Giveback, Could Not Complete Giveback Because of Non-CA Locks on Volume, Netapp, Netapp Cluster Mode, Tech Tutorials, techtutorial

---

### [How to install adobe flash player ubuntu 14.04](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-adobe-flash-player-ubuntu-14-04/)

**Published:** September 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# How to install adobe flash player ubuntu 14.04

Adobe flash player is a most required now a days, when i am using the ubuntu 14.04, i faced an issue with plash player not there so i am not able to play any games online.

  below is the setup how i discovered the installation steps.

**Step1 >>**

Update the repository

```
aravi@ankam-ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get update
```

**Step2 >>**

Install the flash player using below command

```
aravi@ankam-ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install flashplugin-installer
 [sudo] password for aravi:
 Reading package lists... Done
 Building dependency tree
 Reading state information... Done
 Suggested packages:
 x-ttcidfont-conf ttf-mscorefonts-installer ttf-bitstream-vera ttf-dejavu
 ttf-xfree86-nonfree xfs
 The following NEW packages will be installed:
 flashplugin-installer
 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 14 not upgraded.
 Need to get 6,866 B of archives.
 After this operation, 140 kB of additional disk space will be used.
 Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/multiverse flashplugin-installer amd64 11.2.202.508ubuntu0.14.04.1 [6,866 B]
 Fetched 6,866 B in 0s (21.9 kB/s)
 Preconfiguring packages ...
 Selecting previously unselected package flashplugin-installer.
 (Reading database ... 197742 files and directories currently installed.)
 Preparing to unpack .../flashplugin-installer_11.2.202.508ubuntu0.14.04.1_amd64.deb ...
 Unpacking flashplugin-installer (11.2.202.508ubuntu0.14.04.1) ...
 Processing triggers for update-notifier-common (0.154.1ubuntu1) ...
 flashplugin-installer: downloading http://archive.canonical.com/pool/partner/a/adobe-flashplugin/adobe-flashplugin_20150811.1.orig.tar.gz
 Installing from local file /tmp/tmpu4zKs7.gz
 Flash Plugin installed.
 Setting up flashplugin-installer (11.2.202.508ubuntu0.14.04.1) ...
 aravi@ankam-ubuntu:~$
```

### GUI mode installation:

Step 1 » Open “Ubuntu software center” . type “Adobe flash plugin” in the search box ( Top right ) and You can see the Adobe flash plugin in the list .
[![Install adobe flash player ubuntu 14.04](http://cdn.krizna.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Install-adobe-flash-ubuntu-14-04.jpg "- ARKIT")](http://cdn.krizna.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Install-adobe-flash-ubuntu-14-04.jpg)
Step 2 » Now press “install” and wait for the installation to complete .
[![Install adobe flash player on ubuntu 14.04](http://cdn.krizna.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Install-adobe-flash-ubuntu-14-04-1.jpg "cut command - ARKIT")](http://cdn.krizna.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Install-adobe-flash-ubuntu-14-04-1.jpg)
After installation you can view multimedia content in your browser .

### Please provide your valuable comments………

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** arkit, flash player, How to install adobe flash player ubuntu 14.04, Install flash player, tech tutorial, techtutorials, Ubuntu, ubuntu 14.04

---

### [Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-mode-commands-cheat-sheet/)

**Published:** September 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet is very useful commands for all Netapp Administrators. This one article will help in so many ways whatever you want to do in Netapp Cluster mode you can do it.

## Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet

 Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet

  ```
 set -privilege advanced (Enter into privilege mode)
```

```
set -privilege diagnostic (Enter into diagnostic mode)
```

```
set -privilege admin (Enter into admin mode)
```

```
system timeout modify 30 (Sets system timeout to 30 minutes)
```

```
system node run – node local sysconfig -a (Run sysconfig on the local node)
```

```
The symbol ! means other than in clustered ontap i.e. storage aggregate show -state !online (show all aggregates that are not online)
```

```
node run -node -command sysstat -c 10 -x 3 (Running the sysstat performance tool with cluster mode)
```

```
system node image show (Show the running Data Ontap versions and which is the default boot)
```

```
dashboard performance show (Shows a summary of cluster performance including interconnect traffic)
```

```
node run * environment shelf (Shows information about the Shelves Connected including Model Number)
```

## DIAGNOSTICS USER CLUSTERED ONTAP Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet

```
security login unlock -username diag (Unlock the diag user)
```

```
security login password -username diag (Set a password for the diag user)
```

```
security login show -username diag (Show the diag user)
```

**SYSTEM CONFIGURATION BACKUPS FOR CLUSTERED ONTAP**

```
system configuration backup create -backup-name node1-backup -node node1 (Create a cluster backup from node1)
```

```
system configuration backup create -backup-name node1-backup -node node1 -backup-type node (Create a node backup of node1)
```

```
system configuration backup upload -node node1 -backup node1.7z -destination ftp://username:password@ftp.server.com (Uploads a backup file to ftp)
```

**LOGS**

To look at the logs within clustered ontap you must log in as the diag user to a specific node

```
set -privilege advanced
```

```
systemshell -node
```

```
username: diag
```

```
password:
```

```
cd /mroot/etc/mlog
```

```
cat command-history.log | grep volume (searches the command-history.log file for the keyword volume)
```

```
exit (exits out of diag mode)
```

### **SERVICE PROCESSOR Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet**

```
system node image get -package http://webserver/306-02765_A0_SP_3.0.1P1_SP_FW.zip -replace-package true (Copies the firmware file from the webserver into the mroot directory on the node)
```

```
system node service-processor image update -node node1 -package 306-02765_A0_SP_3.0.1P1_SP_FW.zip -update-type differential (Installs the firmware package to node1)
```

```
system node service-processor show (Show the service processor firmware levels of each node in the cluster)
```

```
system node service-processor image update-progress show (Shows the progress of a firmware update on the Service Processor)
```

**CLUSTER**

```
set -privilege advanced (required to be in advanced mode for the below commands)
```

```
cluster statistics show (shows statistics of the cluster – CPU, NFS, CIFS, FCP, Cluster Interconnect Traffic)
```

```
cluster ring show -unitname vldb (check if volume location database is in quorum)
```

```
cluster ring show -unitname mgmt (check if management application is in quorum)
```

```
cluster ring show -unitname vifmgr (check if virtual interface manager is in quorum)
```

```
cluster ring show -unitname bcomd (check if san management daemon is in quorum)
```

```
cluster unjoin (must be run in priv -set admin, disjoins a cluster node. Must also remove its cluster HA partner)
```

```
debug vreport show (must be run in priv -set diag, shows WAFL and VLDB consistency)
```

```
event log show -messagename scsiblade.* (show that cluster is in quorum)
```

## NODES Configure Commands

```
system node rename -node -newname
```

```
system node reboot -node NODENAME -reason ENTER REASON (Reboot node with a given reason. NOTE: check ha policy)
```

**FLASH CACHE**

```
system node run -node * options flexscale.enable on (Enabling Flash Cache on each node)
```

```
system node run -node * options flexscale.lopri_blocks on (Enabling Flash Cache on each node)
```

```
system node run -node * options flexscale.normal_data_blocks on (Enabling Flash Cache on each node)
```

```
node run NODENAME stats show -p flexscale (fashcache configuration)
```

```
node run NODENAME stats show -p flexscale-access (display flash cache statistics)
```

## FLASH POOL

```
storage aggregate modify -hybrid-enabled true (Change the AGGR to hybrid)
```

```
storage aggregate add-disks -disktype SSD (Add SSD disks to AGGR to begin creating a flash pool)
```

```
priority hybrid-cache set volume1 read-cache=none write-cache=none (Within node shell and diag mode disable read and write cache on volume1)
```

**FAIL-OVER**

```
storage failover takeover -bynode (Initiate a failover)
```

```
storage failover giveback -bynode (Initiate a giveback)
```

```
storage failover modify -node -enabled true (Enabling failover on one of the nodes enables it on the other)
```

```
storage failover show (Shows failover status)
```

```
storage failover modify -node -auto-giveback false (Disables auto giveback on this ha node)
```

```
storage failover modify -node -auto-giveback enable (Enables auto giveback on this ha node)
```

```
aggregate show -node NODENAME -fields ha-policy (show SFO HA Policy for aggregate)
```

**AGGREGATES**

```
aggr create -aggregate -diskcount -raidtype raid_dp -maxraidsize 18 (Create an AGGR with X amount of disks, raid_dp and raidgroup size 18)
```

```
aggr offline | online (Make the aggr offline or online)
```

```
aggr rename -aggregate -newname
```

```
aggr relocation start -node node01 -destination node02 -aggregate-list aggr1 (Relocate aggr1 from node01 to node02)
```

```
aggr relocation show (Shows the status of an aggregate relocation job)
```

```
aggr show -space (Show used and used% for volume foot prints and aggregate metadata)
```

```
aggregate show (show all aggregates size, used% and state)
```

```
aggregate add-disks -aggregate -diskcount (Adds a number of disks to the aggregate)
```

```
reallocate measure -vserver vmware -path /vol/datastore1 -once true (Test to see if the volume datastore1 needs to be reallocated or not)
```

```
reallocate start -vserver vmware -path /vol/datastore1 -force true -once true (Run reallocate on the volume datastore1 within the vmware vserver)
```

**DISKS**

```
storage disk assign -disk 0a.00.1 -owner (Assign a specific disk to a node) OR
```

```
storage disk assign -count -owner (Assign unallocated disks to a node)
```

```
storage disk show -ownership (Show disk ownership to nodes)
```

```
storage disk show -state broken | copy | maintenance | partner | percent | reconstructing | removed | spare | unfail |zeroing (Show the state of a disk)
```

```
storage disk modify -disk NODE1:4c.10.0 -owner NODE1 -force-owner true (Force the change of ownership of a disk)
```

```
storage disk removeowner -disk NODE1:4c.10.0 -force true (Remove ownership of a drive)
```

```
storage disk set-led -disk Node1:4c.10.0 -action blink -time 5 (Blink the led of disk 4c.10.0 for 5 minutes. Use the blinkoff action to turn it off)
```

## VSERVER Commands

```
vserver setup (Runs the clustered ontap vserver setup wizard)
```

```
vserver create -vserver -rootvolume (Creates a new vserver)
```

```
vserver show (Shows all vservers in the system)
```

```
vserver show -vserver (Show information on a specific vserver)
```

**VOLUMES**

```
volume create -vserver -volume -aggregate -size 100GB -junction-path /eng/p7/source (Creates a Volume within a vserver)
```

```
volume move -vserver -volume -destination-aggregate -foreground true (Moves a Volume to a different aggregate with high priority)
```

```
volume move -vserver -volume -destination-aggregate -cutover-action wait (Moves a Volume to a different aggregate with low priority but does not cutover)
```

```
volume move trigger-cutover -vserver -volume (Trigger a cutover of a volume move in waiting state)
```

```
volume move show (shows all volume moves currently active or waiting. NOTE: You can only do 8 volume moves at one time, more than 8 and they get queued)
```

```
system node run – node vol size 400g (resize volume_name to 400GB) OR
```

```
volume size -volume -new-size 400g (resize volume_name to 400GB)
```

```
volume modify -vserver -filesys-size-fixed false -volume (Turn off fixed file sizing on volumes)
```

**LUNS**

```
lun show -vserver (Shows all luns belonging to this specific vserver)
```

```
lun modify -vserver -space-allocation enabled -path (Turns on space allocation so you can run lun reclaims via VAAI)
```

```
lun geometry -vserver path /vol/vol1/lun1 (Displays the lun geometry)
```

**NFS**

```
vserver modify -4.1 -pnfs enabled (Enable pNFS. NOTE: Cannot coexist with NFSv4)
```

**FCP**

```
storage show adapter (Show Physical FCP adapters)
```

```
fcp adapter modify -node NODENAME -adapter 0e -state down (Take port 0e offline)
```

```
node run fcpadmin config (Shows the config of the adapters – Initiator or Target)
```

```
node run -t target 0a (Changes port 0a from initiator or target – You must reboot the node)
```

## CIFS Shares Configuration

```
vserver cifs create -vserver -cifs-server -domain (Enable Cifs)
```

```
vserver cifs share create -share-name root -path / (Create a CIFS share called root)
```

```
vserver cifs share show
```

```
vserver cifs show
```

**SMB**

```
vserver cifs options modify -vserver -smb2-enabled true (Enable SMB2.0 and 2.1)
```

**SNAPSHOTS**

```
volume snapshot create -vserver vserver1 -volume vol1 -snapshot snapshot1 (Create a snapshot on vserver1, vol1 called snapshot1)
```

```
volume snapshot restore -vserver vserver1 -volume vol1 -snapshot snapshot1 (Restore a snapshot on vserver1, vol1 called snapshot1)
```

```
volume snapshot show -vserver vserver1 -volume vol1 (Show snapshots on vserver1 vol1)
```

**DP MIRRORS AND SNAPMIRRORS**

```
volume create -vserver -volume vol10_mirror -aggregate -type DP (Create a destinaion Snapmirror Volume)
```

```
snapmirror create -vserver -source-path sysadmincluster://vserver1/vol10 -destination -path sysadmincluster://vserver1/vol10_mirror -type DP (Create a snapmirror relationship for sysadmincluster)
```

```
snapmirror initialize -source-path sysadmincluster://vserver1/vol10 -destination-path sysadmincluster://vserver1/vol10_mirror -type DP -foreground true (Initialize the snapmirror example)
```

```
snapmirror update -source-path vserver1:vol10 -destination-path vserver2:vol10_mirror -throttle 1000 (Snapmirror update and throttle to 1000KB/sec)
```

```
snapmirror modify -source-path vserver1:vol10 -destination-path vserver2:vol10_mirror -throttle 2000 (Change the snapmirror throttle to 2000)
```

```
snapmirror restore -source-path vserver1:vol10 -destination-path vserver2:vol10_mirror (Restore a snapmirror from destination to source)
```

```
snapmirror show (show snapmirror relationships and status)
```

**NOTE:** You can create snapmirror relationships between 2 different clusters by creating a peer relationship

## SNAPVAULT

```
snapmirror create -source-path vserver1:vol5 -destination-path vserver2:vol5_archive -type XDP -schedule 5min -policy backup-vspolicy (Create snapvault relationship with 5 min schedule using backup-vspolicy)
```

**NOTE:** Type DP (asynchronous), LS (load-sharing mirror), XDP (backup vault, snapvault), TDP (transition), RST (transient restore)

**NETWORK INTERFACE**

```
network interface show (show network interfaces)
```

```
network port show (Shows the status and information on current network ports)
```

```
network port modify -node * -port -mtu 9000 (Enable Jumbo Frames on interface vif_name>
```

```
network port modify -node * -port -flowcontrol-admin none (Disables Flow Control on  port data_port_name)
```

```
network interface revert * (revert all network interfaces to their home port)
```

**INTERFACE GROUPS**

```
ifgrp create -node -ifgrp -distr-func ip -mode multimode (Create an interface group called vif_name on node_name)
```

```
network port ifgrp add-port -node -ifgrp -port (Add a port to vif_name)
```

```
net int failover-groups create -failover-group data__fg -node -port (Create a failover group – Complete on both nodes)
```

```
ifgrp show (Shows the status and information on current interface groups)
```

```
net int failover-groups show (Show Failover Group Status and information)
```

**ROUTING GROUPS**

```
network interface show-routing-group (show routing groups for all vservers)
```

```
network routing-groups show -vserver vserver1 (show routing groups for vserver1)
```

```
network routing-groups route create -vserver vserver1 -routing-group 10.1.1.0/24 -destination 0.0.0.0/0 -gateway 10.1.1.1 (Creates a default route on vserver1)
```

```
ping -lif-owner vserver1 -lif data1 -destination www.google.com (ping www.google.com via vserver1 using the data1 port)
```

**DNS**

```
services dns show (show DNS)
```

**UNIX**

```
vserver services unix-user show
```

```
vserver services unix-user create -vserver vserver1 -user root -id 0 -primary-gid 0 (Create a unix user called root)
```

```
vserver name-mapping create -vserver vserver1 -direction win-unix -position 1 -pattern (.+) -replacement root (Create a name mapping from windows to unix)
```

```
vserver name-mapping create -vserver vserver1 -direction unix-win -position 1 -pattern (.+) -replacement sysadmin011 (Create a name mapping from unix to windows)
```

```
vserver name-mapping show (Show name-mappings)
```

**NIS**

```
vserver services nis-domain create -vserver vserver1 -domain vmlab.local -active true -servers 10.10.10.1 (Create nis-domain called vmlab.local pointing to 10.10.10.1)
```

```
vserver modify -vserver vserver1 -ns-switch nis-file (Name Service Switch referencing a file)
```

```
vserver services nis-domain show
```

**NTP**

```
system services ntp server create -node -server (Adds an NTP server to node_name)
```

```
system services ntp config modify -enabled true (Enable ntp)
```

```
system node date modify -timezone (Sets timezone for Area/Location Timezone. i.e. Australia/Sydney)
```

```
node date show (Show date on all nodes)
```

**DATE AND TIME**

```
timezone -timezone Australia/Sydney (Sets the timezone for Sydney. Type ? after -timezone for a list)
```

```
date 201307090830 (Sets date for yyyymmddhhmm)
```

```
date -node (Displays the date and time for the node)
```

**CONVERGED NETWORK ADAPTERS (FAS 8000)**

```
ucadmin show -node NODENAME (Show CNA ports on specific node)
```

```
ucadmin -node NODENAME -adapter 0e -mode cna (Change adapter 0e from FC to CNA. NOTE: A reboot of the node is required)
```

**PERFORMANCE**

```
show-periodic -object volume -instance volumename -node node1 -vserver vserver1 -counter total_ops|avg_latency|read_ops|read_latency (Show the specific counters for a volume)
```

```
statistics show-periodic 0object nfsv3 -instance vserver1 -counter nfsv3_ops|nfsv3_read_ops|nfsv3_write_ops|read_avg_latency|write_avg_latency (Shows the specific nfsv3 counters for a vserver)
```

```
sysstat -x 1 (Shows counters for CPU, NFS, CIFS, FCP, WAFL)
```

Disclaimer:

All the tutorials included on this site are performed in a lab environment to simulate a real world production scenario. As everything is done to provide the most accurate steps to date, we take no responsibility if you implement any of these steps in a production environment.

[Video Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/techarkit)

Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet Completed Netapp Cluster mode commands cheat sheet

[Configuring Netapp Cluster Node](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-cluster-node-c-mode-netapp/)

[Trace Packet Data](https://arkit.co.in/trace-packet-data-to-troubleshoot-snapmirror-cifs-and-nfs/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, C Mode, Cluster mode, cluster mode cheat sheet, Netapp C mode Cheat sheet, Netapp Cluster Mode, Netapp Commands, pocket guide netapp, Tech Tutorials, techtutorial

---

### [Screen recording (video capturing) in RHEL7 using Krut](https://arkit.co.in/screen-recording-video-capturing-in-rhel7-using-krut/)

**Published:** September 21, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Screen recording (video capturing) in RHEL7 using Krut We have so many screen recording software’s but krut screen recording software is very easy to use no need to install just setup java, jar OR jdk that’s you can easily run krut. we can also take an screenshot of multiple monitors (In case if you have multiple monitors connected). We can also record screen recording as a video.

 We can also set an Screen capturing area width and height which is very useful option available in krut software.

  **About Kurt**

Krut has an intuitive and compact interface and boasts the following features

- Timer-controlled recording
- Movable recording areas during recording
- Preview of ongoing recording
- Optional mouse pointer recording
- Record/Playback at 2 different frame rates
- Highly accurate audio-video synchronisation

As it is written in Java and is available as a runnable jar file, it is very easy to use on your Centos 7/RHEL7

**Prerequisites to run Krut**

Krut is required run java you have install java, jar and jdk.

GUI desktop have to be installed since it is a graphical user mode

## **Screen recording – Installation Procedure**

```
~]#yum install java*
click on this link to Download Kurt
```

```
~]#unzip krut_full_0_9_4.zip 
~]#cd Krut
```

```
~]#java -jar krut.jar
```

[![Krut recorder - Tech Tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Krut-recorder-Tech-Tutorials-300x116.jpg "Krut recorder - Tech Tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Krut-recorder-Tech-Tutorials.jpg)Krut recording screen

click on record button to record the screen

[![krut_settings](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/krut_settings-300x294.jpg "krut_settings - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/krut_settings.jpg)

click on the **Menu -> Settings**

You can change the settings whatever you want.

Enjoy..!!

### Please provide your valuable comments….

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Kurt, kurt screen recording, screen recording

---

### [Introduction to Linux Operating System | Arkit](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-linux/)

**Published:** September 21, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Introduction to the Linux Operating system

Linux is an open-source operating system that is widely used in the tech industry. It was first introduced in 1991 by Linus Torvalds as a free and open-source alternative to proprietary operating systems. Since then, Linux has grown in popularity and is used in everything from mobile devices to supercomputers.

One of the main benefits of Linux is that it is highly customizable. Users can modify the source code to create their own unique versions of the operating system. This has led to a large and active community of developers who work to improve and expand upon Linux.

  Another benefit of Linux is that it is highly secure. Because it is open-source, users can see the source code and identify and fix security vulnerabilities quickly. This has made Linux a popular choice for servers and other enterprise systems.

Linux also has a wide range of applications and tools available. These include everything from text editors and web browsers to software development tools and virtualization software.

One of the challenges of using Linux is that it can be more difficult to learn and use than other operating systems like Windows or macOS. However, there are many resources available online, including tutorials and forums, that can help users get started with Linux.

[Single Page to Learn Linux from Scratch](https://arkit.co.in/one-linux-tutorial/)

Overall, Linux is a powerful and versatile operating system with many benefits for users and developers alike. Whether you are a software developer, system administrator, or just a curious user, Linux is worth exploring.

UNIX is the first Operating system in the world, developed by Kem Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969 at Bell Lab by AT&T Company

- IBM: AIX
- SGI: IRIX
- Sun: Solaris

Free software foundation organization, they start a project by name GNU. The main aim of this project is to develop an operating system that can run on any platform.
 In 1991, a student Linus Torvalds developed a kernel named Linux’s kernel plus GNU application called Linux operating system.
 Linux is an open-source technology.
 Different companies that provide Linux in the Market are Red Hat, Fedora, Ubuntu, SuSe, Scientific, Centos, Knoppix, etc.

**Features:**

- Linux is the fastest Operating system in the world. It runs 2 to 3 times fast than Windows OS.
- Linux is the much-secured OS because there is no problem with the virus.
- Linux file format is a text format and Windows file format is a binary format.
- Linux is a very reliable OS because the kernel of Linux is very stable as compared to Windows kernel not crashed easily.
- Kernel of Linux is very small in size it can be stored on a floppy.
- Linux uses the x-Window system which is advanced network windowing system. Using this system we can display output of any workstation monitor attached in the network.

## Advantages:

- Virus Proof
- Crash Proof
- Economical
- Multiuser, Multi-Tasking and Multi processing capacity

**Login Modes:**
 Two modes:

1.Text mode (CLI)

2.Graphical Mode (GUI)
 Login to Text mode we have use (Ctrl+Alt+F1…..F6, F8….F12) (Ctrl+Alt+F7) for Graphical Mode

Linux is mostly used by internet servers and database servers. It is a very efficient multi-user and multi-taking operating system traditionally used by large companies and educational institutions.

It is scalable from a small system to enterprise level system, which makes it suitable for anyone looking for low cost, reliable operating system.

For programmers it has more and more built-in utilities / tools, programmable shell and a straight forward structure which is very easy to compile/produce complex programs.

Linux Operating systems has CLI and GUI interfaces to work on. For end users / Beginners they can make use of GUI interface to work. The GUI interface called as X windows and it supports many business applications and games.

#### Please provide your valuable comments …..

## Related Articles

[25 Linux Basic commands](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[Date command Linux](https://arkit.co.in/linux/date-command-with-9-practical-examples/)

[ls command 25 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/linux/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)

[cal command Linux](https://arkit.co.in/linux/cal-command-in-linux-with-8-practical-examples/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** arkit, Introduction to Linux, its geek, linx moz, moz, Redhat Linux, RHCE, RHCSA, rhel 7, tech tutorial, techtutorial, thegeekstuff

---

### [Take RDP of your ubuntu from windows machine - Ubuntu 14.04](https://arkit.co.in/take-rdp-of-your-ubuntu-from-windows-machine-ubuntu-14-04/)

**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

To take the Remote desktop of your Ubuntu machine from windows machine using ‘mstsc’, we have an option to do that by installing the xrdp remote desktop protocol. Take RDP of your Ubuntu from windows machine – Ubuntu 14.04

With the release of Ubuntu 14.04, the xRDP functionality has been improved but some small issues are still showing up. In this post, we will show you how to

  - Easily install xRDP
- Connect to your Ubuntu Unity Desktop Interface
- Set the keyboard layout to be used when using xRDP

Let’s go !

# Take RDP of your Ubuntu from windows machine

```
~]$ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
```

[![install ubuntu-desktop](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/install-ubuntu-desktop-300x133.png "install ubuntu-desktop - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/install-ubuntu-desktop.png)

install xrdp using below command

```
$ sudo apt-get install xrdp

Setting up xrdp (0.6.0-1) ...
 * Generating xrdp RSA keys......                                               
Generating 512 bit rsa key...

ssl_gen_key_xrdp1 ok

saving to /etc/xrdp/rsakeys.ini
                                                                         [ OK ]
 * Starting Remote Desktop Protocol server                               [ OK ] 
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
```

[![install xrdp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/install-xrdp-300x133.png "install xrdp - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/install-xrdp.png)

add the user to access the Ubuntu using the same user account

```
~]$sudo adduser arkit
```

[![add user](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/add-user1-300x130.png "add user - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/add-user1.png)

**Note:** adding the user will not have a administrator access, in order to provide administrator access to created user account provide sudo access

```
~]$sudo adduser arkit sudo
```

[![provide admin access to user](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/provide-admin-access-to-user-300x34.png "provide admin access to user - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/provide-admin-access-to-user.png)

start the xrdp service

```
~]$sudo /etc/init.d/xrdp start
```

[![Service start](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Service-start-300x48.png "Service start - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Service-start.png)

now try to access from your windows machine

## Access RDP Using XRDP

**Start** >> **Run** >> **mstsc**

[![Take_remote Desktop](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Take_remote-Desktop-300x185.jpg "Take_remote Desktop - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Take_remote-Desktop.jpg)

type the IP address and click on connect

[![provide_username and password](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/provide_username-and-password-300x147.jpg "provide_username and password - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/provide_username-and-password.jpg)

provide the user name and password which you have created

**Note:** if your getting an below error

[![error_xrdp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/error_xrdp1-284x300.jpg "error_xrdp - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/error_xrdp1.jpg)

then do the below steps to resolve the issue

```
~$ sudo apt-get install gnome-session-fallback
[sudo] password for aravi: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done

~$ echo "gnome-session --session=gnome-fallback" > ~/.xsession
~$ cat .xsession
gnome-session --session=gnome-fallback
```

restart the xrdp service

```
~]$sudo /etc/init.d/xrdp restart
```

Still no Luck..!!

then try below

```
~]$ps -ef |grep vnc
```

```
~]$kill -9 
```

Now try you will get it..

Please provide your valuable comments…

## Related Articles

[RHEL7 Exam objectives](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7-rhcsa-exam-objectives-for-beginners/)

[Basic Linux Commands](https://arkit.co.in/basic-linux-commands/)

[Qdpm free project management tool](https://arkit.co.in/qdpm-free-project-management-software/)

[MRTG Installation in RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/mrtg-installation-rhel7/)

[Git Repo for details](https://github.com/techarkit)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** arkit, mstsc, rdp, Take RDP of your ubuntu from windows, tech tutorial, techtutorial, ubuntu 14.04, ubuntu tutorial, vino, vnc, xrdp, xrdp ubuntu

---

### [Netapp Hardware Basics](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-hardware-basics/)

**Published:** September 24, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Netapp Hardware basics

[![Netapp Storage Hardware Basics](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Netapp-Storage-Hardware-Basics-300x168.jpg "Netapp Storage Hardware Basics - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Netapp-Storage-Hardware-Basics.jpg)

  # Netapp Hardware Basics

In this lesson your going to learn about Netapp Hardware Basics

- Slots and ports
- Disk shelves
- Internal components

# Keywords

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** hardware basics, netapp disk shelves, netapp hardware, netapp internal components, netapp slots and ports

---

### [Introduction to data Storage - NetApp Certified Storage Associate](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-data-storage/)

**Published:** September 24, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Introduction to Data Storage, Data is a critical asset in today’s digital landscape. Every organization, regardless of size, relies on data to support daily operations, deliver services to customers, inform strategic decision-making, and ensure business continuity. Various components such as emails, databases, websites, virtual machines, employee files, application logs, backups, and cloud workloads require dependable storage solutions. This underscores the importance of effective data storage.

For those new to the field, data storage might initially seem as simple as saving files on a hard drive. However, enterprise storage encompasses much more. In a corporate environment, storage solutions must be fast, secure, scalable, highly available, and easy to manage. A standard laptop disk is insufficient to support hundreds or thousands of users accessing data simultaneously.

  NetApp is a leading provider of enterprise storage and data management solutions. Its technologies are extensively utilized in data centers, cloud environments, hybrid cloud architectures, and enterprise backup systems. The NetApp Certified Storage Associate certification, formerly known as NCSA, is designed for individuals seeking to understand the fundamentals of storage technology, NetApp systems, ONTAP, cloud storage, and data management best practices. Current learning paths also include ONTAP Associate training, which covers storage systems, ONTAP features, cloud computing, BlueXP, and Cloud Volumes ONTAP.

This overview introduces data storage concepts from a beginner’s perspective and connects these basics to the skills expected of a NetApp storage associate.

## Introduction to Data Storage?

Data storage refers to saving digital information in a designated location where it can be accessed, managed, secured, and utilized in the future. This data can include documents, images, videos, databases, application files, virtual machines, or backup copies.

On personal computers, storage typically involves a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD). In enterprise settings, storage solutions are more sophisticated. Organizations deploy dedicated storage systems to support critical applications, file sharing, database management, virtualization, and disaster recovery strategies.

Enterprise storage focuses not only on capacity but also on performance, security, availability, backup, replication, and automation features. Storage administrators are responsible for ensuring data remains accessible whenever needed.

## The Importance of Data Storage

Modern organizations depend heavily on data. Banks require customer records and transaction histories; hospitals need patients’ medical records; e-commerce firms manage product details, customer orders, and payment information; manufacturers rely on design files, production data, and inventory records.

Failure in storage systems can lead to system outages, loss of access to applications, disrupted transactions, and unavailability of vital files. Consequently, investing in reliable storage platforms like NetApp is essential to maintain business operations.

Effective storage design enhances application performance, safeguards against data loss, supports growth initiatives, minimizes downtime, and simplifies backup and disaster recovery procedures. It also enables efficient use of both on-premises and cloud storage resources.

## Common Types of Data Storage

Before delving into NetApp solutions, it’s important to understand the prevalent storage types used in IT environments:

**– Direct-Attached Storage (DAS):** Storage directly connected to a computer or server, such as internal HDDs or SSDs. DAS is straightforward but limited in flexibility for enterprise-scale deployments. It is typically not accessible to multiple servers simultaneously.

**– Network-Attached Storage (NAS):** Provides file-level access over a network, allowing multiple users and applications to share files via protocols like NFS (Linux/UNIX) and SMB/CIFS (Windows). NAS systems, including those from NetApp, support features such as snapshots, quotas, deduplication, and data replication.

**– Storage Area Network (SAN):** Offers block-level storage to servers over dedicated networks using protocols like Fibre Channel, iSCSI, or NVMe-over-Fabrics. SANs are often used for high-performance applications like databases and virtualization, where fast, low-latency storage access is critical.

**– Object Storage:** Stores data as objects, each accompanied by metadata and a unique identifier. Object storage is ideal for cloud environments, backups, archives, and handling large-scale unstructured data. Popular examples include Amazon S3 and NetApp StorageGRID.

## Introduction to NetApp

NetApp specializes in data infrastructure and storage solutions tailored for enterprise needs. Its products support hybrid cloud deployment, backup, disaster recovery, and comprehensive data management. The core storage operating system is ONTAP, which offers capabilities such as snapshots, data replication, deduplication, compression, thin provisioning, encryption, and multiprotocol access.

NetApp’s certification programs target skills in storage administration, implementation, support, and data protection. They include roles such as administrator, engineer, and implementation specialist.

For newcomers, the learning journey typically begins with foundational storage concepts, an understanding of ONTAP fundamentals, and cloud storage principles.

## Understanding NetApp ONTAP

ONTAP serves as the operating system for NetApp storage systems, managing data storage, protection, access, and management functions. Think of ONTAP as the control center for NetApp arrays.

It enables creating volumes, LUNs (Logical Unit Numbers), shares, snapshots, replication relationships, storage vservers (virtual storage servers), and network interfaces. ONTAP supports NAS workloads (NFS, SMB) as well as SAN workloads (iSCSI, Fibre Channel), making the same storage system versatile.

One of ONTAP’s key advantages is its flexibility: it can operate on physical hardware, in cloud environments via Cloud Volumes ONTAP, or in hybrid configurations. The NetApp ONTAP Associate certification covers topics such as cluster fundamentals, data protection, data management, BlueXP management platform, and cloud-enabled solutions.

## Core Components of NetApp Storage Architecture

For beginners, understanding the essential building blocks of a NetApp storage environment is important:

**– Cluster:** A group of interconnected nodes working collaboratively, providing scalability and high availability.

**– Node:** An individual storage controller responsible for managing processing power, memory, networking, and disks. Nodes in a cluster typically form high-availability pairs.

**– Aggregate:** A collection of physical disks grouped together to form a storage pool. Aggregates determine the capacity and performance for the storage system.

**– Volume:** A logical container created from an aggregate, used to store data accessible by users and applications. In NAS environments, volumes contain files; in SAN setups, LUNs are often created within volumes.

**– Storage Virtual Machine (SVM):** Also known as a vServer, an SVM provides isolated storage environments within ONTAP, each with its own network interfaces and protocol access, enabling multitenancy.

**– LIF (Logical Interface):** An IP-based network interface used by clients and servers to connect to storage resources.

## Important Storage Protocols

NetApp storage solutions often support multiple protocols simultaneously:

**– NFS:** File sharing protocol for Unix/Linux environments.

**– SMB/CIFS:** Windows file sharing.

**– iSCSI:** Block-level storage over Ethernet networks.

**– Fibre Channel:** High-speed SAN protocol for block storage.

Support for multiprotocol access allows flexible, concurrent access for diverse client types.

## Data Protection Features in NetApp

Ensuring data integrity and availability is vital:

**– Snapshot Copies:** Space-efficient, point-in-time copies of data, enabling quick restore operations for files or volumes.

**– SnapMirror:** Data replication technology for disaster recovery and data mobility between systems or sites.

**– SnapVault:** Backup-specific data replication for long-term retention.

**– High Availability (HA):** Redundant controller pairs that ensure continuous operation despite hardware failures.

**– Storage Efficiency:** Features like deduplication, compression, compaction, and thin provisioning help optimize storage utilization and control costs.

## NetApp and Hybrid Cloud

Modern organizations often deploy a combination of on-premises and cloud resources. NetApp’s solutions support this model via services such as BlueXP, a unified management platform, and Cloud Volumes ONTAP, which brings ONTAP capabilities into cloud environments. This enables seamless data management across hybrid multicloud architectures.

## Preparing for a NetApp Storage Associate Role

Begin by mastering storage fundamentals—distinguishing between file, block, and object storage—and understanding storage protocols and enterprise features such as snapshots and replication. Gain practical experience with ONTAP management tasks like creating volumes, configuring shares, monitoring capacity, and troubleshooting.

Develop a solid grasp of networking concepts—including IP addressing, VLANs, DNS, and zoning for SAN environments. Additionally, familiarize yourself with backup and recovery strategies.

## Career Development

Proficiency in NetApp storage opens pathways to roles such as storage administrator, backup specialist, systems engineer, cloud storage engineer, and more. Many organizations leverage NetApp solutions for diverse workloads—file services, virtualized environments, databases, and disaster recovery—making this expertise highly valuable.

## Getting Started for Beginners

Start with basic storage principles—understanding different storage types, protocols, and how systems access data. Practice using command-line tools and management interfaces. Study ONTAP essentials through labs and training resources, focusing on key concepts like volumes, snapshots, and data replication.

Progressively expand your knowledge to include cloud storage integrations and hybrid cloud management. Hands-on experience combined with structured learning will build confidence and competence.

## Conclusion

Data storage forms the backbone of modern digital infrastructure. Reliable, well-designed storage solutions are essential for uninterrupted business operations, data security, and scalability. While the concepts may seem complex initially, a structured learning approach makes them approachable.

The NetApp Certified Storage Associate pathway provides a comprehensive foundation in enterprise storage fundamentals, ONTAP technology, data protection methods, storage efficiency techniques, and hybrid cloud solutions. It serves as an excellent starting point for anyone aspiring to work in data centers, cloud infrastructure, or storage administration roles.

A proficient storage professional understands not only how to create storage volumes and shares but also how data flows within systems, how to ensure resilience, and how to implement effective data protection strategies. Building this knowledge will support your contributions to critical business systems and lay the groundwork for further advanced certifications in enterprise storage.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, disk array, disks, inteligent Storage system, introduction to data storage, JBOB, Netapp, NSCA, petabyte, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [DAS vs NAS vs SAN - Netapp Certified Storage Associate](https://arkit.co.in/das-vs-nas-vs-san/)

**Published:** September 24, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# DAS vs NAS vs SAN

In this lesson you will learn DAS vs NAS vs SAN

- What is DAS – Direct Attached Storage
- what is NAS – Network Attached Storage
- what is SAN – Storage Area Network
- Disk types

  > Don’t Miss Related Links
> 
> [Deep Explanation about ](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html)DAS vs NAS vs SAN vs unified Storage

Below is the Video for explanation

Direct-attached storage (DAS) is digital storage directly attached to the computer accessing it, as opposed to storage accessed over a computer network. Examples of DAS include hard drives, optical disc drives, and storage on external drives.

DAS vs NAS vs SAN DAS vs NAS vs SAN DAS vs NAS vs SAN DAS vs NAS vs SAN
Direct-Attach Storage connectivity example

In Above Screen it shows that Storage device is directly attached to Server it means in real

Example: If you attach a External USB drive to your Server/Desktop it is best example for DAS.

Same as above example, we can attach SCSI and SAS Storage Devices such as HDD and RAID Controllers.

[for text based article go here](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html)

### Please provide your valuable comments..

# Keywords

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, DAS, DAS vs NAS vs SAN, disk types, NAS, NCSA, Netapp, SAN, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Exciting New Storage Technologies - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/exciting-new-storage-technologies/)

**Published:** September 24, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Exciting New Storage Technologies

In this lesson you will learn about Exciting New Storage Technologies

  - Virtualization
- Flash Storage
- Memory unit
- Cloud computing

##### [Please provide your valuable comments ….](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

# Keywords

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** cloud, flash storgae, NCSA, netapp storage, netapp virtualization, New neapp Technologies, Storage virtualization

---

### [Storage Virtualization - NCSA Server Virtualization Explained](https://arkit.co.in/storage-virtualization-ncsa/)

**Published:** September 24, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Storage virtualization – The important topic in the Data Center, Specifically two types of virtualization now a days in Server virtualization and Storage Virtualization – NCSA ( Netapp Certified Storage Associate ). Revolutionary things how we do the things, We are going to see Netapp Storage virtualization in this article.

Storage Virtualization / Server Virtualization is changed alot to utilise hardware and its resources.

  ## Storage Virtualization

[![Storage Virtualization Layer](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Virtualization-Layer-300x139.png "Virtualization Layer - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Virtualization-Layer.png)Virtualization Layer

 As shown above apps are not directly going to install on hardware, Hardware is going to convert as virtualized by the help of hypervisor. By installing virtualized layer in between Operating System and Hardware, We are going to deal with Virtual machines. When we are dealing with VM’s utilising hardware in effective way and optimised way.

 The basic idea is how the hardware is going to utilise in proper way, When application is running directly an hardware using operating system but Server hardware is not utilised fully which means some part of hardware resource is still free. In this case we are wasting resource equal to money So lot of cost.

## Advantages in virtualization

- Fewer Server resource required
- Lower Operating Cost
- Low Man Power required for managing
- More Flexible compare to physical environment
- Availability
- Backup and Restore of virtual machine is very simple
- Snapshot technology will protect virtual machine from disaster recovery

 Adding new server to the environment just few mouse clicks your server will be ready. When server hardware is fully utilised from one of the host we can just move an virtual machine from one physical host to another physical host using VMotion technology.

 As we see above server virtualization is more effective and powerful technology for most of the data center environments, Netapp looked at explosion of server virtualization and they quickly came to some realisation. Just think about it your saving all this money when do server virtualization it could actually have reverse affect an storage. In-fact VMware themselves they say when you spend $1 on virtual machine you have to spend 4$ to 5$ on storage.

 Think about it when we have server virtualization we required more and more storage to store Virtual Machine to the result we end up with storage sprawl . Using standard server environment we would have end up with server sprawl.

# Storage Virtualization

When we come back to the Netapp Storage, it full filled an requirement for the virtualization environments.

- Resources are Pooled
- Multiple protocols are supported
- High utilisation if storage
- Lower Total Cost of Ownership

Its more that we required storage and dependencies on SAN environment, If storage failed then dependent applications and server will fails, To over come these issues storage virtualization technology is implemented

To effective storage management and low cost fully protective way Netapp comes with an RAID-DP concept. RAID-DP will be implemented in low cost and more protective and we get more performance compare to other RAID technologies

Netapp Storage implemented snapshot technology to take backups and protect all the real time data with minimal and optimal space requirements. Restore process and restore resource dramatically reduced.

## Deduplication

Deduplication technology will help in reducing the space requirements, it almost save the space usage by Approx 50%.

Please provide your valuable comments ….

**Related Articles**

[Configuring Cluster Node – C Mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/configuring-cluster-node-c-mode-netapp/)

[Download and install Netapp 7-Mode Simulator](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/netapp-simulator-installation-version-7-3-7mode/)

[Netapp Cluster mode Commands Cheat Sheet](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/netapp-cluster-mode-commands-cheat-sheet/)

[Netapp Cluster Mode Commands – Basic Netapp C Mode Commands](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/cluster-mode-top-commands-basics/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, NCSA, Netapp, Netapp tutorials, Netapp video, Server virtualization, Storage virtualization, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Delete blank lines from file - AWK Scripting](https://arkit.co.in/delete-blank-lines/)

**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Delete blank lines from file

Here’s some ways to remove empty or blank lines from a file in Unix. Simple but definitely useful. Delete blank lines from file

```
$ grep -v '^$' file.txt
$ grep '.' file.txt
$ sed '/^$/d' file.txt
$ sed -n '/^$/!p' file.txt
$ awk NF file.txt
$ awk '/./' file.txt
```

In Vi editor, in escape mode type

  ```
:g/^$/ d
```

##### [ Please provide your valuable comments…](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** awk scripting

**Tags:** awk scripting, delete blanks, linux

---

### [Data networks fundamentals - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/data-networks-fundamentals-ncsa/)

**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# [![Data Networks Fundamentals](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Data-Networks-Fundamentals.jpg "Data Networks Fundamentals - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Data-Networks-Fundamentals.jpg)Data networks fundamentals

In this lesson you will learn about Data networks fundamentals

  - Internet SCSI
- FC
- SAS
- Reliable / Scalable
- Optical Fibre
- Super computers
- Block Storge vs File
- Soft zoning
- Hard Zoning

##### Please provide your valuable comments…

# Keywords

netapp classes,netapp training videos,netapp storage administration guide,netapp basics,basic netapp commands,netapp cifs setup,netapp forums,free netapp training,netapp tutorial,fast lane training,netapp ontap training,netapp university learning center,netapp learning center,netapp storage training,netapp u,unitek netapp training,netapp online training free,netapp training videos cbt,netapp in the news,netapp support,netapp server,netapp storage array,netapp storage for dummies,netapp fas 8040,netapp storage products,netapp diagram,netapp data storage,storage architecture design,netapp locations,netapp jobs,netapp products overview,unified storage management,netapp storage,netapp storage architecture,netapp storage systems,netapp storage prices,netapp unified storage,netapp clustered data ontap architecture,netapp architecture pdf,netapp product family,netapp fundamentals,netapp console settings,netapp network configuration,netapp cli commands,netapp configuration guide,netapp commands pdf,netapp cifs commands,netapp vol create command,netapp command guide,netapp command line how to,netapp ontap commands,netapp snapmirror commands

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** cloud, Cloud network, Data networks, FC, Hard Zonning, iSCSI, NCSA, Netapp, Netapp certified Storage Associate, Netapp Fundamentals, SAS, Soft zonning

---

### [Cloud Fundamentals - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/cloud-fundamentals-ncsa/)

**Published:** September 27, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Cloud Fundamentals

[![Cloud Fundamentals](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Cloud-Fundamentals.jpg "Cloud Fundamentals - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Cloud-Fundamentals.jpg)  Cloud Fundamentals

# Cloud Fundamentals

cloud computing is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.

In this lesson you will learn about

- What does could mean?
- Cloud benefits
- NIST
- The Cloud velocity
- The cloud growth
- The cloud Reduction
- The cloud consistency
- Infrastructure as a Service
- Platform as a service
- Software as a service

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, cloud, cloud benifits, cloud fundamentals, IAAS, infrastructure as a service, Netapp, Netapp Cloud fundamentals, NIST, PAAS, SAAS, tech tutorial, techtutotial

---

### [SnapDrive application Introduction, Installation and configuration - Part-1](https://arkit.co.in/snapdrive-application-introduction-installation-and-configuration-part-1/)

**Published:** September 27, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![SnapDrive Installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/SnapDrive-Installation-Tech-Tutorials.jpg "SnapDrive Installation - Tech Tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/SnapDrive-Installation-Tech-Tutorials.jpg)SnapDrive Installation

Netapp snapdrive automate storage provisioning tasks. Back up and restore business-critical data in seconds with integrated NetApp Snapshot technology. Add more storage as needed to your physical and virtual environments and eliminate the need to preallocate storage resources based on forecasted demand.

#### SnapDrive:

- Provides continuous data access across frameworks
- Enables server administrators to self-manage data
- Improves efficiency by automating provisioning
- Leverages the advanced capabilities of the NetApp clustered Data ONTAP operating system
- Enhances data reliability through rapid file system- and application-consistent backup and restore functions and disaster recovery

SnapDrive can be used in multiple platform such as Linux, Unix, AIX and windows platforms Now we are going to see the installation of snapdrive in windows

#### Prerequisites:

- Windows Operating system 2008, 2008-R2 and 2012 is required
- .Net frame work 3.5 OR 4.0 is required
- Install DSM 4.0 OR above
- Windows Hotfixes are required before you install the SnapDrive For windows 2012 install – HotFix 2859162. If it is 2008 and 2008-R2 install Hotfixes 2522766, 2528357, 2494016, 2520235, 2531907, 974930
- Install PowerShell 2.0 Or above
- Install Netapp windows host utilities kit 6.0.2 or above
- Create service account with required privileges to execute commands in Filers

#### Additional licenses you can enable on your storage system

- iSCSI, Fibre Channel, Fibre Channel over Ethernet, or Virtual Fibre Channel
- SnapRestore (required for restore operations)
- SnapMirror
- FlexClone (required for persistent mount operations)
- SnapVault
- MultiStore
- SnapManager products

Now download the SnapDrive application from Netapp Support site, Double click on setup file[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/snapdrive.jpg "snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/snapdrive.jpg)

[![1snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/1snapdrive.jpg "1snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/1snapdrive.jpg)**Click Next**

[![2snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2snapdrive.jpg "2snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2snapdrive.jpg)

- Storage system licensing enables you to execute SnapDrive operations only on a storage system that has the SnapDrive license installed.
- Host-side licensing enables you to execute SnapDrive on any SnapDrive instance on your host system.

select the option as you license permits **Click Next**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/3snapdrive.jpg "3snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/3snapdrive.jpg)Provide your user name and organization details and **Click Next**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/4snapdrive.jpg "4snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/4snapdrive.jpg)If the server you are installing SnapDrive on is a virtual machine which is part of Vmware vCenter and you wish to use the Fiber Channel HBA’s or iSCSI initiators from the ESX hosts, click Enable VirtualCenter or ESX Server Settings and enter in the IP address, user name (with admin rights on vcenter) and password. If the server you’re installing SnapDrive on is a physical machine, don’t Enable VirtualCenter integration and just **Click Next.**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/5snapdrive.jpg "5snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/5snapdrive.jpg)here you have to provide your SERVICE ACCOUNT details and password. Then **Click Next**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/6snapdrive.jpg "6snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/6snapdrive.jpg)leave the ports as default and **Click Next**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/7snapdrive.jpg "7snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/7snapdrive.jpg)Enter the details of your Netapp filer **Click Next**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/8snapdrive.jpg "8snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/8snapdrive.jpg)**Note:** if you want to define perticular protocol then select OR else leave as it is and **Click Next**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/10snapdrive.jpg "10snapdrive - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/10snapdrive.jpg)**Click Install**

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/12.jpg "12 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/12.jpg)**Click Finish**

Done..!! your SnapDrive application as been installed successfully.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Netapp, Netapp C mode, Snap drive in windows 2008, Snap drive installation, Snap drive installation in Windows 2012

---

### [Cloud risks and concerns explained - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/cloud-risks-and-concerns/)

**Published:** September 29, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![private cloud vs public cloud](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/private-vs-public-cloud-Tech-Tutorials-1024x311.png "private vs public cloud - Tech Tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/private-vs-public-cloud-Tech-Tutorials.png)

# Cloud risks and concerns

  While we speak of the public cloud risks here lot of concerns held for appearer private cloud infrastructure, you have to keep that in mind as well. When we start using public cloud we real concern about security part of it.

- Scared of the cloud..?
- Same risks
- Security posture / Governance
- Public Cloud vs Private Cloud
- Incident response
- Visibility
- Multiple vendors

If you are looking an privacy prospective you have to think about who can see your data? non-authorized person can’t see your data. Where is your physical infrastructure is located. if you want move to another location what is the feasibility of it. you have to look forward to the performance prospective as well.

Please provide your valuable feedback

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** cloud concerns, cloud security, Netap cloud, Netapp, private cloud, private vs public cloud, public cloud

---

### [Nagios core Installation in RHEL7 / Centos 7 Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

**Published:** September 29, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Nagios Core 4 Installation Step by step guide in RHEL 7 / Centos 7. Nagios Core Installation is simple and easy process but when your doing for the first time you will little bit confused, Installation of Nagios core is plays major role because while installing we have to run configure as nagcmd group or else all the file permissions and configuration files we have to change later.

###  

## **What is Nagios core..?? How to do Nagios Core Installation**

Nagios core is an most popular and enterprise open source monitoring tool. Using this monitoring tool you can monitor any device in this world even UPS / Battery status. This tool will support almost all the scripting languages.

  Prepare your Linux server to install Nagios monitoring tool

**Nagios Version:** 4.1.1

## **Prerequisites:**

- Nagios code is written in C language so you required an gcc++ compiler packages to compile and install Nagios.
- Required wget package to download the nagios tool directly from web to server
- To untar the package required Rar / Zip RPM’s
- Web / Apache / Httpd service to host the Nagios
- Install php and perl packages to run Nagios plugins

## **Step1:> Installing prerequisites**

```
~]# yum install -y wget httpd php gcc glibc glibc-common gd gd-devel make net-snmp perl perl-devel openssl
```

by using above command it will install all the required prerequisites

## **Step2:> Download the Nagios Core Package from web**

```
~]#wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/nagios/files/nagios-4.x/nagios-4.1.1/nagios-4.1.1.tar.gz
```

using above command you can download the NagiosCore 4.1.1 package

## **Step3:> Create Nagios User and Nagcmd group**

```
~]#useradd nagios                ##Creating Nagios User
~]#groupadd nagcmd               ##Creating Nagcmd Group
~]#usermod -a -G nagcmd nagios   ##Adding nagios user to nagcmd group
```

## Step4:> Untar the Package

```
~]#tar -xzvf nagios-4.1.1.tar.gz
```

above command will untar the tar file

## Step5:> Compiling Nagios code

```
cd nagios-4.1.1
./configure --with-command-group=nagcmd
make all                                    ##To Make the package
make install                      ##To install the complied package 
make install-init        ##To install init script in /etc/rc.d/init.d
make install-config                    ##To Generate the config files
make install-commandmode        ##To install the command mode enable
make install-webconf                ##To Generate the Web config file
```

using all above commands in sequence will installation nagios

## Step6:> Copy the Event handler directory and change its ownership

```
~]#cp -rvf contrib/eventhandlers/ /usr/local/nagios/libexec/
```

Change ownership of copied directory using below command

```
~]#chown -R nagios:nagcmd /usr/local/nagios/libexec/eventhandlers
```

## **Step7:> Create nagiosadmin user and Generate the password to Web Login**

create nagiosadmin user and generate password of nagiosadmin using htpasswd command. nagiosadmin we will use to login the web console.

```
~]#htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users nagiosadmin
```

## Step8:> Start the httpd and nagios services

use below given command to start the httpd and nagios services

```
~]#systemctl start httpd.service 
~]#systemctl start nagios.service
```

Check the services status

```
~]#systemctl status httpd.service 
~]#systemctl status nagios.service
```

## Step9:> Allow 80 port to access the Nagios using remote machine

in RHEL7 / Centos 7 instead of iptables firewalld is introduced use firewalld to allow 80 port

```
~]#firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp -permanent 
~]#firewall-cmd --reload
```

## Step10:> Access the Nagios using web browser

open the browser and type http://IPADDRESS/nagios

[![Nagios credentials - Tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Nagios-credentials-Tech-tutorials.jpg "Nagios credentials - Tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Nagios-credentials-Tech-tutorials.jpg)

[![nagios screen - Tech Tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/nagios-screen-Tech-Tutorials-1024x373.jpg "nagios screen - Tech Tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/nagios-screen-Tech-Tutorials.jpg)

in above screen you can able to see the Nagios dashboard is showing errors, because we did not yet installed the nagios plugins. After Nagios Core Installation We must install plugins are else we will get above error.

Lets install nagios plugins..!!

## Install Nagios plugins on Nagios Server

Nagios plugins will play main role to monitor the service. Its very easy to install the nagios plugins.

nagios plugins are locate yet /usr/local/nagios/libexec/

Download the plugins bundle

```
~]# wget http://www.nagios-plugins.org/download/nagios-2.0.3.tar.gz
```

extract the package

```
~]# tar -xzvf nagios-plugins-2.0.3.tar.gz
```

Change to directory to install plugins

```
cd nagios-plugins-2.0.3 
./configure --with-nagios-user=nagios --with-nagios-group=nagcmd 
make 
make install
```

After installing an nagios plugins just wait for five minutes and open the nagios web console and see.

[![Nagios Webconsole - Tech Tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Nagios-Webconsole-Tech-Tutorials-1024x335.jpg "Nagios Webconsole - Tech Tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Nagios-Webconsole-Tech-Tutorials.jpg)

That’s it…!! your Nagios Core monitoring tool is installed successfully. Nagios Core Installation is Successfully Now you can Monitor Servers / Devices using Nagios Core.

Please provide your valuable comments..!!

## Related Articles

[Generating Nagios Configuration Using Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/generate-nagios-configuration-using-shell-script/)

[Creating Nagios Service Groups](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-servicegroups-configure-servicegroups/)

[Creating Nagios Host Groups](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-hostgroups-configure-hostgroups/)

[Change Nagiosadmin User Password when you forgot](https://arkit.co.in/change-nagiosadmin-password-nagios-core/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** arkit, nagios 4.1.1, nagios core 4.1.1, nagios core installation, nagios installation in RHEL7, nagios monitoring tool, RHEL7, RHEL7 nagios installation, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Flash Drive Durability - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/flash-drive-durability-ncsa/)

**Published:** September 30, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![flash durability - Tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/flash-durability-Tech-tutorials.jpg "flash durability - Tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/flash-durability-Tech-tutorials.jpg)

# Flash Drive Durability

Flash Drive Durability In recent years flash memory has entered widespread use, in embedded media players, photography, portable drives, and solid-state disks (SSDs) for traditional computing storage. Flash has become the first competitor to magnetic disk storage to gain significant commercial acceptance.

The original flash technology, SLC (Single Level Cell) NAND stores one data bit (single level) in each cell. To produce better bit density and increase capacity, MLC (Multi-Level Cell) NAND was developed which can store two bits of information in the same physical location that SLC stores one bit. This makes MLC roughly half the price as SLC, on a per gigabyte (GB) basis. However, MLC has other issues.

  # MLC has Lower Endurance

All flash devices can sustain a finite number of writes and erasures, also called program/erase cycles, or (P/E cycles). Partly because MLC media stores twice the information in the same physical space, its maximum endurance (measured in P/E cycles) is significantly lower than SLC media, by roughly a factor of 10. In NAND flash storage, cost is a function of endurance — the faster a device wears out, the more often it must be replaced. This endurance issue reduces the cost advantages MLC enjoys.

A common way to express lifespan is in Total Bytes Written (TBW), which is a product of the P/E cycles and the capacity of the flash device itself. Aside from MLC’s lower TBW, some of the characteristics of flash storage applications can exacerbate its endurance problem. Processes like caching and storage tiering generate more P/E cycles, hastening wear out. Also, the shrinking lithographies inherent in the evolution of semiconductor-based products, like flash memory, increase bit errors that further reduce useful life.

# Better MLC Endurance Improves Economics

One way to improve the economics of flash technology is to increase the lifespan of MLC devices. What’s needed is near-SLC endurance at an MLC cost. eMLC (enterprise MLC) media is a technology designed to do this, offering a 3x increase in TBW. However, this comes at the expense of slower performance than MLC and a higher cost. Instead of looking to different media, like eMLC, the solution lies in using an intelligent SSD controller technology to make the existing MLC last longer.

NAND flash stores the information by controlling the amount of electrons in a region called a “floating gate”. These electrons change the conductive properties of the memory cell (the gate voltage needed to turn the cell on and off), which in turn is used to store one or more bits of data in the cell. This is why the ability of the floating gate to hold a charge is critical to the cell’s ability to reliably store data.

# Write and Erase Processes Cause Wear

When written to and erased during the normal course of use, the oxide layer separating the floating gate from the substrate degrades, reducing its ability to hold a charge for an extended period of time. Each solid-state storage device can sustain a finite amount of degradation before it becomes unreliable, meaning it may still function but not consistently. The number of writes and erasures (P/E cycles) a NAND device can sustain while still maintaining a consistent, predictable output, defines its endurance.

In the analog recording world, the concept of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is used to describe the quality or condition of a recording. This refers to the strength of the signal which carries the information when compared to the random artifacts (or noise) that is generated by the recording media and the electronic components in the system. The SNR of a recording must be at a certain level in order for it to be replayed with any degree of quality. When a recording degrades, as happens when the metal oxide layer of a magnetic tape gets old, its SNR decreases. There are analog filters that can be applied in order to ‘clean up’ a noisy recording, but at some point the SNR gets low enough for the recording to be unusable.

# Wear Levelling

In order to assure that most blocks will wear out at roughly the same time, most enterprise flash controllers use a process commonly referred to as “wear leveling.” This process is designed to evenly distribute write operations across all available blocks in a NAND device to reduce or eliminate concentration on a subset of blocks. But there are other ways to improve MLC endurance.

# How to Improve MLC Endurance

Endurance in an SSD can be improved by reducing the amount of degradation that occurs to the recording media or increasing the system’s ability to effectively read degraded media. Said another way, an SSD manufacturer can improve life expectancy of MLC NAND flash if they can decrease the damage caused by the write and erase processes or improve their ability to prevent or correct bit-level errors caused by gate oxide degradation. An advanced SSD controller in a flash storage device can do both of these.

# Flash Management

On the other side of the endurance equation, an advanced SSD controller can reduce the amount of damage done through the normal write and erase processes. Advanced SSD controller technologies, such as those developed by STEC, Inc., can control the way a cell is written and erased so as to minimize the impact of these processes on the NAND substrate. Every block of cells is different, so care must be taken to use the minimum amount of voltage to get the block programmed or erased.

As flash cells wear, the write and erase operations described above will change as well. This degree of wear can actually be characterized to some extent by the data collected for the read processes described earlier. Together, this ability to reduce cell degradation during the write and erase steps, along with improvements to read technologies, can greatly improve MLC endurance.

### Just do not leave this article. Please do comment your feedback…

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** Flash Drive, Flash Drive Durability, Flash Drive Endurance, flash management, how to improve MLC endurance, Multi Level NAND, NCSA, Netapp, single Level NAND, SLC vs MLC, wear levelling

---

### [NSClient++ Installation and configuration - Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/nsclient-installation/)

**Published:** September 30, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

nsclient installation process step by step guide, NSClient++ is used to monitor Windows Servers and Desktops from Nagios Monitoring Tool.

[![NSClient-Passive-Agent - Tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/NSClient-Passive-Agent-Tech-tutorials.png "NSClient-Passive-Agent - Tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/NSClient-Passive-Agent-Tech-tutorials.png)

  We can monitor the windows servers / desktop using Nagios. In order to monitor windows we have install the agent in the remote machine. Nagios server will call the remote agent scripts and fetch the status and it will store in database called rrd.

In this article we will see the installation and configuration of NSClient++

#### [Download](https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B3d0w3V9E3HMYnhIZEl6WkZPTU0&usp=sharing) the NSClient++

# nsclient installation

Please provide your valuable comments….

# SEO Keywords

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## Related Posts

[Nagios Core Installation and configuration Guide Step by Step](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

[Installing and configuring Nagios Client in Linux/Unix](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Nagios, nsclient installation process, NSClient++

---

### [Preparing Linux Server for Nagios monitoring tool](https://arkit.co.in/preparing-linux-server-for-nagios-monitoring-tool/)

**Published:** September 30, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

In this article we are going to discuss about the best practice to install an Linux server for nagios monitoring tool. As like regular installation will also work but we will face an issue later an while configuring the nagios alerts, integrating with nagvis and pnp4nagios. Preparing Linux Server for Nagios Monitoring tool

Just remember to follow the below steps to prepare an Linux server for nagios monitoring tool.

  ## Preparing Linux server for Nagios monitoring tool

We have consider below steps to make best nagios monitoring tool implementation

1. Do not install all packages all are not required
2. Install Linux server with minimal installation
3. Do remember to install php, perl, shell, basic tools, snmp, httpd, ssh, tar, wget, python and crond
4. While installing make a separate partition for /usr/ using LVM (As a default installation location if you considered. if you want to change you also do that )
5. Create all separate partition for Nagios archive Logs
6. One important thing is to check version compatibility
7. Use always stable versions to build production servers

## Please provide your valuable comments

[Next Step – Nagios core installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

[Linux Nagios client installation and configuration guide](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** customize Linux server for Nagios, Nagios, nagios installation in RHEL7, nagios monitoring tool, Nagios Packages, Nagios prerequisites, Prepare Linux server for Nagios

---

### [Introduction to Flash Storage - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-flash-storage-ncsa/)

**Published:** October 1, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Introduction to Flash Storage In this lesson you will learn about flash storage. Hybrid and traditional Flash Storage.

  # Introduction to Flash Storage

**NAND flash**

Recently, (in the past couple of years) we are seeing Solid State Drives (SSD) emerge in the enterprise, either as a cache, or in a storage tier or indeed in an all-flash storage arrays. SSDs are based on NAND flash. We are now beginning to see SSD used in storage infrastructures, which more recently were dominated by spinning disks (HDD).

See the explained Flash storage

##### [Please provide your valuable comments…](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** Flash Storage, Introduction to Flash Storage, NAND Flash, NCSA Certification, Netapp, Netapp certified Storage Associate

---

### [Flash storage components and performance - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/flash-storage-components/)

**Published:** October 2, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![Flash Storage Componetns and performacne - Tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Flash-Storage-Componetns-and-performacne-Tech-tutorials-1024x327.png "Flash Storage Componetns and performacne - Tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Flash-Storage-Componetns-and-performacne-Tech-tutorials.png)In this lesson you will learn about flash memory and **flash storage components** its components and performance.

# flash storage components

###  

Key Points:

- Get flash-optimized performance and proven, advanced data management.
- Move data freely among all-flash arrays, hybrid arrays and the cloud.
- Merge low latency and high application responsiveness by using all-flash arrays.
- Improve performance while reducing storage costs with hybrid flash systems.
- Reduce risk and simplify deployment using converged infrastructure solutions.

Flash storage there is no defragmentation because there is no head and flatter. Dynamic random access memory.

  Please provide your valuable comments..

# Keywords

1tb flash storage,flash storage vendors,flash storage vs hard drive,flash storage vs solid state drive,apple flash storage vs hard drive,flash storage companies,emmc flash storage,what is apple flash storage,flash storage,1tb flash storage imac,apple 1tb flash storage,configurable to 1tb flash storage,flash array comparison,all flash array ratings,storage array vendors,flash san storage,data storage vendors,top flash storage vendors,all flash array vendors,is flash storage better than hard drive,1tb fusion drive mac vs 256 ssd,fusion drive vs solid state drive,difference between hard drive and flash drive,solid state drive vs flash drive,solid state drive vs hard drive,difference between flash drive and ssd,pros and cons of solid state drives,flash based storage vs ssd,flash vs ssd storage,ssd flash storage,pcie flash storage vs ssd,laptop flash memory vs hard,what is flash storage,what is flash storage on a mac,what is a usb hard drive,how does a flash drive work,top data storage companies,list of data storage companies,top flash memory companies,top enterprise storage companies,flash storage array vendors,flash memory companies,pure storage all flash array,enterprise data storage companies,64gb emmc flash storage,what does 32gb emmc mean,what is emmc android,can emmc be upgraded,what does emmc mean,liva x 2gb 32gb mini pc,emmc vs hdd,emmc vs sd card

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** Flash Storage, Flash storage components, Flash storage performance, NCSA Certification, Netapp

---

### [Solid State Drive (SSD) Technology: A Beginner-Friendly Guide](https://arkit.co.in/solid-state-drive-technology/)

**Published:** October 3, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Introduction to Solid State Drive. In today’s digital world, speed matters a lot. Whether you are starting your computer, opening software, copying files, playing games, or running business applications, storage performance plays a very important role. Earlier, most computers used traditional hard disk drives, commonly called HDDs. These drives worked well for many years, but they were slower because they used moving mechanical parts.

To solve this speed and performance problem, Solid State Drives, also known as SSDs, were introduced. SSD technology has changed the way computers store and access data. Today, SSDs are widely used in laptops, desktops, servers, gaming PCs, data centers, and enterprise storage systems.

  This article explains SSD technology in simple language for beginners. You will understand what an SSD is, why it was introduced, its key features, and the drawbacks you should know before using it.

## What Is SSD?

An SSD, or Solid State Drive, is a storage device used to store data permanently in a computer or server.

Just like a hard disk drive, an SSD stores your operating system, applications, documents, photos, videos, databases, and other files. However, the main difference is in how the data is stored and accessed.

A traditional HDD uses spinning magnetic disks and a moving read/write head to access data. On the other hand, an SSD uses flash memory chips. These chips store data electronically, without any moving parts.

Because there are no mechanical parts inside an SSD, it can access data much faster than a traditional hard disk.

In simple words:

SSD is a fast storage device that stores data using memory chips instead of spinning disks.

Basic Example: HDD vs SSD

Imagine you are looking for a book in a library.

With an HDD, it is like a librarian walking to the shelf, searching for the book, picking it up, and bringing it back to you. This takes time because there is physical movement involved.

With an SSD, it is like searching for the book in a digital library and opening it instantly on a screen. There is no walking, no waiting, and no moving parts.

That is why SSDs are much faster than HDDs.

## Why Was SSD Introduced?

SSDs were introduced mainly to overcome the limitations of traditional hard disk drives.

For many years, HDDs were the standard storage devices. They were affordable and could store large amounts of data. However, as software, operating systems, games, and business applications became more advanced, users needed faster storage.

HDDs started becoming a performance bottleneck.

A bottleneck means one slow component affects the overall speed of the system. Even if your computer has a powerful processor and enough RAM, a slow HDD can make the entire system feel slow.

## SSDs were introduced to solve this problem.

### Main Reasons SSDs Were Introduced
1. Faster System Performance

One of the biggest reasons SSDs were introduced is speed.

With an SSD, your computer can boot faster, applications open quickly, and files load in less time. Tasks that take minutes on an HDD may take only seconds on an SSD.

For example, a computer with an HDD may take 1 to 3 minutes to start. The same computer with an SSD may start in less than 30 seconds.

### 2. No Moving Parts

Traditional hard drives have spinning disks and moving heads. Because of this, they are more likely to fail if the laptop is dropped or moved suddenly.

SSDs do not have moving parts. They use electronic chips to store data. This makes them more reliable in laptops and portable devices.

### 3. Lower Power Consumption

SSDs use less power compared to HDDs. This is especially useful for laptops because lower power usage helps improve battery life.

Since SSDs do not need a motor to spin disks, they consume less energy.

### 4. Better Performance for Modern Applications

Modern operating systems, games, development tools, editing software, and databases need fast storage. SSDs provide faster read and write speeds, which helps these applications run smoothly.

For example, video editing software can load large video files faster from an SSD.

### 5. Reduced Noise and Heat

HDDs create noise because of spinning disks and moving parts. SSDs are silent because they have no mechanical movement.

SSDs also produce less heat compared to traditional HDDs, which helps improve system efficiency.

## How Does SSD Work?

An SSD stores data in NAND flash memory. NAND flash is a type of memory that can keep data even when the computer is turned off.

This is different from RAM. RAM is temporary memory, and data is lost when power is turned off. SSD storage is permanent, so your files remain saved even after shutting down the computer.

Inside an SSD, there are mainly three important parts:

### 1. NAND Flash Memory

This is where the actual data is stored. It contains memory cells that hold data electronically.

### 2. Controller

The controller acts like the brain of the SSD. It manages reading, writing, error correction, wear leveling, and communication with the computer.

### 3. Interface

The interface connects the SSD to the computer. Common interfaces include SATA, PCIe, and NVMe.

## Types of SSDs

There are different types of SSDs available in the market. The most common ones are:

### 1. SATA SSD

SATA SSDs are older and slower compared to NVMe SSDs, but they are still much faster than HDDs.

They usually come in a 2.5-inch form factor and are commonly used in laptops and desktops.

### 2. NVMe SSD

NVMe SSDs are much faster than SATA SSDs. They use the PCIe interface, which allows high-speed communication between the SSD and the computer.

NVMe SSDs are commonly used in modern laptops, gaming PCs, workstations, and servers.

### 3. M.2 SSD

M.2 is a small physical form factor. Many NVMe SSDs come in M.2 format. These drives are compact and are installed directly on the motherboard.

Important note: Not all M.2 SSDs are NVMe. Some M.2 SSDs use SATA technology.

### 4. External SSD

External SSDs connect through USB or Thunderbolt. They are useful for backups, file transfers, video editing, and portable storage.

## Key Features of SSD

SSDs have many useful features that make them better than traditional HDDs in many situations.

### 1. High Speed

Speed is the biggest advantage of SSDs.

SSDs can read and write data much faster than HDDs. This improves overall system performance.

Common benefits include:

- Faster boot time
- Faster application launch
- Faster file copying
- Faster game loading
- Better database performance
- Smooth multitasking

For beginners, the simplest way to understand this is: SSD makes your computer feel faster.

### 2. No Mechanical Parts

SSDs do not use spinning disks or moving heads. This makes them more durable than HDDs.

Because there are no moving parts, SSDs are less affected by vibration, movement, or small physical shocks.

This is one reason why SSDs are commonly used in laptops.

### 3. Silent Operation

HDDs can make clicking, spinning, or vibration sounds. SSDs are completely silent because they work electronically.

This is helpful for users who prefer quiet laptops, desktops, or studio systems.

### 4. Lower Power Usage

SSDs consume less power than HDDs. This helps laptops run longer on battery.

For data centers, lower power consumption can also reduce electricity and cooling costs.

### 5. Lightweight and Compact

SSDs are smaller and lighter than traditional HDDs. M.2 SSDs are especially small and can be directly installed on the motherboard.

This helps manufacturers build thinner and lighter laptops.

### 6. Faster Random Access

This is an important technical feature.

Computers often read many small files from different locations. HDDs are slower at this because the read/write head must move physically. SSDs can access different data locations almost instantly.

This improves operating system performance, application loading, and multitasking.

### 7. Better Reliability in Portable Devices

Because SSDs do not have moving parts, they are generally better for laptops, tablets, and portable systems.

If a laptop is moved while working, an SSD is less likely to be damaged compared to an HDD.

### 8. Improved Gaming Experience

SSDs do not directly increase game graphics quality, but they reduce loading times.

Games installed on SSDs load faster. Maps, levels, and textures can also load more quickly.

That is why many gaming PCs and gaming consoles now use SSD storage.

## Drawbacks of SSD Drives

Although SSDs are very useful, they also have some drawbacks. Beginners should understand these before buying or using SSDs.

### 1. Higher Cost Compared to HDD

SSDs are more expensive than HDDs when comparing cost per GB.

For example, a 1 TB SSD usually costs more than a 1 TB HDD. Although SSD prices have reduced over time, HDDs are still cheaper for large storage needs.

If you need huge storage for old files, backups, movies, or archives, HDD may still be more cost-effective.

### 2. Limited Write Life

SSDs have a limited number of write cycles. This means each memory cell can only be written and erased a certain number of times.

Modern SSDs are much better than older SSDs, and for normal users, this is usually not a major problem. However, in heavy workloads like databases, logging systems, or enterprise servers, SSD endurance must be considered carefully.

SSD manufacturers usually mention endurance using values like:

TBW: Terabytes Written
DWPD: Drive Writes Per Day

These values help users understand how much data can be written safely over time.

### 3. Data Recovery Can Be Difficult

If an HDD fails, sometimes data recovery experts can recover files from the physical disk.

With SSDs, data recovery can be more difficult because of flash memory, encryption, wear leveling, TRIM, and controller behavior.

That is why regular backups are very important.

Never think that SSD means your data is always safe. SSD improves performance, but backup is still required.

### 4. Performance May Drop When Full

SSDs need free space to work efficiently. If an SSD becomes almost full, its performance may reduce.

It is a good practice to keep some free space available. For example, keeping at least 10% to 20% free space can help maintain better performance.

### 5. Sudden Failure Risk

HDDs sometimes show warning signs before failure, such as clicking sounds, slow access, or bad sectors.

SSDs can sometimes fail suddenly without obvious physical warning signs. However, modern SSDs support health monitoring through SMART data, which can help identify possible issues.

Still, backup is the safest protection.

### 6. Large Capacity SSDs Can Be Expensive

If you need 4 TB, 8 TB, or more storage, SSDs can become very costly.

For home users, HDDs are still useful for bulk storage. Many people use a combination of SSD and HDD:

SSD for operating system and applications
HDD for backups, videos, photos, and archive files

This gives a good balance between speed and cost.

FeatureSSDHDDSpeedVery fastSlowerMoving partsNoYesNoiseSilentCan make noisePower usageLowerHigherDurabilityBetter for movementSensitive to shocksCost per GBHigherLowerBest useOS, apps, games, performance workloadsBackup, archive, large storage## Where Are SSDs Used?

SSDs are used in many places today.

Personal Computers: Most modern laptops and desktops use SSDs because they make the system faster and more responsive.

Servers: Servers use SSDs for databases, virtualization, web applications, and high-performance workloads.

Data Centers: Enterprise SSDs are used in storage arrays, cloud platforms, and high-speed computing environments.

Gaming Systems: Gaming PCs and consoles use SSDs to reduce loading times.

External Storage: Portable SSDs are used for fast backup, video editing, and file transfer.

## Should Beginners Use SSD?

Yes, beginners should definitely use SSDs, especially for the operating system.

If your computer is slow and still running on an HDD, upgrading to an SSD is one of the best improvements you can make. Even an older laptop can feel much faster after installing an SSD.

For most beginners, a good setup is:

500 GB or 1 TB SSD for Windows/Linux, applications, and important files
Optional HDD or external drive for backup and large files
Important Tips for SSD Users

Here are some simple tips to use SSDs properly:

- Keep some free space available.
- Do not fill the SSD 100%.
- Keep regular backups.
- Use a good-quality SSD from a trusted brand.
- Check SSD health using vendor tools or SMART monitoring.
- Keep your operating system updated.
- Use SSD for operating system and frequently used applications.

## Conclusion

SSD technology has become one of the most important improvements in modern computing. An SSD is a storage device that uses flash memory instead of spinning disks. It was introduced to solve the speed, durability, power consumption, and performance limitations of traditional hard drives.

The main benefits of SSDs are high speed, silent operation, low power usage, better durability, and faster system response. However, SSDs also have some drawbacks, such as higher cost, limited write life, difficult data recovery, and performance reduction when the drive is almost full.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** ferroelectric RAM, NCSA, Netapp, phase change memory, resistive RAM, solid state drive technology, SSd Drive, SSD drive technology, stacking memory

---

### [Major Industry trends per Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/major-industry-trends-per-netapp/)

**Published:** October 4, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

trends per Netapp

[![major industry trends per netapp - tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/major-industry-trends-per-netapp-tech-tutorials-1024x272.png "major industry trends per netapp - tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/major-industry-trends-per-netapp-tech-tutorials.png)

  ## trends per Netapp

#### Major Industry trends per Netapp

, Disk I/O encompasses the input/output operations on a physical disk. If you’re reading data from a file on a disk, the processor needs to wait for the file to be read (the same goes for writing). When look for an energy efficient technology and Lower cost.

In this lesson you will learn about

- Flash I/O performance
- Flash yet Lower cost
- Cloud Enhanced Services
- Cloud Lower costs

Please provide your valuable comments ….

# Keywords

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** Cloud lower cost, flash disk drives, flash io performance, flash lower cost, IO performance, major industry trends, NCSA, Netapp

---

### [NRPE installation and configuration in remote Linux](https://arkit.co.in/nrpe-installation-and-configuration-in-remote-linux/)

**Published:** October 4, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

NRPE installation Nagios remote plugin executor. NRPE allows you to remotely execute Nagios plugins on other Linux/Unix machines. This allows you to monitor remote machine metrics (disk usage, CPU load, etc.). NRPE can also communicate with some of the [Windows agent](http://arkit.co.in/nagios/nsclient-installation-and-configuration-nagios/) addons, so you can execute scripts and check metrics on remote Windows machines as well.

**Note:** The NRPE addon requires that Nagios Plugins must be installed on the remote Linux machine. Without these, the NRPE daemon will not work and will not monitor any services.

  ## Related Topics:

[Prepare Linux server for Nagios installation](http://arkit.co.in/nagios/preparing-linux-server-for-nagios-monitoring-tool/)

[Nagios 4.1.1 Installation in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](http://arkit.co.in/nagios/nagios-core-4-1-1-installation-in-rhel7-centos-7/)

[NSClient++ installation in Windows machine](http://arkit.co.in/nagios/nsclient-installation-and-configuration-nagios/)

## **Step 1:** NRPE Installation dependencies first

```
~]# yum install -y gcc glibc glibc-common gd gd-devel make net-snmp openssl-devel
```

[![yum install - tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1-1024x65.jpg "1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1.jpg)

**Step 2: Create Nagios user**

```
~]# useradd nagios 
~]# passwd nagios
```

[![useradd - tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2.jpg)](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2.jpg)

**Step 3: Installation Nagios plugins**

```
cd /tmp 
wget https://www.nagios-plugins.org/download/nagios-plugins-2.1.1.tar.gz
```

**Step 4: Extract Nagios plugins, compile and install**

```
~]# tar -xzvf nagios-plugins-2.1.1.tar.gz 
~]# ll -l 
~]# cd nagios-plugins-2.1.1 
~]# ./configure 
~]# make 
~]# make install 
~]# chown nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios 
~]# chown -R nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios/libexec
```

### [![extract nagios plugins - tech tutorails](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3.jpg "3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3.jpg)

## **Step 5:** We have to run nrpe agent under the xinted service

```
~]# yum install xinetd
```

### [![xinetd installation - tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/8.jpg "8 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/8.jpg)

## **Step 6:** Download and install NRPE package

To install NRPE deamon and run NRPE as a service using xinetd

```
~]# cd /tmp  
~]# wget http://garr.dl.sourceforge.net/project/nagios/nrpe-2.x/nrpe-2.15/nrpe-2.15.tar.gz 
~]# tar xzf nrpe-2.15.tar.gz 
~]# cd nrpe-2.15 
~]# ./configure 
~]# make all 
~]# make install-plugin 
~]# make install-daemon 
~]# make install-daemon-config 
~]# make install-xinetd
```

### [![nrpe package extract](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/9.jpg "9 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/9.jpg)

### [![nrpe installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/10.jpg "10 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/10.jpg)

## **Step 7:** Configure the NRPE service

Now open /etc/xinetd.d/nrpe file and add the localhost and IP address of the Nagios Server

[![nrpe xinetd config file - tech tutorails](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/11.jpg "11 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/11.jpg)

Open /etc/services

```
~]# vi /etc/services
~]# nrpe            5666/tcp                 #NRPE client entry
~]# service xinetd restart
```

**Step 8: Verify NRPE is listening**

```
~]# netstat -at | grep nrpe
```

**Step 9: Configure the Firewall to allow the NRPE port number**

```
~]# firewall-cmd --zone-public --add-port=5666/tcp -permanent
~]# firewall-cmd --reload
```

Done..!!!

Go to Nagios Server then follow the below steps verify NRPE is working. Now verify you can able to run the commands on remote client using NRPE.

```
~]# cd /usr/local/nagios/libexec  
~]# ./check_nrpe -H 
```

Sample output

```
~]# NRPE v2.15
```

Now configure your services to monitor.

[See Video Tutorial for details installation and configuration](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMCfgJkIz3I&list=PL8cE5Nxf6M6btAOnxwxzz4qP0OWvjOsHL)

NRPE installation NRPE installation NRPE installation

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Nagios, NRPE, NRPE installation and configuration, plugin executor, remote client installation

---

### [GUI Tools to Manage Netapp controllers Easy way to Manage Environment](https://arkit.co.in/gui-tools-to-manage-netapp-controllers/)

**Published:** October 5, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

In this session we are going to see about Netapp GUI tools to manage Netapp controllers. Easy way to manage the Netapp environment. Using this tools we can monitor and troubleshoot performance issue, Usage trends and so an..

  ## GUI Tools to Manage Netapp Controllers

**1. OnCommand System Manager**

- Improve storage and service efficiency for individual storage systems and clusters of systems.
- Guide users through system configuration and ongoing administration with wizards and graphics.
- Eliminate the need for storage expertise with an intuitive interface for managing NetApp storage.
- Leverage powerful Data ONTAP and clustered Data ONTAP features with an easy-to-use graphical user interface.
- Improve your return on investment. System Manager is included without charge with the purchase of NetApp FAS storage hardware, including systems running FlexArray storage virtualization software.

**2. OnCommand Unified Manager**

Gain a new level of control over your shared storage infrastructure. NetApp OnCommand data management software gives you the visibility you need to achieve common data management across resources in the Data Fabric.

**3. OnCommand Workflow Automation**

Improve productivity in your organization by automating repeatable manual storage-management processes.

- Provision, clone, migrate or decommission storage for databases or file systems.
- A new visualization environment, including a storage switch or datastore.
- Setup virtual or cloud storage for an application as part of an end-to-end orchestration process.
- FlexPod for virtual desktops Setup.
- Perform storage cloning.
- Conduct a centralized NetApp SnapManager software activation.
- Enable self-service, storage as a service, and more with faster delivery of new standard and custom storage services.
- Deploy Software Defined Storage (SDS) for your Software Defined Data Center (SDDC).
- OnCommand Workflow Automation enables one-click automation and deployment of applications, including VMware (PDF), Oracle, Microsoft, SAP, Citrix, and others. Reduce the cost of your storage management while enabling the use of best practices – choose OnCommand Workflow Automation.

## 4. Performance Manager

Specifically designed to deliver performance monitoring capabilities in OnCommand Unified Manager for clustered Data ONTAP 8.2 and beyond, OnCommand Performance Manager provides storage administrators with a wealth of clustered Data ONTAP information. This includes comprehensive data storage performance troubleshooting, isolating potential problems and offering concrete solutions to performance issues based on its system analysis.

**5. OnCommand Insight**

Optimize storage resources and investments in your hybrid cloud environment. NetApp OnCommand Insight storage resource-management tools provide you with a cross-domain view of performance metrics, including application performance, datastore performance, virtual machine performance and storage infrastructure performance. OnCommand Insight analyses tier assignments and lets you load-balance your entire application portfolio across the storage fabric.

Please provide your valuable comments…

## Related Articles

[Solid State Drive technology](https://arkit.co.in/solid-state-drive-technology/)

[Snap Drive Application Introduction](https://arkit.co.in/snapdrive-application-introduction-installation-and-configuration-part-1/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** GUI tools Netapp, NCSA, oncommand insight, oncommand system manager, oncommand unified manager, performance manager, workflow automation

---

### [Clustered Data ONTAP](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-data-ontap/)

**Published:** October 6, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![clustered DATA ONTAP](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/clustered-DATA-ONTAP-tech-tutorials.jpg "clustered DATA ONTAP - tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/clustered-DATA-ONTAP-tech-tutorials.jpg)clustered DATA ONTAP

Clustered Data ONTAP is enterprise-capable, unified scale-out storage. It is the basis for virtualized,shared storage infrastructures. Clustered ONTAP is architected for nondisruptive operations, storage and operational efficiency, and scalability over the lifetime of the system.An ONTAP cluster typically consists of fabric-attached storage (FAS)controllers:computers optimized to run the clustered Data ONTAP operating system. The controllers provide network ports that clients and hosts use to access storage. These controllers are also connected to each other using a dedicated, redundant 10 gigabit ethernet interconnect.The interconnect allows the controllers to act as a single cluster. Data is stored on shelves attached to the controllers. The drive bays in these shelves may contain hard disks, flash media, or both.

A cluster provides hardware resources, but clients and hosts access storage in clustered ONTAP throughstorage virtual machines (SVMs). SVMsexist natively inside of clustered ONTAP. Theydefine the storage available to the clients and hosts. SVMs define authentication, network access to the storagein the form of logical interfaces (LIFs), and the storage itself, in the form of SAN LUNs or NAS volumes.Clients and hosts are aware of SVMs, but may be unaware of the underlying cluster.The cluster provides the physical resources the SVMs need in order to serve data. The clients and hosts connect to an SVM, rather than to a physical storage array.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** C Mode, cluster shell, clustered data ontap, NCSA, Netapp, NVRAM, Snapshot

---

### [Practical grep command tricks Search Millions Of Records](https://arkit.co.in/practical-grep-command-tricks/)

**Published:** October 6, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

We can grep the text as required, searching with particular string, printing lines before and after the search string. Practical Grep command Tricks will help you to search millions of records. Search for required text content out of big text files is hectic task.

- -c : Print only count which matches the pattern
- -h : Display matched lines only
- -i : Ignore Upper case or Lower case (Non-case sensitive)
- -L: Without matching
- -l : Display only file names
- -n : Pattern matches lines and their line numbers
- -v : Ignore the pattern and match except
- -e exp : Expression with this option. Can use multiple times.
- -f file : Takes patterns from file, one per line.
- -E : Extended regular expressions or egrep
- -w : Match pattern with whole word
- -o : Print only the matched parts of a matching line, with each such part on a separate output line.

First I am going to create an file to explain how grep works. The demo files contains below lines

  ```
[root@arkit grep]# cat demofile
First line in the grep demo
Second line is this
ALL UPPERCASE CHARACTERS IN THIS LINE
below second line in this grep demo
last line of the grep demo
```

##  1. Check grep command installed..? and its version

Red hat / Centos / Fedora use below command

```
rpm -qa |grep grep
```

In Ubuntu Operating system

```
dpkg -l |grep grep
```

To check its version in all the OS

```
grep -V
```

## 2. Search word in single/multiple files case sensitive

To grep text using grep command as case sensitive no need to use any options, default grep will search the text as case sensitive. See the below example when searched with ‘first‘ word it does find matching in the file but when we search with ‘First‘ it find matching.

```
[root@arkit grep]# grep first demofile
[root@arkit grep]# grep First demofile
First line in the grep demo
```

## [![grep command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-1.jpg "grep command (1) - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-1.jpg)3. Case insensitive word using grep -i (ignore case sensitive)

To grep text as case insensitive we have to use -i option. So it matches all the words such as “first”, “FIRST” and “First” case insensitively as shown below.

```
[root@arkit grep]# grep -i first demofile
First line in the grep demo
```

[![grep command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-2.jpg "grep command (2) - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-2.jpg)

## 4. Search text which is not matching to string

Below option is useful when your searching for the exclude matching word. As a example below it is excluded “First” line from the search.

You can also use multiple strings using -e option. see the other below example where we are excluding the ‘First‘ and ‘last‘ strings.

```
[root@arkit grep]# grep -v First demofile
Second line is this
ALL UPPERCASE CHARACTERS IN THIS LINE
below second line in this grep demo
last line of the grep demo

[root@arkit grep]# grep -v -e "First" -e "last" demofile
Second line is this
ALL UPPERCASE CHARACTERS IN THIS LINE
below second line in this grep demo
```

[![grep command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-3.jpg "grep command (3) - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-3.jpg)

## 5. Print the matching string and its after number of lines

String and its after number of lines, we have to use -A option. See the below example grepping the word ‘below‘ and mentioned number of lines after -A options it prints after immediate lines.

```
[root@arkit grep]# grep below -A 2 demofile
below second line in this grep demo
last line of the grep demo
```

[![grep command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-5.jpg "grep command (5) - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-5.jpg)

## 6. Print the matching string and its before number of lines

Print the string and its before number of lines, we have to use -B option. See the below example grepping the word ‘below’ and mentioned number of lines after -B option it prints before number of lines.

```
[root@arkit grep]# grep below -B 2 demofile
Second line is this
ALL UPPERCASE CHARACTERS IN THIS LINE
below second line in this grep demo
```

[![grep command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-6.jpg "grep command (6) - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/grep-command-6.jpg)

## 7. Print the matching string and its around number of lines

To print matching string and its around lines we have to use -C option. See the below example grepping for the word ‘ALL’ and mentioned number of lines after -C option it print its above and its below line.

```
[root@arkit grep]# grep ALL -C 1 demofile
Second line is this

**Categories:** Linux, Tricks, trickstips

**Tags:** grep command, grep text with color, grep text with time period, Linux grep command, text manuplation

---

### [Data ONTAP 7 mode Operating system](https://arkit.co.in/data-ontap-7-mode-operating-system/)

**Published:** October 7, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Data ONTAP 7 mode

[![Data ONTAP 7 mode](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Data-ONTAP-7-mode-Tech-tutorials.png "Data ONTAP 7 mode - Tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Data-ONTAP-7-mode-Tech-tutorials.png)

  ## Data ONTAP 7 mode

Data ONTAP 7 mode A meaning full OS name ONTAP = “Open Network Technology for Appliance Products”. Perform storage maintenance, hardware life cycle operations, and software upgrades without interrupting your business.

Lets see in this video session

# Keywords

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** About ONTAP OS, Data ONTAP 7 mode, Netapp, Netapp architecture, NVRAM, Tech Tutorials

---

### [Switch on your remote server - Still you did not have an physical access](https://arkit.co.in/switch-on-your-remote-server-still-you-did-not-have-an-physical-access/)

**Published:** October 7, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

As you think today’s technology, we are working from remote locations. Physical server will locate somewhere in thousands of miles long. If you think an emergency situations such as server is shutdown UN-unexpectedly it’s may due to power issue, it’s may be due to cooling issue and so an.. in this situation you have to wait for the engineer who will come and switch on the server. If you think this server is serving the data for the production then..!! Don’t worry by doing below steps you can switch on your remote server without having the physical access to it.

  By mistake, when you shutdown a system instead of rebooting, you can use Wake-on-LAN to power on the server remotely. Also, If you have a server that don’t need to be up and running 24×7, you can turn off and turn on the server remotely anytime you want.

We have to enable the Wake on LAN using magic packet settings in BIOS and NIC settings.

- You can use Wakeonlan when a machine is connected to LAN, and you know the MAC address of that machine.
- Your NIC should support wakeonlan feature, and it should be enabled before the shut down. In most cases, by default wakeonlan is enabled on the NIC.

## BIOS Settings

[![Bios settings for wak on LAN](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/13.jpg "1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/13.jpg)

[![BIOS Settings WakeonLAN](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/21.jpg "2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/21.jpg)

## In Windows Operating System

Go To. Start –> Computer –>Right Click –> Manage –> Device Manager –> Select Ethernet –> Right Click

[![Device Manager - NIC Settings](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/31.jpg "3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/31.jpg)Device Manager – NIC Settings

[![Device Manager - NIC Properties](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/41.jpg "4 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/41.jpg)

## MAC Operating System

[![MAC wakonLAN](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/22.jpg "22 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/22.jpg)

## Linux Operating System

```
~$ sudo apt-get install ethtool 
~]# yum install wol*
~]# ethtool ens33
```

[![Wake on LAN - Linux](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/52.jpg "5 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/52.jpg)

option d = disabled

option g = enabled

```
# ethtool -s eth0 wol g
```

After all the above settings are done. [Download](http://sourceforge.net/projects/aquilawol/files/?source=navbar) and install application below application for windows OS.

[![Wakeonlan step 1](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/61.jpg "6 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/61.jpg)Select Language and Click Ok

[![click Next](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/71.jpg "7 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/71.jpg)

Click Next

[![Wake on LAN - folder Path](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/81.jpg "8 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/81.jpg)Click Next

[![Wake on LAN - Next](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/91.jpg "9 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/91.jpg)Click Next

[![Wake on LAN - Next](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/101.jpg "10 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/101.jpg)Click Next

[![Wake on LAN - Next](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/111.jpg "11 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/111.jpg)Click on Install

[![Wake on LAN - finish](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/131.jpg "13 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/131.jpg)

open application and File menu –> New Host

[![Wake on LAN MAc Address](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/14.jpg "14 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/14.jpg)

Install wakeonlan package for ubuntu

```
$ apt-get install wakeonlan
$ wakeonlan 00:1f:d0:e8:c1:24
Sending magic packet to 255.255.255.255:9 with 00:1f:d0:e8:c1:24
```

using above command we can send and magic packet

Install wol package for RHEL / Centos / Fedora / Linux Mint

```
# yum install wol*
```

Please provide your valuable comments…

## Related Articles

[Install Ansible Tower](https://arkit.co.in/install-ansible-tower-rhel-7/)

[Understand uname Command](https://arkit.co.in/understanding-uname-command-linux/)

[Accessing Linux Kernel Documentation](https://arkit.co.in/installing-accessing-linux-kernel-documentation/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** Magic Packet, power on remote server, Swith on Remote server, Wake on LAN, WOL

---

### [About FAS 2500 NetApp controller](https://arkit.co.in/about-fas-2500-netapp-controller/)

**Published:** October 8, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![About FAS2500 - Tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/About-FAS2500-Tech-tutorials.png "About FAS2500 - Tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/About-FAS2500-Tech-tutorials.png)

##### NetApp About FAS 2500 hybrid storage arrays deliver superior ROI, reduce your operational cost and minimize risks for growth.

  Whatever the size of your enterprise, you need powerful, flexible storage that manages growth while maximizing the long-term value of your IT investment. The NetApp FAS2500 series running clustered Data ONTAP simplifies storage operations and connection to the cloud. Its unified architecture supports a broader set of SAN and NAS workloads – with faster setup than any other entry-class hybrid array.

Lets see Detailed explanation About FAS 2500 controller.

#### Please provide your valuable comments

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** FAS 2500, FAS 2500 Hardware, Netapp, SAN and NAS workloads, thegeekstuff

---

### [Restore System Default Permissions in one shot](https://arkit.co.in/restore-system-default-permissions-in-one-shot/)

**Published:** October 8, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![restore system default permissions - tech tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/restore-system-default-permissions1-tech-tutorials-1024x476.png "restore system default permissions1 - tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/restore-system-default-permissions1-tech-tutorials.png)

## Restore System Default Permissions

I recently came across a system which had some directories set to 777(recursively), the sysadmin needed to install an application and changed all the permissions a mess, I didn’t know where to start, i find one rpm has a parameter called `--setperms` and `--setugids. most useful stuff when you face above situation.`

  I created a one liner that does the job, it takes time but It works. The same i want to share below is the one, to run this you have to have an sudo access either root access.

`1) To reset uids and gids on files and directories :`

```

``````
~]# for u in $(rpm -qa); do rpm --setugids $u; done
```

`2) ``To permissions on files and directories`

```
~]# for p in $(rpm -qa); do rpm --setperms $p; done
```

`Enjoy..!!`

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** Fedora Linux, linux, Linux Mint, messy permissions, Redhat Linux, restore permissions as per RPM, restore system default permissions

---

### [Using Command Line Interface - Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/using-command-line-interface-netapp/)

**Published:** October 9, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

The Data ONTAP CLI is a command language interpreter that executes commands from the Data ONTAP console. You can access the console with a physical connection, through telnet, or through the Remote LAN Manager (RLM). The commands can also be executed using rsh and ssh protocols. You can concatenate commands together on the same line by separating the commands with semi-colons, (;). Using command line interface accessing Netapp.

# Using Command Line Interface – Netapp

Using command Line interface – Netapp. The quoting rules in the Data ONTAP CLI are unusual. There is no escape character like the backslash;

  however there are the following special characters:

```
& (ampersand)     - Unicode indicator
# (pound sign)    - comment indicator
; (semicolon)     - command separator
’ (single quote)  - parameter wrapper
" (double quote)  - parameter wrapper
(space)         - parameter separator
(tab)           - parameter separator

? (question mark) - for command help
```

When special characters are part of a command argument, the argument needs to be surrounded by quotes or the character will be treated as a special character. A single quote character needs to be surrounded by double quote characters and a double quote character needs to be surrounded by single quote characters. The other special characters can be surrounded by either single or double quotes.

## EXAMPLES

The following examples show quote usage:

```
qtree create /vol/test_vol/’qtree1’

the qtree 1 is created.
qtree create /vol/test_vol/’qtree#1’

qtree create /vol/test_vol/"qtree’1"

qtree’1 is created.
qtree create /vol/test_vol/’hello"’"’"1

```

## Related Articles

[Manual takeover and giveback cluster mode netapp](https://arkit.co.in/partial-giveback-cluster-mode-netapp/)

[snapdrive command line](https://arkit.co.in/snapdrive-command-line-automate/)

[volume de-duplication netapp](https://arkit.co.in/volume-efficiency-policy-netapp/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** CLI, CLI Netapp, command line interface, NCSA, Netapp

---

### [Recover Deleted files in RHEL 6](https://arkit.co.in/recover-deleted-files-in-rhel-6/)

**Published:** October 10, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

We may not know when we run rm -rf commands to delete the files, unexpectedly or instead of running an commands in one directory we had done in other directory so important files got deleted then how..?? See the below steps to recover deleted files in RHEL 6, which is most useful when you want to recover deleted files.

We are going to extendelete utility to recover ext3 and ext4 data files from partition. Extendelete is a complex algorithm to recover data from ext3 and ext4 data partition by running simple commands from command line.

  **1. Disable SELinux for it to work, with SELinux enabled I could not get the right size of the files.**

You have to restart your server to effect SELinux disable state. SElinux disable is required restart until you restart your server SELinux will be in enforcing mode.

```
[root@arkit]# cat /etc/selinux/config
 # This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
 # SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
 #     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
 #     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
 #     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
 SELINUX=disabled
 # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
 #     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
 #     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
 #SELINUXTYPE=targeted
```

**2. Install e2fsprogs packages to resolve dependencies**

```
[root@arkit]# yum install  e2fsprogs-devel  e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-libs
 Dependencies Resolved
 ================================================================================
 Package             Arch      Version            Repository               Size
 ================================================================================
 Installing:
 e2fsprogs-devel     x86_64    1.41.12-11.el6     rhel-x86_64-server-6    158 k
 Updating:
 e2fsprogs           x86_64    1.41.12-11.el6     rhel-x86_64-server-6    550 k
 e2fsprogs-libs      x86_64    1.41.12-11.el6     rhel-x86_64-server-6    119 k
 Updating for dependencies:
 libcom_err          x86_64    1.41.12-11.el6     rhel-x86_64-server-6     36 k
 libcom_err-devel    x86_64    1.41.12-11.el6     rhel-x86_64-server-6     31 k
 libss               x86_64    1.41.12-11.el6     rhel-x86_64-server-6     40 k
 Transaction Summary
 ================================================================================
 Install       1 Package(s)
 Upgrade       5 Package(s)
 Total download size: 934 k
 Is this ok [y/N]: y
 Downloading Packages:
 (1/6): e2fsprogs-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64.rpm                                               | 550 kB     00:14
 (2/6): e2fsprogs-devel-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64.rpm                                         | 158 kB     00:01
 (3/6): e2fsprogs-libs-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64.rpm                                          | 119 kB     00:01
 (4/6): libcom_err-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64.rpm                                              |  36 kB     00:00
 (5/6): libcom_err-devel-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64.rpm                                        |  31 kB     00:01
 (6/6): libss-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                   |  40 kB     00:00
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Total                                                                            16 kB/s | 934 kB     00:59
 Updating   : libcom_err-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64                                                            1/11
 Updating   : e2fsprogs-libs-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64                                                        2/11
 Updating   : libcom_err-devel-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64                                                      3/11
 Updating   : libss-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64                                                                 4/11
 Updating   : e2fsprogs-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64                                                             5/11
 Installing : e2fsprogs-devel-1.41.12-11.el6.x86_64                                                       6/11
 Cleanup    : libcom_err-devel-1.41.12-7.el6.x86_64                                                       7/11
 Cleanup    : e2fsprogs-1.41.12-7.el6.x86_64                                                              8/11
 Cleanup    : e2fsprogs-libs-1.41.12-7.el6.x86_64                                                         9/11
 Cleanup    : libss-1.41.12-7.el6.x86_64                                                                 10/11
 Cleanup    : libcom_err-1.41.12-7.el6.x86_64                                                            11/11
 duration: 562(ms)
 Installed products updated.
 Installed:
 e2fsprogs-devel.x86_64 0:1.41.12-11.el6
 Updated:
 e2fsprogs.x86_64 0:1.41.12-11.el6                    e2fsprogs-libs.x86_64 0:1.41.12-11.el6
 Dependency Updated:
 libcom_err.x86_64 0:1.41.12-11.el6  libcom_err-devel.x86_64 0:1.41.12-11.el6  libss.x86_64 0:1.41.12-11.el6
 Complete!
```

## How to recover deleted files in RHEL 6

**3. To Download extundelete click on below link**

[Download the extendelete Software](https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B3d0w3V9E3HMbWZNYjltR00yQmc&usp=sharing)

**4. Extract the archives from extundelete-0.2.0.tar**

```
[root@arkit ~]# tar xvf extundelete-0.2.0.tar
 [root@arkit ~]# cd extundelete-0.2.0
 [root@arkit extundelete-0.2.0]# ls
 acinclude.m4  autogen.sh  config.h.in  configure.ac  install-sh  Makefile.am  missing  src
 aclocal.m4    compile     configure    depcomp       LICENSE     Makefile.in  README
```

**5. Configure and make**

```
[root@arkit extundelete-0.2.0]# ./configure
 Configuring extundelete 0.2.0
 Writing generated files to disk
 [root@arkit extundelete-0.2.0]# make && make install
 make -s all-recursive
 Making all in src
 Making install in src
 /usr/bin/install -c 'extundelete' '/usr/local/bin/extundelete'
```

**6. The partition /dev/sdc1 is mounted on /backup/data-deleted/**

```
[root@arkit backup]# df -h
[root@arkit backup]# cd data-deleted/
```

**7. Create some files on backup/data-deleted.**

```
[root@arkit data-deleted]# cat /var/log/messages > test1.txt
 [root@arkit data-deleted]# du -hs *
 160K    test1.txt
```

**8. Delete the files in order to recover them later**

```
[root@arkit data-deleted]# cd
[root@arkit ~]# rm -rf /backup/data-deleted
```

**9. Remount partition**

**Note:** If your files got deleted then immediately avoid the changes to the inodes because if inodes got changed then you run into the problems you may not able to recover the deleted files. mount your file system in read-only mode

```
[root@arkit ~]# mount -o remount,ro /backup
```

### **10. Now we will use extundelete to recover the files from the partition**

in order to restore all the files which are deleted we have to use below commands

```
[root@arkit ~]# extundelete /dev/sdc1  --restore-all
 WARNING: Extended attributes are not restored.
 Loading filesystem metadata ... 63 groups loaded.
 Loading journal descriptors ... 91 descriptors loaded.
 Searching for recoverable inodes in directory / ...
 4 recoverable inodes found.
 Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ...
 Failed to restore inode 32513 to file RECOVERED_FILES/data-deleted:Inode does not correspond to a regular file.
 Restored inode 562514 to file RECOVERED_FILES/data-deleted/test1.txt

0 recoverable inodes still lost.
```

**11. A directory called RECOVERED\_FILES is created and inside you will find the files recovered by extundelete**

```
[root@arkit ~]# du -hs RECOVERED_FILES/data-deleted/
 520K    RECOVERED_FILES/data-deleted/
```

**12. Finally you can recover deleted files to his original place**

in order to recovery the files to the same place run the below command

```
[root@secondserver ~]# rsync -av  RECOVERED_FILES/data-deleted /backup/
 sending incremental file list
 data-deleted/
 data-deleted/test1.txt
 sent 106931 bytes  received 730 bytes  21400008.00 bytes/sec
 total size is 1006704  speedup is 1.00
 [root@secondserver ~]# cd /backup/data-deleted/
 [root@secondserver data-deleted]# ls
[root@arkit ~]# du -hs /backup/data-deleted/*
 160K    RECOVERED_FILES/data-deleted/test1.txt

[root@arkit ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.1 (Santiago)
```

**Related Articles**

[Sticky Bit Explained Here](https://arkit.co.in/linux/sticky-bit-permission-explained-linux/)

[Download Free RHCSA Book ](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-learners-guide-book-written-by-ankam-ravi-kumar/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** extendelete, recover deleted files, recover deleted files in linux, recover files in linux, RHEL 6

---

### [what is aggregate NetApp cluster mode](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-aggregate-netapp/)

**Published:** October 10, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

what is aggregate NetApp Aggregates are the raw space in your storage system. you take a bunch of individual disks and aggregate them together into aggregates. But, an aggregate can’t actually hold data, its just raw space. you then layer on partitions, which in NetApp land are called volumes. the volumes hold the data.

**Don’t Miss**

  [Creating Aggregate in 7 Mode Guide](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/creating-aggregate-using-cli-and-gui.html)

what is aggregate NetApp. You make aggregates for various reasons.

**For example:**

performance boundaries – a disk can only be in one aggregate. so each aggregate has its own discreet drives. this lets us tune the performance of the aggregate by adding in however many spindles we need to achieve the type of performance we want. This is kind of skewed by having Flash Cache cards and such, but its still roughly correct.

Shared Space boundary – All volumes in an aggregate share the hard drives in that aggregate. there is no way to prevent the volumes in an aggregate from mixing their data on the same drives

# Introduction to 32bit and 64bit aggregate Netapp

Aggregates are either 64-bit or 32-bit format. 64-bit aggregates have much larger size limits than 32-bit aggregates. 64-bit and 32-bit aggregates can coexist on the same storage system.

32-bit aggregates have a maximum size of 16 TB; 64-bit aggregates’ maximum size depends on the storage system model. For the maximum 64-bit aggregate size of your storage system model.

When you create a new aggregate, it is a 64-bit format aggregate.

You can expand 32-bit aggregates to 64-bit aggregates by increasing their size beyond 16 TB. 64-bit aggregates, including aggregates that were previously expanded, cannot be converted to 32-bit aggregates.

You can see whether an aggregate is a 32-bit aggregate or a 64-bit aggregate by using the aggr status command.

## Creating Aggregate in Netapp Cluster mode

```
::> aggr create -aggregate AggrArk -diskcount 4 -disktype FCAL -node ArkIt-01
```

[![Aggregate creation cluster mode](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Aggregate-creation-cluster-mode-300x51.jpg "Aggregate creation cluster mode - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Aggregate-creation-cluster-mode.jpg)Aggregate creation cluster mode

```
ArkCluster::> aggr show

Aggregate Size Available Used% State #Vols Nodes RAID Status
--------- -------- --------- ----- ------- ------ ---------------- ------------
aggr0 855MB 42.14MB 95% online 1 ArkCluster-01 raid_dp,
 normal
```

List out the aggregates using above command

```
ArkCluster::> aggr verify -aggregate aggr0 -action status

Aggregate:aggr0, Verify is not running
```

We can see the status of aggregate mirror status using above command.

below is the command we can use it to do aggregate offline. In normal case Do not try in environment if your not sure.

```
ArkCluster::> aggr offline -aggregate aggr0

Warning: The aggregate contains one or more volumes. In order to offline the aggregate, all of these volumes must be unmounted. Do you want to unmount all of the volumes hosted by the aggregate? {y|n}: y
```

We can make aggregate online using below command

```
ArkCluster::> aggr online -aggregate aggr0
```

Aggregate space in detailed information using below example

```
ArkCluster::> aggr show-space

Aggregate : aggr0

Feature Used Used%
 -------------------------------- ---------- ------
 Volume Footprints 812.7MB 90%
 Aggregate Metadata 212KB 0%
 Snapshot Reserve 45MB 5%

Total Used 857.9MB 95%

Total Physical Used 347.8MB 39%
```

## List number of disks in aggregate

```
ArkCluster::> aggr show-spare-disks -original-owner ArkCluster-01

Original Owner: ArkCluster-01
 Pool0
 Spare Pool

Usable Physical
 Disk Type RPM Checksum Size Size Status
 --------------------------- ----- ------ -------------- -------- -------- --------
 NET-1.18 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.19 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.20 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.21 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.22 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.23 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.24 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.25 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.26 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.27 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
 NET-1.28 FCAL 15000 block 1020MB 1.00GB zeroed
11 entries were displayed.
```

Aggregate status with there raid group information and plex information. It will also show aggregate parity disk info.

```
ArkCluster::> aggr show-status

Owner Node: ArkCluster-01
 Aggregate: aggr0 (online, raid_dp) (block checksums)
 Plex: /aggr0/plex0 (online, normal, active, pool0)
 RAID Group /aggr0/plex0/rg0 (normal, block checksums)
 Usable Physical
 Position Disk Pool Type RPM Size Size Status
 -------- --------------------------- ---- ----- ------ -------- -------- ----------
 dparity NET-1.7 0 FCAL 15000 1020MB 1.00GB (normal)
 parity NET-1.8 0 FCAL 15000 1020MB 1.00GB (normal)
 data NET-1.17 0 FCAL 15000 1020MB 1.00GB (normal)
3 entries were displayed.
```

That’s it about what is aggregate netapp cluster mode.

Please write your valuable comments …

**Related Articles**

**Don’t Miss:** [Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/steps-to-setup-cluster-mode-netapp/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** 32bit aggregate, 64bit aggregate, aggregate, CLI Netapp, create aggregate using cli, create aggregate using GUI, RAID-DP, what is aggregate

---

### [Working with CD and DVD Drives Troubleshooting Steps](https://arkit.co.in/working-with-cd-and-dvd-drives/)

**Published:** October 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Working with CD and DVD Drives, Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982. working with cd and dvd drives

Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio, or delivering device drivers.

  A CD is made from 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, polycarbonate plastic and weighs 15–20 grams.\[36\] From the centre outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58 mm.

A thin layer of aluminium or, more rarely, gold is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally spin coated directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by screen printing or offset printing.

Let’s see how to install, configure and troubleshoot the CD and DVD drives

## Working with CD and DVD drives

CDs and DVDs are optical disks. Laser beans are used to read and write on optical disks.

A CD can store up to 700MB of data, whereas a DVD can store at least 4.7GB of data.

**Related Articles**

[Working with Hard Disk](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/working-with-hard-disk/)

[Introduction to Personal Computer Hardware](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/introduction-to-pc-hardware/)

[Personal Computer Fundamentals](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/personal-computer-fundamentals/)

[Working with Memory RAM](https://arkit.co.in/computer-hardware/wokring-with-memory/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Hardware

**Tags:** CD, compact disk, digital video disk, DVD, DVD drive installation, DVD drive troubleshooting, Personal computer setup

---

### [Linux Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/linux-interview-questions-and-answers/)

**Published:** October 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![linux interview questions and answers](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/linux-interview-questions-and-answers-tech-tutorials.jpg "linux interview questions and answers - tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/linux-interview-questions-and-answers-tech-tutorials.jpg)

  # Linux Interview Questions and Answers

1\. You are tasked to build a new Linux workstation. User wants to install a word processor and spreadsheets that offers a similar version for Microsoft Windows system. Which office suite should you install?

Ans:- You should use Apache OpenOffice. Its free and open source project. And works fine on both Window and Linux systems.

2\. A technician uses the ps command to see what processes are running. When the current running processes are shown, he notices a process that he terminated 10 minutes ago by using the kill command is still running. What command should he use next to terminate this process?

Ans:- He should use -9 argument with kill command that will send a kill signal to the process. This will terminate the specific process immediately.

3\. A technician quickly notices a kernel error message on the screen during the boot process. Unfortunately, the error message disappear so quickly for the technician to read it all. What log directory can the technician use to examine boot-time messages?

Ans:- Linux system keeps almost all log files under the /var/log directory. Most of the boot messages are kept in buffer, which can be accessed by using the dmesg command. He can examine the /var/log/dmesg.log file. For boot time message he can also check the /var/log/boot.log file.

4\. A technician wants to view a list of all running processes on the server. How can he do this?

Ans:- He should use the ps command with -ef argument. ps -ef command will show a list of all running process.

5\. Where inittab file is located?

Ans:- Default location of inittab file is /etc directory. This file describes which process would be start at boot time.

6\. A technician want to boot the system in CLI mode on start up. Which runlevel should he assign and in which file ?

Ans:- He could assign runlevel 3 as the default runlevel in /etc/inittab file.

7\. What program a technician can use to analyze program’s core dump files and to debug the application while it is actually running?

Ans:- He can use gdb program to analyze program’s core dump files and also debug the application while it is actually running.

8\. As a technician you want to shutdown the Linux system. What command should you use?

Ans:- You could use shutdown command.

9\. As a technician you need to perform a scheduled shutdown that will occur in 10 minutes. What should you use to shut down the server in 10 minutes.?

Ans:- You can use -h argument with shutdown command which allows you to specify the time in second. To shutdown the system in 10 minute you should run shutdown -h 600 command.

10\. What command will halt the system?

Ans:- halt will halt the system.

11\. As a technician you need to restart the Apache Web Server. What command should you use.?

Ans:- You could use following command to restart the Apache web server.

\#service httpd restart

12\. Which command will restart the FTP Server?

Ans:- #service vsftpd restart

Above command will restart the FTP server.

13\. What line printer control command is used to control the operation of the line printer system?

Ans:- lpc command is used with various argument to control the operations of line printer system.

14\. A technician wants to terminate an active spooling daemon on the local host immediately and then disables printing for the specified printers. What command should he use?

Ans:- He should use lpc command with abort options. lpc abort lpc abort terminates an active spooling daemon on the local host immediately and then disables printing for the specified printers,

15\. What print command stops a spooling daemon after the current job completes and disables printing?

Ans:- The lpc stop command stops a spooling daemon after the current job completes and disables printing

16\. What command allows you to directly see what jobs are currently in a printer queue?

Ans:- The lpc command allows you to directly see what jobs are currently in a printer queue

17\. A technician wants to halt the Linux server. What command should he use ?

Ans:- He can use init 0 command to halt the Linux server.

18\. What line printer command lets you remove print jobs from the printer queue?

Ans:- The lprm command will let you remove print jobs from the printer queue.

19\. What is the default text editor of Linux which include almost every version of Linux?

Ans:- Default editor of Linux is vi editor that can used to edit any ASCII text.

20\. What command is used for combining a large number of files into one single file for archival to tape?

Ans:- vi is a text editor that can be used to edit any ASCII text. It is especially useful for editing programs.

21\. Where do all your configurations for your services, programs, and daemons reside by default?

By default, all configurations for your services, programs, and daemons reside in the /etc directory.

22\. What type of backup tape will only back up files that have changed since the previous backup and clear the archive bit?

Ans:- An Incremental backup will backup only files that have changed since the previous backup and clear the archive bit.

23\. Which argument is used with tar command to create a new archive file?

-c argument is used to create new archive file.

24\. Which argument is used with tar command to extract the files from archive ?

Ans:- -x argument is used with tar command to extract the files form archive.

25\. What is default name of super or administrator account name in Linux?

Ans:- Super or administrator account in Linux is known as root user.

26\. A technician is going to install Linux on a workstation. The technician wants to customize the installation. What type of installation will the technician use to customize the installation?

Ans:- Only a custom installation can be used to customize what is installed during an installation. A custom installation will allow you to choose what packages you want to install and what packages you don’t want to install.

27\. Where is the password file for Linux located?

Ans:- The password file for Linux is located by default in the /etc/passwd location.

28\. Which program is mostly used for remote login securely in Linux?

Ans:- SSH is used for secure login. SSH is the replacement of old unsecure services like telnet.

29\. What file contains a list of user names that is not allowed to log in to the FTP server?

Ans:- The ftpusers file contains a list of usernames that a Linux administrator has previously set to not allow specific users to login to the FTP server. ftpusers file is located in /etc/vsftpd directory.

30\. Which command can be used to schedule recurring tasks?

Ans:- Cron command can be used to set scheduled recurring tasks.

31\. In which directory Linux store crontab files for particular users?

Ans:- The /var/spool/cron is the directory where user’s crontabs are saved with a directory for each user in which all user’s cron jobs are stored.

32\. What command should you use to activate a swap partition?

Ans:- swapon command is used to activate the swap partition.

33\. A technician is verifying the network configuration of a Linux server. Which command he should used to accomplish this?

Ans:- ifconfig is the proper command to examine network configuration.

34\. A technician wants to assign IP addresses to all the systems that will connect to the server automatically. What type of server he should set up?

Ans:- He should set up DHCP Server which assigns IP address to client automatically on start up.

35\. A technician wants to add a new user to the current domain. What command will the technician use to accomplish this?

Ans:- He should use useradd command followed by the username will create a new user or update default new user information. You need to specify the password separately with the passwd command.

36\. What option a technician can use with usermod command to unlock to user’s password?

Ans:- The -U option is used with usermod command to unlock the user’s password.

37\. What option of the mkfs command should you use to check the device for bad blocks before building the file system?

Ans:- The –c option when used with the mkfs command will check the device for bad blocks before building the file system.

38\. What at command argument will send mail to the user when the job has completed, even if there was no output?

Ans:- -m argument with at command will send mail to the users when the job has completed even if there was no output.

39\. A user wants to verify the current active shell. Which command will he use?

Ans:- He should use the env command to verify the current active shell

40\. What command can a technician use to search for a specific file?

Ans:- He can use either find or locate command to search for a specific file.

41\. How can you send the output of a file to another file?

Ans:- The > option is used to send the output of a file to another file.

42\. What is the -t option with fsck command used for?

Ans:- The –t option used with fsck is used to specify the type of filesystem to be checked.

43\. Which utility should you use to display the CPU processes?

Ans:- top utility lets you see all on one screen how much memory and CPU usage that you are currently using, and also the resource usage by each program and process.

44\. What command can you use to obtain information about your serial port resource usage, such as IRQ and IO addresses?

setserial is a utility that you can use to obtain information about serial port resource usage, such as IRQ and IO addresses.

45\. A technician wants to delete the a user account. Which command should he use?

Ans:- The userdel command is used to delete a user from the system.

46\. Which command is used to change from one directory to another?

Ans:- cd command is used to navigate the Linux hierarchical file system structure, use the cd command to change from one directory to another.

47\. A user wants to copy a file from the /tmp directory to the his home directory. Which command would he use?

Ans:- He can use cp command to copy the files from one directory other directory.

48\. What is the file extension of Red Hat Package manager?

Ans:- RPM extension is associated with the Red Hat Package manager

49\. What command can you use to mount a CD-ROM drive?

Ans:- mount command will mount the CD-ROM.

50\. A technician wants to monitor connections to a Linux server. Which command should the technician use?

He should use netstat command. Netstat is a perfect way to see and monitor the both inbound and outbound connections. This command also be used to view packet statistics so you can see how many packets have been sent and received.

51\. Which command a user can use to exit a login shell?

Ans:- The logout or exit command will exit him from a login shell.

52\. A technician is having problems connecting to a mail server. What command can he use to test if the mail server is on the network?

Ans:- He can use ping command to test connectivity between local system and remote server.

### Ping your More Questions in below comments….

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Interview, Linux

**Tags:** Interview preparation guide, linux, Linux interview Q&A, Technician Interview questions and answers

---

### [understanding about volume and aggregate reallocation](https://arkit.co.in/understanding-about-volume-and-aggregate-reallocation/)

**Published:** October 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Understanding about volume and aggregate reallocation

 understanding about volume and aggregate reallocation, one of the most misunderstood topics I have seen with NetApp FAS systems is reallocation. There are two types of reallocation that can be run on these systems; one for files and volumes and another for aggregates. The process is run in the background, and although the goal is to optimize placement of data blocks both serve a different purpose. Below is a picture of a 4 disk aggregate with 2 volumes, one orange and one yellow.

[![Volume Reallocation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1Reallocation.gif "1Reallocation - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1Reallocation.gif)If we add a new disk to this aggregate, and we don’t run volume level reallocation all new writes will happen on the area in the aggregate that has the most contiguous free space. As we can see from the picture below this area is the new disk. Since new data is usually the most accessed data you now have this single disk servicing most of your reads and writes. This will create a “hot disk”, and performance issues.
[![New writes in reallocation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2newwrites.gif "2newwrites - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2newwrites.gif)

  Now if we run a volume reallocation on the yellow volume the data will be spread out across all the disks in the aggregate. The orange volume is still unoptimized and will suffer from the hot disk syndrome until we run a reallocation on it as well.

[![after reallocation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3After-Realloc.gif "3After Realloc - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3After-Realloc.gif)This is why when adding only a few new disk to an aggregate you must run a volume reallocation against every volume in your aggregate. If you are adding multiple disks to an aggregate (16, 32, etc) it may not be necessary to run the reallocate. Imagine you add 32 disk to a 16 disk aggregate. New writes will go to 32 disk instead of the 16 you had prior so performance will be much better without taking any intervention. As the new disk begin to fill up writes will eventually hit all 48 disks in your aggregate. You could of course speed this process up by running manual reallocation against all volumes in the aggregate.

The other big area of confusion is what an aggregate reallocation actually does. Aggregate reallocation “reallocate -A” will only optimize free space in the aggregate. This will help your system with writes as the easier it is to find contiguous free space the more efficient those operations will be. Take the diagram below as an example of an aggregate that could benefit from reallocation.

[![before aggregate reallocation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/4aggrbefore.gif "4aggrbefore - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/4aggrbefore.gif)This is our expanded aggregate that we only reallocated the yellow volume. We see free space in the aggregate where the blocks were distributed across the other disk. We also see how new writes for the orange volume stacked up on the new disk as that is where we had the most contiguous free space. I wonder if the application owner has been complaining about performance issues with his orange data? The picture below shows us what happens after the aggregate reallocate.

[![After aggregate Reallocation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5aggafter.gif "5aggafter - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5aggafter.gif)

We still have the unoptimized data from the volume we did not reallocate. The only thing the aggregate reallocate did was make the free space in it more contiguous for writing new data. It is easy to see how one could be confused by these similar but different processes, and I hope this helps explain how and why you would use the different types of reallocation.

The smallest addressable block of data in Data ONTAP is 4k. However, all data is written to volumes in 256k chunks. When data block which is bigger than 256k comes in, filer searches for contiguous 256k of free space in the file system. If it’s found, data block is written into it, if not then filer splits the data block and puts it in several places. It’s called fragmentation and is familiar to everyone from the times, when FAT files ystems were in use. It’s not a big issue in modern file systems, like NTFS or WAFL, but defragmentation can help to solve performance problems in some situations.

In mostly random read/write environments (which is quite common these days) fragmentation has no impact on performance. If you write or read data from random places of the hard drive it doesn’t matter if this data is random or sequential on the physical media. NetApp recommends to consider defragmentation for the applications with sequential read type of workload:

- Online transaction processing databases that perform large table scans
- E-mail systems that use database storage with verification processes
- Host-side backup of LUNs

Reallocation process uses thresholds values to represent the file system layout optimization level, where 4 is normal and everything bigger than 10 is not optimal.

To check the level of optimization for particular volume use:

> > reallocate measure –o /vol/vol\_name

If you decide to run reallocate on the volume, run:

> > reallocate start –f /vol/vol\_name

There are certain considerations if you’re using snapshots or deduplication on volumes. There is a “-p” option, to prevent inflating snapshots during reallocate. And from version 8.1 Data ONTAP also supports reallocation of deduplicated volumes.

### Conclusion

When we add an disk to aggregate we have to reallocate the volumes to distribute the blocks. When we create volume and expanding volume better to run reallocation process to get good performance always.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** aggregate reallocation, blocks distribution, blocks reallocation, Netapp, Netapp tutorials, Netapp volume reallocation, volume reallocation

---

### [Thin provisioning and a Storage Over commitment](https://arkit.co.in/thin-provisioning-and-a-storage-over-commitment/)

**Published:** October 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![thin provisioning and over commitment](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/thin-provisioning-and-over-commitment-tech-tutorials.jpg "thin provisioning and over commitment - tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/thin-provisioning-and-over-commitment-tech-tutorials.jpg)

# Thin provisioning and a Storage Over commitment

Thin provisioning is a very important feature on modern storage arrays. Almost every storage vendor has this capability, but if you don’t over commit your storage you are missing the boat. Lets start off at a a high level with what a traditional storage array looks like without thin provisioning. In the diagram below we have two things; provisioned space and free space.

  [![Thin provisioning](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1TradProv.jpg "1TradProv - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1TradProv.jpg)

Once you start thin provisioning you introduce the concept of consumed space. When you start caring about consumed space, instead of just provisioned space, free space (as defined above) is more aptly defined as unallocated space; since your actual free space is simply unused storage. Below is the same array as above (8TB provisioned storage), but here we made everything thin, and of the 8TB we assigned there is only 2TB actually in use. This leaves us with 8TB free on the array.

[![Thin provisioning](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2ThinProv.jpg "2ThinProv - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2ThinProv.jpg)It is pretty easy to see why thin provisioning is so great. You could now use that extra 6TB of provisioned space to do something like storing more of your array based snapshots. Of course we want to maximize the potential of our array and thin provisioning is the gateway drug to storage over commitment. By over committing your storage you can provision more space than you actually have installed on your array. In the diagram below we take the same array with 10TB of total usable storage and configure our attached systems to use a combined 14TB.

[![Over commitment](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3OverComit.jpg "3OverComit - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3OverComit.jpg)Everything is now looking great. You have added more storage to your system than you actually had available. Your companies CFO might give you a hug when he sees all the money you saved the business! Before you collect on that warm embrace be prepared for the next step; users start putting the storage to work, and you start running out of free space.

[![Over Comit Grow](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/4OverComitGrow.jpg "4OverComitGrow - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/4OverComitGrow.jpg)Now you are in the danger zone. You only have 2TB of free space, but you have 6TB assigned to your systems. This is where efficiency features on your storage arrays can come to the rescue. Not all arrays are created equal so you may or may not have these features, but deduplication and compression are two of the most common. When you use these features think of it like a trash compactor putting downward pressure on your consumed storage. After all, the data you are compressing and deduplicating is trash anyway (duplicate and redundant data blocks that do not need to be stored).

[![Over Comit Effic](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5OverComitEffic.jpg "5OverComitEffic - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5OverComitEffic.jpg)This is going to seem contrary, but over committing your storage makes the most sense when you have a lot of storage (or at least a decent degree of excess). When you decide to over commit you are working off the principal of shared risk. The more storage you have the less risk there is to over commitment. You certainly don’t have to have a lot storage to over commit, and using storage efficiency features can give you the buffer you need to feel comfortable.

Once you go down the over commitment path you need to manage it. Monitor your consumed space vs provisioned space, setup automated alerts, and audit them regularly to make certain they work as expected. Also make certain to monitor your performance. When you start stacking up systems on your storage, even though you may now have the space, you still only have a certain number of IOPS.

**Storage Over Commitment Guide**

1. Thin provision your volumes and LUNs
2. Over provision your storage to drive up storage array utilization
3. Make sure you have a good amount of buffer storage before you over commit
4. Pro-actively monitor your space consumed vs space provisioned.
5. Use storage efficiency features to reclaim consumed space
6. Make sure you don’t over commit your performance

Please write your feedback below…

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** Netapp, storage over commitment, thin provisioning

---

### [VNXe array negotiates FC port as L-Port](https://arkit.co.in/vnxe-array-negotiates-fc-port-as-l-port/)

**Published:** October 12, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![VNXe array negotiates](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/VNXe-array-negotiates1.jpg "VNXe array negotiates1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/VNXe-array-negotiates1.jpg)

# VNXe array negotiates FC port as L-Port

  Hit an issue today where VNXe array FC ports negotiate to L-port instead of F-port when Fill Word is set to Mode 3 (ARB/ARB then IDLE/ARB). Result – loss of connectivity on the affected link.

[![vnx L-port](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vnx_lport1.jpg "vnx_lport1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vnx_lport1.jpg)

Recommended FC Fill Word for VNX/VNXe arrays is Mode 3. Generally it’s a good idea to set them according to best practice as part of each installation. Apparently, when changing Fill Word from legacy Mode 0 (IDLE/IDLE) to Mode 3 (ARB/ARB then IDLE/ARB) array might negotiate as L-port and FC path goes down.

Solution is to statically configure port as F-port in port settings.

[![vnx L-Port Solution](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vnx_lport_sol.jpg "vnx_lport_sol - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vnx_lport_sol.jpg)

A Simple post about problem….

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC

**Tags:** EMC, FC ports as L-port, VNXe array negotiates, VNXe problem

---

### [Netapp Flash Pool](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-flash-pool/)

**Published:** October 13, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# [![Flash pool](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/flash-pool-tech-tutorials.jpg "flash pool - tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/flash-pool-tech-tutorials.jpg)Netapp Flash Pool

NetApp has introduced several important innovations since first incorporating flash technology in 2009. On the software side, we have focused on the use of intelligent caching to maximize storage infrastructure efficiency. In hardware, our innovations have focused on high performance and reliability.

**Netapp Flash Pool**
Flash Pool combines HDDs and SSDs within a single storage system and provides a choice of using SLC or eMLC SSD modules. Using SSD and HDD within a single aggregate allows hot data to be tiered automatically between HDD and SSD. Like Flash Cache, hot data is not “moved” to SSD; rather, a copy of the data is created in SSD. Copying data is faster than moving it, and, once hot data is ejected from the SSD, there is no need to rewrite it back to HDD.

  Unlike Flash Cache, however, both reads and writes can be cached in Flash Pool SSDs. When a write operation occurs, logic determines if it would be faster to write to both SSD and HDD together or just to HDD. Conversely, when a read operation occurs, logic determines whether data should be cached to SSD or read directly from HDD without caching. In all cases, Flash Pool algorithms are speed-optimized.

If you have any queries and questions related to this article please send an email to pyarsayravi@gmail.com

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** aggregate flash pool, flash pool creationg, NCSA, Netapp, netapp flash pool

---

### [Useful Android secret codes](https://arkit.co.in/useful-android-secret-codes/)

**Published:** October 14, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Useful Android secret codes

Most of these days most of users using android OS phones but most of the users they don’t know this secret codes. When you buy a phone i want to know its device configuration and its status.

If you buy a phone online you may not know which configuration device you taken online but which is delivered to you is correct how did you verify ..?

  Go through the following list, Useful Android secret codes

1. For IMEI Number: **\*#06#**
2. For RAM Memory version: **\*#\*#3264#\*#\***
3. For FTA SW version: **\*#\*#1111#\*#\***
4. For FTA HW version: **\*#\*#2222#\*#\***
5. For Touchscreen version: **\*#\*#2663#\*#\***
6. To test Bluetooth: **\*#\*#232331#\*#\***
7. To display Bluetooth Physic Address: **\#\*#232337#\*#**
8. To test secret GPS: **\*#\*#1472365#\*#\***
9. To test other GPS:  **\*#\*#1575#\*#\***
10. To test WiFi/Wireless LAN of phone: **\*#\*#232339#\*#\*** or **\*#\*#528#\*#\*** or **\*#\*#526#\*#\***
11. To display Wi-Fi MAC Address: **\*#\*#232338#\*#\***
12. To test Vibration and Back-light of device: **\*#\*#0842#\*#\***
13. To test Proximity/Distance Sensor: **\*#\*#0588#\*#\***
14. To test Touchscreen: **\*#\*#2663#\*#\***
15. For Audio Test: **\*#\*#0289#\*#\*** or **\*#\*#0673#\*#\***
16. To launch Service Mode: **\*#\*#197328640#\*#\***
17. Hidden Service Menu (Motorola Droid): **\##7764726**
18. Field Test: **\*#\*#7262626#\*#\***
19. To format the phone: **\*2767\*3855#**
20. To Restore Factory Settings: **\*#\*#7780#\*#\***
21. To create Immediate backup of your multimedia files: **\*#\*#273282\*255\*663282\*#\*#\***
22. To display Phone Information: \***\#\*#4636#\*#\***
23. To get detailed Camera Information: **\*#\*#34971539#\*#\***
24. For Software & Hardware Information: **\*#12580\*369#**
25. To display HSDPA/HSUPA Control Menu: **\*#301279#**
26. To start GTalk Monitoring: **\*#\*#8255#\*#\***
27. To get PDA, Phone, H/W and RF Call Date: **\*#\*#4986\*2650468#\*#\***
28. Displays Build Time and Change List number: **\*#\*#44336#\*#\***
29. Packet Loopback Test: **\*#\*#0283#\*#\***
30. LCD Display Test: **\*#\*#0\*#\*#\***
31. Enter Service Menu (on New Phones): **\*#0\*#**
32. Diagnostic Configuration: **\*#9090#**
33. USB Logging Control: **\*#872564#**
34. System Dump Mode: **\*#9900#**
35. View Phone Lock Status: **\*#7465625#**
36. Executes Emergency Dial Screen to unlock PUK Code: **\*\*05\*\*#**
37. Enables Voice Dialing Logging Mode: **\*#\*#8351#\*#\***
38. Disables Voice Dialing Logging Mode: **\*#\*#8350#\*#\***
39. Change behavior of Power button: **\*#\*#7594#\*#\***

Please comment if you have more secret codes with you…!!

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** others, Tricks, trickstips

**Tags:** andriod, andriod phone check, andriod secret codes, secret codes android, useful secret codes

---

### [FlexVol Volumes, Flex Clones](https://arkit.co.in/flexvol-volumes-flex-clones/)

**Published:** October 14, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![Flex Volumes](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Flex-Volumes.jpg "Flex Volumes - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Flex-Volumes.jpg)

# FlexVol Volumes

Flexvol volumes are most flexible volumes, we can decrease and increase volume space yet any given point of time with no impact to the current environment.

  **Note:** Decreasing volume space may loss your data. Not suggestible for production environments and CRITICAL data.

## Root volume

root volume is very important volume which contains all the configuration files for NFS, CIFS, snapmirror and snapvault So an….. If your root volume is full are went offline your filer will not work properly.

# Flex Clones

Flex clones are very useful when you want to verify the data integrity between actual data and snapmirror data OR snapshot data. flex clone is an writable volume but its all blocks still pointing to the actual original blocks. Flex clone is also useful when you want to run reports on production environments instead of directly running the reports using production, we can fire a flex clone then we can run a reports on the same.

See the below video tutorial for more in detailed ….

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** Flex clone, Flex volumes, Flexvols, NCSA, Netapp, Root volume

---

### [Netapp Qtree Explained in Detailed What is Qtree in Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-qtree/)

**Published:** October 15, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Netapp Qtree is partition of the volume, same like unix directory. Using qtree we can apply quota management to disk space usage.

- A qtree is similar like Directory
- Using quota we can limit the qtree size.
- Qtree represents the third level partitioned in the storage, Because aggregate conatin volumes and the volumes resides qtree.
- Qtree have its own security style like NTFS, UNIX and MIXED

  # Creating Netapp qtree

creating an qtree is an very easy process use below command to create

```
Netapp01>qtree create testingqtree
```

**Verify Qtree**

verify the qtree using below command

```
Netapp01>qtree status
```

**Rename Qtree**

```
Netapp01>priv set advanced
Netapp01>qtree rename /vol/vol0/testingqtree /vol/vol0/qtree1
Netapp01>priv set
```

**Deleting Qtree**

```
Netapp01>priv set advanced
Netapp01>qtree delete -f /vol/vol0/qtree1
Netapp01>priv set
```

# Qtree Security Style Modification

#### NTFS = Windows OS
 UNIX = All unix Based OS
 Mixed = both Unix and Windows

**Syntax:**

```
Netapp01> qtree security qtree_name [unix | Winows | mixed]
```

**Example :**
The security style of a qtree named qtree1 in the root volume to NTFS

```
Netapp01>  qtree security qtree1 ntfs
```

The security style of a qtree named test in the vol1 volume to NTFS

```
Netapp01>> qtree security /vol/vol1/test ntfs
```

The security style of the root volume to UNIX

```
Netapp01>> qtree security / unix
```

The security style of the vol1 volume to UNIX

```
Netapp01>  qtree security /vol/vol1/ unix
 Netapp01 > qtree

Volume        Tree            Style              Oplocks     Status
 --------       --------             -----              --------        --------
 vol0                                unix              enabled          normal
 vol0            qtree1          ntfs               enabled          normal
 vol1                               unix               enabled          normal
```

Let’s see the detailed explanation about Qtree

Your feedback is valuable for US…

**[Netapp Storage Learning Guide](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-storage-learning-complete-guide-7mode-c-mode/)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Netapp qtree, qtree, qtree creation, qtree modification, qtree security

---

### [Calculating usable disk space](https://arkit.co.in/calculating-usable-disk-space/)

**Published:** October 16, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

calculating usable disk space you use the physical and usable capacity of the disks you employ in your storage systems to ensure that your storage architecture conforms to the overall system capacity limits and the size limits of your aggregates.

To maintain compatibility across different brands of disks, Data ONTAP rounds down (right-sizes) the amount of space available for user data. In addition, the numerical base used to calculate capacity (base 2 or base 10) also impacts sizing information. For these reasons, it is important to use the correct size measurement, depending on the task you want to accomplish:

  - For calculating overall system capacity, you use the physical capacity of the disk, and count every disk that is owned by the storage system.
- For calculating how many disks you can put into an aggregate before you exceed its maximum size, you use the right-sized, or usable capacity of all data disks in that aggregate.Parity and dparity disks are not counted against the maximum aggregate size.

## **Using Disk Space Calculator for calculating usable disk space**

You can also calculate your raw and usable disk space using this software. [Download Software](https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B3d0w3V9E3HMbWZNYjltR00yQmc&usp=sharing)

Also this includes a new feature called **Raid Group Size Estimator** where you key in disks values, raid type and disk type – the software will attempt to provide the best RG size values either based on NetApp recommendations or Optimal Capacity*.(Please note: The Raid group size input in the calculator is only for disk space calculations and this is ignored for the raid group estimator)*

I have developed this Raid Group Size Estimator based on many users request. As usual please provide feedback if you do some testing.

Screenshot of new version 2.1 (Software zip attached to this post)

[![Disk space calculator](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Disk-space-calculator.jpg "Disk space calculator - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Disk-space-calculator.jpg)

A Deep explanation about Usable space and RAW disk space

**Conclusion**

Calculating the disk space always we confuse, RAW disk space and usable disk space. RAW disk space means directly calculate Disk size multiplied by number of disks. Usable disk space is different than RAW, We have to remove the values of RAID space, Parity bit space and System Usage. We may confuse and we may not get exact value by using above mentioned application will give exact usable space.

Thanks for the Read please do comment your valuable feedback on the same

calculating usable disk space

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** Calculate usable disk space, calculator, NCSA, Netapp, netapp tools, Raw disk space, space, usable, Usable disk space

---

### [SSH from ESX to Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/ssh-from-esx-to-netapp/)

**Published:** October 16, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# SSH from ESX to Netapp

By default, the SSH configuration on VMware ESX Server only supports AES encryption types (specifically, AES-256 and AES-128). If you need SSH connectivity from ESX Server to a Network Appliance storage system running Data ONTAP, you’ll need to modify this to support 3DES.

This kind of connectivity would be necessary if you were interested in running scripts on ESX Server that connected to the NetApp storage system via SSH to run commands (for example, to initiate a snapshot via the command line).

  To modify the ciphers supported by ESX Server, edit the /etc/ssh/ssh\_config file and change this line:

> ciphers aes256-cbc,aes128-cbc

Instead, it should look like this:

> ciphers aes256-cbc,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc

This will enable SSH connections from ESX Server to find a compatible cipher with the SSH daemon running in Data ONTAP. Note that we change the SSH configuration on ESX Server because, as far as I know, the ciphers supported by the SSH daemon in Data ONTAP are not configurable by the user.

Note that you’ll also need to enable SSH traffic through the ESX firewall:

> esxcfg-firewall -e sshClient

And, of course, you’ll need to configure and enable SSH access on the Network Appliance storage system itself using the secureadmin command in Data ONTAP:

> secureadmin setup ssh
> secureadmin enable ssh2

Once SSH is reconfigured on ESX Server and configured/enabled in Data ONTAP, then using SSH to run commands remotely from ESX Server to the NetApp storage system should work without any problems. For complete automation, you’ll also want to setup SSH shared keys as well, but I’ll save those details for a future article.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Netapp

**Tags:** ESX automation, Netapp, SSH ESX, SSH from ESX to NetApp, SSH Netapp

---

### [Working with Computer Ports - Connect with Other Devices](https://arkit.co.in/working-with-computer-ports/)

**Published:** October 17, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Working with Computer Ports

# A computer ports:

- is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer.
- can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from a program to computer or over the internet.

## Characteristics: 

- External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.
- Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external device is plugged in.

Examples of external devices attached via ports are mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers etc.

## Serial Port

- Used for external modems and older computer mouse
- Two versions : 9 pin, 25 pin model
- Data travels at 115 kilobits per second

## Parallel Port

- Used for scanners and printers
- Also called printer port
- 25 pin model
- Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Electronics port

## PS/2 Port

- Used for old computer keyboard and mouse
- Also called mouse port
- Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for mouse and keyboard
- Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Electronics port

## Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

- It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc.
- It was introduced in 1997.
- Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum.
- Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds
- USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port

## VGA Port

- Connects monitor to a computer’s video card.
- Has 15 holes.
- Similar to serial port connector but serial port connector has pins, it has holes.

## Power Connector

- Three-pronged plug
- Connects to the computer’s power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket

## Firewire Port

- Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed.
- Connects camcorders and video equipments to the computer
- Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per seconds
- Invented by Apple
- Three variants : 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector and 9-Pin FireWire 800 connector

## Modem Port

- Connects a PC’s modem to the telephone network

## Ethernet Port

- Connects to a network and high speed Internet.
- Connect network cable to a computer.
- This port resides on an Ethernet Card.
- Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network bandwidth.

## Game Port

- Connect a joystick to a PC
- Now replaced by USB.

## Digital Video Interface, DVI port

- Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer’s high end video graphic cards.
- Very popular among video card manufacturers.

## Sockets

- Connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer

## [your feedback is very important to us](http://arkit.co.in/hardware-2/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** computer basics, Computer Hardware, computer ports, personal computer, PS2, serial ports, USB ports

---

### [Nagios Admin Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-admin-interview-questions-and-answers/)

**Published:** October 17, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![nagios interview questions and answers](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nagios-interview-questions-and-answers.jpg "nagios interview questions and answers - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nagios-interview-questions-and-answers.jpg)

  # Nagios Admin Interview Questions and Answers

### 1.What is Nagios and how it Works ?

**Ans:**  Nagios is an open source System and Network Monitoring application. Nagios runs on a server, usually as a daemon or service. Nagios periodically run plugins to monitor clients, if it found anything warning and critical it will send an alerts via Email OR SMS as per the configuration.

The Nagios daemon behaves like a scheduler that runs certain scripts at certain moments. It stores the results of those scripts and will run other scripts if these results change.

### 2. what are ports numbers Nagios will use to monitor clients..?

**Ans:** Port numbers are 5666, 5667 and 5668

### 3. Explain Main Configuration file and its location?

**Ans:**

1. **Resource File :** It is used to store sensitive information like username, passwords with out making them available to the CGIs. **Default path:** /usr/local/nagios/etc/resource.cfg
2. **Object Definition Files:** It is the location were you define all you want to monitor and how you want to monitor. It is used to define hosts, services, hostgroups, contacts, contact groups, commands, etc.. **Default Path:** /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/
3. **CGI Configuration File :** The CGI configuration file contains a number of directives that affect the operation of the CGIs. It also contains a reference the main configuration file, so the CGIs know how you’ve configured Nagios and where your object definitions are stored. **Default Path:** /usr/local/nagios/sbin/

### **4. Nagios administrator is adding 100+ clients in monitoring but he don’t want to add every .cfg file entry in nagios.cfg file he want to enable a directory path. How can he configure directory for all configuration files..?**

**Ans:** He can able to achieve the above scenario by adding the directory path in nagios.cfg file, in line number 54 we have to add below line.

> 54 cfg\_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/monitor

### 5. Explain Nagios files and its location?

**Ans:**

1. The main configuration file is usually named nagios.cfg and located in the /usr/local/nagios/etc/ directory default.
2. **Object Configuration File :** This directive is used to specify an object configuration file containing object definitions that Nagios should use for monitoring.
    cfg\_file=/usr/local/nagios/etc/hosts.cfg
     cfg\_file=/usr/local/nagios/etc/services.cfg
     cfg\_file=/usr/local/nagios/etc/commands.cfg
3. **Object Configuration Directory :**This directive is used to specify a directory which contains object configuration files that Nagios should use for monitoring.
    cfg\_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/commands
     cfg\_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/services
     cfg\_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/hosts
4. **Object Cache File :**This directive is used to specify a file in which a cached copy of object definitions should be stored.
    line number 66 object\_cache\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/objects.cache
5. **Precached Object File:** Line Number 82 precached\_object\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/objects.precache Default
    This is used to specify an optional resource file that can contain $USERn$ macro definitions. $USERn$ macros are useful for storing usernames, passwords, and items commonly used in command definitions.
6. **Temp File :** temp\_path=/tmp
    This is a directory that Nagios can use as scratch space for creating temporary files used during the monitoring process. You should run tmpwatch, or a similiar utility, on this directory occasionally to delete files older than 24 hours.
7. **Status File :** Line Number 105 status\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/status.dat
    This is the file that Nagios uses to store the current status, comment, and downtime information. This file is used by the CGIs so that current monitoring status can be reported via a web interface. The CGIs must have read access to this file in order to function properly. This file is deleted every time Nagios stops and recreated when it starts.
8. **Log Archive Path :** Line Number 245 log\_archive\_path=/usr/local/nagios/var/archives/
    This is the directory where Nagios should place log files that have been rotated. This option is ignored if you choose to not use the log rotation functionality.
9. **External Command File :** command\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/rw/nagios.cmd
    This is the file that Nagios will check for external commands to process. The command CGI writes commands to this file. The external command file is implemented as a named pipe (FIFO), which is created when Nagios starts and removed when it shuts down. If the file exists when Nagios starts, the Nagios process will terminate with an error message. Always keep read only permission to submit the commands from authorized users only.
10. **Lock File :** lock\_file=/tmp/nagios.lock
    This option specifies the location of the lock file that Nagios should create when it runs as a daemon (when started with the -d command line argument). This file contains the process id (PID) number of the running Nagios process.
11. **State Retention File:** state\_retention\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/retention.dat
    This is the file that Nagios will use for storing status, downtime, and comment information before it shuts down. When Nagios is restarted it will use the information stored in this file for setting the initial states of services and hosts before it starts monitoring anything. In order to make Nagios retain state information between program restarts, you must enable the retain\_state\_information option.
12. **Check Result Path :** check\_result\_path=/var/spool/nagios/checkresults
    This options determines which directory Nagios will use to temporarily store host and service check results before they are processed.
13. **Host Performance Data File :** host\_perfdata\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/host-perfdata.da
    This option allows you to specify a file to which host performance data will be written after every host check. Data will be written to the performance file as specified by the host\_perfdata\_file\_template option. Performance data is only written to this file if the process\_performance\_data option is enabled globally and if the process\_perf\_data directive in the host definition is enabled.
14. **Service Performance Data File:** service\_perfdata\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/service-perfdata.dat
    This option allows you to specify a file to which service performance data will be written after every service check. Data will be written to the performance file as specified by the service\_perfdata\_file\_template option. Performance data is only written to this file if the process\_performance\_data option is enabled globally and if the process\_perf\_data directive in the service definition is enabled
15. **Debug File :**  debug\_file=/usr/local/nagios/var/nagios.debug
    This option determines where Nagios should write debugging information. What (if any) information is written is determined by the debug\_level and debug\_verbosity options. You can have Nagios automatically rotate the debug file when it reaches a certain size by using the max\_debug\_file\_size option.

### 6. Explain Host and Service Check Execution Option?

**Ans:** This option determines whether or not Nagios will execute Host/service checks when it initially (re)starts. If this option is disabled, Nagios will not actively execute any service checks and will remain in a sort of “sleep” mode. This option is most often used when configuring backup monitoring servers or when setting up a distributed monitoring environment.

**Note:** If you have state retention enabled, Nagios will ignore this setting when it (re)starts and use the last known setting for this option (as stored in the state retention file), unless you disable the use\_retained\_program\_state option. If you want to change this option when state retention is active (and the use\_retained\_program\_state is enabled), you’ll have to use the appropriate external command or change it via the web interface.

**Values are as follows:**
0 = Don’t execute host/service checks
1 = Execute host/service checks (default)

### 7. Explain active and Passive check in Nagios?

**Ans:** Nagios will monitor host and services in tow ways actively and passively.Active checks are the most common method for monitoring hosts and services. The main features of actives checks as as follows:Active checks are initiated by the Nagios process

**A. Active checks:**
1.Active checks are run on a regularly scheduled basis
2.Active checks are initiated by the check logic in the Nagios daemon.
When Nagios needs to check the status of a host or service it will execute a plugin and pass it information about what needs to be checked. The plugin will then check the operational state of the host or service and report the results back to the Nagios daemon. Nagios will process the results of the host or service check and take appropriate action as necessary (e.g. send notifications, run event handlers, etc).
Active check are executed At regular intervals, as defined by the check\_interval and retry\_interval options in your host and service definitions
On-demand as needed.Regularly scheduled checks occur at intervals equaling either the check\_interval or the retry\_interval in your host or service definitions, depending on what type of state the host or service is in. If a host or service is in a HARD state, it will be actively checked at intervals equal to the check\_interval option. If it is in a SOFT state, it will be checked at intervals equal to the retry\_interval option.
On-demand checks are performed whenever Nagios sees a need to obtain the latest status information about a particular host or service. For example, when Nagios is determining the reach ability of a host, it will often perform on-demand checks of parent and child hosts to accurately determine the status of a particular network segment. On-demand checks also occur in the predictive dependency check logic in order to ensure Nagios has the most accurate status information.

**b.Passive checks:**
They key features of passive checks are as follows:
1.Passive checks are initiated and performed external applications/processes
2.Passive check results are submitted to Nagios for processing

The major difference between active and passive checks is that active checks are initiated and performed by Nagios, while passive checks are performed by external applications.

**Passive checks are useful for monitoring services that are:**

- Asynchronous in nature and cannot be monitored effectively by polling their status on a regularly scheduled basis
- Located behind a firewall and cannot be checked actively from the monitoring host

Examples of asynchronous services that lend themselves to being monitored passively include SNMP traps and security alerts. You never know how many (if any) traps or alerts you’ll receive in a given time frame, so it’s not feasible to just monitor their status every few minutes.Passive checks are also used when configuring distributed or redundant monitoring installations.

**Here’s how passive checks work in more detail…**

1. An external application checks the status of a host or service.
2. The external application writes the results of the check to the external command file.
3. The next time Nagios reads the external command file it will place the results of all passive checks into a queue for later processing. The same queue that is used for storing results from active checks is also used to store the results from passive checks.
4. Nagios will periodically execute a check result reaper event and scan the check result queue. Each service check result that is found in the queue is processed in the same manner – regardless of whether the check was active or passive. Nagios may send out notifications, log alerts, etc. depending on the check result information.

### 8. How to verify Nagios configuration ..?

**Ans:** In order to verify your configuration, run Nagios with the **-v** command line option like so:

> /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

If you’ve forgotten to enter some critical data or misconfigured things, Nagios will spit out a warning or error message that should point you to the location of the problem. Error messages generally print out the line in the configuration file that seems to be the source of the problem. On errors, Nagios will often exit the pre-flight check and return to the command prompt after printing only the first error that it has encountered.

### 9. What Are Objects?

**Ans:** Objects are all the elements that are involved in the monitoring and notification logic.

**Types of objects include:**
**Services** are one of the central objects in the monitoring logic. Services are associated with hosts Attributes of a host (CPU load, disk usage, uptime, etc.)
Service Groups :are groups of one or more services. Service groups can make it easier to (1) view the status of related services in the Nagios web interface and (2) simplify your configuration through the use of object tricks.

**Hosts**  are one of the central objects in the monitoring logic.Hosts are usually physical devices on your network (servers, workstations, routers, switches, printers, etc).
**Host Groups** are groups of one or more hosts. Host groups can make it easier to (1) view the status of related hosts in the Nagios web interface and (2) simplify your configuration through the use of object tricks
**Contacts** Conact information of people involved in the notification process
**Contact Groups** are groups of one or more contacts. Contact groups can make it easier to define all the people who get notified when certain host or service problems occur.
**Commands** are used to tell Nagios what programs, scripts, etc. it should execute to perform ,Host and service checks and when Notifications should send etc.
**Time Periods** are are used to control ,When hosts and services can be monitored
**Notification Escalations** Use for escalating the the notification

### 10. What Are Plugins?

**Ans:** Plugins are compiled executable s or scripts (Perl scripts, shell scripts, etc.) that can be run from a command line to check the status or a host or service. Nagios uses the results from plugins to determine the current status of hosts and services on your network.
Nagios will execute a plugin whenever there is a need to check the status of a service or host. The plugin does something (notice the very general term) to perform the check and then simply returns the results to Nagios. Nagios will process the results that it receives from the plugin and take any necessary actions (running event handlers, sending out notifications, etc).

### 11. How Do I Use Plugin X?

**Ans:** We have to download the plugins from nagios exchange https://exchange.nagios.org/. Then check the nagios plugin by running manually.
Most all plugins will display basic usage information when you execute them using ‘-h’ or ‘–help’ on the command line.

### 12. How to generate Performance graphs..?

**Ans:** In Nagios Core there is no inbuilt option to generate the performance graphs, We have to install pnp4nagios and add hosts and services URL’s in defination files.

### 13. What is the difference between NagiosXI and Nagios Core ..?

Ans: NagiosXI is a Paid version and Nagios core is a free version.

NagiosXI includes lot of features which we can modify using web interface. Nagios Core default not include all the features we have to implement by installing plugins.

### 14. When Does Nagios Check For External Commands?

**Ans:** At regular intervals specified by the command\_check\_interval option in the main configuration file
Immediately after event handlers are executed. This is in addition to the regular cycle of external command checks and is done to provide immediate action if an event handler submits commands to Nagios.
External commands that are written to the command file have the following format
\[time\] command\_id;command\_arguments
where time is the time (in time\_t format) that the external application submitted the external command to the command file. The values for the command\_id and command\_arguments arguments will depend on what command is being submitted to Nagios.

### 15. Explain Nagios State Types?

**Ans:** The current state of monitored services and hosts is determined by two components:
The status of the service or host (i.e. OK, WARNING, UP, DOWN, etc.)

Tye type of state the service or host is in
There are two state types in Nagios – SOFT states and HARD states. These state types are a crucial part of the monitoring logic, as they are used to determine when event handlers are executed and when notifications are initially sent out.

 **A.Soft States:**
When a service or host check results in a non-OK or non-UP state and the service check has not yet been (re)checked the number of times specified by the max\_check\_attempts directive in the service or host definition. This is called a soft error.
When a service or host recovers from a soft error. This is considered a soft recovery.
The following things occur when hosts or services experience SOFT state changes:
The SOFT state is logged. Event handlers are executed to handle the SOFT state. SOFT states are only logged if you enabled the log\_service\_retries or log\_host\_retries options in your main configuration file.
The only important thing that really happens during a soft state is the execution of event handlers. Using event handlers can be particularly useful if you want to try and proactively fix a problem before it turns into a HARD state. The $HOSTSTATETYPE$ or $SERVICESTATETYPE$ macros will have a value of “SOFT” when event handlers are executed, which allows your event handler scripts to know when they should take corrective action.

**B.Hard states :**

- occur for hosts and services in the following situations:
- When a host or service check results in a non-UP or non-OK state and it has been (re)checked the number of times specified by the max\_check\_attempts
- option in the host or service definition. This is a hard error state.
- When a host or service transitions from one hard error state to another error state (e.g. WARNING to CRITICAL).
- When a service check results in a non-OK state and its corresponding host is either DOWN or UNREACHABLE.
- When a host or service recovers from a hard error state. This is considered to be a hard recovery.
- When a passive host check is received. Passive host checks are treated as HARD unless the passive\_host\_checks\_are\_soft option is enabled.

The following things occur when hosts or services experience HARD state changes:
The HARD state is logged.
Event handlers are executed to handle the HARD state.
Contacts are notifified of the host or service problem or recovery.
The $HOSTSTATETYPE$ or $SERVICESTATETYPE$ macros will have a value of “HARD” when event handlers are executed, which allows your event handler scripts to know when they should take corrective action.

### 16. What is State Stalking?

**Ans:**  Stalking is purely for logging purposes.When stalking is enabled for a particular host or service, Nagios will watch that host or service very carefully and log any changes it sees in the output of check results. As you’ll see, it can be very helpful to you in later analysis of the log files. Under normal circumstances, the result of a host or service check is only logged if the host or service has changed state since it was last checked. There are a few exceptions to this, but for the most part, that’s the rule.
If you enable stalking for one or more states of a particular host or service, Nagios will log the results of the host or service check if the output from the check differs from the output from the previous check.

### 17. Explain how Flap Detection works in Nagios?

**Ans:** Nagios supports optional detection of hosts and services that are “flapping”. Flapping occurs when a service or host changes state too frequently, resulting in a storm of problem and recovery notifications. Flapping can be indicative of configuration problems (i.e. thresholds set too low), troublesome services, or real network problems.

Whenever Nagios checks the status of a host or service, it will check to see if it has started or stopped flapping. It does this by:

1. Storing the results of the last 21 checks of the host or ser vice
2. Analyzing the historical check results and determine where state changes/transitions occur
3. Using the state transitions to determine a percent state change value (a measure of change) for the host or service
4. Comparing the percent state change value against low and high flapping thresholds
5. A host or service is determined to have started flapping when its percent state change first exceeds a high flapping threshold.
6. A host or service is determined to have stopped flapping when its percent state goes below a low flapping threshold (assuming that is was previously flapping).
7. The historical service check results are examined to determine where state changes/transitions occur. State changes occur when an archived state is different from the archived state that immediately precedes it chronologically. Since we keep the results of the last 21 service checks in the array, there is a possibility of having at most 20 state changes. In this example there are 7 state changes, indicated by blue arrows in the image above.

The flap detection logic uses the state changes to determine an overall percent state change for the service. This is a measure of volatility/change for the service. Services that never change state will have a 0% state change value, while services that change state each time they’re checked will have 100% state change. Most services will have a percent state change somewhere in between.

### 18. Explain Distributed Monitoring ?

**Ans:** Nagios can be configured to support distributed monitoring of network services and resources.
When setting up a distributed monitoring environment with Nagios, there are differences in the way the central and distributed servers are configured.
The function of a distributed server is to actively perform checks all the services you define for a “cluster” of hosts. it basically just mean an arbitrary group of hosts on your network. Depending on your network layout, you may have several clusters at one physical location, or each cluster may be separated by a WAN, its own firewall, etc. There is one distributed server that runs Nagios and monitors the services on the hosts in each cluster. A distributed server is usually a bare-bones installation of Nagios. It doesn’t have to have the web interface installed, send out notifications, run event handler scripts, or do anything other than execute service checks if you don’t want it to.
The purpose of the central server is to simply listen for service check results from one or more distributed servers. Even though services are occasionally actively checked from the central server, the active checks are only performed in dire circumstances,

### **19. What is NRPE?**

**Ans:** The Nagios Remote Plugin Executor addon is designed to allow you to execute Nagios plugins on remote Linux/Unix machines. The main
reason for doing this is to allow Nagios to monitor “local” resources (like CPU load, memory usage, etc.) on remote machines. Since these public resources are not usually exposed to external machines, an agent like NRPE must be installed on the remote Linux/Unix machines.

**The NRPE addon consists of two pieces:**
– The check\_nrpe plugin, which resides on the local monitoring machine
– The NRPE daemon, which runs on the remote Linux/Unix machine

**When Nagios needs to monitor a resource of service from a remote Linux/Unix machine:**
– Nagios will execute the check\_nrpe plugin and tell it what service needs to be checked
– The check\_nrpe plugin contacts the NRPE daemon on the remote host over an (optionally) SSL-protected connection
– The NRPE daemon runs the appropriate Nagios plugin to check the service or resource
– The results from the service check are passed from the NRPE daemon back to the check\_nrpe plugin, which
then returns the check results to the Nagios process.

### 20.What is NDOUTILS ?

**Ans:** The NDOUTILS addon is designed to store all configuration and event data from Nagios in a database. Storing information from Nagios in a database will allow for quicker retrieval and processing of that data and will help serve as a foundation for the development of a new PHP-based web interface in Nagios 4.1.
MySQL databases are currently supported by the addon and PostgreSQL support is in development.

**The NDOUTILS addon was designed to work for users who have:**
– Single Nagios installations
– Multiple standalone or “vanilla” Nagios installations
– Multiple Nagios installations in distributed, redundant, and/or failover environments.

Each Nagios process, whether it is a standalone monitoring server or part of a distributed, redundant, or failover monitoring setup, is referred to as an “instance”. In order to maintain the integrity of stored data, each Nagios instance must be labeled with a unique identifier or name.

### 21. What are the components that make up the NDO utilities ?

**Ans:**

**There are four main components that make up the NDO utilities:**

1. **NDOMOD Event Broker Module :** The NDO utilities includes a Nagios event broker module (NDOMOD.O) that exports data from the Nagios daemon.Once the module has been loaded by the Nagios daemon, itcan access all of the data and logic present in the running Nagios process.The NDOMOD module has been designed to export configuration data, as well as information about various run time events that occur in the monitoring process, from the Nagios daemon. The module can send this data to a standard file, a Unix domain socket, or a TCP socket.
2. **LOG2NDO Utility :** The LOG2NDO utility has been designed to allow you to import historical Nagios and NetSaint log files into a database via the NDO2DB daemon (described later). The utility works by sending historical log file data to a standard file, a Unix domain socket, or a TCP socket in a format the NDO2DB daemon understands. The NDO2DB daemon can then be used to process that output and store the historical log file information in a database.
3. **FILE2SOCK Utility :** The FILE2SOCK utility is quite simple. Its reads input from a standard file (or STDIN) and writes all of that data to either a Unix domain socket or TCP socket. The data that is read is not processed in any way before it is sent to the socket.
4. **NDO2DB Daemon:** The NDO2DB utility is designed to take the data output from the NDOMOD and LOG2NDO components and store it in a MySQL or PostgreSQL database.When it starts, the NDO2DB daemon creates either a TCP or Unix domain socket and waits for clients to connect. NDO2DB can run either as a standalone, multi-process daemon or under INETD (if using a TCP socket). Multiple clients can connect to the NDO2DB daemon’s socket and transmit data simultaneously. A separate NDO2DB process is spawned to handle each new client that connects. Data is read from each client and stored in a user-specified database for later retrieval and processing.

### 22. What are the Operating Systems we can monitor using Nagios..?

**Ans:** Any Operating System We can monitor using Nagios, OS should support to install Nagios Clinet either SNMP.

### 23. What is database is used by Nagios to store collected status data..?

**Ans:** Nagios core will use default RRD database format to store status data

If you have more questions about Nagios **[Comment Here](http://arkit.co.in/nagios-2/)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Interview, Nagios

**Tags:** interview questions and answers, L1 engineer, L1 monitoring engineer, Nagios, Nagios Admin, nagios admin Q & A, nagios admin question and answer

---

### [tmpwatch tool is analyze and recursively delete files](https://arkit.co.in/tmpwatch-tool-is-analyze-and-recursively-delete-files/)

**Published:** October 17, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![tempwatch command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/tempwatch-command.jpg "tempwatch command - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/tempwatch-command.jpg)

tmpwatch tool is analyze and recursively delete files which have not been used certain period of time, especially clean up unwanted backup or /tmp directory or unused files.

**How to Install tmpwatch in Ubuntu :**

```
~$  sudo apt-get install tmpreaper
```

**How to Install tmpwatch command in CentoOS / Fedora / RHEL :**

By default, this package not being installed in Linux so that we can install using yum command,

```
~]#  yum install tmpwatch -y
```

To know tmpwatch Installed Location, run below command

```
~]# whereis tmpwatch
tmpwatch: /usr/bin/tmpwatch /usr/sbin/tmpwatch /usr/share/man/man8/tmpwatch.8.gz
```

How to cleanup /tmp directory files that haven’t been accessed for at least 30 days

```
~]# tmpwatch 30d /tmp/
```

all the files that haven’t been accessed for at least 30 days

```
~]# tmpwatch --test 60d  ~/download/
removing file /root/download/tmpwatch_1
removing file /root/download/tmpwatch_2
removing file /root/download/tmpwatch_3
removing file /root/download/tmpwatch_4
```

Removing all the files that haven’t been accessed for at least 30 days,

```
# tmpwatch  --all 30d  /tmp/
```

Removing all the files that haven’t been accessed for at least 8 hours,

```
~]# tmpwatch --all -mf 8 /tmp
```

Remove all the files except directories even if they are empty

First command is do not delete but listing out what would be deleted and the second command is delete all the files only that haven’t been accessed for at least 30 hours

```
~]# tmpwatch --mtime 30 --nodirs /tmp --test
~]# tmpwatch -am  30 --nodirs /tmp
```

Schedule Cron Job every 5 Hours

```
~]# crontab -e
~]# 0  */5  *   *   *   /usr/bin/tmpwatch   -am  30  --nodirs /tmp
-d (or) --nodirs     Do not attempt to remove directories, even if they are empty.
-m (or) --mtime     Deleting  files based on  modification time
-a,(or)  --all           Remove all file types
-t (or)  --test         Don't remove files, displaying what would be deleted
```

**Here is my crontab entry for cleaning /tmp directory:**
bash> crontab -l
 
\# clean /tmp directory every two hours
0 \*/2 \* \* \* /usr/sbin/tmpwatch -maf 8 /tmp

This crontab entry will delete all files from the /tmp directory older than 8 hours. Cron will run tmpwatch every two hours. Parameters for the tmpwatch are:

 m – make the decision about deleting a file based on the file’s mtime
 a – remove all file types, not just regular files, symbolic links and directories
 f – remove files even if root doesn’t have write access

I also use tmpwatch to delete old MySQL backup files. Every morning, cron starts mysqldump to save file in a /backup directory. After a month, /backup directory will contain about 30 MySQL backup files. With tmpwatch, the number of files can be limited (tmpwatch -maf 240 /backup – will keep the last 10 backup files)

I firstly used tmpwatch with -caf parameters and that works. In the meantime, we implemented NetBackup system. The result was: no left space on device /dev/sda5 Why? Because tmpwatch didn’t find any file to delete. And why? Because of NetBackup! 🙂 I thought c parameter means the file creation time, but man tmpwatch says:

c – make the decision about deleting a file based on the file’s ctime (inode change time)

**What is inode change time?**
The inode change time represents the time when the file’s meta-information last changed. One common example of this is when the permissions of a file change. Changing the permissions doesn’t access the file, so the atime doesn’t change, nor does it modify the file, so the mtime doesn’t change. Yet, something about the file itself has changed, and this must be noted somewhere. This is the job of the ctime field.

```
To display a file's mtime run:
~]# ls -l 
To display a file's atime run:
~]# ls -lu 
To display a file's ctime run:
~]# ls -lc 
```

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** analyze tool, delete files recursively, extendelete, linux, Linux commands, tmpwatch, tmpwatch command

---

### [Microprocessor CPU](https://arkit.co.in/microprocessor-cpu/)

**Published:** October 18, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![microprocessor](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/microprocessor-tech-tutorials.jpg "microprocessor - tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/microprocessor-tech-tutorials.jpg)

# Microprocessor CPU

## CPU consists of the following features:

- microprocessor CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
- CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
- It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program).
- It controls the operation of all parts of computer.

[![cpu](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cpu-tech-tutorials.jpg "cpu tech tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cpu-tech-tutorials.jpg)

  ## CPU itself has following three components.

1. Memory or Storage Unit
2. Control Unit
3. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

[![ALU](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/computer_architecture.jpg "computer_architecture - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/computer_architecture.jpg)

## Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access memory(RAM).

Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of memory unit are:

1. It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
2. It stores intermediate results of processing.
3. It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
4. All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.

## Control Unit

This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations.

**Functions of this unit are:**

- It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
- It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
- It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer.
- It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
- It does not process or store data.

## ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely

- Arithmetic section
- Logic section

## Arithmetic Section

Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of above operations.

## Logic Section

Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data.

[ ->Ask your question<-](http://arkit.co.in/hardware-2/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** Computer Hardware, computer tutorials, control processing unit, CPU, microprocessor

---

### [Keyboard and Mouse - computer hardware parts](https://arkit.co.in/keyboard-and-mouse/)

**Published:** October 18, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Keyboard and mouse is the most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.

# The keys on the keyboard are as follows:

Sr.NoKeysDescription1Typing KeysThese keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (0-9) which generally give same layout as that of typewriters.2Numeric KeypadIt is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.3Function KeysThe twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.4Control keysThese keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).5Special Purpose KeysKeyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.# Mouse

Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

**[->Questions Ask Here<-](http://www.arkit.co.in/hardware-2/)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Hardware

**Tags:** computer ardare, computer basics, Computer Hardware, computer parts, function keys, keyboard, mouse, numaric keys

---

### [creating and managing snapshot](https://arkit.co.in/creating-managing-snapshot/)

**Published:** October 18, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# [![snapshot](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-and-managing-snapshot-copies.jpg "creating and managing snapshot copies - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-and-managing-snapshot-copies.jpg)Creating and Managing Snapshots

A Snapshot copy is a read-only image of a traditional or FlexVol volume, or an aggregate, that captures the state of the file system at a point in time. Data ONTAP maintains a configurable Snapshot copy schedule that creates and deletes Snapshot copies automatically for each volume. You can also create and delete Snapshot copies manually. 

 creating and managing snapshot

### Guidelines for creating Snapshot copies of Infinite Volumes

1. The volume must be online. You cannot create a Snapshot copy of an Infinite Volume if the Infinite Volume is in a Mixed state because a constituent is offline.
2. The Snapshot copy schedule should not be less than hourly. It takes longer to create a Snapshot copy of an Infinite Volume than of a FlexVol volume. If you schedule Snapshot copies of Infinite Volumes for less than hourly, Data ONTAP tries but might not meet the schedule. Scheduled Snapshot copies are missed when the previous Snapshot copy is still being created.
3. Time should be synchronized across all the nodes that the Infinite Volume spans. Synchronized time helps schedules for Snapshot copies run smoothly and restoration of Snapshot copies function properly.
4. The Snapshot copy creation job can run in the background. Creating a Snapshot copy of an Infinite Volume is a cluster-scoped job (unlike the same operation
    on a FlexVol volume). The operation spans multiple nodes in the cluster. You can force the job to run in the background by setting the -foreground parameter of the volume snapshot create command to false
5. After you create Snapshot copies of an Infinite Volume, you cannot rename the copy or modify the comment or SnapMirror label for the copy.

### Guidelines for managing Snapshot copy disk consumption

- You cannot calculate the amount of disk space that can be reclaimed if Snapshot copies of an Infinite Volume are deleted.
- The size of a Snapshot copy for an Infinite Volume excludes the size of namespace mirror constituents.
- If you use the df command to monitor Snapshot copy disk consumption, it displays information about consumption of the individual data constituents in an Infinite Volume—not for the Infinite Volume as a whole.
- To reclaim disk space used by Snapshot copies of Infinite Volumes, you must manually delete the copies.

You cannot use a Snapshot policy to automatically delete Snapshot copies of Infinite Volumes. However, you can manually delete Snapshot copies of Infinite Volumes, and you can run the delete operation in the background

  ### Create Snapshots

> **Syntax:** snap create \[-A | -V\] <volume name> <snap shot name>
> 
> ARK> snap create -V vol0 testingsnap \#### for volume level snapshot creation
> 
> ARK> snap create -A aggr0 testingsnap  \#### for aggregate level snapshot creation

in above scenario ‘snap create’ is a command to create snapshot.

 ‘-V’ is a option to create snapshot in volume level.

‘vol0’ is the volume name.

‘testingsnap’ is the snapshot name.

### Rename Snapshots

> **Syntax:** snap rename \[-A | -V\] <volume Name> <Old-snap name> <New snap Name>
> 
> ARK> snap rename -V vol0 testingsnap realsnap \#### Renaming Volume level snapshot
> 
> ARK> snap rename -A aggr0 testingsnap realsnap \#### Renaming Aggregate level snapshot

### Snap reserve space

> **Syntax:** snap reserve \[-A | -V\] <volume Name> <percentage>
> 
> ARK> snap reserve -V vol0 ### verify volume reserve snap percentage
> 
> ARK> snap reserve -V vol0 20 ### Change snap reserve space to 20%

### Snap Delete

> **Syntax:** snap delete \[-A | -V \] <volume Name> <snapshot name>
> 
> ARK> snap delete -V vol0 realsnap  ####Deleting vol0 realsnap snapshot

### snap reclaimable size

> **Syntax:** snap reclaimable <volume name> <snapshot Name>
> 
> ARK> snap reclaimable vol0 snapshot1
> 
> snap reclaimable: Approximately 780 Kbytes would be freed.

### Snap Restore

> ARK> snap restore -V -t vol -s snapshot1 vol1

above command will restore entire volume. before restoration it will ask you for the confirmation.

### snap autodelete

snap autodelete is the option we have to to delete old snapshots automatically.

> ARK> snap autodelete vol1 show
> 
> ARK> snap autodelete vol1 on
> 
> ARK> snap autodelete vol1 off

Lets see all detailed explanation about snapshots

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** C Mode, Cluster mode, cmode, creating snapshot, deleting snapshot, manage snapshots, netapp snapshot, Snapshot

---

### [Netapp role capabilities - List](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-role-capabilities-list/)

**Published:** October 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![RBAC](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/RBAC.png "RBAC - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/RBAC.png)Capabilities

Most of the times what will do is that, we just add role capabilities like cli-\* and api-\* but do you know what is the privilege level your providing to user. Always make a practice that what are the permissions required to the user you should always provide them only. see the available capabilities below.

# There are five categories of capabilities:

# 1. login-\*
2. cli-\*
3. api-\*
4. security-\*
5. compliance-\*

### 1) This category are used to provide user login and disable user login permissions.

The login-\* category includes:

login\_telnet
login-console
login-rsh
login-ssh
login\_snmp
login-ndmp
login-sp
login-http-admin

### 2) This category will help to provide permissions to user / group to use command line interface only.

The cli-\* category includes:

Basically everything you can run from the Data ONTAP CLI!

For example: cli-help includes just help cli-snapmirror\* includes all Snapmirror commands

### 3) This category will only provide the access to GUI interface which may be FilerView / System Manager.

The api-\* type includes:

All of the ONTAP API calls!

Note: These commands require login-httpadmin

For example: api-system-\*

### 4) This category will provide more extra security layer to users / groups to reset password and advanced mode access (priv set advanced )

The security-\* type includes:

security-passwd-change-others
security-priv-advanced
security-api-vfiler
security-load-lclgroups
security-complete-user-control

### 5) This category build extremely for inbuilt admin group

The compliance-\* category:

Provides compliance capabilities to users in the “Compliance Administrators” group when issuing snaplock commands – currently, the only privilege associated in this category is:

compliance-privileged-delete

\*Source the “Data ONTAP 8.1 Commands: Manual Page Reference For 7-Mode, Volume 1”.

## All cli-\* capabilities

cli-aggr\*
cli-cf\*
cli-cifs\*
cli-clone\*
cli-date\*
cli-df\*
cli-exportfs\*
cli-fcadmin\*
cli-fcp\*
cli-halt\*
cli-ifconfig\*
cli-ifgrp\*
cli-igroup\*
cli-iscsi\*
cli-lun\*
cli-nfs\*
cli-qtree\*
cli-rdfile\*
cli-reboot\*
cli-sis\*
cli-snapmirror\*
cli-snapvault\*
cli-sysconfig\*
cli-sysstat\*
cli-vol\*

## All api-\* capabilities

api-aggr-add
api-aggr-check-spare-low
api-aggr-create
api-aggr-destroy
api-aggr-get-filer-info
api-aggr-get-root-name
api-aggr-list-info
api-aggr-mediascrub-list-info
api-aggr-mirror
api-aggr-modify-raid-type
api-aggr-offline
api-aggr-online
api-aggr-options-list-info
api-aggr-rename
api-aggr-restrict
api-aggr-scrub-list-info
api-aggr-scrub-resume
api-aggr-scrub-start
api-aggr-scrub-stop
api-aggr-scrub-suspend
api-aggr-set-option
api-aggr-space-list-info
api-aggr-split
api-aggr-verify-list-info
api-aggr-verify-resume
api-aggr-verify-start
api-aggr-verify-stop
api-aggr-verify-suspend
api-cf-force-takeover
api-cf-get-partner
api-cf-giveback
api-cf-service-disable
api-cf-service-enable
api-cf-status
api-cf-takeover
api-cg-commit
api-cg-delete
api-cg-start
api-cifs-branchcache-hash-stat
api-cifs-branchcache-set-key
api-cifs-homedir-path-get-for-user
api-cifs-homedir-paths-get
api-cifs-homedir-paths-set
api-cifs-list-config
api-cifs-nbalias-names-get
api-cifs-nbalias-names-set
api-cifs-session-list-iter-end
api-cifs-session-list-iter-next
api-cifs-session-list-iter-start
api-cifs-setup
api-cifs-setup-create-group-file
api-cifs-setup-create-passwd-file
api-cifs-setup-ou-list-iter-end
api-cifs-setup-ou-list-iter-next
api-cifs-setup-ou-list-iter-start
api-cifs-setup-site-list-iter-end
api-cifs-setup-site-list-iter-next
api-cifs-setup-site-list-iter-start
api-cifs-setup-verify-name
api-cifs-setup-verify-passwd-and-group
api-cifs-share-ace-delete
api-cifs-share-ace-set
api-cifs-share-acl-list-iter-end
api-cifs-share-acl-list-iter-next
api-cifs-share-acl-list-iter-start
api-cifs-share-add
api-cifs-share-change
api-cifs-share-delete
api-cifs-share-list-iter-end
api-cifs-share-list-iter-next
api-cifs-share-list-iter-start
api-cifs-start
api-cifs-status
api-cifs-stop
api-cifs-top-iter-end
api-cifs-top-iter-next
api-cifs-top-iter-start
api-clock-get-clock
api-clock-get-timezone
api-clock-set-clock
api-clock-set-timezone
api-clone-clear
api-clone-list-status
api-clone-start
api-clone-stop
api-copyoffload-copy-abort
api-copyoffload-copy-start
api-copyoffload-copy-status
api-copyoffload-modify
api-copyoffload-show
api-disk-fail
api-disk-list-info
api-disk-remove
api-disk-replace-start
api-disk-replace-stop
api-disk-sanown-assign
api-disk-sanown-filer-list-info
api-disk-sanown-list-info
api-disk-sanown-reassign
api-disk-sanown-remove-ownership
api-disk-unfail
api-disk-update-disk-fw
api-disk-zero-spares
api-ems-autosupport-log
api-fc-config-adapter-disable
api-fc-config-adapter-enable
api-fc-config-list-iter-end
api-fc-config-list-iter-next
api-fc-config-list-iter-start
api-fc-config-set-adapter-fc-type
api-fcp-adapter-clear-partner
api-fcp-adapter-config-down
api-fcp-adapter-config-media-type
api-fcp-adapter-config-up
api-fcp-adapter-initiators-list-info
api-fcp-adapter-list-info
api-fcp-adapter-reset-stats
api-fcp-adapter-set-partner
api-fcp-adapter-set-speed
api-fcp-adapter-stats-list-info
api-fcp-get-cfmode
api-fcp-node-get-name
api-fcp-node-set-name
api-fcp-ping
api-fcp-ping-info
api-fcp-port-name-list-info
api-fcp-port-name-set
api-fcp-port-name-swap
api-fcp-service-start
api-fcp-service-status
api-fcp-service-stop
api-fcp-set-cfmode
api-fcp-wwpnalias-get-alias-info
api-fcp-wwpnalias-remove
api-fcp-wwpnalias-set
api-feature-status-list-info
api-file-create-directory
api-file-create-symlink
api-file-delete-directory
api-file-delete-file
api-file-get-file-info
api-file-get-fingerprint
api-file-list-directory-iter-end
api-file-list-directory-iter-next
api-file-list-directory-iter-start
api-file-read-file
api-file-read-symlink
api-file-rename-directory
api-file-set-snaplock-retention-time
api-file-snaplock-retention-time-list-info
api-file-truncate-file
api-file-write-file
api-flash-device-list-info
api-flash-get-thresholds
api-fpolicy-create-policy
api-fpolicy-destroy-policy
api-fpolicy-disable
api-fpolicy-disable-policy
api-fpolicy-enable
api-fpolicy-enable-policy
api-fpolicy-extensions
api-fpolicy-extensions-list-info
api-fpolicy-get-policy-options
api-fpolicy-get-secondary-servers-info
api-fpolicy-list-info
api-fpolicy-operations-list-set
api-fpolicy-server-list-info
api-fpolicy-server-stop
api-fpolicy-set-policy-options
api-fpolicy-set-secondary-servers
api-fpolicy-status
api-fpolicy-volume-list-info
api-fpolicy-volume-list-set
api-igroup-add
api-igroup-bind-portset
api-igroup-create
api-igroup-destroy
api-igroup-list-info
api-igroup-lookup-lun
api-igroup-remove
api-igroup-rename
api-igroup-set-attribute
api-igroup-unbind-portset
api-iscsi-auth-generate-chap-password
api-iscsi-connection-list-info
api-iscsi-initiator-add-auth
api-iscsi-initiator-auth-list-info
api-iscsi-initiator-delete-auth
api-iscsi-initiator-get-auth
api-iscsi-initiator-get-default-auth
api-iscsi-initiator-list-info
api-iscsi-initiator-modify-chap-params
api-iscsi-initiator-set-default-auth
api-iscsi-interface-disable
api-iscsi-interface-enable
api-iscsi-interface-list-info
api-iscsi-isns-config
api-iscsi-isns-get-info
api-iscsi-isns-start
api-iscsi-isns-stop
api-iscsi-isns-update
api-iscsi-node-get-name
api-iscsi-node-set-name
api-iscsi-portal-list-info
api-iscsi-reset-stats
api-iscsi-service-start
api-iscsi-service-status
api-iscsi-service-stop
api-iscsi-session-list-info
api-iscsi-stats-list-info
api-iscsi-target-alias-clear-alias
api-iscsi-target-alias-get-alias
api-iscsi-target-alias-set-alias
api-iscsi-tpgroup-alua-set
api-iscsi-tpgroup-create
api-iscsi-tpgroup-destroy
api-iscsi-tpgroup-interface-add
api-iscsi-tpgroup-interface-delete
api-iscsi-tpgroup-list-info
api-license-add
api-license-delete
api-license-list-info
api-license-v2-add
api-lock-status-iter-end
api-lock-status-iter-next
api-lock-status-iter-start
api-lun-clear-persistent-reservation-info
api-lun-clone-list-info
api-lun-clone-split-start
api-lun-clone-split-status-list-info
api-lun-clone-split-stop
api-lun-config-check-cfmode-info
api-lun-config-check-info
api-lun-config-check-single-image-info
api-lun-create-by-size
api-lun-create-clone
api-lun-create-from-file
api-lun-create-from-snapshot
api-lun-destroy
api-lun-get-attribute
api-lun-get-comment
api-lun-get-geometry
api-lun-get-inquiry-info
api-lun-get-maxsize
api-lun-get-minsize
api-lun-get-occupied-size
api-lun-get-persistent-reservation-info
api-lun-get-select-attribute
api-lun-get-serial-number
api-lun-get-space-reservation-info
api-lun-get-target-device-id
api-lun-has-scsi-reservations
api-lun-initiator-list-map-info
api-lun-initiator-logged-in
api-lun-list-info
api-lun-map
api-lun-map-list-info
api-lun-move
api-lun-offline
api-lun-online
api-lun-port-has-scsi-reservations
api-lun-reset-stats
api-lun-resize
api-lun-restore-status
api-lun-set-attribute
api-lun-set-comment
api-lun-set-device-id
api-lun-set-select-attribute
api-lun-set-serial-number
api-lun-set-share
api-lun-set-space-reservation-info
api-lun-snap-usage-list-info
api-lun-stats-list-info
api-lun-unmap
api-lun-unset-device-id
api-nameservice-map-gid-to-group-name
api-nameservice-map-group-name-to-gid
api-nameservice-map-sid-to-uid
api-nameservice-map-uid-to-user-name
api-nameservice-map-unix-to-windows
api-nameservice-map-user-name-to-uid
api-nameservice-map-windows-to-unix
api-net-config-get-active
api-net-config-get-persistent
api-net-config-set-persistent
api-net-dcb-list-info
api-net-dcb-priority-list-info
api-net-ifconfig-get
api-net-ifconfig-set
api-net-ipspace-assign
api-net-ipspace-create
api-net-ipspace-destroy
api-net-ipspace-list
api-net-ping
api-net-ping-info
api-net-resolve
api-net-route-add
api-net-route-delete
api-net-vlan-create
api-net-vlan-delete
api-nfs-disable
api-nfs-enable
api-nfs-exportfs-append-rules-2
api-nfs-exportfs-check-permission
api-nfs-exportfs-delete-rules
api-nfs-exportfs-fence-disable
api-nfs-exportfs-fence-enable
api-nfs-exportfs-flush-cache
api-nfs-exportfs-list-rules-2
api-nfs-exportfs-load-exports
api-nfs-exportfs-modify-rule-2
api-nfs-exportfs-storage-path
api-nfs-get-supported-sec-flavors
api-nfs-monitor-add
api-nfs-monitor-list
api-nfs-monitor-reclaim
api-nfs-monitor-remove
api-nfs-monitor-remove-locks
api-nfs-stats-get-client-stats
api-nfs-stats-top-clients-list-iter-end
api-nfs-stats-top-clients-list-iter-next
api-nfs-stats-top-clients-list-iter-start
api-nfs-stats-zero-stats
api-nfs-status
api-options-get
api-options-list-info
api-options-set
api-perf-object-counter-list-info
api-perf-object-get-instances
api-perf-object-get-instances-iter-end
api-perf-object-get-instances-iter-next
api-perf-object-get-instances-iter-start
api-perf-object-instance-list-info-iter-end
api-perf-object-instance-list-info-iter-next
api-perf-object-instance-list-info-iter-start
api-perf-object-list-info
api-portset-add
api-portset-create
api-portset-destroy
api-portset-list-info
api-portset-remove
api-priority-disable
api-priority-enable
api-priority-list-info
api-priority-list-info-default
api-priority-list-info-volume
api-priority-set
api-priority-set-default
api-priority-set-volume
api-qtree-create
api-qtree-delete
api-qtree-list
api-qtree-list-iter-end
api-qtree-list-iter-next
api-qtree-list-iter-start
api-qtree-rename
api-quota-add-entry
api-quota-delete-entry
api-quota-get-entry
api-quota-list-entries-iter-end
api-quota-list-entries-iter-next
api-quota-list-entries-iter-start
api-quota-off
api-quota-on
api-quota-report-iter-end
api-quota-report-iter-next
api-quota-report-iter-start
api-quota-resize
api-quota-set-entry
api-quota-status
api-radius-reset-stats
api-radius-server-add
api-radius-server-remove
api-radius-service-start
api-radius-service-status
api-radius-service-stop
api-radius-show-info
api-radius-stats-list-info
api-reallocate-delete-schedule
api-reallocate-list-info
api-reallocate-measure
api-reallocate-off
api-reallocate-on
api-reallocate-quiesce
api-reallocate-restart
api-reallocate-set-schedule
api-reallocate-start
api-reallocate-stop
api-rsh-get-stats
api-rsh-kill
api-sis-disable
api-sis-enable
api-sis-set-config
api-sis-start
api-sis-status
api-sis-stop
api-snaplock-get-compliance-clock
api-snaplock-get-log-volume
api-snaplock-get-options
api-snaplock-get-system-compliance-clock
api-snaplock-get-volume-compliance-clock
api-snaplock-log-archive
api-snaplock-log-status-list-info
api-snaplock-privileged-delete-file
api-snaplock-set-log-volume
api-snaplock-set-options
api-snaplock-set-system-compliance-clock
api-snapmirror-abort
api-snapmirror-break
api-snapmirror-delete-connection
api-snapmirror-delete-schedule
api-snapmirror-delete-sync-schedule
api-snapmirror-get-status
api-snapmirror-get-volume-status
api-snapmirror-initialize
api-snapmirror-list-connections
api-snapmirror-list-destinations
api-snapmirror-list-schedule
api-snapmirror-list-sync-schedule
api-snapmirror-off
api-snapmirror-on
api-snapmirror-quiesce
api-snapmirror-release
api-snapmirror-resume
api-snapmirror-resync
api-snapmirror-set-connection
api-snapmirror-set-schedule
api-snapmirror-set-sync-schedule
api-snapmirror-throttle
api-snapmirror-update
api-snapshot-autodelete-list-info
api-snapshot-autodelete-set-option
api-snapshot-create
api-snapshot-delete
api-snapshot-delta-info
api-snapshot-get-reserve
api-snapshot-get-schedule
api-snapshot-list-info
api-snapshot-multicreate
api-snapshot-multicreate-validate
api-snapshot-reclaimable-info
api-snapshot-rename
api-snapshot-restore-file
api-snapshot-restore-file-info
api-snapshot-restore-volume
api-snapshot-set-reserve
api-snapshot-set-schedule
api-snapshot-volume-info
api-snapvault-add-softlock
api-snapvault-get-all-softlocked-snapshots
api-snapvault-get-softlocks
api-snapvault-primary-abort-snapshot-create
api-snapvault-primary-abort-transfer
api-snapvault-primary-delete-snapshot-schedule
api-snapvault-primary-destinations-list-info
api-snapvault-primary-get-relationship-status
api-snapvault-primary-initiate-incremental-restore-transfer
api-snapvault-primary-initiate-restore-transfer
api-snapvault-primary-initiate-snapshot-create
api-snapvault-primary-relationship-status-list-iter-end
api-snapvault-primary-relationship-status-list-iter-next
api-snapvault-primary-relationship-status-list-iter-start
api-snapvault-primary-release-relationship
api-snapvault-primary-set-snapshot-schedule
api-snapvault-primary-snapshot-schedule-list-info
api-snapvault-primary-snapshot-schedule-status-list-info
api-snapvault-remove-softlock
api-snapvault-secondary-abort-snapshot-create
api-snapvault-secondary-abort-transfer
api-snapvault-secondary-configuration-list-info
api-snapvault-secondary-create-relationship
api-snapvault-secondary-delete-relationship
api-snapvault-secondary-delete-snapshot-schedule
api-snapvault-secondary-destinations-list-info
api-snapvault-secondary-get-configuration
api-snapvault-secondary-get-relationship-status
api-snapvault-secondary-initiate-incremental-transfer
api-snapvault-secondary-initiate-snapshot-create
api-snapvault-secondary-modify-configuration
api-snapvault-secondary-relationship-status-list-iter-end
api-snapvault-secondary-relationship-status-list-iter-next
api-snapvault-secondary-relationship-status-list-iter-start
api-snapvault-secondary-release-relationship
api-snapvault-secondary-resync-relationship
api-snapvault-secondary-set-snapshot-schedule
api-snapvault-secondary-snapshot-schedule-list-info
api-snapvault-secondary-snapshot-schedule-status-list-info
api-snmp-community-add
api-snmp-community-delete
api-snmp-community-delete-all
api-snmp-disable
api-snmp-enable
api-snmp-get
api-snmp-get-next
api-snmp-status
api-snmp-trap-disable
api-snmp-trap-enable
api-snmp-traphost-add
api-snmp-traphost-delete
api-storage-adapter-enable-adapter
api-storage-adapter-get-adapter-info
api-storage-adapter-get-adapter-list
api-storage-shelf-environment-list-info
api-storage-shelf-list-info
api-storage-shelf-set-led-state
api-storage-shelf-update-fw
api-system-api-list
api-system-available-replication-transfers
api-system-cli
api-system-get-info
api-system-get-ontapi-version
api-system-get-vendor-info
api-system-get-version
api-useradmin-domainuser-add
api-useradmin-domainuser-delete
api-useradmin-domainuser-list
api-useradmin-group-add
api-useradmin-group-delete
api-useradmin-group-list
api-useradmin-group-modify
api-useradmin-role-add
api-useradmin-role-delete
api-useradmin-role-list
api-useradmin-role-modify
api-useradmin-user-add
api-useradmin-user-delete
api-useradmin-user-list
api-useradmin-user-modify
api-useradmin-user-modify-password
api-vfiler-add-ipaddress
api-vfiler-add-storage
api-vfiler-allow-protocol
api-vfiler-create
api-vfiler-destroy
api-vfiler-disallow-protocol
api-vfiler-dr-activate
api-vfiler-dr-configure
api-vfiler-dr-delete
api-vfiler-dr-get-status
api-vfiler-dr-resync
api-vfiler-get-allowed-protocols
api-vfiler-get-disallowed-protocols
api-vfiler-get-status
api-vfiler-list-info
api-vfiler-migrate-cancel
api-vfiler-migrate-complete
api-vfiler-migrate-start
api-vfiler-migrate-status
api-vfiler-remove-ipaddress
api-vfiler-remove-storage
api-vfiler-setup
api-vfiler-start
api-vfiler-stop
api-volume-autosize-get
api-volume-autosize-set
api-volume-charmap-get
api-volume-charmap-set
api-volume-clone-create
api-volume-clone-split-estimate
api-volume-clone-split-start
api-volume-clone-split-status
api-volume-clone-split-stop
api-volume-container
api-volume-create
api-volume-destroy
api-volume-footprint-list-info-iter-end
api-volume-footprint-list-info-iter-next
api-volume-footprint-list-info-iter-start
api-volume-get-language
api-volume-list-info
api-volume-list-info-iter-end
api-volume-list-info-iter-next
api-volume-list-info-iter-start
api-volume-move-abort
api-volume-move-cutover
api-volume-move-pause
api-volume-move-resume
api-volume-move-start
api-volume-move-status
api-volume-offline
api-volume-online
api-volume-options-list-info
api-volume-rename
api-volume-restrict
api-volume-set-language
api-volume-set-option
api-volume-set-total-files
api-volume-size
api-volume-space-list-info-iter-end
api-volume-space-list-info-iter-next
api-volume-space-list-info-iter-start
api-wafl-sync

Thanks for reading the post.

> # Related Post
> 
> **[Creating users, groups and roles](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2014/02/netapp-user-administration.html)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** capabilities, capabilities list, Netapp RBAC, Netapp role based access control, Netapp useradmin, RBAC, useradmin

---

### [Netapp Network Administration](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-network-administration/)

**Published:** October 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

You can configure IP addresses for your network interface during system setup. To configure the IP addresses later, you should use the ifconfig command. You can configure both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for a network interface.Netapp Network Administration means Assign IP Address, Adding route to Netapp devices, changing MTU size and so an..

**About this task**

- Network configuration changes made by using the ifconfig command are not automatically included in the /etc/rc file. To make the configuration changes persistent after reboots, include the ifconfig command in the /etc/rc file.
- When you configure an IP address, your storage system creates a network mask based on the class of the address (Class A, B, C, or D) by default.

## **Step: Netapp Network Administration** 

1. To configure an IP address for a network interface, enter the following command:ifconfig interface\_name IP\_address
    
    interface\_name is the name of the network interface.
    
    IP\_address is the IP address that you want to assign to the network interface.
    
    Example
    
    To configure a quad-port Ethernet interface e3a to use the IPv4 address 192.0.2.10, enter the following command:
    
    ifconfig e3a 192.0.2.10
    
    To configure a quad-port Ethernet interface e3a to use the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:35ab:0:8a2e:0:0370:85, enter the following command:
    
    ifconfig e3a 2001:0db8:35ab:0:8a2e:0:0370:85

**Changing the status of an interface**

You must make an interface inactive before performing tasks such as upgrading an interface, disabling a failed interface, or troubleshooting connectivity issues. You must again make the interface active after you complete the task. You can make an interface active or inactive by using the ifconfig command.

**About this task**

If you have enabled IPv6 on your storage system, you can bring up the interface without a valid address configured because a link-local address is created automatically for the interface. However, if the /etc/rc file contains an entry to keep a network interface in down status, a link-local address is not created.

**Step**

1. To change the status of an interface, enter the following command:ifconfig interface {up|down}
    
    up—makes the interface active
    
    down—makes the interface inactive

check more detailed information by watching below [video…](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

Netapp Network Administration

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** c mode ontap, clustermode data ontap, cmode, DNs, ifconfig, ifconfig netapp, ifgrp, ifgrp netapp, itsgeek, Netapp certified Storage Associate, Netapp Commands, Netapp Network, Netapp tutorials, Network Administration, NIS

---

### [Linux problem determination tools to troubleshoot issues](https://arkit.co.in/linux-problem-determination-tools/)

**Published:** October 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

The Linux problem determination tools and facilities are free, which begs the question: *Why not install them?* Without these tools, a simple problem can turn into a long and painful ordeal that can affect a business and/or your personal time. Before reading through the rest of the article, take some time to make sure the following tools are installed on your system(s). These tools are just waiting to make your life easier and/or your business more productive.

## Linux Problem determination tools

1. **strace :** The strace tool traces the system calls, special functions that interact with the operating system. You can use this for many types of problems, especially those that relate to the operating system.
2. **ltrace :** The ltrace tool traces the functions that a process calls. This is similar to strace, but the called functions provide more detail.
3. **lsof :** The lsof tool lists all of the open files on the operating system (OS). When a file is open, the OS returns a numeric file descriptor to the process to use. This tool lists all of the open files on the OS with their respective process IDs and file descriptors.
4. **top :** This tool lists the “top” processes that are running on the system. By default it sorts by the amount of current CPU being consumed by a process.
5. **traceroute/tcptraceroute :** These tools can be used to trace a network route (or at least one direction of it).
6. **ping:** Ping simply checks whether a remote system can respond. Sometimes firewalls block the network packets ping uses, but it is still very useful. 3
7. **hexdump or equivalent :** This is simply a tool that can display the raw contents of a file.
8. **tcpdump and/or ethereal :** Used for network problems, these tools can display the packets of network traffic.
9. **GDB :** This is a powerful debugger that can be used to investigate some of the more difficult problems.
10. **readelf :** This tool can read and display information about various sections of an Executable and Linking Format (ELF) file.

Lets see how to utilize them in a problem situation. Those are Linux problem determination tools

  # strace command

Strace is a debugging tool that will help you troubleshoot issues.

Strace monitors the system calls and signals of a specific program. It is helpful when you do not have the source code and would like to debug the execution of a program. strace provides you the execution sequence of a binary from start to end.

Trace the Execution of an Executable

You can use strace command to trace the execution of any executable. The following example shows the output of strace for the Linux mkdir command.

Trace a Specific System Calls in an Executable Using Option -e

Be default, strace displays all system calls for the given executable. To display only a specific system call, use the strace -e option as shown below.

```
ARKIT~]# strace -e open ls
```

[![strace command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/strace-command.png "strace command - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/strace-command.png)

The above output displays only the open system call of the ls command. At the end of the strace output, it also displays the output of the ls command.

If you want to trace multiple system calls use the “-e trace=” option. The following example displays both open and read system calls.

```
ARKIT~]# strace -e trace=open,read ls /home
```

Save the Trace Execution to a File Using Option -o

The following examples stores the strace output to output.txt file.

```
ARKIT ~]# strace -o output.txt ls
```

Print Time stamp for Each Trace Output Line Using Option -t

To print the time stamp for each strace output line, use the option -t as shown below.

```
ARKIT ~]# strace -t -e open ls /home
```

# ltrace Command

Installing the ltrace command

```
[root@ARKIT ~]# yum install ltrace
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package ltrace.x86_64 0:0.7.91-11.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
```

It traces the calls to the library function. It executes the program in that process.

```
~]# ltrace /usr/bin/w
```

The output is shown below.

[![ltrace command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ltrace-command-1024x99.png "ltrace command - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ltrace-command.png)ltrace command

You can observe that there is a set of calls to getutxent and its family of library function. You can also note that ltrace gives the results in the order the functions are called in the program.

Now we know that ‘w’ command works by calling the getutxent and its family of function to get the logged in users.
 Using ltrace

One does NOT need any root privileges to run ltrace.

**Using ltrace to debug an application executable**

```
ARKIT ~]# ltrace ./executable 
```

**Using ltrace to debug a running process**

```
ARKIT ~]# ltrace -p 
```

Now we know how to use ltrace for debugging applications. For more better intricate functionalities like breakpoints, stepping through, etc use GDB. However, most of the bugs can be resolved using ltrace/strace by knowing and analyzing the calls and their success and failure errors.

# lsof command

lsof stands for List Open Files.

It is easy to remember lsof command if you think of it as “ls + of”, where ls stands for list, and of stands for open files.

It is a command line utility which is used to list the information about the files that are opened by various processes. In unix, everything is a file, ( pipes, sockets, directories, devices, etc.). So by using lsof, you can get the information about any opened files.

**Introduction to lsof**

Simply typing lsof will provide a list of all open files belonging to all active processes.

```
ARKIT ~]# lsof
```

By default One file per line is displayed. Most of the columns are self explanatory. We will explain the details about couple of cryptic columns (FD and TYPE).

FD – stands for File descriptor and may seen some of the values as:

cwd current working directory
 rtd root directory
 txt program text (code and data)
 mem memory-mapped file

Also in FD column numbers like 1u is actual file descriptor and followed by u,r,w of it’s mode as:

r for read access.
 w for write access.
 u for read and write access.

TYPE – of files and it’s identification.

DIR – Directory
 REG – Regular file
 CHR – Character special file.
 FIFO – First In First Out

The below command will display the list of all opened files of user root

```
ARKIT ~]# lsof -u root
```

Find Processes running on Specific Port

To find out all the running process of specific port, just use the following command with option -i. The below example will list all running process of port 22.

```
ARKIT ~]# lsof -i TCP:22
```

List Open Files of TCP Port ranges 1-1024

**To list all the running process of open files of TCP Port ranges from 1-1024.**

```
ARKIT ~]# lsof -i TCP:1-1024
```

Exclude User with ‘^’ Character

Here, we have excluded root user. You can exclude a particular user using ‘^’ with command as shown above.

```
ARKIT ~]# lsof -i -u^root
```

[![lsof command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/lsof-command.png "lsof command - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/lsof-command.png)

# top command

Display of Top Command

In this example, it will show information like tasks, memory, cpu and swap. Press ‘q‘ to quit window.

```
# top
```

press (shift +f ) to see more options

you can see more detailed information how much memory is used by which process.

[![top command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/top-command.png "top command - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/top-command.png)

# traceroute / tcptraceroute

Before beginning with examples, lets understand the concept on which traceroute works.

Traceroute utility uses the TTL field in the IP header to achieve its operation. For users who are new to TTL field, this field describes how much hops a particular packet will take while traveling on network.

So, this effectively outlines the lifetime of the packet on network. This field is usually set to 32 or 64. Each time the packet is held on an intermediate router, it decreases the TTL value by 1. When a router finds the TTL value of 1 in a received packet then that packet is not forwarded but instead discarded.

After discarding the packet, router sends an ICMP error message of “Time exceeded” back to the source from where packet generated. The ICMP packet that is sent back contains the IP address of the router.

So now it can be easily understood that traceroute operates by sending packets with TTL value starting from 1 and then incrementing by one each time. Each time a router receives the packet, it checks the TTL field, if TTL field is 1 then it discards the packet and sends the ICMP error packet containing its IP address and this is what traceroute requires. So traceroute incrementally fetches the IP of all the routers between the source and the destination.

You should also understand the IP header fields that we discussed a while back.
 Traceroute Examples

## 1. How to run traceroute?

```
ARKIT ~]# traceroute 192.168.234.135
```

traceroute – print the route packets trace to network host. traceroute tracks the route packets taken from an IP network on their way to a given host. It utilizes the IP protocol’s time to live (TTL) field and attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME\_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to the host.

### traceroute6 is equivalent to traceroute -6

The only required parameter is the name or IP address of the destination host . The optional packet\_len`gth is the total size of the probing packet (default 60 bytes for IPv4 and 80 for IPv6). The specified size can be ignored in some situations or increased up to a minimal value.

This program attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to some internet host by launching probe packets with a small ttl (time to live) then listening for an ICMP “time exceeded” reply from a gateway. We start our probes with a ttl of one and increase by one until we get an ICMP “port unreachable” (or TCP reset), which means we got to the “host”, or hit a max (which defaults to 30 hops). Three probes (by default) are sent at each ttl setting and a line is printed showing the ttl, address of the gateway and round trip time of each probe. The address can be followed by additional information when requested.

[![traceroute command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/traceroute-command.png "traceroute command - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/traceroute-command.png)

# ping command

As you already know, ping command is used to find out whether the peer host/gateway is reachable.

If you are thinking ping is such a simple command and why do I need examples, you should read the rest of the article.

Ping command provides lot more options than what you might already know.

Increase or Decrease the Time Interval Between Packets

```
#ping -i 5 192.168.234.135
```

**Note:** Only super user can specify interval less than 0.2 seconds. If not, you’ll get the following error message.

**Check whether the local network interface is up and running**

```
ARKIT ~]#ping 0
```

**Send N packets and stop**

```
#ping -c 3 192.168.234.135
```

**Show Version and Exit**

```
#ping -V
```

**Flood the network**

Super users can send hundred or more packets per second using -f option. It prints a ‘.’ when a packet is sent, and a backspace is printed when a packet is received.

As shown below, ping -f has sent more than 400,000 packets in few seconds.

```
ARKIT ~]# ping -f localhost
```

### **Audible ping: Give beep when the peer is reachable**

This option is useful for sysadmin during troubleshooting. There is no need for you to look at the ping output after each and every change. You can continue working with your changes, and when the remote machine become reachable you’ll hear the beep automatically.

```
ping -a 192.168.234.135
```

[![ping command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ping-command.png "ping command - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ping-command.png)

# hexdump command

To display file contents in decimal format (hexdump -d file\_path)

```
ARKIT ~]# hexdump -d sample.txt
  0000000   12849   13363   00010
  0000005
```

As we know that bytes are taken in reversed order in hexdump, So here “12″ is taken as “21″.
 “21″ in ASCII Format – 5049.
 In Binary format – \[00110010\]\[00110001\].
 “-d” option takes this sequence in one order and outputs the result as a whole.So here “0011001000110001″ is taken and it’s decimal representation i.e 12849 is shown in the output.

# ethereal command

Ethereal is available for a wide range of platforms, including Linux, Windows, and several UNIX platforms. Although Ethereal has a command-line interface, it requires that GTK+ be installed on the system on which it is being built. Ethereal also relies on libpcap. I’ll build it from source on Linux in this section. However, when you install it, it is important to ensure that you have Ethereal and the two software packages that it relies on.

# tcpdump command

Tcpdump is a most powerful and widely used command-line packets sniffer or package analyzer tool which is used to capture or filter TCP/IP packets that received or transferred over a network on a specific interface. It is available under most of the Linux/Unix based operating systems.

tcpdump also gives us a option to save captured packets in a file for future analysis. It saves the file in a pcap format, that can be viewed by tcpdump command or a open source GUI based tool called Wireshark (Network Protocol Analyzier) that reads tcpdump pcap format files.

### **How to Install tcpdump in Linux**

Many of Linux distributions already shipped with tcpdump tool, if in case you don’t have it on systems, you can install it using following Yum command.

```
ARKIT ~]# yum install tcpdump
```

Once tcpdump tool is installed on systems, you can continue to browse following commands with their examples.

Capture Packets from Specific Interface

Capture Only N Number of Packets

When you run tcpdump command it will capture all the packets for specified interface, until you Hit cancel button. But using -c option, you can capture specified number of packets. The below example will only capture 6 packets.

```
ARKIT ~]# tcpdump -c 5 -i eth0
```

### Print Captured Packets in ASCII

The below tcpdump command with option -A displays the package in ASCII format. It is a character-encoding scheme format.

```
ARKIT ~]# tcpdump -A -i eth0
```

Display Available Interfaces

To list number of available interfaces on the system, run the following command with -D option.

```
ARKIT ~]# tcpdump -D
```

[![tcpdump comand](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/tcpdump-comand.png "tcpdump comand - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/tcpdump-comand.png)

[![tcpdump comand](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/tcpdump-example-1024x337.png "tcpdump example - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/tcpdump-example.png)

# GDB

GDB offers a big list of commands, however the following commands are the ones used most frequently

The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on “inside” another program while it executes — or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed.

GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act:

· Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior.
 · Make your program stop on specified conditions.
 · Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
 · Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.

### How to use GDB program

You can use GDB to debug programs written in C, C@t{++}, Fortran and Modula-2.

```
b main - Puts a breakpoint at the beginning of the program
b - Puts a breakpoint at the current line
  b N - Puts a breakpoint at line N
  b +N - Puts a breakpoint N lines down from the current line
  b fn - Puts a breakpoint at the beginning of function "fn"
  b N - Deletes breakpoint number N info break - list breakpoints
  r - Runs the program until a breakpoint or error
  c - Continues running the program until the next breakpoint or error
  f - Runs until the current function is finished
  s - Runs the next line of the programs N - Runs the next N lines of the program
  n - Like s, but it does not step into functions
  u N - Runs until you get N lines in front of the current line
  p var - Prints the current value of the variable "var"
  bt - Prints a stack trace
  u - Goes up a level in the stack
  d - Goes down a level in the stack
  q - Quits gdb
```

## readelf Command – Linux problem determination tools

Examining ELF header.

The produced binary will be our examination target. Let’s start with the content of the ELF header:

```
ARKIT ~]# readelf -h testELF
```

Header: Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF32 Data: 2’s complement, little endian Version: 1 (current) OS/ABI: UNIX – System V ABI Version: 0 Type: EXEC (Executable file) Machine: Intel 80386 Version: 0x1 Entry point address: 0x80482c0 Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file) Start of section headers: 2060 (bytes into file) Flags: 0x0 Size of this header: 52 (bytes) Size of program headers: 32 (bytes) Number of program headers: 7 Size of section headers: 40 (bytes) Number of section headers: 28 Section header string table index: 25

### **What does this header tell us?**

- This executable is created for Intel x86 32 bit architecture (“machine” and “class” fields).
- When executed, program will start running from virtual address 0x80482c0 (see entry point address). The “0x” prefix here means it is a hexadecimal number. This address doesn’t point to our main() procedure, but to a procedure named \_start. Never felt you had created such thing? Of course you don’t. \_start procedure is created by the linker whose purpose is to initialize your program.
- This program has a total of 28 sections and 7 segments.

## Conclusion

All of the above Linux problem determination tools / commands are used to troubleshoot a problem in deep dive.

#### **If you like my Linux problem determination tools article please do remember to post your feedback as a comment…**

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Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools Linux problem determination tools [UPdate Java](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2017/07/java-update-guide-centos-7-rhel-7.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** debugging tools, equivalent command, ethereal command, GDB, hexdump command, Linux debugg tools, Linux problem determination tools, lsof command, ping command, readelf command, strace command, tcpdump command, tcptraceroute command, top command, traceroute command

---

### [Introduction to computer Networking - Video Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-computer-networking/)

**Published:** October 27, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Introduction to computer Networking – A Network is an interconnection of computers, workstation and peripherals, It facilitates the transfer of information and sharing of resources between a number of users, These resources include peripheral devices such as printers, scanners.

**What is a Computer Network?**

  A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share information and resources.
 Computer Networks
 Characteristics of a computer network. Introduction to computer Networking

- Share Resources from one computer to another
- Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other computer(s) connected over the network
- Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the network and let other computers of the network use the machines available over network.

**Following is the list of hardware’s required to setup a computer network.**

1. Network Cables
2. Distributors
3. Routers
4. Internal Network Cards
5. External Network Cards

Networks can be categorised as per the geographical area that they cover. The different types of networks are:

- Local area network (LAN)
- Campus Area Network (CAN)
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Wide Area Network (WAN)

## Introduction to computer Networking

- Explain the history of computer networks (ARPANET)
- Explain the need of networks
- Explain types of Computer networks
- Explain layers of Open System interconnection (OSI) model
- Explain network selection criteria
- Explain Standard organisations

Local area network is a computer network that spans over a small area. It connects computers and workstations to share data and resources, such as printers of faxes. LAN is restricted to a small area such as home, Office or College.

**Related Articles**

[Local Area Network Basics](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/local-area-network-basics-networking/)

[Transmission media – Networking](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/transmission-media-networking/)

[Network topologies](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/network-topologies/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** application layer, computer network, data link layer, iso osi model, network, Network Layer, networking, networking course, osi model, physical layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer

---

### [Creating and managing LUNs](https://arkit.co.in/creating-and-managing-luns/)

**Published:** October 27, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Creating and managing LUNs

Creating and managing LUNs

  ## Don’t Miss Related links Creating and managing LUNs

[Create and manage Netapp LUN’s in more efficient way ](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/create-and-manage-your-netapp-lun-in.html)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Creating and managing LUNs, how to create lun in netapp, LUN cretiong, Netapp LUN

---

### [multitail command to view multiple logs in single terminal](https://arkit.co.in/multitail-command-to-view-multiple-logs-in-single-terminal/)

**Published:** October 28, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# multitail command

Most of the times if you want to tail an multiple log files you have to open a multiple putty connections to the server and little bit difficult to watch the logs and arranging the multiple windows / terminals. This problem is no more we can view a multiple logs files and multiple command outputs in a single terminal using multitail command .

  1. display log files in colors
2. scroll back in a log file
3. search inside log file
4. merge multiple log files effectively

# **More Detailed description**

 MultiTail lets you view one or multiple files like the original tail program. The difference is that it creates multiple windows on your console (with ncurses). It can also monitor wildcards: if another file matching the wildcard has a more recent modification date, it will automatically switch to that file. That way you can, for example, monitor a complete directory of files. Merging of 2 or even more logfiles is possible. It can also use colors while displaying the logfiles (through regular expressions), for faster recognition of what is important and what not. It can also filter lines (again with regular expressions). It has interactive menus for editing given regular expressions and deleting and adding windows. One can also have windows with the output of shell scripts and other software. When viewing the output of external software, MultiTail can mimic the functionality of tools like ‘watch’ and such.

## Installation process

Installing the multitail command in your \*nix environment prerequisite is ncurses should be there. [Install ncurses](http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/ncurses.html)

**RHEL / Centos / Fedora**

```
~]# yum install -y multitail
```

**On Ubuntu / Debian / Linux Mint**

```
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install multitail
```

**All other \*nix operating systems**

```
IRIX users
----------
Use: make -f makefile.irix install

AIX users
---------
Make sure you have the GNU c-compiler installed.
Then run: make install

HP-UX users
-----------
You need the ncurses library!
Then: make -f makefile.hpux install

Solaris users
-------------
One needs at least version 7 of Solaris.
Use:
make -f makefile.solaris_gcc install
or
make -f makefile.solaris_sunwspro install
(depending on the compiler you use).

Mac OS X users:
--------------
Use:  make -f makefile.macosx install
```

## **Install multitail using external source package**

 **[Download multitail source code](https://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/download.php)**

**RHEL / Centos / Fedora**

```
[root@NagiosServer tmp]# pwd
/tmp
[root@NagiosServer tmp]# ls
multitail-6.4.2.tgz
[root@NagiosServer tmp]# tar -xzvf multitail-6.4.2.tgz
multitail-6.4.2/
multitail-6.4.2/config.h
multitail-6.4.2/makefile.cross-arm-linux
multitail-6.4.2/mem.c
multitail-6.4.2/stripstring.h
[root@NagiosServer multitail-6.4.2]# make install
[root@NagiosServer multitail-6.4.2]# mkdir -p /etc/multitail/
[root@NagiosServer multitail-6.4.2]# cp multitail.conf /etc/multitail.conf.new
cp: overwrite `/etc/multitail.conf.new'? y
[root@NagiosServer multitail-6.4.2]# cp conversion-scripts/* /etc/multitail/
cp: overwrite `/etc/multitail/colors-example.pl'? y
cp: overwrite `/etc/multitail/colors-example.sh'? y
cp: overwrite `/etc/multitail/convert-geoip.pl'? y
cp: overwrite `/etc/multitail/convert-simple.pl'? y
```

# 1. How to view multiple commands output

Here in this example i would like to ping multiple hosts yet a time using multitail command. we have to -l option to add multiple commands / logs.

```
~]# multitail -l "ping localhost" -l "ping google.com"
```

[![multitail command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2-1024x454.png "2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2.png)

# 2. How to monitor multiple log files in single window

```
 ~]# multitail /var/log/messages /var/log/dmesg
```

Above command will display both the log files output in single window

[![multitail command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3-1024x451.png "3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3.png)

# 3. How to monitor multiple log files with colors

```
~]# multitail -ci red /var/log/messages -ci green /var/log/dmesg
```

Using above command we can define the colors for each log file, option we have to use -ci ColorName

[![multitail command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/4-1024x452.png "4 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/4.png)

# 4. Monitor multiple log files as multiple columns

```
~]# multitail -s 2 /var/log/messages /var/log/dmesg
```

[![side by side columns](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/multitail-multiple-columns-1024x512.png "multitail multiple columns - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/multitail-multiple-columns.png)

# 5. Monitor number of lines with mentioned scroll buffer

```
~]# multitail -n 10 -m 1000 /var/log/messages /var/log/dmesg
```

using above command we can define the number lines to monitor and scroll buffer size.

# 6. Filtering using regular expressions

For filtering MultiTail uses regular expressions. To keep things simple, it uses them the exact same way as ‘grep’ does: ‘-e’ says: a regular expression follows and ‘-v’ says: invert it. Since version 3.5.0 this has changed somewhat: if you want to match the lines that do NOT have a certain pattern, use -ev.

**Examples:**

```
multitail -e "gnu-pop3d" /var/log/messages
multitail -v -e "ssh" -v -e "gnu-pop3d" -e "localhost" /var/log/messages
```

The first example shows only lines from /var/log/messages which have the string “gnu-pop3d” somewhere in them. The second example only shows lines which do not have the string “ssh” and not have the string “gnu-pop3d” and DO HAVE the string “localhost” in them.

# **conclusion**

We can monitor the multiple logs / commands output in a single window using multitail command.

Complete man page is below

```
multitail [-cs|-Cs|-c-] [-i] inputfile [-i anotherinputfile] [...]

 *** selecting files to follow ***
-i x             the following parameter is a filename (in case it starts with a dash)
-I x             like -i only this one merges this logfile into the previous window

-q x z           check every x seconds for new files by search criteria z, create a new window for those
-qs x y z        check every x seconds for new files by search criteria z, create a new window for those, use color scheme y
-Q x z           check every x seconds for new files by search criteria z, put them all in the same window (using subwindows)
-Qs x y z        check every x seconds for new files by search criteria z, put them all in the same window (using subwindows), use color scheme y
-iw file i       check every 'i' seconds if 'file' appeared in the filesystem
--new-only       (for -q/-Q) only create windows for files created after multitail was started, existing files are ignored

-f               follow the following filename, not the descriptor (e.g. when logrotate archives logfiles)
--follow-all     see -f: for all files after this switch
--retry          keep trying to open the following file until it is accessible
--retry-all      like --retry but for all following files

 *** selecting command output to follow ***
-l x             parameter is a command to be executed
-L x             see -l but merge the output to a previously created window
-r interval      restart the command when it terminated after `interval' seconds
-R interval      like -r, but only show the differences
-Rc/-rc interval like -r/-R but clean the window before each iteration

-j               read from STDIN (can be used only once)
-J               like -j but merge into previous window

--listen [interface]:port behave like a syslog server. port is normally 514
--Listen [interface]:port like --listen but merge into previous window

 *** merge parameters ***
--mergeall       merge all of the following files into the same window (in the previous window)
--mergeall-new   merge all of the following files into the same window (in a new window)
--no-mergeall    stop merging all files into one window
--no-repeat      suppress repeating lines and replace them with a "last message repeated x times"

 *** markers ***
--mark-interval x when nothing comes in, print a '---mark---' line every 'x' seconds
--mark-change    when multiple files are merged an multitail switches between two windows, print a markerline with the filename
--no-mark-change do NOT print the markerline when the file changes (overrides the configuration file)

 *** initial tail / scrollback parameters ***
-n x             initial number of lines to tail
-m x             set scrollback buffer size (# lines)
-mb x            set scrollback buffer size (in bytes, use xKB/MB/GB)
-bw a/f          what to buffer: 'a'll or what went through the 'f'ilter

 *** "tee" functionality ***
-a x             like 'tee': write (filtered) input to file 'x'
-A x             see -a: but write the unfiltered(!) input to file 'x'
-g x             redirect the input also (filtered) to command/process 'x'
-G x             redirect the unfiltered input also  to command/process 'x'

 *** screen layout ***
-s x             vertical split screen (in 'x' columns)
-sw x,x,...      at what columns to split the screen, use '0' for automatic size
-sn x,x,...      number of windows per column
-wh x            height of window

 *** filtering ***
-fr scheme       use the predefined filter from the configuration file
-e[m]            print only when matching with this regexp
-ev              print only when NOT matching with this regexp
-ec              use regular expression but display the matches inverted on following file
-eC              use regexp, display everything but matches inverted on following file
-ex              execute command ('-ex regexp command') when matches, matching line is given as commandline parameter
-eX              like -ex but only give the matching substring as commandline parameter to the command
-E               use regular expression on following files
-Ec              use regular expression but display the matches inverted on following files
-EC              use regexp, display everything but matches inverted on following files
-ke x            strip parts of the input using regular expression 'x'
-kr x y          strip parts of the input starting at offset x and ending (not including!) offset y
-kc x y          strip parts of the input: strip column 'y' with delimiter 'x'
-ks x            use edit scheme 'x' (defined in configuration file)
-kS x            only show the substrings matched by the substring-selects (the parts between '(' and ')') in the regular epxression 'x'
-v               invert next regular expression (do not use with -ev/em)

 *** colors ***
-cv x            use conversion scheme 'x' (see multitail.conf)
-c               colorize current
-cS scheme       use color scheme 'scheme' (as defined in multitail.conf)
-csn             extra switch for the following switches; do not use reverse (inverted) colors
-Cs              colorize all following files with syslog-scheme
-C               colorize all following files
-Cf/-cf field delimiter colorize next/all file(s) depending on the given field number. fields are delimited with the given field-delimiter
-ci color        use 'color' (red, green, etc), usefull when merging multiple inputs
-c-              do NOT colorize the following file
-C-              do NOT colorize the following files
-cT term         interpret terminal-codes from file/command (for terminal type 'term')
-Z color         set color for markerline
-w               do not use colors

 *** timestamps ***
-ts              add a timestamp (format configurable in multitail.conf) before each line
-T               put a timestamp in markerlines

 *** status line parameters ***
-d               do NOT update the status-line
-D               do not display a status-line at all
-du              put the statusline above the data window

 *** status line parameters ***
-z               do not show "window closed" pop-ups
-x str           show "str" in the xterm title bar
-t x             display 'x' in the window-title (when MultiTail runs in an xterm)
-u               set update interval (for slow links)

 *** input text handling ***
-p x [y]         set linewrap (l=left/a=all/r=right/s=syslog,S=syslog w/o procname,o=offset -> 'y',w=wordwrap)
-P               like -p but for all following files
-b n             set TAB-width
--cont           reconnect lines with a '' at the end

 *** line prefixes ***
--basename       only display the filename (and not the path) in the statusline
--label x        put in front of each line
-S prepend       show subwindow number in merged output

 *** configuration file ***
-F file          use 'file' as configuration file (instead of /etc/multitail.conf)
--no-load-global-config do not read /etc/multitail.conf
-o config_file_parameter do a setting which would normally be set in the configuration file

 *** monitoring ***
-H x             show heartbeat (to keep your sessions alive)
--beep-interval x beep every x lines processed
--bi x           like '--beep-interval' but only for current (sub-)window
--closeidle x    close windows when more then 'x' seconds no new data was processed

 *** miscellaneous ***
-V               show version and exit
-h               this help

You can have multiple regular expressions per file/command. Be warned: if
you define multiple and one of them is specified with '-E' (=for every
following file), _all_ of the current regular expressions are for all
following files!
```

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** AIX, Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56

**Tags:** arkit, how to monitor multiple log files in single terminal, multi color logs, multitail, multitail command

---

### [How to split a file on linux](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-split-a-file-on-linux/)

**Published:** October 28, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![split command](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/split-file-in-Linux.png "split file in Linux - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/split-file-in-Linux.png)

The specialty in Linux is that everything is a file. Here I am going to share you a small tip on how to split a file of particular size and get back to its original size. Consider an example, if we want to split a 900MB ISO image file, then do the following:

  ```
# split -b 900m image.iso
```

Now it will generate three files, namely image.iso1, image.iso2, image.iso3 each. Afterwards you can use the cat command to combine the three to get back the original file, as follows:

```
# cat image.iso* > new-image.iso
```

Thats it, we got file back with its original size………Cool!!!!!!!

split command in Unix is used to split a large file into smaller files. The splitting can be done on various criteria: on the basis of number of lines, or the number of output files or the byte count, etc.

```
$ cat file
Unix
Linux
AIX
Solaris
HPUX
Ubuntu
```

## 1. Split a file :

```
$ split file
```

The split command splits the file into multiple files with 1000 lines into each output file by default.

The output file generated in this case is:

```
$ ls x*
xaa
```

Since the input file does not contain 1000 lines, all the contents are put into only one output file “xaa”. By default, the output files generated contains the prefix “x”, and the suffix as “aa”, “ab”, “ac” and so on.

## 2. Split file into multiple files with 3 lines each:

```
$ split -l 3 file
```

The option -l specifies the number of lines per output file. Since the input file contains 7 lines, the output files contain 3, 3 and 1 respectively.

The output files generated are:

```
$ ls x*
xaa  xab  xac
$ cat xaa
Unix
Linux
AIX
```

The file “xab” contains the 4th till 6th line, and the file “xac” contains the last line.

# 3. Split file into multiple files with a user defined prefix:

```
$ split -l 3 file F
$ ls F*
Faa  Fab  Fac
```

The suffix, if provided, is the last argument of the split command. Since the suffix provided is “F”, the files created are “Faa”,”Fab”, and so on.

## 4. Split file into multiple files with a single character suffix:

```
$ split -l 3 -a 1 file F
$ ls F*
Fa  Fb  Fc
```

In the above examples, the suffixes generated are “aa”,”ab” and so on. If the number of output files to be created is huge, this makes sense. For our example, a single character suffix would suffice. The option -a of split allows to control the length of suffix. By providing the suffix length as 1, the files created are “Fa”,”Fb”, and so on.

## 5. Split file into multiple files with a numeric suffix:

```
$ split -l 3 -d file F
$ ls F*
F00  F01  F02
```

The option -d of split enables a numeric suffix. With this, the files generated will be “F00”, “F01”, “F02”, and so on. To get the single digit numeric suffix:

```
$ split -l 3 -a 1 -d file F
$ ls F*
F0  F1  F2
```

By enabling the option -a to 1, single digit numeric suffix is set.

## 6. Split file into multiple files with 10 bytes per OUTPUT file:

```
$ split -b 10 -a 1 -d file F
```

The -b option of split divides the file on the basis of byte count. The byte count includes the new line character present at the end of the line as well.

```
$ ls F*
F0  F1  F2  F3  F4

$ cat F0
Unix
Linux

$ cat F1
AIX
Solar
```

The file F0 contains 10 characters 5 characters of first line (Unix + new line) and 5 characters of second line (Linux). The new line character of the 2nd line moved to the 2nd output file.

## 7. Split file with Kilobytes or Megabytes of data per OUTPUT file:

```
$ split -b 1k file
```

This will split the file with 1 KB of data per OUTPUT file. Similarly, to split the file with 1MB of data per OUTPUT file:

```
$ split -b 1m file
```

**Note:** The commands below use the option -n which is not available in all Unix flavors.

## 8. Split a file into 2 files of equal length:

```
$ split -n 2 -a 1 -d file F
```

At times, the requirement can be to split a file equally into 2 files, unlike earlier case where the split is based on number of lines per output file. The n option of split does this. By specifying the “-n 2”, the file is split equally into 2 files as shown below:

```
$ ls F*
F0  F1

$ cat F0
Unix
Linux
AIX
Solari

$ cat F1
s
HPUX
Ubuntu
Cygwin
```

**Note:** -n divides the file into equal lengths on the basis of the byte count of the files. As shown above, since the file has 42 characters, it is divided into 21 characters each.

## 9. Split file into 2 files with complete lines of output:

```
$ split -n l/2 -a1 -d file F
```

The option “-n l/2” enables to split on the basis of complete lines. And hence, the file F0 contains the complete 4th line “Solaris”, and the rest goes to the 2nd file.

```
$ ls F*
F0  F1

$ cat F0
Unix
Linux
AIX
Solaris
```

## 10. split command to display only a section of the file:

```
$ split -n 1/4  file
Unix
Linux
```

The option “-n 1/4” does not create any output files. It simply displays the file. 4 indicates to split the file into 4 equal parts or sections, and 1/4 indicates to write to stdout the 1st of the 4 sections. In other words, it displays the 1st part in the terminal. Similarly, to display the 2nd of the 4 parts:

```
$ split -n 2/4 file

AIX
Solar
```

**Note:** As seen above, the output does not contain complete lines. The split is done purely on the basis of equal byte count.

Split file with complete lines:

```
$ split -n l/1/4  file
Unix
Linux

$ split -n l/2/4  file
AIX
Solaris
```

By specifying the l option, the split is done at the completion of the line.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** AIX, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56

**Tags:** arkit, fedora, linux, Redhat Linux, rhel 7, split command, split files, split iso file, split iso file in linux, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Netapp Snap Drive for windows](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-snap-drive-for-windows/)

**Published:** October 29, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Netapp Snap Drive for windows

NetApp Snap Drive for Windows automates storage and data management for physical and virtual Windows environments.

  NetApp Snap Drive for Windows software, a protocol-agnostic solution, eliminates time-consuming and error-prone manual management of NetApp storage solutions. Use NetApp SnapDrive for Windows software for quick scaling, to speed backup and restore, and to increase stored data availability.

NetApp SnapDrive automates storage provisioning tasks. It can back up and restore business-critical data in seconds with integrated NetApp Snapshot technology. With VMware ESX server and Microsoft Hyper-V server support, SnapDrive software can run on your Windows-based hosts in either a physical or virtual environment. You can also integrate it with Microsoft Cluster Server and Windows failover clustering. Add more storage as needed without having to preallocate storage resources based on forecasted demand.

NetApp SnapDrive for Windows software:

- Provides continuous data access
- Helps server administrators to self-manage their data
- Improves efficiency by automating provisioning
- Leverages the advanced capabilities of NetApp clustered Data ONTAP.
- Facilitates rapid file system- and application-consistent backups and rapid data recovery for enhanced data reliability

Write your valuable feedback as a comment…

# **Don’t miss**

> [Snapdrive application installation and configuration](http://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/snapdrive-application-introduction-installation-and-configuration-part-1/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** deleting snapshot, Netapp Snap Drive for windows, netapp snapshot, snap drive, snapdrive, snapdrive application

---

### [Mounting snapshot using snapdrive](https://arkit.co.in/mounting-snapshot-using-snapdrive/)

**Published:** October 30, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Mounting snapshot using snapdrive A situation that SAN administrator / System administrator will get that user unfortunately deleted his data and he will ask administrator to restore his old data. In this moment we can use snapdrive application to mount a snapshot as a windows drive then ask a user to copy his data.

In this article we are going to see how to mount a snapshot using snapdrive.

  ## Mounting Snapshot Using snapdrive

In a windows server Click on **Start → Computer (Right click)→ Manage→ in Computer Management Expand Storage→Expand Snapdrive**

[![snapdrive disk](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/11.png "1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/11.png)As shown in the above screenshot click on **+Disks**

[![select snapshot](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/21.png "2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/21.png)Select the LUN and expand the LUN – Expand the snapshot copies then select appropriate snapshot (which snapshot you want to use for a recovery of data) Right click on the snapshot

[![connect disk snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/31.png "3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/31.png)Right click on snapshot and select **Connect Disk ..**

[![snapdrive click next](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/41.png "4 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/41.png)Click **Next**

[![Select LUN path](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5.png "5 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5.png)Select the appropriate **Filer device** Name then select **LUN** Click on **Next**

[![dedicated drive snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/6.png "6 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/6.png)As you can see above screenshot there are two options to select if you select

**Dedicated:** In a single server you can mount your snapshot as a drive to dedicated server

**Shared:** Mounting the drive to cluster nodes, this option will mount the drive in both the cluster nodes

[![Select drive snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/7.png "7 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/7.png)Select Drive Letter to mount a snapshot as a windows partition. We can also mount to particular folder using “Use a Volume Mount Point”. Click **Next**

[![select wwn for igroup](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/9.png "9 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/9.png)See screenshot above, select the initiator Names which one you want to use to map a LUN from Netapp to server either FC channel OR iSCSI. Then click on **Next**

[![igroup option](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/10.png "10 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/10.png)Select initiator group option how you want to create. Automatic will create an igroup in Netapp Filer and it will map snapshot LUN to that igroup. Manual mode you have to select and create igroup then map LUN. Click **Next**

As a sample output of Netapp01 Filer console when you click **Next** it will create an igroup in **Netapp01**

[![snapdrive application](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/111.png "11 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/111.png)Click on **Finish**

[![snapdrive status](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/12.png "12 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/12.png)As you can see in above screenshot when you click on Finis it will show snapshot mount status..

[![snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/13.png "13 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/13.png)Disk is mounted to I:/ Drive

[![I Drive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/14.png "14 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/14.png)Computer Drive I:/

Here mounting of snapshot is Done..!!

We can unmount the snapshot using below process

Click on Start -> Computer -> Right Click and select Manage -> in Computer Management expand +Storage -> Select snapdrive then select the mounted drive

Right click on the mounted drive letter

[![disconnect snapdrive](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/15.png "15 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/15.png)Click on **Disconnect Disk**

[![16](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/16.png "16 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/16.png)It will ask you for confirmation to unmount the disk because when you do this action it will destroy the mounted drive.

That’s about Snapdrive snapshot mounting.

## Related Articles

SnapDrive [Application Introduction](https://arkit.co.in/snapdrive-application-introduction-installation-and-configuration-part-1/)

[How to Break CIFS Locks Netapp Filer Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/howto-break-cifs-locks-netapp-filers-cluster-mode/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** how to mount snapshot in windows, how to mount snapshot in windows using snapdive, mount snapdrive, mounting snapdrive as a drive, Netapp snapshot mount in windows, snapdrive, snapdrive application, snapdrive in windows, snapdrive windows, snapshot mounting in windows

---

### [Cheat sheets](https://arkit.co.in/cheat-sheets/)

**Published:** October 31, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Cheat Sheets – WordPress, Regular Expressions, Facebook shortcuts, Pocket Guide for Linux and Blogging tips (HTML cheat sheets)

cheat sheets

  ## Facebook shortcut Keys in Windows OS

[![Facebook Shourcuts for Windows OS](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Facebook-Shortcuts-for-Windows-OS-561x1024.png "Facebook Shortcuts for Windows OS - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Facebook-Shortcuts-for-Windows-OS.png)

## Facebook Shortcuts for MAC OS

## [![Facebook Shortcuts for MAC OS](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Facebook-Shortcuts-for-MAC-OS-601x1024.png "Facebook Shortcuts for MAC OS - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Facebook-Shortcuts-for-MAC-OS.png)Regular Expressions Cheat Sheet

## [![Regular Expressions Cheat Sheet](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/regular_expressions_cheat_sheet.png "regular_expressions_cheat_sheet - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/regular_expressions_cheat_sheet.png)WordPress Cheat Sheets

## [![wordpress cheat sheet](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/wordpress-cheat-sheet-1024x640.jpeg "wordpress cheat sheet - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/wordpress-cheat-sheet.jpeg)Blogging Tips HTML Cheat Sheet

## [![Bloggingtips HTML cheat Sheet](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Bloggingtips-HTML-cheat-Sheet.jpg "Bloggingtips HTML cheat Sheet - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Bloggingtips-HTML-cheat-Sheet.jpg)Linux Pocket guide Cheat Sheet

[![Pocket Guide - Linux Commands](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Pocket-Guide-Linux-Commands-215x1024.jpg "Pocket Guide - Linux Commands - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Pocket-Guide-Linux-Commands.jpg)

Cheat sheet for WordPress, Regular expressions, Linux Pocket guide, Facebook Shortcuts and blogging tips HTML cheat sheet

Thanks for reading ……

> ## [Spacewalk installation](http://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2015/09/how-to-install-spacewalk-on-rhel7.html)
> 
> ## [Making Bootable USB](http://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2015/09/make-bootable-usb-redhat-linux-rhel-7.html)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Tricks, trickstips

**Tags:** blogging tips, bootable USB, Facebook shortcuts for MAC OS, Facebook shortcuts for windows, HTML cheat sheet, installation of spacewalk, Linux pocket guide, regular expressions cheat sheet, wordpress cheat sheet

---

### [Network Topologies How Networking Devices Connects](https://arkit.co.in/network-topologies/)

**Published:** November 1, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Network Topologies – Network is an interconnection of computers, workstations and peripherals. It facilitates the transfer of information and sharing of resources between a numbers of users. The topology of a network refers to the arrangement of different devices of the network.

# Types of Network Topologies

Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.

**BUS Topology**

Bus topology is a network type in where every computer and network device is connected to single cable.
 Bus topology in computer networks

**Features of Bus Topology**

- It transmits data only in one direction.
- Every device is connected to a single cable

**Advantages of Bus Topology**

- It is cost effectively
- Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
- Used in small networks.
- It is easy to understand.
- Easy to expand joining two cables together.

**Disadvantages of Bus Topology**

- Cables fails then whole network fails.
- If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.
- Cable has a limited length.
- It is slower than the ring topology.

# RING Topology

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.

Ring topology in computer networks

**Features of Ring Topology**

- A number of repeaters are used and the transmission is unidirectional.
- Date is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit.

**Advantages of Ring Topology**

- Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
- Cheap to install and expand

**Disadvantages of Ring Topology**

- Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
- Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
- Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

**STAR Topology**

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

Star topology in computer networks

**Features of Star Topology**

- Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
- Acts as a repeater for data flow.
- Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.

**Advantages of Star Topology**

- Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
- Hub can be upgraded easily.
- Easy to troubleshoot.
- Easy to setup and modify.
- Only that node is affected which has failed rest of the nodes can work smoothly.

**Disadvantages of Star Topology**

- Cost of installation is high.
- Expensive to use.
- If the hub is affected then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
- Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

# MESH Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. Traffic is carried only between two devices or nodes to which it is connected. Mesh has n (n-2)/2 physical channels to link devices.

Mesh topology in computer networks
 Types of Mesh Topology

**Partial Mesh Topology :** In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.
 **Full Mesh Topology :** Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.

**Features of Mesh Topology**

- Fully connected.
- Robust.
- Not flexible.

**Advantages of Mesh Topology**

- Each connection can carry its own data load.
- It is robust.
- Fault is diagnosed easily.
- Provides security and privacy.

**Disadvantages of Mesh Topology**

- Installation and configuration is difficult.
- Cabling cost is more.
- Bulk wiring is required.

# TREE Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Tree topology in computer networks

**Features of Tree Topology**

- Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
- Used in Wide Area Network.

**Advantages of Tree Topology**

- Extension of bus and star topologies.
- Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
- Easily managed and maintained.
- Error detection is easily done.

**Disadvantages of Tree Topology**

- Heavily cabled.
- Costly.
- If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
- Central hub fails, network fails.

# HYBRID Topology

It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).

**Features of Hybrid Topology**

- It is a combination of two or more network topologies
- Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the network topologies included

**Advantages of Hybrid Topology**

- Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
- Effective.
- Scalable as size can be increased easily.
- Flexible.

**Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology**

- Complex in design.
- Costly.

**Thanks for Reading this Network topologies …. Please provide your feedback is important to us.**

**Related Articles**

[Introduction to Computer Networking](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/introduction-to-computer-networking/)

[Local Area Network Basics](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/local-area-network-basics-networking/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** arkit, arkit.co.in, bus topology, computer networking, hybrid topology, mesh topology, Network Topologies, Network topology, networking, ring topology, single node topology, star topology

---

### [print given range of lines using awk, perl, head, tail and python](https://arkit.co.in/print-given-range-of-lines-using-awk-perl-head-tail-and-python/)

**Published:** November 1, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![print given range of lines - scripting](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/print-given-range-of-lines-scripting.png "print given range of lines - scripting - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/print-given-range-of-lines-scripting.png)

# Print given range of lines using awk, perl, head, tail and python

  Here is an example that, how we can print given range of lines using sed, awk, head, tail, perl and python methods.

In this article we are going to use rangoflines.txt file give a demonstration.

rangoflines.txt file contents

```
root@ankam-ubuntu:/home/aravi/scripts# cat rangoflines.txt
line 1
line 2
line 3
line 4
line 5
line 6
line 7
line 8
line 10
line 11
line 12
line 13
line 14
line 15
line 16
line 17
line 18
line 19
line 20
```

1. # Printing given range of lines using sed

Sed is a stream editor. A stream editor is used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).

```
 $sed -n '5,9 p' rangoflines.txt
```

above is the sed command example to print the range from 5 to 10, out of 1-20 lines. -n option is to print ‘n’ number of lines.

in above example ‘p’ is used to Print the current pattern space.

[![exctract given range of lines sed](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/sed1.png "sed1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/sed1.png)

```
    $sed '5,9 !d' rangoflines.txt
```

Same as above we can also use ‘d’ Delete pattern space. Start next cycle.

[![print given range of lines](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/sed2.png "sed2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/sed2.png)

#  

# 2. Printing given range using awk ‘NR’ variable

**Awk NR** gives you the total number of records being processed or line number.

```
 $awk 'NR >= 5 && NR

**Categories:** awk scripting, Perl Scripting, Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** awk scripting, copy range of lines using sed, perl scripting, print given range lines perl, print given range of lines, print given range using awk, python scripting

---

### [NFS Exports and CIFS Shares](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-exports-and-cifs-shares/)

**Published:** November 2, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![NFS exports & CIFS shares](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/NFS-exports-CIFS-shares-1024x448.png "NFS exports & CIFS shares - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/NFS-exports-CIFS-shares.png)

# NFS Exports and CIFS Shares

 NFS Exports and CIFS Shares

  What is NFS..?

NFS is a protocol. Network file system which is used to share the directories across the Unix network.

NFS port number 2049

## Prerequisites:

1. NFS license is required
2. Create volume
3. If required create qtree

add license to netapp filer

```
Netapp> license add 
```

check NFS service status

```
Netapp> nfs status
```

Switch on NFS service

```
Netapp> nfs on
```

Switch off NFS service

```
 Netapp> nfs off
```

Adding export configuration

```
Netapp>exportfs -z /vol/vol2
Netapp>exportfs -p rw=192.168.168.0/24,root=192.168.168.0/24 /vol/vol1
Netapp>exportfs -p rw=192.168.168.0/24,root=192.168.168.0/24 /vol/vol2
```

We can also edit using wrfile command ad add the entry

```
Netapp> wrfile /etc/exports
#shared NFS to entire subnet ###
/vol/vol2 -sec=sys,rw,root=192.168.1.0/24
Press Ctrl+C to Save
```

# CIFS shares creation

Introduction- We can access NetApp volume using CIFS/SMB just like windows share. It is very useful to use NetApp storage in mixed environment of Linux/Windows or on Windows based Products.

**Step 1)** Creating NetApp volume or use Qtree First we need to create “/vol/mycifs\_share” netapp volume or you can use qtree as well.

**Step 2)** Change Secuirty style to NTFS

```
Netapp> qtree security /vol/mycifs_share ntfs 
Mon Nov 02 06:19:08 EDT [Netapp: wafl.quota.sec.change:notice]: security style for /vol/mycifs_share/ changed from unix to ntfs
```

**Step 3)** Creating CIFS/Windows Share

I assume that NetApp filer has been joined to AD (Active Directory, LDAP) and CIFS licensed is installed/configured and cifs service is running on NetApp. Now we will create CIFS share and give permissions to User/Groups…

```
Netapp> cifs  shares  -add MyShare /vol/mycifs_share -comment “My Test Windows CIFS Share”
```

The share name ‘MyShare’ will not be accessible by some MS-DOS workstations

**Step 4)** Give CIFS Share Access

```

Netapp> cifs access MyShare “MYDOMAIN\USER_OR_GROUP”   “Full Control"
1 share(s) have been successfully modified
```

**NOTE:** We can give Full permission ie “Full Control”, Read permission ie “Read”

**Step 5)** List CIFS

```
Netapp> cifs shares 
Name         Mount Point                       Description 
—-         ———–                       ———– 
MyShare       /vol/mycifs_share                My Test Windows CIFS Share
```

**Step 6)** Access CIFS/Share on Windows or Linux

\\192.168.10.50\\MyShare

Done..!!

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, CIFS in Netapp, CIFS shares, How to Create CIFS shares in Netapp, how to Create NFS shares in Netapp, Netapp, Network file system, NFs error's, NFS Exports and CIFS Shares, NFS in NEtapp, NFS port 2049, NFS troubleshooting steps

---

### [Using BranchCache CIFS - Netapp Complete beginners guide NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/using-branchcache-cifs-netapp/)

**Published:** November 3, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Maybe your office have an branch where it is very distance/lengthy from your office, maybe your remote office is connected via very low bandwidth link because high bandwidth low latency link is very high in cost. In this article we are going to see using branchcache CIFS Netapp Cluster mode and 7 mode.

BranchCache

  # Using BranchCache CIFS – Netapp

Using BranchCache CIFS After you configure BranchCache on the storage system and at the branch office, you can enable BranchCache on each CIFS share that contains content that you want to allow clients at branch offices to cache.

BranchCache caching is enabled on a share-by-share basis. You can use the cifs shares -add or cifs shares -change commands to enable BranchCache on the CIFS share. If you enable caching on an existing CIFS share, Data ONTAP begins computing hashes and sending metadata to clients requesting content as soon as you enable BranchCache on that share.

Note: If BranchCache on a CIFS share is subsequently disabled, Data ONTAP stops sending metadata to the requesting client. A client that needs data retrieves it directly from the content server (storage system).

 [Above is an detailed video](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ) about branchcache in Netapp

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, branchcache, branchcache cifs, How to enable branchcache in netapp, NCSA, Netapp, tech tutorial, techtutorial, Using BranchCache CIFS - Netapp

---

### [Upgrade Data ONTAP 7-mode to Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/upgrade-data-ontap-7-mode-to-cluster-mode/)

**Published:** November 4, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Upgrade Data ONTAP 7-mode to Cluster Mode

This post will describe how to convert a system that’s currently running Data ONTAP 8.1 7-mode into 8.1 cluster-mode. If you’re using 8.0 7-mode, strongly recommend upgrading to 8.1 7-mode before the conversion, there will be a couple less steps involved. I’ll assume you’re using a Cisco Nexus 55xx switch as the private cluster interconnect. While this isn’t required per SE, it is the only option that’s properly supported. Upgrade Data ONTAP 7-mode to Cluster Mode

The Cisco switch setup is actually quite simple. You can get the full, NetApp approved configuration from the NetApp.

  Here are the relevant global options for the switch(es):

```
feature lacp

errdisable recovery interval 30
errdisable recovery cause pause-rate-limit

policy-map type network-qos cluster
  class type network-qos class-default
    mtu 9216
system qos
  service-policy type network-qos cluster

spanning-tree port type edge default
port-channel load-balance ethernet source-dest-port
```

You can see that we’re not doing a whole lot: enabling LACP (the Link Aggregation Contro Protocol), building a basic QoS policy and setting some error parameters.

Now, here are the relevant port options for cluster nodes:

```
interface Ethernet1/1
  description Cluster Node 1
  no lldp transmit
  no lldp receive
  spanning-tree port type edge
  spanning-tree bpduguard enable
```

Here, you can see we’re disabling LLDP (the Link Layer Discovery Protocol) and configuring the switch ports for spanning-tree protocol.

Last but not least, if you’re connecting two Cisco Nexus switches together, here are the relevant options for the inter-switch link:

```
interface Ethernet1/13
  description Inter-Cluster Switch ISL Port 13 (Port-channel)
  no lldp transmit
  no lldp receive
  switchport mode trunk
  channel-group 1 mode active
```

Not much to see here, either: disable LLDP, define STP (this time as trunk nodes) and note that the link is part of a channel group (i.e. an aggregated link). Once you’ve done the Cisco configuration, you’re off to the races!

From here, we boot the Filer. Once you hit the LOADER prompt, hit Ctrl-C to interrupt the boot process. Enter these options to configure the Filer to boot cluster-mode now and in the future:

```
set-defaults
setenv bootarg.init.boot_clustered true
setenv bootarg.init.usebootp false
setenv bootarg.bsdportname e0a
```

After you’ve set these options, boot Data ONTAP by entering boot\_ontap. Once Data ONTAP starts booting, hit Ctrl-C again to get to the installation options.

You’ll see a menu like this:

(1) Normal Boot.
(2) Boot without /etc/rc.
(3) Change password.
(4) Clean configuration and initialize all disks.
(5) Maintenance mode boot.
(6) Update flash from backup config.
(7) Install new software first.
(8) Reboot node.

Select option (4) Clean configuration and initialize all disks. This will re-zero the disks, which can take an hour or two. After re-zeroing, your Filer will reboot automatically and proceed to the setup wizard.

And that’s it. It will erase all the data on the controller and boot with clean and neat Cluster data ONTAP. [Setup Cluster Node](http://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/configuring-cluster-node-c-mode-netapp/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, DATA ONTAP upgrade, Netapp Cluster Mode, Netapp tutorial, Tech Tutorials, techtutorial, Upgrade Data ONTAP 7-mode to Cluster Mode

---

### [What is a Shell & Shell script very basic to learn for freshers](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-a-shell-shell-script/)

**Published:** November 4, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# What is a shell ?

The Shell is a command line interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device such as keyboard or from a file. In other forms, it is a user program or it is an environment provided for user interaction. We can start using the shell by opening the console(terminal). The shell is not a part of system kernel, but it uses the system to execute programs. what is a shell .

**The various shells available for Linux are:**

  - BASH (Bourne-Again SHell) – Most common shell in Linux. It is an Opensource software
- CSH (C SHell) – The C shell’s syntax and usage are very similar to the C programming language.
- KSH (Korn SHell) – Created by David Korn at AT & T Bell Labs. The Korn Shell also was the base for the POSIX Shell standard specifications.
- TCSH – It is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell (CSH). what is a shell.

**What is a shell script ?**

- A shell script is series of commands stored in a plain text file.
- Shell scripts are a fundamental part of the UNIX and Linux programming environment.
- Scripts are useful for automating the processes repeatedly at the command line.
- Linux users involved with system administration and troubleshooting often work with the shell scripts.
- /etc/profile is the system-wide user login script which runs whenever a user logs into the system.

## **Each shell script consists of**

- Shell keywords such as if..else, do..while.
- Shell commands such as pwd, test, echo, continue, type.
- Linux binary commands such as w, who, free etc..
- Text processing utilities such as grep, awk, cut.
- Functions – add frequent actions together via functions. For example, /etc/init.d/functions file contains function to be used by most or all system shell scripts in the /etc/init.d directory.
- Control flow statments such as if..then..else or shell loops to preform repeated actions.

## Each script has purpose

- Specific purpose – For example, backup file system and database to NAS server.
- Act like a command – Each shell script is executed like any other command under Linux.
- Script code usability – Shell scripts can be extended from existing scripts. Also, you can use functions files to
- package frequently used tasks.

## Why shell scripting?

- Shell scripts can take input from a user or file and output them to the screen.
- Whenever you find yourself doing the same task over and over again you should use shell scripting, i.e., repetitive
- Task automation.
- Creating your own power tools/utilities.
- Automating command input or entry.
- Customizing administrative tasks.
- Creating simple applications.
- Since scripts are well tested, the chances of errors are reduced while configuring services or system administration tasks such as adding new users.
- **Real time usage of shell scripts where it is actively used:**
- Monitoring Linux system.
- Data backup and creating snapshots.
- Dumping Oracle or MySQL database for backup.
- Creating email based alert system.
- Find out what processes are eating up our system resources.
- Find out available and free memory.
- Find out all logged in users and what they are doing.
- Find out if all necessary network services are running or not. For example if web server failed then send an alert to system administrator via a pager or an email.
- Find out all failed login attempt, if login attempt are continue repeatedly from same network IP automatically block all those IPs accessing your network/service via firewall.
- User administration as per our own security policies.
- Find out information about local or remote servers.
- Configure server such as BIND (DNS server) to add zone entries.

**Advantages**

- Easy to use.
- Quick start, and interactive debugging.
- Time Saving.
- Sys Admin task automation. what is a shell
- Shell scripts can execute without any additional effort on nearly any modern UNIX / Linux / BSD / Mac OS X operating system as they are written an interpreted language.

**Disadvantages**

- Compatibility problems between different platforms.
- Slow execution speed.
- A new process launched for almost every shell command executed.

Your Feedback will motivate us to provide the more to you………. what is a shell

## **Related Articles**

[Gather contact information of each host and service in Nagios Doesn’t have to be hard. Read this tips and tricks to make your work easier.](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/gather-contact-information-of-each-host-and-service-in-nagios/)

[Authentication token is no longer valid new one required](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/authentication-token-is-no-longer-valid-new-one-required/)

[Creating multiple users using single command](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/create-multiple-users/)

[File System Usage Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

[CPU Utilisation Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/monitor-cpu-utilization-using-shell-script/)

[Disk Space Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/disk-space-monitoring-script/)

[8 cut command practical examples explained](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/cut-command-using-with-shell-scripting/)

[Shell Scripting Class 2 Variable tips you need to learn](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/shell-scripting-class-2/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** aggregate, arkit, linux, Linux tutorial, RHCE, RHCSA, scripting, shell scripting, tech tutorial, techtutorial, what is shell, what is shell scripting

---

### [Data migration from 7-mode to C-mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/data-migration-from-7-mode-to-c-mode-netapp/)

**Published:** November 5, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Data migration from 7-mode to C-mode Netapp

This is the quick and dirty way for moving a few volumes from NetApp 7-Mode to a Cluster Mode SVM, if you need to migrate a large environment it might be worth engaging professional services and/or using the 7-Mode Transition Tool. In our case we performed hyper-visor storage migration for the VMs, the only thing left was several CIFS shares. For this process to work one needs snapmirror licenses and please note the transition is one way only, from 7-Mode to C-Mode.

After all the prerequisites are in place, we need to create a NetApp Peer Transition. On the cluster CLI execute

  ```
Cluster::> vserver peer transition create -local-vserver C_MODE-System -src-filer-name 7_Mode_filer_name
Transition peering created
```

Create a destination volume on C-mode, note the type –DP. This is a special volume type for the transition.

```
Cluster::>volume create –vserver SVM_name -volume volume_name -aggregate aggr_name -size 250GB -type DP
[Job 1801] Job succeeded: Successful
```

Replace SVM\_name, volume\_name, aggr\_name and xx as needed

Create an Inter-cluster LIF (this can be done from Server Manager GUI also)

```
Cluster::>network interface create -vserver CMODE_system -lif node-01-repl -role intercluster -home-node 7MODE_system -home-port a0i -address xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
```

Replace node-01-repl with whatever name make sense for you, assign an interface and fill in the IP and netmask for the network that will be used for replication.

If the C-mode replication LIF and 7-mode IP are on different subnets one need to configure routing.

For 8.3.x use the following command to configure routing

```
Cluster::>network route create -vserver node-01 -destination xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/xx -gateway xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
```

For 8.2.x use

```
Cluster::>network routing-groups route create -vserver node-01 -routing-group ixxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/xx -destination xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/xx – gateway xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
```

Use the network ping command to verify that you can use the intercluster LIF to ping the 7-Mode system from C-mode.

```
Cluster::>network ping -lif node-01-repl -lif-owner node-01 -destination 7MODE_system
```

You should receive 7mode\_system is alive

Create a Netapp Snapmirror Relationship using TDP (Transition Relationship)

```
Cluster::>snapmirror create -source-path 7MODE_system:volume_to_move -destination-path CMODE_System:volume_destination -type TDP
```

Pay attention, all the commands are case sensitive, use the same hostname or IP you used on the first step when the peer transition was created!

```
Cluster::>snapmirror show
```

This should return the relationship we just created.

Initialize Snapmirror

```
Cluster::> snapmirror initialize -destination-path CMODE_SVM:destination_volume
```

Tip if you keep a SSH session open to the 7-mode controller, if there are any settings that prevents the snapmirror from initialize, will be listed on the console.

To see the Snapmirror status

```
Cluster::>snapmirror show
```

Or we can also filter the output

```
Cluster::>snapmirror show -destination-path CMODE_SVM:target_volume
```

Replace CMODE\_SVM:target\_volume with your specific values

Start incremental replications for the volume we just initialized

```
Cluster::>snapmirror update -destination-path CMODE_SVM:target_volume
```

Break the mirror

```
Cluster::>snapmirror break -destination-path CMODE_SVM:target_volume
```

Delete the mirror

```
Cluster::>snapmirror delete -destination-path CMODE_SVM:target_volume
```

Create the mount point

```
Cluster::> vol mount -vserver CMODE_SVM  -volume volume -junction-path /volume
```

In my case I had to use the CLI since the volumes were not visible in the GUI to be mounted, I suspect the 7 to C mode replication for this.

Create the CIFS share and assign share permissions (Remove everyone)

I used the GUI for this.

Disable fixed volume size, this was configured automatically because of the snapmirror replication.

```
Cluster:> vol modify -vserver CMODE_SVM -volume volume -filesys-size-fixed false
```

Delete the peer transition

```
Cluster:>  vserver peer transition delete -local-vserver CMODE_SVM -src-filer-name 7-Mode_System
```

Transition peering deleted

The above procedure worked for transitioning a CIFS share from Ontap 8.2.2 running in 7-mode to 8.3 storage on Cluster Mode.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** 7mode to cmode, arkit, cluster mode data ontap, cmode migration, cmode snapmirror, migrating data from 7mode to cmode, NCSA, Netapp, tech tutorial, techtutorial, vserver

---

### [Adding Cluster Ports to NetApp FAS Controller FAS 8080](https://arkit.co.in/adding-cluster-ports-to-netapp-fas-controller/)

**Published:** November 6, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

I had the joy to configure a new NetApp cluster comprised of 2 FAS 8080 nodes. The appliance ships from the factory with only 2 Cluster interconnect ports configured, and the best practice for FAS 8080 recommends using 4 x 10 Gbps ports. The ONTAP version I was using was 8.2. Adding Cluster ports to NetApp. Adding Cluster Ports To Netapp FAS Controller FAS 8080 Model.

The existing network interfaces are listed in the Configuration Manager under cluster Network Interfaces section, or one can SSH to the cluster IP and run network port show this will list the interfaces. The IP-space and Broadcast fields for cluster interfaces are labeled Cluster.

  The command syntax to add interfaces to cluster IPspace is listed below.

# Adding Cluster ports to NetApp FAS controller ( FAS 8080 )

```
network port broadcast-domain add-ports -ipspace Cluster -broadcast-domain Cluster -ports node_name:port_name
```

The command for adding the ports e0b and e0d to node-01 and node-02 for cluster access, would be:

```
Cluster::>network port broadcast-domain add-ports -ipspace Cluster -broadcast-domain Cluster -ports node-01:e0b
Cluster::>network port broadcast-domain add-ports -ipspace Cluster -broadcast-domain Cluster -ports node-02:e0b
Cluster::>network port broadcast-domain add-ports -ipspace Cluster -broadcast-domain Cluster -ports node-01:e0d
Cluster::>network port broadcast-domain add-ports -ipspace Cluster -broadcast-domain Cluster -ports node-02:e0d
```

This also changes the MTU on the interfaces and enable jumbo frames.

The only thing left is to create the LIFs (logical interfaces).

**Note**: the LIF names have to be unique.

```
Cluster::>network interface create -vserver Cluster -lif node-01_clus3 -role cluster -home-node node-01 -home-port e0b -auto true
Cluster::>network interface create -vserver Cluster -lif node-01_clus4 -role cluster -home-node node-01 -home-port e0d -auto true
Cluster::>network interface create -vserver Cluster -lif node-02_clus3 -role cluster -home-node node-02 -home-port e0b -auto true
Cluster::>network interface create -vserver Cluster -lif node-02_clus4 -role cluster -home-node node-02 -home-port e0d -auto true
```

And of course, we can run network port show again to verify our work. If everything went well, there are 4 10 Gbps interfaces listed for each node.

That’s about adding cluster ports.

[Netapp How to s](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/08/index_12.html)

[SnapDrive Script to Auto mount Snapshots](https://arkit.co.in/snapdrive-disk-connect-using-script-netapp/)

[Volume Efficiency policy](https://arkit.co.in/volume-efficiency-policy-netapp/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Adding Cluster ports to NetApp FAS 8080, arkit, C Mode, C mode netapp, cluster mode netapp, FAS 8080, FAS model, Netapp, NEtapp crontroller, Netapp tutorial, tech tutorial, techtutorial

---

### [Transmission media - Networking Video Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/transmission-media-networking/)

**Published:** November 7, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Transmission media – Networking involves a systematic connection of computers, workstations and peripheral devices. It is done to share information and resources between a number of users. The hardware used in networking involves the peripheral devices, interface cards and the equipment used to establish the connection.

## Network Cables – Transmission media

Network cables are used to connect computers. The most commonly used cable is Category 5 cable RJ-45.

  **Distributors**

A computer can be connected to another one via a serial port but if we need to connect many computers to produce a network, this serial connection will not work. The solution is to use a central body to which other computers, printers, scanners etc. can be connected and then this body will manage or distribute network traffic.

**Network Router**

A router is a type of device which acts as the central point among computers and other devices that are part of a network. A router is equipped with holes called ports and computers and other devices are connected to a router using network cables. Now-a-days router comes in wireless modes using which computers can be connected without any physical cable.

**Network Cards**

Network card is a necessary component of a computer without which a computer cannot be connected over a network. It is also known as network adapter or Network Interface Card (NIC). Most branded computers have network card pre-installed. Network cards are of two types : Internal and External Network Cards.

**Internal Network Cards**

Motherboard has a slot for internal network card where it is to be inserted. Internal network cards are of two types in which first type uses Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) connection while the second type uses Industry Standard Architecture (ISA). Network cables are required to provide network access.

**External Network Cards**

External network cards come in two flavours : Wireless and USB based. Wireless network card need to be inserted into the motherboard but no network cable is required to connect to network

**Related Articles**

[Introduction to Computer Networking](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/introduction-to-computer-networking/)

[Network topologies](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/network-topologies/)

[Local Area Network Basics](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/local-area-network-basics-networking/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** arkit, cat 5e, CCNA, computer course, computer network, computer network basics, jetking, network, networking, tech tutorial, techtutorial, thegeekstuff, zoom technologies

---

### [How to install dual Whatsapp](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-dual-whatsapp/)

**Published:** November 8, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

[![dual whatsapp installation in single phone](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/dual-whatsapp-installation-in-single-phone.png "dual whatsapp installation in single phone - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/dual-whatsapp-installation-in-single-phone.png)

# How to install dual Whatsapp in Dual SIM phone

# [Download Second Whatsapp Application](http://bit.ly/GBwhatsapp)

[![GBwhatsapp app](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1.png "1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1.png)

  Click on Downloaded whatsapp application

[![Unknown source](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2.png "2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2.png)

When unknown source installation is not enabled, above screen will appear, then click on Settings as shown in above sreenshot

[![whatsapp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/3.png "3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/3.png)Enable unknown sources.

[![GBwhatsapp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.png "4 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.png)Click **OK**

[![install second whatsapp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/5.png "5 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/5.png)Click **NEXT**

[![Install dual whatsapp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/6.png "6 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/6.png)click on **INSTALL**

[![GBwhatsapp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/7.png "7 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/7.png)click **ACCEPT**

[![How to install Second whatsapp in mobile](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/8.png "8 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/8.png)

click on **Done.**

your Second Whatsapp Application installation is done.

[![GBwhatsapp installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/9.png "9 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/9.png)click on **GBwhatsapp** icon then configure the whatsapp as per the below

[![Whatsapp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/10.png "10 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/10.png)Click on “**Agree and continue**”

[![Mobile number](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/11.png "11 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/11.png)Enter your Mobile number then click on **OK.**

[![click on OK](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/12.png "12 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/12.png)Click on **OK**

[![Provide your name](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/13.png "13 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/13.png)Provide your name and click on **NEXT**

[![whatsapp initializing](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/14.png "14 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/14.png)Whatsapp is initializing ….

[![Continue whatsapp](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/15.png "15 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/15.png)Click on **continue**

[![Done](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16.png "16 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16.png)Your Second whatsapp installation is done.

[![GBwhatsapp installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/9.png "9 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/9.png)When you want to use second whatsapp click on GBwhatsapp icon then enjoy..!!

# Write your valuable comments…

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** others, whatsapp

**Tags:** arkit, dual whatsapp, dual whatsapp in dual SIM phone, GBwhatsapp, How to nstall dual whatsapp, tech tutorial, techtutorial, Whatsapp

---

### [using quotas in Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/using-quotas-in-netapp/)

**Published:** November 8, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Using quotas in Netapp

using quotas in Netapp. You can use quotas to limit resource usage, to provide notification when resource usage reaches specific levels, or to track resource usage.

  #  You specify a quota for the following reasons:

- To limit the amount of disk space or the number of files that can be used by a user or group, or that can be contained by a qtree
- To track the amount of disk space or the number of files used by a user, group, or qtree, without imposing a limit
- To warn users when their disk usage or file usage is high

## Overview of the quota process

Quotas can be soft or hard. Soft quotas cause Data ONTAP to send a notification when specified thresholds are exceeded, and hard quotas prevent a write operation from succeeding when specified thresholds are exceeded.

When Data ONTAP receives a request to write to a volume, it checks to see whether quotas are activated for that volume. If so, Data ONTAP determines whether any quota for that volume (and, if the write is to a qtree, for that qtree) would be exceeded by performing the write operation. If any hard quota is exceeded, the write operation fails, and a quota notification is sent. If any soft quota is exceeded, the write operation succeeds, and a quota notification is sent.

**Please provide your valuable comments….**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** arkit, qtree, quota management, quota management in Netapp, quotas in Netapp, tech tutorial, techtutorial, using quotas

---

### [Data write request process in Netapp Clustered Data ONTAP (Data Flow)](https://arkit.co.in/data-write-request-process-in-netapp-clustered-data-ontap-data-flow/)

**Published:** November 10, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Data write request process in Netapp Clustered Data ONTAP

For SEO: data write request process

Clustered ONTAP system can be managed either from CLI or GUI (system manager or element manager). There are three different shells available with different scopes: Clustershell, nodeshell, systemshell

  # Step:1 Access through CLI

## Clustershell:
 ———

-SSH is default method
-One can access clustershell using cluster management LIF (recommended) or the node management LIFs
-Scope: entire cluster

LIFs Management: ‘net int show‘ with display the output of available cluster management and node management LIFs along with their IP’s, current node, current port and status

## Nodeshell:
 ——–

-Access nodeshell within the clustershell
-Scope: limited to one node at a time
-Command to access nodeshell is:

```
Clus::> system node run
```

## Systemshell:
 ———

-Access systemshell from within the clustershell
-This is to access BSD shell
-Scope: single node at a time
-To access systemshell:

```
a. security login unlock -username diag
b. system node systemshell
c. Login as “diag”
```

# Step: 2 Access through GUI

-Start the system manager client using the IP address of the cluster management LIF
-This is well known interface to all the existing 7-mode administrators and I don’t think more explanation is needed here

## Dataflow in NetApp cluster-mode

To understand the dataflow in cluster-mode, one needs to understand the four major software components along with other key software components on every node in the cluster, they are as follows:

a. N-blade, network “blade”
b. D-blade, data “blade”
c. SCSI-blase, SCSI SAN “blade”
d. M-host, Management blade

## Other components:
 ————–

-The cluster session manager (CSM)
-RDB units, which is the volume location database

All the above mentioned components are accessed only by well-defined application APIs. The N-blade and SCSI-blade translates client requests into Spin Network Protocol (SpinNP) requests. The D-blade contains the WAFL file system that handles the SpinNP requests. The CSM is the SpinNP layer between the N-blade, the SCSI-blase and the D-blade.

## Key Concepts:
 ————

**N-blade:** The N-blade handles the networking, NFS and CIFS requests and then translates to SpinNP requests as inputs to CSM

**SCSI-blade:** The SCSI-blade handles the networking, FC, FCoE and iSCSI requests and then translates to SpinNP requests as inputs to CSM

**CSM:** CSM then acts as a communicator between N-bade or SCSI-blade SpinNP requests and input them to the D-blade over UDP/IP

**D-blade:** The D-blade which contains the WAFL file systems then handles the SpinNP requests and them communicate disks and tape devices using FC

## Dataflow on a local node:
 ——————-

1\. NAS or SAN clients sends the write requests to a data logical interface (LIF)
2\. N-blade (NAS) or SCSI-blade (SAN) which are associated with that LIF translates the NFS or CIFS, FC, FCoE, or iSCSI request to a SpinNP request
3\. The SpinNP requests then passed to the D-blade via CSM
4\. D-blade then sends the data to NVRAM and to the disks
5\. The acknowledgments then works its way back to the client

[![Netapp clustered data ontap data flow](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/data-flow.png "data-flow - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/data-flow.png)

## Dataflow on a Remote node:
 ——————————————-

1\. NAS or SAN clients sends the write requests to a data logical interface (LIF)
2\. N-blade (NAS) or SCSI-blade (SAN) which are associated with that LIF translates the NFS or CIFS, FC, FCoE, or iSCSI request to a SpinNP request
3\. The SpinNP requests then passed to the “remote” D-blade via Cluster session manager.
4\. D-blade then sends the data to NVRAM, NVRAM has two parts one part holds the data which 50% of the NVRAM and time period is 10secs. Whenever first part 50% is fulled it will send to disks for write, either after 10secs it will automatically sends to disks for write when 50% is not full.
5\. The acknowledgments then works its way back to the client

[![data flow on Neaapp C mode](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/data-flow1.png "data-flow1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/data-flow1.png)

data write request process

## [NCSA Certification Guide Don’t miss](http://arkit.co.in/netapp-2/)

## [Netapp how to’s](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** How Netapp cluster write data to disk, How WAFL write data to disk, Netapp clustered data ONTAP, Remote data request process

---

### [Clustered DATA ONTAP Concepts](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-data-ontap-concepts/)

**Published:** November 10, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Clustered DATA ONTAP Concepts Clustered DATA ONTAP Concepts

  In clustered Data ONTAP, all data access goes through a logical construct called a storage virtual machine (SVM). (This was previously referred to as a Vserver, and you’ll notice that the CLI still uses the older term.) As a result, the physical resources used by an SVM can change without necessitating any client-side or host-side changes or disruptions. Clustered DATA ONTAP Concepts

An SVM is a secure, virtualized storage container that includes its own administration security, IP addresses, and namespace. An SVM can include volumes residing on any node in the cluster, and you can have from one to hundreds of SVMs in a single cluster. Each SVM enables one or more SAN (FC, FCoE, iSCSI) and/or NAS (NFS, pNFS, CIFS) access protocols and contains at least one volume and at least one logical interface, or LIF. (See the following section for more on LIFs.)

![](http://community.netapp.com/legacyfs/online/25529_sec_fig1.jpg)

**Figure 1)** Clustered Data ONTAP uses storage virtual machines to separate logical entities from physical hardware and provide secure multi-tenancy.

You can have multiple SVMs within a cluster to serve different purposes. For instance, a service provider might use a separate SVM for each client on a cluster. SVMs are an import factor to consider when designing clustered Data ONTAP systems even if the environment they are going into isn’t inherently multi-tenant.

For instance, I prefer to keep storage volumes used by servers on one SVM and user share volumes on a separate SVM. I usually create all of my iSCSI/FC LUNs and NFS datastores/mounts in one SVM. I create CIFS shares in a separate SVM. This provides extra flexibility in case of disaster, similar to what you may be used to with the vFiler® unit dr command in 7-Mode.

Here are some other considerations when setting up SVMs. Clustered DATA ONTAP Concepts

- **QoS policies can be applied directly to an SVM.** This can be extremely useful in service provider scenarios. However, be aware that you lose granularity in your QoS structure when you apply it at the SVM level. If you apply QoS to an SVM, you cannot apply a QoS policy on a particular volume within that SVM, so it may not be the best way to use QoS in every case.
- **You can separate departments within a company,** keeping data completely separate from other departments.
- **Chargeback can be greatly simplified.** You can easily tell how much each SVM utilizes.
- **You can use separate SVMs for administrative purposes.** You can give different groups or departments administrative rights to manage their own data without compromising other SVMs.

## [Netapp How to’s](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** clustered data ontap, Clustered data ONTAP concepts

---

### [Optimizing WordPress Loading Speed With header.php & .htaccess](https://arkit.co.in/optimizing-wordpress-loading-speed-with-header-php-htaccess/)

**Published:** November 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Optimizing WordPress Loading Speed With header.php & .htaccess

Website loading speed matters a lot for every blog/website, especially for people with shared hosting – which is the cheapest available hosting service. Here are a few .htaccess and header.php tricks to increase your website loading speed by 50-70%

Web performance is getting more and more attention from web developers and is one of the hottest topics in web development. First and foremost, loading speed is more than a feature. Speed is the most important feature. If your website or blog is slow, people won’t use it.

  What speed means to internet giants:

For Google – 500 milliseconds of extra load time caused 20% fewer searches
For Yahoo – 400 milliseconds of extra load time caused a 5-9% increase in the number of people who clicked “back” before the page even loaded
For Amazon – 100 milliseconds of extra load time resulted in a 1% drop in sales

Google, in their ongoing effort to make the web faster, blogged that “we’ve decided to take site speed into account in our search rankings.”

So a slower website will even decrease your search engine ranking too.

Thus loading speed matters a lot. CDN (Content Delivery System) are pretty good for this purpose, but up to a limited extent, and good CDN providers are a little costly.

The good news is that some of the most important speed optimizations can be easily done with simple .htaccess tricks. These can make any website load faster by compressing content and enabling browser caching, and follow the Best Practices for Speeding Up Your Web Site from Yahoo!’s Exceptional Performance team and doesn’t cost a cent.

# Step 1 Gzip File Compression

Compression reduces response times by reducing the size of the HTTP response.

It’s worthwhile to gzip your HTML documents, scripts and stylesheets. In fact, it’s worthwhile to compress any text response including XML and JSON.

Image and PDF files should not be gzipped because they are already compressed. Trying to gzip them not only wastes CPU but can potentially increase file sizes.

File compression also saves some amount of your bandwidth.
With **.htaccess**

For Apache Servers

mod\_pagespeed is an Apache module developed by Google and its command directive can be used just like other modules.

Currently only GoDaddy and DreamHost support the mod\_pagespeed module, so if you host with them just copy and paste the following code to your **.htaccess** file:

```
<
``````
IfModule
``````
pagespeed_module>

``````
 
``````
ModPagespeed on

``````
    
``````
# using commands,filters etc

```

Many of you may be hosting with other hosting providers which do not support the `mod_pagespeed` module.

You can use the `mod_deflate` module (Apache 1.3x used `mod_gzip` but since Apache 2x `mod_deflate` is used)

```
<
``````
ifModule
``` ```
mod_deflate.c>
``````

``````
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml application/xml application/xhtml+xml text/css text/javascript application/javascript application/x-javascript

```

- **For Nginx Server**

If you host on a Nginx webserver copy the following to your **.htaccess** to enable gzip compression.

```
 ```
server {

``````
   
``````
gzip on;

``````
    
``````
gzip_types text/html text/css application/x-javascript text/plain text/xml image/x-icon;
}
```
```

## With header.php

If your server doesn’t support mod\_deflate or mod\_gzip you can use this PHP script for gzip compression which works on both Apache and Nginx

Just **copy** this into your theme’s header.php

```

```

#  Step2: Disable ETags

ETags (Entity Tags) are a mechanism that web servers and browsers use to determine if the component in the browser’s cache matches the original server. Etags are added to provide a mechanism for validating entities that is more flexible than the date of last modification. An ETag is a string that uniquely identifies a specific version of a component. The limitations of this format is that the string is quoted. The origin server specifies the component’s ETag using the ETag response header.

To disable ETags, paste this into your **.htaccess** file

```
Header unset ETag 
FileETag None
```

# Step3: Use Browser Caching

With browser caching, we’re explicitly instructing browsers to hang onto particular files for a specified period of time. When the file is needed again, the browser is to pull from its local cache instead of requesting it from the server again.

Running a website without caching in place makes as much sense as driving to the store for a glass of water every time you’re thirsty. Not only is it impractical and short-sighted, it takes more work!

Browser caching is really useful to get returning users; i.e. it may build loyal permanent visitors to you and also saves a lot of your bandwidth.

A first-time visitor to your page will make several HTTP requests to download all your site’s files, but by using the Expires and Cache-Control headers you make those files cacheable. This avoids unnecessary HTTP requests on subsequent page views.

**For Apache Servers**

Apache enables through the `mod_expires` and `mod_headers` modules.

The `mod_expires` module controls the setting of the Expires HTTP header and the max-age directive of the Cache-Control HTTP header in server responses. To modify Cache-Control directives other than max-age, you can use the `mod_headers` module.

The `mod_headers` module provides directives to control and modify HTTP request and response headers. Headers can be merged, replaced or removed.

**Add these rules to .htaccess for setting Expires headers:**

```
# BEGIN Expire headers
<
``````
ifModule
``` ```
mod_expires.c>

``````
    
``````
ExpiresActive On

``````
    
``````
ExpiresDefault "access plus 5 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 2592000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 2592000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 2592000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 2592000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 2592000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 604800 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType text/javascript "access plus 216000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 216000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access plus 216000 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 600 seconds"

``````
    
``````
ExpiresByType application/xhtml+xml "access plus 600 seconds"

# END Expire headers
```

**.htaccess** rules for setting up Cache-control header:

```
# BEGIN Cache-Control Headers

    
        Header set Cache-Control "public"
    
    
        Header set Cache-Control "public"
    
    
        Header set Cache-Control "private"
    
    
        Header set Cache-Control "private, must-revalidate"
    

# END Cache-Control Headers
```

- **Note:**
    1. There is no need to set the `max-age` directive with the Cache-Control header since it is already set by the `mod_expires` module.
    2. `must-revalidate` means that once a response becomes stale it has to be revalidated; it doesn’t mean that it has to be checked every time.
- **For NGINX Servers**The corresponding **.htaccess** settings in Nginx would look something like this: (The example below would tell your visitor’s browsers to hang onto HTML, CSS, Javascript, images and favicon for an hour)

```
location ~* \.(jpg|png|gif|jpeg|css|js)$ {

``````
    
``````
expires 1h;
}
```

# Step4: Reduce MySQL Database Size

Since WordPress 2.6, WordPress autosave posts while writing which remain even after the post is saved as revision in the MySQL Database. Bigger database also sends the site load time higher. I suggest removing revision feature.

Paste the following to **wp-config.php** to disable revisions:

```
define(
``````
'WP_POST_REVISIONS'
``````
, false );
```

If you decide to keep the revision feature on you may also choose to keep the revisions on the database for a fixed number of days, e.g. 10 days.

Combining all above lines together below is the **.htaccess** file for godaddy hosting to speed up your website. Simply copy and paste into your **.htaccess** file

```
# BEGIN WordPress

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /index.php [L]

    ModPagespeed on
    # using commands,filters etc

Header unset ETag
FileETag None

# BEGIN Expire headers

    ExpiresActive On
    ExpiresDefault "access plus 5 seconds"
    ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 2592000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 2592000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 2592000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 2592000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 2592000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 604800 seconds"
    ExpiresByType text/javascript "access plus 216000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 216000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access plus 216000 seconds"
    ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 600 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/xhtml+xml "access plus 600 seconds"

# END Expire headers

# BEGIN Cache-Control Headers

    
        Header set Cache-Control "public"
    
    
        Header set Cache-Control "public"
    
    
        Header set Cache-Control "private"
    
    
        Header set Cache-Control "private, must-revalidate"
    

# END Cache-Control Headers
```

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** others

**Tags:** .htaccess file configuration, load faster website, optimizing the website using .htaccess file, optimizing wordpress site, wordpress optimization

---

### [Clustered DATA ONTAP user interfaces](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-data-ontap-user-interfaces/)

**Published:** November 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Clustered DATA ONTAP user interfaces

  # Using the Data ONTAP command-line interface

The Data ONTAP command-line interface (CLI) provides a command-based view of the management interface. You enter commands at the storage system prompt, and command results are displayed in text.

The CLI command prompt is represented as cluster\_name::>.

If you set the privilege level (that is, the -privilege parameter of the set command) to advanced, the prompt includes an asterisk (\*), for example, cluster\_name::\*>.

Clustered DATA ONTAP user interfaces

Clustered DATA ONTAP user interfaces

# Methods of navigating CLI command directories

Commands in the CLI are organized into a hierarchy by command directories. You can run commands in the hierarchy either by entering the full command path or by navigating through the directory structure.

When using the CLI, you can access a command directory by typing the directory’s name at the prompt and then pressing Enter. The directory name is then included in the prompt text to indicate that you are interacting with the appropriate command directory. To move deeper into the command hierarchy, you type the name of a command subdirectory followed by pressing Enter. The subdirectory name is then included in the prompt text and the context shifts to that subdirectory.

You can navigate through several command directories by entering the entire command. For example, you can display information about disk drives by entering the storage disk show command at the prompt. You can also run the command by navigating through one command directory at a time, as shown in the following example:

```
cluster1::> storage
cluster1::storage> disk
cluster1::storage disk> show
```

You can abbreviate commands by entering only the minimum number of letters in a command that makes the command unique to the current directory. For example, to abbreviate the command in the previous example, you can enter st d sh. You can also use the Tab key to expand abbreviated commands and to display a command’s parameters, including default parameter values.

You can use the top command to go to the top level of the command hierarchy, and the up command or .. command to go up one level in the command hierarchy.

Note: Commands and command options preceded by an asterisk (*) in the CLI can be executed only at the advanced privilege level or higher.

Your valuable comments are very important for us…

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** cluster shelnode shell, clustered data ontap, Clustered DATA ONTAP user interfaces, NCSA, node shell, oncommand system manager, oncommand unified manager

---

### [Local area network Basics - Networking Video Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/local-area-network-basics-networking/)

**Published:** November 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Local area network basics will cover all the LAN concepts.

**In this lesson you will learn about**

  1\. Describe Ethernet Standard – Local area network basics 
 2. Explain Ethernet
 3. understand the concept of CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocols
 4. Explain different types of Ethernet
 5. Understand about repeaters, bridges and hubs used to extend computer networks
 6. Ethernet is a widely used method of networking computers in LAN environment
 7. Protocols are a set of rules that nodes on a network use to communicate
 8. CSMA/CD is a network control protocol which uses a carrier sensing system
 9. CSMA/CA is a set of rules used to avoid collisions
 10. 10 Base-2, 10 Base-5, 10 Base-T and 10 Base-F are types of ethernet cabling
 11. Repeaters, bridges and hubs are used to extend computer networks

## **Collisions Local area network Basics**

Ethernet is a shared medium, so there are rules for sending packets of data to avoid conflicts and to protect data integrity. Nodes determine when the network is available for sending packets. It is possible that two or more nodes at different locations will attempt to send data at the same time. When this happens, a packet collision occurs.

Minimizing collisions is a crucial element in the design and operation of networks. Increased collisions are often the result of too many users on the network. This leads to competition for network bandwidth and can slow the performance of the network from the user’s point of view. Segmenting the network is one way of reducing an overcrowded network, i.e., by dividing it into different pieces logically joined together with a bridge or switch.

 **CSMA/CD**

In order to manage collisions Ethernet uses a protocol called Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). CSMA/CD is a type of contention protocol that defines how to respond when a collision is detected, or when two devices attempt to transmit packages simultaneously. Ethernet allows each device to send messages at any time without having to wait for network permission; thus, there is a high possibility that devices may try to send messages at the same time.

After detecting a collision, each device that was transmitting a packet delays a random amount of time before re-transmitting the packet. If another collision occurs, the device waits twice as long before trying to re-transmit.

**Ethernet Products** **L**ocal area network Basics

The standards and technology just discussed will help define the specific products that network managers use to build Ethernet networks. The following presents the key products needed to build an Ethernet local area network basics.

 **Transceivers**

Transceivers are also referred to as Medium Access Units (MAUs). They are used to connect nodes to the various Ethernet media. Most computers and network interface cards contain a built-in 10BASE-T or 10BASE2 transceiver which allows them to be connected directly to Ethernet without the need for an external transceiver.

Many Ethernet devices provide an attachment unit interface (AUI) connector to allow the user to connect to any type of medium via an external transceiver. The AUI connector consists of a 15-pin D-shell type connector, female on the computer side, male on the transceiver side.

For Fast Ethernet networks, a new interface called the MII (Media Independent Interface) was developed to offer a flexible way to support 100 Mbps connections. The MII is a popular way to connect 100BASE-FX links to copper-based Fast Ethernet devices.

 **Network Interface Cards**

Network Interface Cards, commonly referred to as NICs, are used to connect a PC to a network. The NIC provides a physical connection between the networking cable and the computer’s internal bus. Different computers have different bus architectures. PCI bus slots are most commonly found on 486/Pentium PCs and ISA expansion slots are commonly found on 386 and older PCs. NICs come in three basic varieties: 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The larger the number of bits that can be transferred to the NIC, the faster the NIC can transfer data to the network cable. Most NICs are designed for a particular type of network, protocol, and medium, though some can serve multiple networks.

Many NIC adapters comply with plug-and-play specifications. On these systems, NICs are automatically configured without user intervention, while on non-plug-and-play systems, configuration is done manually through a set-up program and/or DIP switches.

Cards are available to support almost all networking standards. Fast Ethernet NICs are often 10/100 capable, and will automatically set to the appropriate speed. Gigabit Ethernet NICs are 10/100/1000 capable with auto negotiation depending on the user’s Ethernet speed. Full duplex networking is another option where a dedicated connection to a switch allows a NIC to operate at twice the speed.

##  **Hubs/Repeaters Local area network Basics**

Hubs/repeaters are used to connect together two or more Ethernet segments of any type of medium. In larger designs, signal quality begins to deteriorate as segments exceed their maximum length. Hubs provide the signal amplification required to allow a segment to be extended a greater distance. A hub repeats any incoming signal to all ports.

Ethernet hubs are necessary in star topologies such as 10BASE-T. A multi-port twisted pair hub allows several point-to-point segments to be joined into one network. One end of the point-to-point link is attached to the hub and the other is attached to the computer. If the hub is attached to a backbone, then all computers at the end of the twisted pair segments can communicate with all the hosts on the backbone. The number and type of hubs in any one-collision domain is limited by the Ethernet rules. These repeater rules are discussed in more detail later.

A very important fact to note about hubs is that they only allow users to share Ethernet. A network of hubs/repeaters is termed a “shared Ethernet,” meaning that all members of the network are contending for transmission of data onto a single network (collision domain). A hub/repeater propagates all electrical signals including the invalid ones. Therefore, if a collision or electrical interference occurs on one segment, repeaters make it appear on all others as well. This means that individual members of a shared network will only get a percentage of the available network bandwidth.

Please provide your valuable comments….

**Related Video Tutorials**

[Describing various protocols NAT, DHCP, DNS and Proxy Server Video](https://arkit.co.in/describing-various-protocols/)

[Networking Devices troubleshooting Steps](https://arkit.co.in/troubleshooting-networking-devices-testing/)

[Networking Security and Protocols](https://arkit.co.in/network-security-and-protocols/)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** 10 base 2, 10 base 5, 10 base t, bridges and hubs used to extend computer networks, CSMA/CA, CSMA/CA is a set of rules used to avoid collisions, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CD is a network control protocol which uses a carrier sensing system, Describe Ethernet Standard, Ethernet is a widely used method of networking computers in LAN environment, Explain different types of Ethernet, Explain Ethernet, Protocols are a set of rules that nodes on a network use to communicate, Understand about repeaters, understand the concept of CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocols

---

### [Advanced ethernet - Networking concepts Video Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/advanced-ethernet-networking/)

**Published:** November 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Advanced Ethernet – Networking – Network involves connection of computers, workstations and peripheral devices such as routers, switches, bridges and hubs. These devices are interconnected with the help of a medium. There are several types of networks such as Local Area Networks, Wide Area Networks and so an.

## Advanced Ethernet – Networking

1\. Explain 10BaseT networks
 2. Explain the 5-4-3 rule
 3. identify different types of high speed Ethernet standards

  **Definition – What does 5-4-3 Rule mean?**

The 5-4-3 rule is a guideline used in the design of shared Ethernet networks which promotes optimal traffic flow. This refers to the number of repeaters and segments that must be present on shared Ethernet backbones set up in a tree topology. The rule states that there should be a maximum of five segments which are connected by four repeaters, and only three of those segments can contain active senders/terminals.

**Explains 5-4-3 Rule**

The Ethernet protocol dictates that data sent over the collision domain must reach every part on its path toward its destination within a specified length of time. However, each repeater and segment that the signal passes through adds a certain amount of time in the process. The rule was created in the early days of the Ethernet when 10Base5 and 10Base2 were the only Ethernet types available, and shared access backbones were quite slow. The 5-4-3 rule was designed to minimise signal transmission time.

**what is 10 Base – T..?**

One of several adaptations of the Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) standard for Local Area Networks (LANs). The 10Base-T standard (also called Twisted Pair Ethernet) uses a twisted-pair cable with maximum lengths of 100 meters.

10BaseT Standard. The IEEE committee published the 802.3 specification for running Ethernet over twisted pair wiring in 1990. This 10BaseT (10 Mbps, baseband, over twisted pair cable), is an Ethernet network that typically uses unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable to connect computers.

## Your feedback is very important to us…

Advanced ethernet Advanced ethernet Advanced ethernet Advanced ethernet Advanced ethernet Advanced Ethernet

**Related Articles**

[Network Architecture – Design principles](https://arkit.co.in/other-network-architecture-network-design-principles/)

[Transmission Media – Networking](https://arkit.co.in/transmission-media-networking/)

[Network Topologies – Networking](https://arkit.co.in/network-topologies/)

[**Free E-Book Download**](http://arkit-it.tradepub.com/free/w_raea01/?p=w_raea01)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** advanced ethernet, computer networking, Explain 10BaseT networks, Explain the 5-4-3 rule, identify different types of high speed ethernet standards

---

### [Other Network Architecture - Network design principles](https://arkit.co.in/other-network-architecture-network-design-principles/)

**Published:** November 12, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Other Network Architecture – Network design principles. Network architecture defines various network elements along with the structure of the network. It includes the design principles, physical configuration, operational procedures and data formats. These are used as the basis for the design, construction and operation of a Network.

## Other Network Architecture

1\. Explain token bus logical topology
 2. Explain FDDI
 3. describe signaling and connection standards
 4. Understand ATM
 5. Explain Apple Talk
 6. Explain ARCNET
 7. Explain MAN systems, SMDS and DQDB
 8. Describe Ethernet alternatives

  ## What is FDDI..?

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) is a set of ANSI and ISO standards for data transmission on fiber optic lines in a local area network (LAN) that can extend in range up to 200 km (124 miles). The FDDI protocol is based on the token ring protocol.

Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) was developed by ANSI in the mid-1980s and specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing dual-ring LAN using fibre-optic cable, which is frequently used as high-speed backbone technology because of its high bandwidth and the distances it can span (up to 100 kilometres). Due to the advent of fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, the complexity of station management in FDDI networks, and its high cost, FDDI has never gained a foothold in the LAN market. The dual-ring system consists of a primary and a secondary ring, in which traffic on each ring flows in opposite directions. In normal operation, the primary ring is used for data transmission and the secondary ring remains idle.

Up to 1000 devices can be connected to an FDDI network, with up to two kilometres between stations is using multi-mode fibre, and even longer distances using single-mode fibre. There are various ways in which FDDI devices can be connected to the network. A single attachment station (SAS) is attached to the primary ring, usually via a concentrator. Concentrators are devices which are similar in many ways to hubs on an Ethernet network, and are usually dual attachment concentrators, attached to both rings. A dual attachment station (DAS) is attached directly to both the primary and secondary rings.

The main reason for the second ring is to provide fault tolerance in the event of a primary ring failure. Traffic can wrap around a problem node and continue to carry data on the secondary ring (in the opposite direction). If two nodes fail, the wrap at two locations effectively creates two separate (non-communicating) rings. Bypass devices called concentrators can be used to overcome such problems. These devices resemble hubs or MSAUs in that multiple nodes can be connected to them. They can also isolate failed nodes, while maintaining network traffic. In certain circumstances, both rings are used to carry data, effectively doubling the capacity of the network.

An alternative to wrapping is to use an optical bypass switch. This device provides continuous dual-ring operation if a device on the ring fails. It prevents ring segmentation and eliminates the failed station from the ring. Each DAS has two ports, designated A and B. These ports connect the DAS to both the primary and secondary rings. Devices using DAS connections will affect the ring if they are disconnected or powered off. If the DAS device fails, the switch passes the light through itself using internal mirrors, maintaining the integrity of the ring.

**Related Articles**

[Local Area Network Basics](https://arkit.co.in/local-area-network-basics-networking/)

[Transmission Media Network](https://arkit.co.in/transmission-media-networking/)

[Network Topologies explained in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/network-topologies/)

Please do write your feedback on the same article

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** 10Base-F, Apple Talk, ARCNET, ATM, attached resource computer Network, carrier equipment interface (SNI), customer premises equipment (CPE), DQDB, Dual attached concentrator (DAC), Dual Attached Station (DAS), FDDI, fiber optic inter repeater link, fibre distributed data interface (FDDI), FOIRL, LocalTalk, Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), PDN, phone line networks, power line networks, public data networks, Single attached concentrator (SAC), Single attached station (SAS), SMDS, wireless LANs

---

### [Clustered volumes and namespaces - DATA ONTAP C - Mode](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-volumes-and-namespaces-data-ontap-c-mode/)

**Published:** November 13, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Clustered volumes and namespaces – DATA ONTAP C – Mode

A junction joins together two flexible volumes in the same SVM. A junction in a parent flexible volume redirects client requests to a child flexible volume. A flexible volume must be junctioned into an SVM’s namespace for clients to access it.

A junction is nothing about UNIX mount point, where a directory serves as an entry point to another file system.

  Junction differs from NFS automounters and client side mounts in several respects:

- Junctions allow the non-disruptive movement of a flexible volume from one physical node to another while preserving client connectivity, NetApp Snapshot copies, and replication relationships.
- Junction require no client-side configuration or automount map
- Junctions allow multiple flexible volumes under a singe NFS v3 export, reducing the number of mounts used by the client
- Junctions are centrally managed in the DATA ONTAP cluster
- File permissions on a junction path are not controlled by clients. They are controlled using the permissions of the flexible volumes that exists at the junction path

No file or directory can exist in the full path to be used for the junction, but the parent directory containing the junction must exist before the junction is created.For example, if an administrator wants to junction a flexible volumeinto the namespace at /x/y/z,there must be a directory or junction at /x/y but there cannot be an existing file, directory, or junction at /x/y/z.

An SVM’s top-level flexible volume is known as the SVM root volume.The SVMroot volume forms the root of the flexible volume hierarchy in anSVM.It is theparent, grandparent, or ancestor of every flexible volumein the SVM’s namespace.

A junction can exist beneath any directory in a parent flexible volume. A flexible volume can be junctioned to the namespace in only one location.This prevents the same flexible volumefrom appearing more than once in the namespace.

Junctions are implemented as a file system entry in the parent flexible volume. Information about the physical location of the child flexible volume is maintained by the cluster. If an administrator moves the child flexible volumeto a different aggregate inside the cluster, the cluster sends client traffic to the new location automatically. Clustered volumes and namespaces Clustered volumes and namespaces Clustered volumes and namespaces Clustered volumes and namespaces Clustered volumes and namespaces

> # Related Topics
> 
> ## [Netapp How to’s](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** clustered volumes, DATA ONTAP, mount point, what is junction path, what is namespace

---

### [NFS and CIFS in Clustered DATA ONTAP](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-and-cifs-in-clustered-data-ontap/)

**Published:** November 14, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# NFS and CIFS in Clustered DATA ONTAP

Data ONTAP supports several versions of the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol on your Vserver’s CIFS server. Data ONTAP support for SMB for Vservers with FlexVol volumes and Vservers with Infinite Volumes differ. You need to be aware of which versions are supported for each type of Vserver. NFS and CIFS in Clustered DATA ONTAP

  Data ONTAP supports the following SMB versions for Vservers with FlexVol volumes and Vservers with Infinite Volumes: NFS and CIFS in Clustered DATA ONTAP

SMB versionSupported on Vservers with FlexVol volumes?Supported on Vservers with Infinite Volumes?SMB 1.0YesYesSMB 2.0YesNoSMB 2.1YesNoSMB 3.0YesNo

## Supported SMB 1.0 Functionalities

The CIFS (SMB 1.0) protocol was introduced by Microsoft for Windows clients. Data ONTAP supports the SMB 1.0 protocol on all versions of clustered Data ONTAP and on Vservers with FlexVol volumes and Vservers with Infinite Volumes. NFS and CIFS in Clustered DATA ONTAP

Over the years, Microsoft has extended the original SMB 1.0 protocol with enhancements to security, file, and disk-management features. Legacy Windows clients (pre-Windows XP) or non-Windows clients that support only SMB 1.0 can access data on the Vserver using CIFS over SMB 1.0.

## Supported SMB 2.0 Functionalities

Data ONTAP supports the following SMB 2.0 functionality:

- Durable handles Enables clients to transparently reconnect to disconnected SMB sessions after short network outages. For example, LIF failovers, LIF moves, and LIF migrations are transparent and nondisruptive for SMB 2.0 connections. NFS and CIFS in Clustered DATA ONTAP
- Compounded operations Provides a method for combining multiple SMB messages into a single network transmission request for submission to the underlying transport.
- Asynchronous operations Certain SMB commands from the clients can take a longer time for the server to process. For these commands, the CIFS server can send responses asynchronously.
- Increased read and write buffer sizes Allows for better throughput across faster networks, even those with high latency.
- Increased scalability SMB 2.0 has increased limits for number of CIFS sessions, open share connections, and open file connections.
- Increased SMB signing security Support for stronger data integrity protection through the use of the HMAC-SHA256 hash algorithm.

Data ONTAP does not support the following SMB 2.0 functionality:

- Symbolic links
- Credit system for flow control

## Supported SMB 2.1 Functionalities

- Lease oplocks Data ONTAP uses SMB 2.1 lease oplocks, which is a new client oplock leasing model that provides advantages over traditional oplocks. Lease oplocks offer more flexibility and levels in controlling the client caching. This results in significant performance improvement in high-latency and erratic networks.
- BranchCache version 1 BranchCache is a feature that delivers WAN bandwidth optimization and improved file access performance using client-side caching at remote offices. SMB 2.1 has the functional extensions needed to manage content hashes, which are used by BranchCache-enabled CIFS servers to provide clients with information about cached content.

Data ONTAP does not support the following SMB 2.1 functionality:

- Large MTU
- Resilient handles

## Supported SMB 3.0 Functionalities

- Continuously available share property A new share property that, along with persistent handles, allows SMB clients that are connected to shares that are configured to use the continuously available share property to transparently reconnect to a CIFS server following disruptive events such as failover and giveback operations.
- Persistent handles Enables clients to transparently reconnect to disconnected SMB sessions after certain disruptive events. A persistent handle is preserved after a disconnection. Persistent handles block other file opens while waiting for a reconnection. Along with the continuously available share property, persistent handles provide support for certain nondisruptive operations.
- Remote VSS for SMB shares Remote VSS (Volume Shadow Copy Service) for SMB provides the functionality that allows VSS-enabled backup services to create application-consistent volume shadow copies of VSS-aware applications that access data stored over SMB 3.0 shares.
- Witness Enables a CIFS server providing SMB shares to Hyper-V servers to promptly notify the Hyper-V servers about network failures.
- ODX copy offload ODX enables data transfers within or between ODX-enabled storage servers without transferring the data through the Windows client.
- BranchCache version 2 Provides enhanced functionality, including smaller, variable-sized content segments, which increases the reuse of existing cached content.

Data ONTAP does not support the following SMB 3.0 functionality:

- SMB Multichannel
- SMB Direct
- SMB Directory Leasing
- SMB Encryption

In addition to pNFS, NFSv4.1 provides:

Sessions
Directory Delegation and Notifications
Multi-server Namespace
access control lists and discretionary access control
Retention Attributions
SECINFO\_NO\_NAME

# :: Related Topics ::

## [Netapp NFS Troubleshooting steps](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_23.html)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** clustered data ontap, how to create CIFS share in C Mode, how to create NFS share in C mode, Network file system, NFS 4, NFS 4.1, NFS and CIFS in Clustered DATA ONTAP, server message block, SMB 1.0, SMB 2.0, SMB 2.1, SMB 3.0

---

### [Linux Learning Path 46 Ultimate Guides to Learn Linux Start as Beginner](https://arkit.co.in/linux-learning-path/)

**Published:** November 15, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Most of the people are trying to learn Linux but they are failing because they did not get all the topics in series. In this article we are going to provide you full and complete Linux Learning Path and Complete Tutorial for RHCSA and RHCE Certification Guide with practically executed with screenshots. Just follow below article / Guides one by one then learn. No need to pay single cent from your pocket, Most of the engineers they are feeling there maybe an different procedures in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 but almost same commands will work in RHEL 7 / Centos 7.

Start Learning as Beginner and become an expert, Just practice and practice multiple times that’s it you will learn.

  # Linux Learning Path is very easy

**Click on the topic to read full article**

**Basics**

1\. [Introduction to Linux](http://bit.ly/Introcudtion_to_Linux)
 2. [Linux Architecture](http://bit.ly/Linux_Architecture)
 3. [Windows Vs Linux Comparison](http://bit.ly/Windows_Vs_Linux)
 4. [Bash Shell features](http://bit.ly/bash_shell)
 5. [Linux Directory Structure](http://bit.ly/Linux_Directory_structure)
 6. [Linux Boot Process Detailed explanation](http://bit.ly/LinuXboot_process)
 7. [Basic and Common Commands](http://bit.ly/Basicommands)
 8. [All Linux Commands with there description](http://bit.ly/Linux_commands)

## System Administration Topics

Vi and Vim Text Editors for beginner explained with clear shortcut keys. Logical Volume Manager (LVM) detailed explanation.

9\. [Linux Text Editors](http://bit.ly/Text_Editors)
 10. [Linux Operating System Installation](http://bit.ly/Linux_OS_Installation)
 11. [User Profile Management](http://bit.ly/User_Profile_management)
 12. [User Administration (User Creation, Modification and deletion)](http://bit.ly/User_Administration)
 13. [Access Control List](http://bit.ly/Linux_acl)
 14. [Head, Sort, Tail, Uniq, Paste, Cut, Tr, Sed and diff commands with examples](http://bit.ly/String_commands)
 15. [Soft Link Vs Hard Link](http://bit.ly/Soft_vs_hard_link)
 16. [Search related commands Grep, find and locate](http://bit.ly/search_commands)
 17. [Task Automation using crontab and at](http://bit.ly/Linux_crontab)
 18. [File system and Creating Standard partitions](http://bit.ly/Creating_partition)
 19. [Logical Volume Manager (LVM – Part1)](http://bit.ly/Linux_LVM)
 20. [Logical Volume Manager (LVM – Part2)](http://bit.ly/Linux_LVM2)
 21. [Disk quota management](http://bit.ly/Disk_quota)
 22. [RPM / YUM](http://bit.ly/Linux_YUM)
 23.[ All RAID Levels explained](http://bit.ly/RAID_Levels)
 24. [Creating and Managing Software RAID](http://bit.ly/Manage_RAID)

## Advanced System Administration

25\. [Networking installing and configuring the Network Card](http://bit.ly/Linux_networking)
 26. [Remote Server Management](http://bit.ly/Remote_server)
 27. [Network File System (NFS)](http://bit.ly/TT_NFS)
 28. [Samba Server (SMB)](http://bit.ly/sambaServer)
 29. [File Transfer Protocol (FTP)](http://bit.ly/FileServerFTP)
 30. [Web Server / Apache (HTTPD)](http://bit.ly/WEBServer)
 31. [Mail Server configuration (SMTP)](http://bit.ly/1QopUJy)
 32. [DHCP Server installation and configuration](http://bit.ly/1HLeHQu)
 33. [DNS Server installation and configuration](http://bit.ly/1H2F7Nw)
 34. [NIS Server](http://bit.ly/1NxgsgE)
 35. [PAM](http://bit.ly/1MPioAB)
 36. [Backup and Restore](http://bit.ly/1PtQl0c)
 37. [SQUID Proxy Server](http://bit.ly/1SQUNoo)
 38. [VNC Server – Centos](http://bit.ly/1WThXAf)
 39. [Recovering ROOT Password](http://bit.ly/1kW6tuv)
 40. [Netapp MPIO installation and configuration in Linux](http://bit.ly/1O9nsTL)
 41. [Local YUM Server configuration](http://bit.ly/1lpfjBm)
 42. [Kick Start Server installation and configuration](http://bit.ly/1SQVfmw)
 43. [Process Management](http://bit.ly/1kW70fO)

## Interview Questions and Answers

After completion of learning Linux, you have to attend Interview. Below are few Interview questions and answers for you. Enjoy..!!

Part-1 [Interview questions and answers](http://bit.ly/1NRnpMv)
Level-2 [Interview questions and answers](http://bit.ly/1NtRXp9)
 [Interview questions and answers – Part3](http://bit.ly/1Sr7juF)

**File system error resolution**

[mount: Argument list too Long](http://bit.ly/1Lg4qqm)

## A Book for Linux

[ Book Linux Hands on Guide](http://bit.ly/1MeDyuH)

Linux learning path 46 Ultimate Guides to Learn Linux Start as Beginner and become an expert.

## Related Articles

[RHEL 7 / Centos 7 Complete Certification Guide](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

Thanks for the read, please do rate and comment your feedback.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56

**Tags:** apache, backup and restore, DHCP, disk quota, DNs, FTP, GREP, hard link, interview questions and answers, kick start, LVM, Mail server, netapp MPIO linux, networking, NIS, PAM, RAID, recovering root password, RPM, search commands, sed, soft link, squid proxy server, tr, uniq, vi editor, YUM

---

### [Clustered DATA ONTAP Load balancing](https://arkit.co.in/clustered-data-ontap-load-balancing/)

**Published:** November 15, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Clustered DATA ONTAP Load balancing

  You can ensure that all interfaces of a multimode interface group are equally utilized for outgoing traffic by using the IP address, MAC address, round-robin, or port-based load balancing methods to distribute network traffic equally over the network ports of a multimode interface group. The load balancing method for a multimode interface group can be specified only when the interface group is created. IP address and MAC address load balancing IP address and MAC address load balancing are the methods for equalizing traffic on multimode interface groups. Clustered DATA ONTAP Load balancing
These load balancing methods use a fast hashing algorithm on the source and destination addresses (IP address and MAC address). If the result of the hashing algorithm maps to an interface that is not in the UP link-state, the next active interface is used.

**Note:** Do not select the MAC address load balancing method when creating interface groups on a system that connects directly to a router. In such a setup, for every outgoing IP frame, the destination MAC address is the MAC address of the router. As a result, only one interface of the interface group is used.
IP address load balancing works in the same way for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

## Round-robin load balancing

You can use round-robin for load balancing multimode interface groups. You should use the round-robin option for load balancing a single connection’s traffic across multiple links to increase single connection throughput. However, this method might cause out-of-order packet delivery.

If the remote TCP endpoints do not handle TCP reassembly correctly or lack enough memory to store out-of-order packets, they might be forced to drop packets. Therefore, this might result in unnecessary retransmission’s from the storage controller.

## Port-based load balancing

You can equalize traffic on a multimode interface group based on the transport layer (TCP/UDP) ports by using the port-based load balancing method.

The port-based load balancing method uses a fast hashing algorithm on the source and destination IP addresses along with the transport layer port number.

## Related Topics

[Netapp How to’s](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/08/index_12.html)

Clustered DATA ONTAP load balancing

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** clustered data ontap load balancing, clustered load balancing, load balancing, volume moves, workload monitoring

---

### [Netapp SAN Infrastructure - Explanation](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-san-infrastructure-explanation/)

**Published:** November 17, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Netapp SAN Infrastructure – Explanation

iSCSI, which stands for Internet Small Computer System Interface, works on top of the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and allows the SCSI command to be sent end-to-end over local-area networks (LANs), wide-area networks (WANs) or the Internet.

  iSCSI stands for Internet Small Computer System Interface. SCSI (sans *i*) has long served to connect a variety of peripherals to computer systems, but most commonly it appears in storage devices, such as hard drives or tape-backup drives. iSCSI builds upon the base technology by allowing users to connect to a remote storage volume over a network, as if said storage volume were a locally attached disk. Simply put, iSCSI transmits SCSI commands over IP (Internet Protocol) networks. iSCSI is like a virtual SATA (or SCSI) cable, in that it uses a network connection to link a system and a storage volume.

Judging from that description, you may be wondering how iSCSI differs from any other network share with a mapped drive letter. On many levels, the end results are similar. With iSCSI, though, the attached volume appears to the operating system as a locally attached, block storage device that you can format with the file system of your choice. In addition, fewer layers of abstraction separate an iSCSI volume and your PC, which can result in increased performance.

Netapp SAN Infrastructure – Explanation Netapp SAN Infrastructure – Explanation Netapp SAN Infrastructure – Explanation

[Netapp How to’s](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** E series Storage, iSCSI and FCP, Netapp SAN infrastructure, Santricity

---

### [Bash Scripting Video Tutorial for Beginners](https://arkit.co.in/bash-scripting/)

**Published:** November 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Bash Scripting is method to automate regular boring stuff. Bash scripting is a simple commands executing them in correct sequence. Write the commands in sequence to do your work and execute the file using sh or .filename.sh or source shellscripting.sh in layman term it is bash scripting.

  ## what is bash scripting..?

Scripting is a group commands written in a sequence to automate regular boring stuff.

To write bash scripts we have to use Bang! (#!/bin/bash) first line of the script, which is called bash shell path to execute the script using bash.

**How to check Bash path..?**

We have to use which / whereis commands to identify the bash path.

```
[user@rhel7 ~]$ which bash
/usr/bin/bash

[user@rhel7 ~]$ whereis bash
bash: /usr/bin/bash /usr/share/man/man1/bash.1.gz
```

**what is bash ..?**

Bash is a “UNIX shell”: a command-line interface for interacting with the kernel.

Stay tune for the Next Class.

**Related Articles**

[Gather contact information of each host and service in Nagios Doesn’t have to be hard. Read this tips and tricks to make your work easier.](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/gather-contact-information-of-each-host-and-service-in-nagios/)

[Authentication token is no longer valid new one required](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/authentication-token-is-no-longer-valid-new-one-required/)

[Creating multiple users using single command](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/create-multiple-users/)

[File System Usage Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

[CPU Utilisation Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/monitor-cpu-utilization-using-shell-script/)

[Disk Space Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/disk-space-monitoring-script/)

[8 cut command practical examples explained](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/cut-command-using-with-shell-scripting/)

[Shell Scripting Class 2 Variable tips you need to learn](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/shell-scripting-class-2/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** Bash Scripting, Bash Scripting (day 1 class), how to write bash scripts, start writing bash scritps, what is bash scripting

---

### [Adding and Managing printers in Linux using lpadmin command](https://arkit.co.in/cups-lpadmin-command-examples/)

**Published:** November 20, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

**CUPS:** Common UNIX Printing System. In this article we are going to see Adding and Managing Printers in Linux Using lpadmin Command. lpadmin is a command line tool used to configure printer and managing printing queues provided by CUPS. A system running CUPS is a host that can accept print jobs from client computers, process them, and send them to the appropriate printer. It can also be used to set the server default printer or class.

This article will explain how to add a new printer, setup printer options and manage printers on Linux environment using lpadmin command. Verifying and cancelling printing jobs.

  # Adding and Managing printers in Linux using lpadmin command

**1.Installation a NEW printer**

To add new printer with the name “HYD\_SHIPPING3025” use the lpadmin command with -p option as shown below

Specifies a PostScript Printer Description file to use with the printer. If specified, this option overrides the -i option (interface script).

```
# lpadmin -p HYD_SHIPPING3025 -v socket://192.168.2.100 -P /usr/share/cups/model/HP/LaserJet-postscript.ppd
# lpstat -v 
device for HYD_SHIPPING3025: socket://192.168.2.100:9100
```

To verify the if the printer is configured correctly, you can use the command lpstat

```
# lpstat -p HYD_SHIPPING3025 -l
printer HYD_SHIPPING3025 is idle.  enabled since Thu 19 Nov 2015 10:46:35 PM PST
```

**2. PPD and log files**

**PPD:** Postscript Printer Description

Files are created by vendors describe the entire set of features and capabilities available for their postscript printers and they are usually located under /usr/share/cups/model/ directory.

\[ wp\_ad\_camp\_2\]

you have to verify the logs to identify if any printer issues and errors. Log path is below mentioned

```
# ls -l /var/log/cups/*
page_log error_log access_log
```

# **3. Configuring printer using parallel port**

To configure the printer using parallel port, use the below lpadmin command

```
# lpadmin -p HYD_SHHIPPING3025 -v parallel://dev/lp0 -m /usr/share/cups/model/DeskJet-cdj880.ppd
```

**4. Multiple printer classes**

CUPS always checks for an available printer in the order in which printers were added to a class. You can add 1 or more printers to a class and when on of the printers becomes unavailable, the other printer defined in the class handle the printer job requests.

It is not mandatory to add printers in classes. One printer class can themselves be members of other classes so it is possible for you to define printer classes for high availability for printing. Once you configure the printer class, you can print to the printer class in the same way that you point to a single printer.

**5. Add printer to class**

To add a printer to the class, use the below command

```
# lpadmin -h localhost -p HYD_SHIPPING3025 -c yourclass
```

Verify the printer class

```
# lpstat -c yourclass
```

List all the printer classes use below command

```
# lpstat -c
```

# **6. Removing printers from a Class**

To remove a printer from the class you can use the lpadmin command as shown below adding and managing printers in linux

```
# lpstat -x yourclass
members of class yourclass:
        HYD_SHIPPING3025
        HPJET1210
```

Remove HYD\_SHIPPPING3205 printer from yourclass as shown below

```
# lpadmin -p HYD_SHIPPING3025 -r yourclass
```

Once you remove it, again verify using below command whether it is removed or not

```
# lpadmin -c yourclass 
members of class yourclass:
                HPJET1210
```

**7. Delete a whole Printer Class**

Using -x option, we can remove the class.

```
# lpadmin -c yourclass
 mebers of class yourclass:
       HPJET1210
# lpadmin -x yourclass
# lpstat -c yourclass
lpstat: Unknown destionation "yourclas"!
```

Please note that the printer configuration still exists even if you removed the class

# **8. Change Printer Options**

To change the printing options for the printer, you can execute the below commands.

List all available options for the printer using lpoptions command as shown below.

```
# lpoptions -p HYD_SHIPPING3025 -l
```

**9. Change Printer Resolution**

To Change the resolution of the printer to 400x400dpi, you can use the lpadmin command as shown below

```
# lpadmin -p HYD_SHIPPING3025 -o Resolution=400x400dpi
```

Verify the options has been changed using below command

```
# lpadmin -p HYD_SHIPPING3025 -l
```

Here are the other options you can set for any printer using lpadmin with –o option as described in above example,

- job-k-limit=value – Sets the kilobyte limit for per-user quotas. The value is an integer number of kilobytes.
- job-page-limit=value – Sets the page limit for per-user quotas. The value is the integer number of pages that can be printed; double-sided pages are counted as two pages.
- job-quota-period=value – Sets the accounting period for per-user quotas. The value is an integer number of seconds.
- job-sheets-default=banner – Sets the default banner pages to use for print jobs.
- name=value – Sets a PPD option for the printer. PPD options can be listed using the -l option with the lpoptions(1) command.
- name-default=value – Sets a default server-side option for the printer.
- port-monitor=name – The specified port monitor must be listed in the printer’s PPD file.
- printer-error-policy=name – Sets the error policy to be used when the printer backend is unable to send the job to the printer.
- printer-is-shared=true/false – Sets the printer to shared/published or unshared/unpublished.
- printer-op-policy=name – Sets the IPP operation policy associated with the printer. The name must be defined in the cupsd.conf in a Policy section. The default operation policy is “default”.

# **10. Remove Printer**

To remove the printer from the printer configuration file, you can use the -x option as shown below:

```
# lpstat -v
devide for HYD_SHIPPING3025: socket://192.168.2.100:9100

# lpadmin -x HYD_SHIPPING3025

#lpstat -v
lpstat: No destination added.
```

**12. Allow/Deny User or Groups to Configure Printer Options**

You can allow the individual users or group to configure the printer options using lpadmin commands.

lpadmin command will allow the user ark to configure the printer option on HPLaserJetP3015 printer:

```
# lpadmin -p HPLaserJetP3015 -u allow:ark
```

You can also block the user from changing the settings/options or configure printer using the below command.

Following lpadmin command will deny the user ark to configure the printer option on HPLaserJetP3015 printer:

```
# lpadmin -p HPLaserJetP3015 -u deny:ark
```

If there is a group that needs to be allowed access, you can use the group name preceding with @ symbol. Multiple user names or groups can be given separated by commas.

For example, the following will allow users from sysadmin group to configure printer options.

```
# lpadmin -p HPLaserJetP3015 -u allow:@sysadmin
```

The following will deny users from developer group to configure printer options.

```
# lpadmin -p HPLaserJetP3015 -u deny:@developer
```

Stay tune for the Next article print queue management

## Your feedback is valuable to us…..

## Related Articles

[Linux Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/linux-interview-questions-and-answers/)

[How to Add printer Linux](https://arkit.co.in/add-printer-linux-adding-printer-cups-server-procedure/)

[Linux boot Process RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/linux-boot-process/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56

**Tags:** add printer to a class, adding and managing printers in linux, Adding New printer, change printer resolution, Changing printing options, configure printer on parallel port, Deny user or groups to configure printer options, multiple printer classes, PPD ang log files, remove a whole printer class, remove printer from configuration, view all available ports for printer setup

---

### [Shell Scripting Class 1 getting started shell scripting](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-class-1/)

**Published:** November 21, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Shell Scripting Class 1 article will explain to you about shell scripting write and its usage.

  # What is shell scripting..? shell scripting class 1

Normally shells are interactive. It means shell accept command from you (via keyboard) and execute them. But if you use command one by one (sequence of ‘n’ number of commands) , the you can store this sequence of command to text file and tell the shell to execute this text file instead of entering the commands. This is know as shell script.

**Shell script defined as:**
 “Shell Script is series of command written in plain text file. Shell script is just like batch file is MS-DOS but have more power than the MS-DOS batch file.”

**How to use Shell**

To use shell (You start to use your shell as soon as you log into your system) you have to simply type commands.

**How to write shell script**

Following steps are required to write shell script:

1. Use any editor like vi or nano to write shell script.
2. After writing shell script set execute permission for your script as follows

 **syntax:**

```
chmod permission your-script-name
```

Examples:

```
 $ chmod +x your-script-name
 $ chmod 755 your-script-name
```

**Note:** This will set read write execute(7) permission for owner, for group and other permission is read and execute only(5).

(3) Execute your script as

**syntax:**

```
 bash your-script-name
 sh your-script-name
 ./your-script-name
```

Examples:

```
$ bash bar
$ sh bar
$ ./bar
```

**NOTE:** In the last syntax ./ means current directory, But only . (dot) means execute given command file in current shell without starting the new copy of shell, The syntax for . (dot) command is as follows

```
Syntax:
 . command-name
```

Example:

```
$ . foo
```

Now you are ready to write first shell script that will print “Knowledge is Power” on screen.

your feedback is valuable to us … shell scripting class 1

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[cut command 8 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/cut-command-using-with-shell-scripting/)

[Shell Scripting Class 2 variables](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/shell-scripting-class-2/)

[All Scripting Classes](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** how to use shell, How to write shell script, Shell Scripting Class 1, what is shell scripting

---

### [Shell Scripting Class 2 Variable tips you need to learn](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-class-2/)

**Published:** November 21, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

We will learn shell scripting class 2, To create a variable, put a line in your script that contains the name of the variable followed immediately by an equal sign (“=”). No spaces are allowed. After the equal sign, assign the information you wish to store in variable.

## Shell scripting Class 2 Variable rules

- Names must start with a letter special characters are not allowed.
- Spaces are not allowed you have to use underscore in place of space.
- You cannot use punctuation marks.

  # Variables in Shell Shell Scripting Class 2

To process our data/information, data must be kept in computers RAM memory. RAM memory is divided into small locations, and each location had unique number called memory location/address, which is used to hold our data. Programmer can give a unique name to this memory location/address called memory variable or variable (Its a named storage location that may take different values, but only one at a time).

In Linux (Shell), there are two types of variable:

1. System variables – Created and maintained by Linux itself. This type of variable defined in CAPITAL LETTERS.
2. User defined variables (UDV) – Created and maintained by user. This type of variable defined in lower letters.

**Variable Example**

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# sh variable.sh
What is Your Name..??

[root@Techtutorials ~]# cat variable.sh
#!/bin/bash
## Shell Scripting Variable
WIYN="What is Your Name..??"
echo "$WIYN"
```

your feedback is valuable to us…

**Related Articles**

[What is shell scripting](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/shell-scripting-class-1/)

[Bash Scripting](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/bash-scripting/)

[What is shell and shell scripting](https://arkit.co.in/linux/what-is-a-shell-shell-script/)

[Print given range of lines using awk, perl and python](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/print-given-range-of-lines-using-awk-perl-head-tail-and-python/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** how to define variable in shell script, what is variable

---

### [Role Based Access Control - RBAC Netapp Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/role-based-access-control-rbac/)

**Published:** November 22, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Role Based Access Control – RBAC. Basically whenever we would like to create user in Netapp cluster mode, Create a role and assign capabilities. Map roles to users.

[![RBAC Role based access control](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/RBAC-1-300x160.jpg "RBAC - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/RBAC-1.jpg)  RBAC

As you see above screen based on Access level we add capabilities to role and map created role to group. Create users and add them to group so that assigned capabilities will be applicable to members of group. Above mentioned role based access control is applicable only in 7-Mode DATA ONTAP.

In DATA ONTAP Cluster mode groups are eliminated. We just create an role and assign role directly to user.

## **Creating Role and assign** **capabilities – Role Based Access Control**

```
ArkCluster::> security login role create -role AdminRole -vserver ArkCluster -cmddirname "volume" -access all
```

above command will create role called AdminRole and assign volume directory permission so that AdminRole can only execute volume level command

```
ArkCluster::> security login role show -vserver ArkCluster -role AdminRole
 Role Command/ Access
Vserver Name Directory Query Level
---------- ------------- --------- ----------------------------------- --------
ArkCluster AdminRole DEFAULT none
ArkCluster AdminRole volume all

2 entries were displayed.
```

To create role with all the privileges like admin we have to enable DEFAULT all. To modify the role we have to use below command

**Modify Role**

```
ArkCluster::> security login role modify -role AdminRole -cmddirname "DEFAULT" all
```

**Delete Role**

Below command will delete capability volume from role AdminRole

```
ArkCluster::> security login role delete -role AdminRole -cmddirname volume -vserver ArkCluster
ArkCluster::> security login role show
 Role Command/ Access
Vserver Name Directory Query Level
---------- ------------- --------- ----------------------------------- --------
ArkCluster AdminRole DEFAULT all
ArkCluster AdminRole security login password all
```

**Create User and Assign role**

Users are segregated into 8 types in Netapp Cluster mode to simplify there purpose

- **Console** – To access console
- **http** – To access via web using browser GUI
- **ontapi** – To access via system manager application
- **rsh** – To access using RSH protocol (Prefer to collect perf data)
- **service-processor** – To get service processor access here there is no -Vserver name required (SP/RLM)
- **snmp** – SNMP access per monitoring Netapp
- **ssh** – Access filer via SSH (CLI)
- **telnet** – Telnet is an old technology which is not secure but still we can access Netapp node via telnet (CLI)

```
ArkCluster::> security login create ravi -application ssh -authmethod password -role AdminRole -vserver ArkCluster -comment "Ravi Netapp Admin"

Please enter a password for user 'ravi':
Please enter it again:
```

Above command will create an user ravi and assign role AdminRole in vserver ArkCluster

User authentication can be multiple types

- **cert** – SSL certificate authentication
- **community** – SNMP community strings
- **domain** – Active Directory authentication
- **nsswitch** – LDAP or NIS authentication
- **password** – Password
- **publickey** – Public-key authentication
- **usm** – SNMP user security model. Refer to “security snmpusers” man page for more details.

## **Delete User**

```
ArkCluster::> security login delete -user-or-group-name ravi -application ssh -authmethod password -vserver ArkCluster

Warning: Unable to list entries on node ArkCluster-01. Database is not open.

ArkCluster::> security login show

Vserver: ArkCluster
 Authentication Acct
User/Group Name Application Method Role Name Locked
---------------- ----------- -------------- ---------------- ------
admin console password admin no
admin http password admin no
admin ontapi password admin no
admin service-processor
 password admin no
admin ssh password admin no
autosupport console password autosupport no

Error: show failed: database is not open
6 entries were displayed.
```

# CLI commands for creating SVM roles

Command directory nameCommand to be runadduser -cmddirname “adduser” -vserver SVM1 event generate-autosupport-log -cmddirname “event generate-autosupport-log” -vserver SVM1fcp -cmddirname “fcp” -vserver SVM1 iscsi -cmddirname “iscsi” -vserver SVM1lun comment -cmddirname “lun comment” -vserver SVM1lun create -cmddirname “lun create” -vserver SVM1lun delete -cmddirname “lun delete” -vserver SVM1lun geometry -cmddirname “lun geometry” -vserver SVM1lun igroup add -cmddirname “lun igroup add” -vserver SVM1lun igroup create -cmddirname “lun igroup create” -vserver SVM1lun igroup set -cmddirname “lun igroup set” -vserver SVM1lun igroup show -cmddirname “lun igroup show” -vserver SVM1lun map -cmddirname “lun map” -vserver SVM1lun mapped show -cmddirname “lun mapped show” -vserver SVM1lun modify -cmddirname “lun modify” -vserver SVM1lun move -cmddirname “lun move” -vserver SVM1lun offline -cmddirname “lun offline” -vserver SVM1 lun online -cmddirname “lun online” -vserver SVM1lun resize -cmddirname “lun resize”-vserver SVM1lun show -cmddirname “lun show” -vserver SVM1lun unmap -cmddirname “lun unmap” -vserver SVM1network -cmddirname “network” -vserver SVM1network connections -cmddirname “network connections” -vserver SVM1network connections active -cmddirname “network connections active” -vserver SVM1network connections listening show -cmddirname “network connections listening show” -vserver SVM1network interface -cmddirname “network interface” -vserver SVM1network routing-groups -cmddirname “network routing-groups” -vserver SVM1nfs -cmddirname “nfs” -vserver SVM1options -cmddirname “options” -vserver SVM1restore-file -cmddirname “restore-file” -vserver SVM1snapmirror -cmddirname “snapmirror” -vserver SVM1version -cmddirname “version” -vserver SVM1volume -cmddirname “volume”volume autosize -cmddirname “volume autosize” -vserver SVM1volume clone -cmddirname “volume clone” -vserver SVM1volume clone create -cmddirname “volume clone create” -vserver SVM1volume create -cmddirname “volume create” -vserver SVM1volume destroy -cmddirname “volume destroy” -vserver SVM1volume efficiency off -cmddirname “volume efficiency off” -vserver SVM1 volume efficiency on -cmddirname “volume efficiency on” -vserver SVM1volume efficiency start -cmddirname “volume efficiency start” -vserver SVM1volume efficiency show -cmddirname “volume efficiency show” -vserver SVM1volume file -cmddirname “volume file” -vserver SVM1 volume file clone -cmddirname “volume file clone” -vserver SVM1 volume file clone create -cmddirname “volume file clone create” -vserver SVM1volume modify -cmddirname “volume modify” -vserver SVM1volume mount -cmddirname “volume mount” -vserver SVM1volume offline -cmddirname “volume offline” -vserver SVM1volume show -cmddirname “volume show” -vserver SVM1volume size -cmddirname “volume size” -vserver SVM1volume snapshot create -cmddirname “volume snapshot create” -vserver SVM1volume snapshot delete -cmddirname “volume snapshot delete” -vserver SVM1volume snapshot restore -cmddirname “volume snapshot restore” -vserver SVM1volume unmount -cmddirname “volume unmount” -vserver SVM1vserver export-policy rule show -cmddirname “vserver export-policy rule show” -vserver SVM1 vserver export-policy show -cmddirname “vserver export-policy show” -vserver SVM1vserver fcp initiator show -cmddirname “vserver fcp initiator show” -vserver SVM1vserver fcp show -cmddirname “vserver fcp show” -vserver SVM1vserver fcp status -cmddirname “vserver fcp status” -vserver SVM1 vserver iscsi connection show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi connection show” -vserver SVM1vserver iscsi interface accesslist add -cmddirname “vserver iscsi interface accesslist add” -vserver SVM1vserver iscsi interface accesslist show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi interface accesslist show” -vserver SVM1vserver iscsi isns
query -cmddirname “vserver iscsi isns query” -vserver SVM1vserver iscsi nodename -cmddirname “vserver iscsi nodename” -vserver SVM1vserver iscsi session show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi session show” -vserver SVM1 vserver iscsi show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi show” -vserver SVM1vserver iscsi status -cmddirname “vserver iscsi status” -vserver SVM1vserver nfs status -cmddirname “vserver nfs status” -vserver SVM1vserver services dns hosts show -cmddirname “vserver services dns hosts show” -vserver SVM1vserver services unix-group create -cmddirname “vserver services unix-group create” -vserver SVM1vserver services unix-group show -cmddirname “vserver services unix-group show” -vserver SVM1vserver services unix-user create -cmddirname “vserver services unix-user create” -vserver SVM1vserver services unix-user show -cmddirname “vserver services unix-user show” -vserver SVM1

# CLI commands for creating cluster roles

Command directory nameCommand to be runcluster identity show -cmddirname “cluster identity show” -vserver ArkClusterevent -cmddirname “event” -vserver ArkClusterevent config -cmddirname “event config” -vserver ArkClusterevent destination -cmddirname “event destination” -vserver ArkClusterevent log -cmddirname “event log” -vserver ArkCluster
event mailhistory -cmddirname “event mailhistory” -vserver ArkClusterevent route -cmddirname “event route” -vserver ArkClusterevent snmphistory -cmddirname “event snmphistory” -vserver ArkClusterevent status -cmddirname “event status” -vserver ArkClusterfcp -cmddirname “fcp” -vserver Snapcreator -vserver ArkClusteriscsi -cmddirname “iscsi” -vserver Snapcreator -vserver ArkClusterlun comment -cmddirname “lun comment” -vserver ArkClusterlun create -cmddirname “lun create” -vserver ArkClusterlun delete -cmddirname “lun delete” -vserver ArkClusterlun geometry -cmddirname “lun geometry” -vserver ArkClusterlun igroup add -cmddirname “lun igroup add” -vserver ArkClusterlun igroup create -cmddirname “lun igroup create” -vserver ArkClusterlun igroup set -cmddirname “lun igroup set” -vserver ArkClusterlun igroup show -cmddirname “lun igroup show” -vserver ArkClusterlun map -cmddirname “lun map” -vserver ArkClusterlun mapped show -cmddirname “lun mapped show” -vserver ArkClusterlun modify -cmddirname “lun modify” -vserver ArkClusterlun move -cmddirname “lun move” -vserver ArkClusterlun offline -cmddirname “lun offline” -vserver ArkClusterlun online -cmddirname “lun online” -vserver ArkClusterlun resize -cmddirname “lun resize” -vserver ArkClusterlun show -cmddirname “lun show” -vserver ArkClusterlun unmap -cmddirname “lun unmap” -vserver ArkClusternetwork -cmddirname “network” -vserver ArkClusternetwork fcp adapter show -cmddirname “network fcp adapter show” -vserver ArkClusternetwork interface show -cmddirname “network interface show” -vserver ArkClusternfs -cmddirname “nfs” -vserver Snapcreator -vserver ArkClusteroptions -cmddirname “options” -vserver ArkClustersecurity login role show -cmddirname “security login role show” -vserver ArkClustersecurity login show -cmddirname “security login show” -vserver ArkClustersnapmirror -cmddirname “snapmirror” -vserver ArkClusterstorage aggregate -cmddirname “storage aggregate” -vserver ArkClustersystem license show -cmddirname “system license show” -vserver ArkClustersystem node -cmddirname “system node” -vserver ArkClustersystem node autosupport -cmddirname “system node autosupport” -vserver ArkClustersystem node autosupport invoke -cmddirname “system node autosupport invoke” -vserver ArkClustersystem node show -cmddirname “system node show” -vserver ArkClustersystem node run -cmddirname “system node run” -vserver ArkClustersystem services ndmp -cmddirname “system services ndmp” -vserver ArkClusterversion -cmddirname “version” -vserver ArkClusterversionsecurity login role create -role bainew1 -vserver SnapCreator -cmddirname “version” -access readonlyvserver export-policy rule create -cmddirname “vserver export-policy rule create” -vserver ArkClustervserver export-policy rule show -cmddirname “vserver export-policy rule show” -vserver ArkClustervserver export-policy show -cmddirname “vserver export-policy show” -vserver ArkClustervserver fcp initiator show -cmddirname “vserver fcp initiator show” -vserver ArkClustervserver fcp show -cmddirname “vserver fcp show” -vserver ArkClustervserver fcp status -cmddirname “vserver fcp status” -vserver ArkClustervserver iscsi connection show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi connection show” -vserver ArkClustervserver iscsi interface accesslist add -cmddirname “vserver iscsi interface accesslist add” -vserver ArkClustervserver iscsi interface accesslist show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi interface accesslist show” -vserver ArkClustervserver iscsi nodename -cmddirname “vserver iscsi nodename” -vserver ArkClustervserver iscsi session show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi session” show -vserver ArkClustervserver iscsi show -cmddirname “vserver iscsi show” -vserver ArkClustervserver iscsi status -cmddirname “vserver iscsi status” -vserver ArkClustervserver nfs status -cmddirname “vserver nfs status” -vserver ArkClustervserver services unix-group create -cmddirname “vserver services unix-group create” -vserver ArkClustervserver services unix-user create -cmddirname “vserver services unix-user create” -vserver ArkClustervserver services unix-group show -cmddirname “vserver services unix-group show” -vserver ArkClustervserver services unix-user show -cmddirname “vserver services unix-user show” -vserver ArkClustervserver show -cmddirname “vserver show” -vserver ArkClustervolume autosize -cmddirname “volume autosize” -vserver ArkClustervolume clone create -cmddirname “volume clone create” -vserver ArkClustervolume create -cmddirname “volume create” -vserver ArkClustervolume destroy -cmddirname “volume destroy” -vserver ArkClustervolume efficiency off -cmddirname “volume efficiency off” -vserver ArkClustervolume efficiency on -cmddirname “volume efficiency on” -vserver ArkClustervolume efficiency show -cmddirname “volume efficiency show” -vserver ArkClustervolume efficiency start -cmddirname “volume efficiency start” -vserver ArkClustervolume file -cmddirname “volume file” -vserver ArkClustervolume file clone create -cmddirname “volume file clone create” -vserver ArkClustervolume file
show-disk-usagerole create -role bainew1 -vserver SnapCreator -cmddirname “volume
file show-disk-usage” -access allvolume modify -cmddirname “volume modify” -vserver ArkClustervolume offline -cmddirname “volume offline” -vserver ArkClustervolume show -cmddirname “volume show” -vserver ArkClustervolume size -cmddirname “volume size” -vserver ArkClustervolume snapshot create -cmddirname “volume snapshot
create” -vserver ArkClustervolume un-mount -cmddirname “volume unmount” -vserver ArkCluster

## Conclusion

In Netapp Cluster mode there is no group concept just directly create an role and assign role to user. Capabilities will be added to role.

**Related Articles**

**[Adding Cluster ports to Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/adding-cluster-ports-to-netapp-fas-controller/)**

**[Data Migration from 7-Mode Netapp to Cluster mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/data-migration-from-7-mode-to-c-mode-netapp/)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** NCSA, Netapp certified Storage Associate, RBAC, Role Based Access Control - RBAC

---

### [Mail me when someone runs command using sudo - Linux Security](https://arkit.co.in/mail-me-when-someone-runs-sudo-linux-security/)

**Published:** November 23, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

There is situation that i wanted to monitor all the sudo users activity, Whenever they type an command using sudo i should get an email. This is very important when your working as a Linux Security Administrator / Security analyst. As a Linux Administrator you should have an evidence to prove somebody is screed up something in your environment. Mail me when someone runs command using sudo Linux Security Feature.

Restrict your Administrator’s to use sudo for all the important commands by writing an restriction in /etc/sudoers file then change the permission of the /etc/sudoers to 600 using root. No user will able to see the

  ## :: Prerequisites ::

1. Restrict users by adding restrictions to /etc/sudoers
2. Create an distribution list and add that to configuration – because every time we are not going to modify config file

## Mail me when someone runs command using sudo – Linux Security

Most of the time what we will do is we will provide an full rights to the administrator based an there designation and level of exportation, but we don’t know what he / she is doing an the production environment. In order to monitor the typed commands with sudo, We have to add below lines to the configuration file.

Add the entry to the /etc/sudoers as mentioned below, It will send you an alert whenever user type the command using sudo. Providing the the path of the log file it will save an every executed command as shown in below:

```
~]# vi /etc/sudoers
###### Get every alert when user fired an command with sudo ####
Defaults        syslog=auth, insults, syslog_goodpri=alert
Defaults        logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
Defaults        timestamp_timeout=0, log_year, tty_tickets
Defaults        mailto="aravikumar48@gmail.com", mail_always, mail_badpass, mail_no_user
```

Some times we need an exceptional cases that we don’t want to get alert when particular user types and commands with sudo before the command.

- **mail\_always** Send mail to the mailto user every time a users runs sudo. This flag is off by default.
- **mail\_badpass** Send mail to the mailto user if the user running sudo does not enter the correct password. This flag is off by default.
- **mail\_no\_host** If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user exists in the sudoers file, but is not allowed to run commands on the current host. This flag is off by default.
- **mail\_no\_perms** If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is allowed to use sudo but the command they are trying is not listed in their sudoers file entry or is explicitly denied. This flag is off by default.
- **mail\_no\_user** If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is not in the sudoers file. This flag is on by default.
- **noexec** If set, all commands run via sudo will behave as if the NOEXEC tag has been set, unless overridden by a EXEC tag. See the description of NOEXEC and EXEC below as well as the “PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES” section at the end of this manual. This flag is off by default.

we have to modify the configuration as shown in below.

```
~]#vi /etc/sudoers
User_Alias NoMail = goodboy, goodgirl
User_Alias MailUsers = ALL, !NoMail

Defaults           mailto="aravikumar48@gmail.com"
Defaults:MailUsers mail_always
Defaults:NoMail    !mail_badpass
```

Where User\_Alias NoMail it will not send a mail for that specified users.

That’s it About Mail Me When someone Runs Command using sudo.

Your feedback is valuable to us….

## Related Articles

[Upgrade Kernel Version to Stable Latest](https://arkit.co.in/upgrade-kernel-version-on-rhel-7/)

[Shrink LVM volume](https://arkit.co.in/reduce-lvm-partition-size-linux/)

[Youtube Link](https://www.youtube.com/user/redhatark/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** get email alert for sudo, how to monitor sudo user activity, Mail me when someone runs command using sudo, mail me when someone runs sudo, sudo command mails configuration

---

### [Storage System Maintenance - NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/storage-system-maintenance/)

**Published:** November 24, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Storage System Maintenance – NCSA – Getting storage maintenance windows is very CRITICAL task for Storage Administrators. Most of the firmware updates can be applied on the fly does not required any down time.

Some times we have to shutdown / bring down the storage controllers because of power outage, yet that time what we have to check in-order shutdown and bring them back without any issues.

  - Migrate workloads off storage (disconnect all applications)
- Verify Cluster status before shutdown
- Physical inspection (verify connectivity)
- Hard-disk scan (Disk shelf check)
- Event-log alerts or trends

## Storage System Maintenance – NCSA

Whenever a disk failed then we have to replace a failed disk but how we will know that there is an disk failed in Filer, We have to enable the autosupport feature and configure it correctly then we will get an alert this alert will also automatically send to Netapp support then Netapp Hardware support team will initiate an ticket then they will immediately ship an NEW drive based on your registered address and contact info.

## [How to configure the autosupport See Here](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/how-to-configure-netapp-autosupport.html)

Before they send an HDD to the site we should have at least two spare drives in system as well as two spare drive in our Datacenter. We may now know sometime frequent disks may fail within 4 to 5 hours of time, in that emergency situation we don’t want to loose any production data. We will replace failed drive immediately.

## [How to Replace an Failed Drive in 7 mode See Guide Here](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/how-to-replace-failed-disk-netapp.html)

Actually we can’t shutdown filers but we have to halt them instead. Before halting the Filer / Controller we have to do below steps

1. Stop all the applications Like Databases, Web Applications and all before halting Disk I/O should be zero
2. Terminate CIFS connections / sessions
3. Stop NFS shares
4. Disable / Stop Snapmirror replication when it is idle
5. Ensure there is no Backup application dependence
6. UnMap all the snapshots / Flexclones

First Power down all the Disk shelf’s

Halt First node if it in cluster

Next node halt

After completion of halting both the nodes remove the power

Thanks for the read.

**Related Articles**

[df command Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/df-command-netapp-cluster-mode-awesome-examples/)

[NCSA Exam practice paper](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/netapp-certified-storage-associate-practice-exam/)

[Creating Netapp Cluster mode Password less SSH connection](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/password-less-ssh-connection-to-clustered-data-ontap-using-key/)

[Characterising Netapp Workloads](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/characterizing-workloads-in-netapp/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** How to act an emergency situation, How to configure autosupport feature, how to replace failed disk, Save production data

---

### [IPV4 Address Classification - Video Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/ipv4-address-classification-video-tutorial/)

**Published:** November 24, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

IPV4 Address Classification – Video Tutorial

## IPv4 Address Classification

- Bit is represented by 0 or 1 (i.e. binary)
- IP Address in binary from 32bits
- 32bits divided into 4 octets
- Explained IP Address classes and there ranges

 The Network Information Center of Mexico (NIC.MX, for its acronym in English) proposes extending the second phase of exhaustion of the email addresses that work with the Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), so let them know during the recent meeting of the Internet Address Registry for Latin America and the Caribbean (LACNIC).

  The proposal suggests that each year, large users of 1/15 returned IPv4 blocks allocated by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) operating under this protocol.

The extension would double the space allocated for the second phase of exhaustion, so that the availability of IPv4 addresses for the current members would be facilitated.

The representatives of NIC.MX claimed in his presentation that this modification must be realized immediately, arguing that-be disregarded this warning-available addresses would be exhausted in the month of October 2015.

Phase 2 Exhaustion of IPv4 in Latin America is about to be completed, meaning that no additional addresses will be assigned under this format to the current members, which will complicate the situation of those who have not yet migrated their systems to Internet Protocol version 6.

**Related Articles**

[Advanced Ethernet Networking](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/advanced-ethernet-networking/)

[Communication using Network](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/communication-using-a-network/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** Cisco certified Network Administrator, computer networking, Convert binary number to IP Address, Convert IP Address to binary, How many IP's in IPV4, What is IPV4

---

### [Introduction to the Linux - Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-the-linux-centos-7/)

**Published:** November 25, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Introduction to the Linux – Centos 7

Introduction to the Linux – Centos 7 Introduction to the Linux – Centos 7

  ## The Laundry List
So here is a quick list of some of the other major changes/updates in CentOS 7:

Kernel updated to 3.10.0

Open VMware Tools and 3D graphics drivers out of the box – I can confirm this works great!

OpenJDK-7 as default JDK (nice upgrade but its time to give up on the OpenJDK, its just too far behind to be used in the enterprise)

In Place Upgrade from 6.5 to 7.0 (this one is iffy, even in pretty vanilla installs, you can tell this is a new process for them because its full of issues, still better to bite the bullet and do a fresh install if at all possible)

XFS as default file system (quite honestly I am a bit flabbergasted at this decision, we will be exploring this in a later article)

iSCSI and FCoE in kernel space (iSCSI target needs work but it ‘works’)

Support for 40G Ethernet Cards (an enterprise nice to have)

Supports installations in UEFI Secure Boot mode on compatible hardware (important on our increasingly secure desktop systems)

## [Other links](http://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/04/linux-introduction.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** Centos7, Introduction to Linux, Introduction to the Linux - Centos 7, Linuz trovalds, what is Linux

---

### [File System Hierarchy - Centos 7 explained in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/file-system-hierarchy-centos-7/)

**Published:** November 25, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# File System Hierarchy – Centos 7

File System Hierarchy – Centos 7

  [A Detailed article about file system hierarchy](http://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/08/linux-directory-structure.html)

Your feedback is more valuable to us

File System Hierarchy – Centos 7

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** Centos File System Hierarchy, File System Hierarchy

---

### [Centos Build Your Lab on Virtual](https://arkit.co.in/class3-centos-build-your-lab-on-virtual/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos Build Your Lab on Virtual

Centos Build Your Lab on Virtual

## [More Video tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

Please do comment your feedback

  # Keywords

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

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**Categories:** Centos

**Tags:** Build Your Lab on Virtual

---

### [Centos Install Virtual Box on Windows](https://arkit.co.in/centos-install-virtual-box-on-windows/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos Install Virtual Box on Windows

Centos Install Virtual Box on Windows

  # [More video tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos

**Tags:** Centos Install Virtual Box on Windows

---

### [Centos Create your First Virtual Machine](https://arkit.co.in/centos-create-your-first-virtual-machine/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos Create your First Virtual Machine

Centos Create your First Virtual Machine

  Centos Create your First Virtual Machine

[please comment your feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

# Keywords

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos

**Tags:** Centos Create your First Virtual Machine

---

### [Centos 7 Installation Part 1 in virtual Box](https://arkit.co.in/centos-7-installation/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos 7 Installation Part 1 in virtual Box

Centos 7 Installation

  [please comment your feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

# Keywords

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** Centos 7 Installation Part 1 in virtual Box

---

### [Centos 7 Installation Part 2 in Virtual Box](https://arkit.co.in/centos-7-installation-part-2-in-virtual-box/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos 7 Installation Part 2 in Virtual Box

Centos 7 Installation

  # [please comment your feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

# Keywords

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** Centos 7 Installation Part 2 in Virtual Box

---

### [Centos 7 Start the Centos](https://arkit.co.in/centos-7-start-the-centos/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos 7 Start the Centos

Centos 7 Start the Centos

  [please do comment your feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

# keywords

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** Centos 7 Start the Centos

---

### [Centos 7 ls Command to List files and Directories](https://arkit.co.in/centos-7-ls-command/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos 7 ls Command to List files and Directories

Centos 7 ls Command

  [Please do comment your feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** Centos 7 ls Command to List files and Directories

---

### [Centos 7 cd Command to move in between directories](https://arkit.co.in/centos-7-cd-command/)

**Published:** November 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Centos 7 cd Command to move in between directories

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  # [Keywords](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** Centos 7 cd Command to move in between directories

---

### [Password less authentication to run scripts an remote server - Linux](https://arkit.co.in/password-less-authentication-for-running-remote-server-scripts/)

**Published:** November 30, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Password less authentication to run scripts an remote server – Linux. When you want to execute commands in multiple servers yet the same time you can simply write shell scripts and run, but when your running it will ask for remote server user name and password. Typing each and every server credentials there is no need of writing shell scripts in that case. To avoid such a kind of situations simply make password less authentication (Key based authentication).

Public Key Authentication password less authentication

  **Background Information:** Public key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography uses two keys, each of which can be used to encrypt a message. If one key is used to encrypt a message, then the other must be used to decrypt it. This makes it possible to receive secure messages by simply publishing one key (the public key) and keeping the other secret (the private key).

Anyone may encrypt a message using the public key, but only the owner of the private key is able to read it. In this way, Alice may send private messages to the owner of a key-pair (the bank) by encrypting it using their public key. Only the bank can decrypt it.

## Password Less Authentication (Key Based Authentication)
 SSH pubkey authorization

**Step 1**
Make yourself a pubkey/privkey pair:

```
$ ssh-keygen -t dsa
```

**Step 2**
Rename the pubkey to authorized\_keys:

```
$ cd ~/.ssh 
$ mv id_dsa.pub authorized_keys
```

**Step 3**
Scp the authorized\_keys file into ~/.ssh/ on all machines you want to be able to connect to. you can also use below mentioned command to copy the pubkey to remote host.

```
$ ssh-copy-id 
```

**Step 4**
Run the ssh-agent and load your private key into it. Use the following script, which is called “sshrun”, to do that.

```
#!/bin/sh eval `ssh-agent` ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_dsa bash ssh-agent -k exec clear
```

**Step 5**
Try ssh into one of the boxes in question. If it doesn’t let you in without a password, it’s probably a file or directory permissions problem.

You feedback is valuable to us…

## Conclusion

Key based authentication is the mostly used handy method to run shell scripts on multiple servers and more secure then credential method.

[Click Here for Video Tutorials](https://www.youtube.com/user/redhatark)

## Related Articles

[ClusterSSH Helps you to run same command in multi hosts](https://arkit.co.in/clusterssh-run-command-multiple-servers-cssh/)

[subversion server setup RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/subversion-server-setup-linux-svn/)

[Network Security and Protocols](https://arkit.co.in/network-security-and-protocols/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** Password less authentication, Password less authentication to run scripts an remote server - Linux, rsa key, ssh-keygen

---

### [Communication using a Network Video Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/communication-using-a-network/)

**Published:** December 1, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Communication using a Network – The basic reason behind the development of networks is to share data and resources between the interconnected nodes, For connecting the nodes, a hardware device called Network interface Card (NIC) is used. There are certain principles of data communication to be followed during communication.

## Communication using a Network

MAC ADDRESS: A media access control address (MAC address), also called physical address, is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment.

  An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: “A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.”

The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number\[1\] and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998,\[4\] and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.

IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (IPv6).

 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries (Internet service providers) and other entities.

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**Related Articles**

[Network Protocols – Encapsulation and Decapsulation](https://arkit.co.in/network-protocols-encapsulation/)

[IPv4 Address Classification](https://arkit.co.in/ipv4-address-classification-video-tutorial/)

[Advanced Ether Networking concepts](https://arkit.co.in/advanced-ethernet-networking/)

**[Download Free E-Book iphone secrets](http://arkit-it.tradepub.com/free/w_wile34/?p=w_wile34)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** Communication using a Network, computer networking, difference between MAC and IP, MAC address bit explanation, MAC vs IP

---

### [Network Protocols - Encapsulation and Decapsulation](https://arkit.co.in/network-protocols-encapsulation/)

**Published:** December 4, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Network protocols are a predefined set of rules, which govern the transfer of data and communication between the computers connected in a network.

Protocols regulate the type of network access method, compression techniques while transferring data, the topologies, the cabling methods and even the speed of data transfer.

  ## Network Protocols – Encapsulation and decapsulation

**In this lesson, you learn will learn**

Network Protocols – encapsulation and decapsulation

1\. Network protocols are a set of predefined rules
 2. They are used by devices to communicate with each other
 3. Different Network protocols are NetBIOS/NetBEUI, TCP/IP and IPX/SPX
 4. NetBIOS protocol operate at the session layer of the OSI model
 5. NetBIOS provides Name service, Session service and datagram service
 6. Name service allows an application to register its NetBIOS name
 7. Session service is a connection-oriented service for data transfer
 8. In Datagram service, data is transferred in the form of datagrams
 9. NetBIOS name resolution maps NetBIOS names to IP Address
 10. Methods are NetBIOS Name Server, NetBIOS name cache and local Broadcast
 11. NetBEUI is supported by LAN manager, LAN Server, Windows 95 and NT
 12. TCP/IP is a five-layer protocol suite developed before the OSI model
 13. TCP is connection-oriented process-to-process transport layer protocol
 14. IP is responsible for source-to-destination delivery
 15. Packets in IP layer are called datagrams consisting of data and header
 16. Fragmentation is the devision of the datagram into smaller units
 17. ARP protocol returns physical address when logical address is known
 18. RARP protocol returns logical address when physical address is known
 19. ICMP protocol is used to send error and control messages
 20. Two types of ICMP messages are Error-reporting and Query messages
 21. IGMP protocol governs the management of multicast groups in a Network
 22.Three IGMP messages are Query, Membership Report and Leave Report
 23. UDP protocol operates at the transport layer

## [For More Videos](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

**Related Articles**

[Describe various Protocols](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/describing-various-protocols/)

[Troubleshooting Networking devices and testing using tools](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/troubleshooting-networking-devices-testing/)

[Network Security and protocols explained in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/network-security-and-protocols/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** computer Networking course, decapsulation, encapsulation, ICMP protocol, IGMP protocol, IPX/SPX, Network Protocols, Networking video tutorial, osi model, queuing, TCP/Ip Protocol

---

### [8 cut command - using with shell scripting practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/cut-command-using-with-shell-scripting/)

**Published:** December 6, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

8 cut command is used to process the text. You can use this command to extract portion of text from a file by selecting columns. The cut utility is a great of the UNIX / Linux philosophy of “do one thing and do it well”. cut just cuts lines of test, base on a (single character) delimiter.

  There are two basic forms in which cut is generally used:

for this article I am using the sample text file for demo.

```
[root@NagiosServer temp]# cat test.txt
Tech tutorials is a website where you can learn lot og things like
computer hardware, computer networking: Linux; SAN, NAS, DAS
so many certifications and gaining knowledge freely
```

## 1. Print particular character cut command

```
[root@NagiosServer temp]# cat test.txt |cut -c 1
T
c
s
```

see the above example, as I used to -c option to print the particular character from all the lines. -c 1 means it will print first character of all the lines in the file.

-c option will specify the characters.

## 2. Printing range of characters

```
[root@NagiosServer temp]# cat test.txt |cut -c1-5
Tech
compu
so ma
```

We can also cut the number of characters using range like 1-5. See the above example printing 1 to 5 number of characters.

## 3. Print except given range of characters

This below example is tricky, I would like to print an lines without given range of characters from Start. See example below.

```
[root@NagiosServer temp]# cut -c5- test.txt
 tutorials is a website where you can learn lot og things like
uter hardware, computer networking: Linux; SAN, NAS, DAS
any certifications and againing knowledge freely
```

in above command it is printed all the lines and excluded 1to5 characters from start of the lines.

## 4. Select Specific Filed from a file

To print the specific fields using cut command we have to use -f and -d options. Using -f option we can specify the field number to print. -d option we can specify delimiter.

The following example displays only first field of each lines from /etc/passwd file using the field delimiter : (colon). In this case, the 1st field is the username. The file

```
[root@NagiosServer temp]# cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
sync
shutdown
halt
mail
```

## 5. Select multiple fields from a file

You can also print multiple fields from a file. see the example below

```
[root@NagiosServer temp]# cat /etc/passwd |grep root

**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** cut command, cut command - using with shell scripting, cut command examples, printing delimated fields

---

### [Setting Latest Git Lab in Centos 6.x Version Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/setting-latest-git-in-centos-6-7/)

**Published:** December 6, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Today I am writing this article on installing latest Git in CentOS 6.7 via source. Setting latest Git in CentOS 6.7

Actually in CentOS 6.7 , we are getting only 1.7.1 version but the latest Git version is git-2.6.3. And while installing I’ve been through lot of R&D.
 Here I am providing you everything in a single article.

Here the available version of git in CentOS 6.7.

  ```
[localserver@dhcppc2 ~]$ yum list  git
 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
 Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.vonline.vn
 * extras: mirrors.vonline.vn
 * updates: mirrors.vonline.vn
 Available Packages
 git.i686                          1.7.1-3.el6_4.1                           base
 [localserver@dhcppc2 ~]$
```

Lets begin with install

## 1. Create a directory

```
mkdir git
cd git
```

## 2. Get git downloaded using wget and unrar it

```
wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/git-2.6.3.tar.gz
tar -xvf git-2.6.3.tar.gz
```

and then change into directory

```
cd git-2.6.3
```

## 3. Actually in Linux , source based installation are can done with 3 easy steps and they are

```
./configure
 make
 make install ( as root user in the same directory )
```

When I have started “./configure” I came to know that gcc has not installed in my CentOS6.7. so installing it with

```
yum install gcc
```

Then continued to configure and again I got stucked with

```
cache.h:21:18: warning: zlib.h: No such file or directory
 Can't locate ExtUtils/MakeMaker.pm
 /bin/sh: msgfmt: command not found
```

errors. so to stop all these errors I am giving all libraries in single line

```
yum install zlib zlib-devel perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker gettext -y
```

Then run these commands again

```
./confgure
 make
 make install (as root)
```

that’s it. Git installation got completed.

Now execute below steps to configure your Git and make sure you have a Git account with same E-mail.

```
git config --global user.name "Raja Sekhar Reddy G"
git config --global user.email "raja.genupula@yahoo.com"
```

Till now all we have done installation and configuring of Git . Now lets make a SSH based communication between your localrepo’s to your Git account.

## 1. Generate SSH key with your E-mail of Github account

```
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "raja.genupula@yahoo.com"
```

## 2. Make sure SSH-Agent running , it will help us here with key based authentication.

```
eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
```

from the above command if PID got returned then that means SSH-Agent running

and then execute below command

> ssh-add ~/.ssh/id\_rsa

## 3. Now open your Public key with below command and copy it.

> cat ~/.ssh/id\_rsa.pub

## 4. Login to your GitHub account.

> Github home page -> Settings -> SSH Keys -> Add SSH Keys

It will open a Input field, paste your copied key and submit.

## 5. Come to your terminal and type this

> ssh -T git@github.com

You will get similar message like below

Hi rajagennu! You’ve successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.

—————
Congratulations!! you just setup Git account locally with SSH communication.

In the next article I will show you how to work with Git and committing changes from local to web and vice versa.

Good luck!!

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** Setting latest Git in Centos 6.7, SSH based communication between your localrepo's to your Git account

---

### [Monitoring RAID controller using Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-raid-controller-using-nagios/)

**Published:** December 7, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Monitoring RAID Controller using Nagios

Monitoring RAID controllers in a environment is very important because, if disk failed we will get notified then we can take an immediate preventing action by replacing the failed disk. In this article i am going to share with you guys is how to monitor “3ware Inc 9650SE SATA-II RAID PCIe” controller using Nagios monitoring tool. Monitoring RAID controller using Nagios

## Prerequisites:

1. RAID Controller card installed.
2. Install tw\_cli rpm
3. Download a Nagios plugin called check\_3ware\_raid\_1\_1
4. Install and configure NRPE client in remote machine
5. Required access to both the machines (Nagios Server and Remote machine)

first we have to check RAID installed an server using below command

  ```
# lspci -v | grep RAID
08:00.0 RAID bus controller: 3ware Inc 9650SE SATA-II RAID PCIe (rev 01)
Subsystem: 3ware Inc 9650SE SATA-II RAID PCIe
```

Monitor 3ware Inc 9650SE SATA-II RAID will be using [tw\_cli](http://pkgs.org/centos-6/atrpms-x86_64/tw_cli-2.00.03.018-7.x86_64.rpm.html)

Download and install

```
# rpm -ivh http://dl.atrpms.net/el5-i386/atrpms/stable/tw_cli-2.00.03.018-7.i386.rpm
```

Package information

```
# yum info tw_cli
Name       : tw_cli
Arch       : i386
Version    : 2.00.03.018
Release    : 7
Size       : 4.0 M
Repo       : installed
Summary    : 3ware Command Line Interface Tool
URL        : http://www.3ware.com/
License    : 3ware
Description: tw_cli is a Command Line Interface Storage Management Software for
           : AMCC/3ware ATA RAID Controller(s). It provides controller, logical
           : unit and drive management. tw_cli can be used in both interactive and
           : batch mode, providing higher-level API (Application Programming
           : Interface) functionalities.
```

Files that are included in the package

```
# rpm -ql tw_cli
/etc/tw_sched.cfg
/sbin/tw_cli
/sbin/tw_sched
/sbin/tw_update
/usr/share/doc/tw_cli-2.00.03.018
/usr/share/doc/tw_cli-2.00.03.018/tw_cli.8.html
/usr/share/doc/tw_cli-2.00.03.018/tw_sched.8.html
/usr/share/man/man8/tw_cli.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/tw_sched.8.gz
```

View disk array status using below command after installing the tw\_cli rpm

```
# tw_cli
//hostname> /c0 show

Unit  UnitType  Status         %RCmpl  %V/I/M  Stripe  Size(GB)  Cache  AVrfy
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
u0    RAID-10   OK             -       -       256K    1862.62   OFF    ON

Port   Status           Unit   Size        Blocks        Serial
---------------------------------------------------------------
p0     OK               u0     931.51 GB   1953525168    WD-WCAW1
p1     OK               u0     931.51 GB   1953525168    WD-WCAW2
p2     OK               u0     931.51 GB   1953525168    WD-WCAW3
p3     OK               u0     931.51 GB   1953525168    WD-WCAW4
```

Add to Nagios check the RAID aid nrpe and now this script [check\_3ware\_raid\_1\_1](https://exchange.nagios.org/directory/Plugins/Hardware/Storage-Systems/RAID-Controllers/3Ware-Raid-Plugin-for-32-2Dbit-and-64-2Dbit-systems/details)

Make the file executable and moved to the folder

```
# chmod +x check_3ware_raid_1_1
# mv check_3ware_raid_1_1 /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_raid
```

/usr/lib/nagios/plugins for 32-bit systems
/usr/lib64/nagios/plugins” for 64-bit systems

check the script by manually running from Nagios whether it is properly working are not.

```
# /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_raid
RAID OK: All arrays OK [1 array checked on 1 controller]
```

Now connect to remote machine and copy the script to “/usr/local/nagios/libexec/” directory as default path. If you changed your installation path then copy the script accordingly.

open your nrpe configuration file

```
# vi /etc/nagios/nrpe.cfg
```

Or

```
# vi /usr/local/nagios/nrpe.cfg
```

add below line to the line

> command\[check\_raid\]=sudo /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check\_raid

Restart nrpe Service using below command

```
# service nrpe restart
Shutting down Nagios NRPE daemon (nrpe):                   [  OK  ]
Starting Nagios NRPE daemon (nrpe):                        [  OK  ]
```

Check from a user operates nrpe

```
# ps waux | grep nrpe
nagios 0.0  0.0   5092   884 ?   Ss   0:50  nrpe -c /etc/nagios/nrpe.cfg -d
```

**Note:** If your environment is not permit to run an scripts using nagios user then add nagios user to sudoers list by editing “vi /etc/sudoers” else script running will fail.

Now go back to your Nagios server terminal and edit existing HOST configuration file “vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/REMOTEHOST.cfg” in this case it is TEST.cfg

```
#vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/TEST.cfg
define service{
               use                           generic-service
               host_name                     TEST
               service_description           RAID
               is_volatile                   0
               check_period                  24x7
               max_check_attempts            3
               normal_check_interval         1
               retry_check_interval          1
               contact_groups                admins
               notification_interval         120
               notification_period           24x7
               notification_options          c,r
               check_command                 check_nrpe!check_raid
}
```

Save the file and exist.

Reload / Restart your Nagios service using below command.

\# service nagios reload OR # service nagios restart

Now check the result after 5 – 10 minutes in Nagios web console.

Good Luck..!!

Your feedback is most valuable to us……. Monitoring RAID controller using Nagios Monitoring RAID controller using Nagios Monitoring RAID controller using Nagios

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Monitoring Tools, Nagios

**Tags:** 3ware Inc 9650SE SATA-II RAID PCIe, check_3ware_raid_1_1, Hardware monitoring using nagios, Monitoring RAID controller using Nagios, RAID controller monitoring, tw_cli

---

### [Characterizing Workloads in Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/characterizing-workloads-in-netapp/)

**Published:** December 8, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Characterizing Workloads in Netapp

One of the most important things when analyzing Data ONTAP performance is being able to characterizing the workload that you’re seeing. This can be done a couple of ways, but i will outline one here. Characterizing Workloads in Netapp

Note that this is not a primer on analyzing storage bottlenecks – for that, you will have to attend insight this year! – but rather a way to see how much data a system is serving out and what kind of data it is.

  When it comes to characterizing workloads on a system, everyone has different approach and that’s totally fine. I tend to start wit a few basic questions.

1. Where is the data being served from?
2. how much is being served?
3. what protocols are doing the work?
4. what kind of work are the protocols doing?

You can do this with the stats command if you know what counters to look for. If you find a statistic and you don’t know what is it means, we have a good help system at hand. To wit and to use stats explain counters:

```
#rsh ravi "priv set -q diag; stats explain counters readahead:readahead:incore"
```

Counters for object name: readahead
Name: incore
Description: Total Number of blocks that were already resident
Properties: delta
Unit: none

Okay, So that’s not the greatest explanation, but it’s a start! More commonly-used counters are going to have better descriptions.
When it comes to analyzing your workload, a good place to start are the read\_io\_type counters in the

```
# rsh ravi "priv set -q diag; stats show wafl:wafl:read_io_type"
 wafl:wafl:read_io_type.cache:0%
 wafl:wafl:read_io_type.ext_cache:0%
 wafl:wafl:read_io_type.disk:0%
 wafl:wafl:read_io_type.bamboo_ssd:0%
 wafl:wafl:read_io_type.hya_hdd:0%
 wafl:wafl:read_io_type.hya_cache:0%
```

## Here is an explanation of these counters:

cache are reads served from the Filer’s RAM
ext\_cache are reads served from the Filer’s Flash Cache
disk are reads served from any model of spinning disk
bamboo\_ssd are reads served from any model of solid-state disk
hya\_hdd are reads served from the spinning disks that are part of a Flash Pool
hya\_cache are reads served from the solid-state disks that are part of a Flash Pool

Note that these counters are present regardless of your system’s configuration. For example, the Flash Cache counters will be visible even if you don’t have Flash Cache installed. Characterizing Workloads in Netapp

Now that you know where your reads are being served from, you might be curious as to how big the reads are, and if they’re random or sequential. Those statistics are available, but it takes a bit more grepping and cutting to get them. Here’s a little from my volume, sefiles. Note that I need to prefix this capture with priv set:

```
# rsh ravi "priv set -q diag; stats start -I perfstat_nfs"
# rsh ravi "priv set -q diag; stats stop -I perfstat_nfs"
```

Okay, so there’s a lot of output there. It’s data for the entire system. That said, it’s a great way to learn — you can see everything the system sees. And if you dump it to a text file, it will save you using rsh over and over again! Let’s use rsh again and drill down to the volume stats, which is the most useful way to investigate a particular volume:

```
# rsh ravi "priv set -q diag; stats show volume:sefiles"
 volume:sefiles:instance_name:sefiles
 volume:sefiles:instance_uuid:a244800b-5506-11e1-91cc-123478563412
 volume:sefiles:parent_aggr:aggr1
 volume:sefiles:avg_latency:425.77us
 volume:sefiles:total_ops:93/s
 volume:sefiles:read_data:6040224b/s
 volume:sefiles:read_latency:433.44us
 volume:sefiles:read_ops:92/s
 volume:sefiles:write_data:0b/s
 volume:sefiles:write_latency:0us
 volume:sefiles:write_ops:0/s
 volume:sefiles:other_latency:12.17us
 volume:sefiles:other_ops:1/s
 volume:sefiles:nfs_read_data:6040224b/s
 volume:sefiles:nfs_read_latency:433.44us
 volume:sefiles:nfs_read_ops:92/s
 volume:sefiles:nfs_write_data:0b/s
 volume:sefiles:nfs_write_latency:0us
 volume:sefiles:nfs_write_ops:0/s
 volume:sefiles:nfs_other_latency:15.09us
 volume:sefiles:nfs_other_ops:0/s
```

I’ve removed some of the internal counters for clarity. Now, let’s take a look at a couple of things: the volume name is listed as selfies in the instance\_name variable. During the time I was capturing statistics, the average amount of operations per second was 93 (“total\_ops“). Read latency (“read\_latency“) was 433us, which is 0.433ms. Notice that we did no writes (“write\_ops”) and basically no metadata either (“other\_ops”).

If you’re interested in seeing what the system is doing in general, I tend to go protocol-by-protocol. If you grep for nfsv3, you can start to wade through things:

```
# rsh ravi "priv set -q diag; stats show nfsv3:nfs:nfsv3_read_latency_hist"
 nfsv3:nfs:nfsv3_read_latency_hist.0 -

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Characterizing Workloads in Netapp, identifying the performance counters, segregating the workloads, working with performance counters

---

### [IP Addressing - Networking](https://arkit.co.in/ip-addressing-networking/)

**Published:** December 9, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

IP Addressing – Networking – A Unique number called the internet protocol (IP) address identifies every machine that is on a network. The IP address is a unique 32-bit logical address expressed as four decimal numbers, each representing eight bits, separated by periods, for example 192.168.2.10.

An Internet Protocol address (IP addressing) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

  ## In this lesson, you learnt that: IP Addressing – Networking

- An IP Address is an unique address assigned to a device over network IP Addressing – Networking
- An IP Address is divided into various classes, Class A,B,C,D and E
- In Classless addressing the network address is of variable size
- Subnetting creates multiple logical networks within a single network
- Subnet mask is a 32bit IP address used to derive network address
- VLSM is used to allocate IP Address to the subnets as per the needs
- Routing devices on internet discard any packet with private IP address
- Loop back address is used as a test mechanism to test network devices
- IPv6 implement a 128-bit IP address
- Mobile IP allows devices to move between networks

## Understanding IP Addresses

An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot). For this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100). The value in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 – 11111111 binary.

Here is how binary octets convert to decimal: The right most bit, or least significant bit, of an octet holds a value of 20. The bit just to the left of that holds a value of 21. This continues until the left-most bit, or most significant bit, which holds a value of 27. So if all binary bits are a one, the decimal equivalent would be 255 as shown here:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

Here is a sample octet conversion when not all of the bits are set to 1.

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=65)

And this is sample shows an IP address represented in both binary and decimal.

10\. 1. 23. 19 (decimal)
 00001010.00000001.00010111.00010011 (binary)

These octets are broken down to provide an addressing scheme that can accommodate large and small networks. There are five different classes of networks, A to E. This document focuses on addressing classes A to C, since classes D and E are reserved and discussion of them is beyond the scope of this document.

**Note:** Also note that the terms “Class A, Class B” and so on are used in this document to help facilitate the understanding of IP addressing and subnetting.
**Related Articles**

[IP Address classification](https://arkit.co.in/ipv4-address-classification-video-tutorial/)

[Local area network basics](https://arkit.co.in/local-area-network-basics-networking/)

[Introduction to computer networking](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-computer-networking/)

**[Free E-Book Download Basics of IP Address subnetting](http://arkit-it.tradepub.com/free/w_aaaa2347/?p=w_aaaa2347)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** IP Address Classes, IP Addressing, Subneting, VLSM

---

### [sed command 20 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/sed-command-20-practical-examples/)

**Published:** December 11, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

sed command is a stream editor used for modifying the files in unix (or linux). Whenever you want to make changed to the file automatically, sed comes in handy to do this. Most people never learn its power; they just simply use sed to replace text. You can do many things apart from replacing text with sed. Here i will describe the features of sed with examples. sed command 20 practical examples.

  ## -: Sed Command Examples :- 

## 1. Replacing or substituting string

sed command is mostly used to replace the text in a file. The below simple sed command replaces the word “Unix” with “Linux” in the file.

```
[root@techtutorial arkit]# cat sedexample

**Categories:** Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** add new line after string matches, add new line before string match, sed command, sed command 20 examples, use sed instead of grep

---

### [EMC Storage Training Class One](https://arkit.co.in/emc-storage-training-class-one/)

**Published:** December 12, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# EMC Storage Training Class One

EMC Storage Training Class One

  [Your Comment is valuable to us…](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC

**Tags:** EMC SAN Training, EMC SAN Tutorial, EMC SAN Video Tutorial, EMC Storage Classes

---

### [EMC Storage Training Class Two](https://arkit.co.in/emc-storage-training-class-two/)

**Published:** December 12, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# EMC Storage Training Class Two

EMC Storage Training Class Two

  [Your comment is valuable to us …](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC

**Tags:** EMC SAN Training, EMC Storage Training Class Two, EMC video tutorial

---

### [EMC Storage Training Three](https://arkit.co.in/emc-storage-training-three/)

**Published:** December 12, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# EMC Storage Training Three

EMC Storage Training Three

  [Your comments are more valuable to us …](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC

**Tags:** EMC SAN for Dummies, EMC SAN Training, EMC Storage Training Three

---

### [EMC Storage Training Class Four](https://arkit.co.in/emc-storage-training-class-four/)

**Published:** December 13, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# EMC Storage Training Class Four

EMC Storage Training Class Four

  RAID (originally redundant array of inexpensive disks; now commonly redundant array of independent disks) is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple disk drive components into a logical unit for the purposes of data redundancy or performance improvement.

In RAID we have different RAID levels

1. Level 0 – striped disk array without fault tolerance
2. Level 1 – mirroring and duplexing
3. Level 2 – error-correcting coding
4. Level 3 – bit-interleaved parity
5. Level 4 – dedicated parity drive
6. Level 5 – block interleaved distributed parity
7. Level 6 – independent data disks with double parity
8. Level 10 – a stripe of mirrors

Please write your valuable comments below…

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC

**Tags:** EMC Class, EMC Storage Training Class Four, EMC Training, EMC Training class

---

### [EMC Storage Training Class Five](https://arkit.co.in/emc-storage-training-class-five/)

**Published:** December 13, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# EMC Storage Training Class Five

 EMC Storage Training Class Five

<a href=”https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub\_confirmation=1>Explained EMC Clarion architecture

  ## DAE: Disk Array Enclosure
 DPE: Disk Processor Enclosure
 SPE: Service Processor Enclosure

A DAE, DPE and SPE does sound similar to each other, but below you will see the major differences between them.

The picture above is a diagram of a Clariion Backend Architecture. Drives are enclosed in DAE’s and Service Processors in DPE’s or SPE’s depending on the model types.

DAE: Disk Array Enclosure
Each Disk Array Enclosure (DAE) holds 15 drives, count starts from 0 to 14. I specially remember this reading Dave’s NetAPP Blog on The Story of Chapter Zero

DPE: Disk Processor Enclosure
The CX200, CX300, CX400 and CX500 have DPE’s installed in them that can hold 15 drives in the front with 2 Service Processors in the back.

SPE: Service Processor Enclosure
With CX3’s, CX4’s, CX600 and CX700, the SPE holds the Service Processors in the backend with cooling fans in the front end.

Architecture
CX200, CX300, CX3-10 has one bus/loop
CX400, CX500, CX600 has two bus/loops
CX700, CX3-20, CX3-40, CX3-80 has 4 bus/loops.
With more bus / loops you can expect more throughput. The Clariion CX700’s and the new CX3’s & CX4’s have more buses than the traditional CX200, CX300, CX400 and CX500.
All data from host goes to cache and is queued to be written on disk through this backend bus / loops. The speed of backend bus / loop on a CX series of machine is 2Gb, with CX3’s it jumps up to 4 Gb and with CX4’s to 8GB per second.
Also the bus/loop initiates at the SP level and goes up to the DAE’s which have LCC (Link Control Cards). Each LCC is where the bus / loop from the previous DAE/SP comes in and further daisy chains to the one above it, creating a true chained environment and protecting from single points of failure. All LCC’s are connected (loop) using HSSDC (cables). These HSSDC cables and LCC cards are hot swappable which will not cause an outage on the machine. There are Power Supplies on each SPE, DAE, DPE allowing hot replacements on those while the machine is functional. Based on your environment these replacements might possibly cause some performance issues or I/O bottleneck during the replacement window.

Addressing
Part of Architecture of Clariion is the Addressing scheme. To be able to properly understand the Clariion functionality and its backend working, the addressing scheme is very important.
Based on the model number you will have X number of buses.
For example
CX200, CX300, CX3-10 has one bus/loop
CX400, CX500, CX600 has two bus/loops
CX700, CX3-20, CX3-40, CX3-80 has 4 bus/loops.
Each bus is numbered as BUS 0, BUS 1, BUS 2 and BUS 3 depending on the model types.
Each DAE (Disk Array Enclosure) located on the BUS is numbered based on the actual physical loop number running into it. Again numbering starts at 0.
So for a CX700, if you have 4 Buses and 8 DAE’s you will have your addressing as follows:
Bus0\_Enclosure0
Bus1\_Enclosure0
Bus2\_Enclosure0
Bus3\_Enclosure0
Bus0\_Enclosure1
Bus1\_Enclosure1
Bus2\_Enclosure1
Bus3\_Enclosure1
And so forth…..the picture above explains that in a CX500 with 2 bus / loops.
The idea is the SPE/DPE is where the bus/loop starts and runs into the DAE (enclosures) assigning them a unique ID for communication and expansion purposes.
Further to add some complexity to the mix, each DAE can have 15 drives installed in it starting at Slot 0 and going to Slot 14.
To the equation above with the bus and enclosure, we have BUS X\_ENCLOSURE X, now with the disk info included we have BUS X\_ENCLOSURE X\_DISK XX in short called B\_E\_D.
Disk 9 installed on Bus 0, Enclosure 0, would designate it as Bus0\_Enclosure0\_Disk9 or in short 0\_0\_9.

EMC Storage Training Class Five EMC Storage Training Class Five EMC Storage Training Class Five EMC Storage Training Class Five EMC Storage Training Class Five EMC Storage Training Class Five EMC Storage Training Class Five EMC Storage Training Class Five

Please write your valuable comments …

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC

**Tags:** Clarion video tutorial, EMC SAN Training, EMC Storage Training Class Five, EMC video tutorial, Video tutorial

---

### [skill Command in Unix and Linux](https://arkit.co.in/skill-command-in-unix-and-linux/)

**Published:** December 15, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# skill Command in Unix and Linux

skill Command in Unix and Linux is used to send an signals to users and process. Using skill command we can halt a user terminal or can logout him. But keep in mind that you should be root to stop other users.

  There is a package called procps It includes various useful (nifty) utilities. One of such utility is skill which is responsible to send a signal to users and process such as:

- Halt user terminal
- Kill user and logout

**Usage:** skill \[signal to send\] \[options\] process selection criteria
**Example:** skill -KILL -v pts/\*

## 1. To halt/stop a user called ravi

Send STOP signal to user ravi, type the following command:

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# skill -STOP -u ravi
```

## 2. To resume already halted user called ravi

Send CONT signal to user ravi, type the following command:

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# skill -CONT -u ravi
```

## 3. To kill and logout user called ravi

You can send KILL signal, type the following command:

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# skill -KILL -u ravi
```

## 4. To kill and logout all users

type the following command:

**Note:** Do not run this command on any production boxes, this command just for demonstration purpose only.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# skill -KILL -v /dev/pts/*
```

## PROCESS SELECTION OPTIONS

Selection criteria can be: terminal, user, pid, command. The options below may be used to ensure correct interpretation.
-t The next argument is a terminal (tty or pty).
-u The next argument is a username.
-p The next argument is a process ID number.
-c The next argument is a command name.

## SIGNALS

The signals listed below may be available for use with skill. When known, numbers and default behavior are shown.

NameNumActionDescription00n/aexit code indicates if a signal may be sentALRM14exitHUP1exitINT2exitKILL9exitthis signal may not be blockedPIPE13exitPOLLexitPROFexitTERM15exitUSR1exitUSR2exitVTALRMexitSTKFLTexitmay not be implementedPWRignoremay exit on some systemsWINCHignoreCHLDignoreURGignoreTSTPstopmay interact with the shellTTINstopmay interact with the shellTTOUstopmay interact with the shellSTOPstopthis signal may not be blockedCONTrestartcontinue if stopped, otherwise ignoreABRT6coreFPE8coreILL4coreQUIT3coreSEGV11coreTRAP5coreSYScoremay not be implementedEMTcoremay not be implementedBUScorecore dump may failXCPUcorecore dump may failXFSZcorecore dump may fail## Lets see the Video of skill command in Unix and Linux

### [Do remember to comment your valuable feedback ….](http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBm6cLpCqDChB2RHtEuKYYg?sub_confirmation=1)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** logout user using skill command, skill command in Linux, skill command in Unix and Linux, Terminate user process

---

### [MongoDB 3 Node replication cluster](https://arkit.co.in/mongodb-3-node-replication-cluster/)

**Published:** December 16, 2015
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## MongoDB 3 Node replication cluster

# MongoDB Fail Over Cluster

**Introduction:** Replication provides redundancy and increases data availability. With multiple copies of data on different database servers, replication protects a database from the loss of a single server. Replication also allows you to recover from hardware failure and service interruptions. With additional copies of the data, you can dedicate one to disaster recovery, reporting, or backup MongoDB 3 Node replication cluster
**Operating System:** Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.5 (Santiago)

**Scenario:** I used three machines and configure the name resolution for all machine by edit the entry in /etc/hosts file like below

  ```
[root@TechTutorial ~]#cat /etc/hosts
 #####################################################################################
 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
 ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
 192.168.42.139 machine1.com
 192.168.42.142 machine2.com
 192.168.42.141 machine3.com
 #####################################################################################
```

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]#vim /etc/yum.repos.d/mongodb-org-3.0.repo
 ## >> Add below Lines in file  Change these lines in config file   rs.initiate()
 {
 "info2" : "no configuration explicitly specified -- making one",
 "me" : "mongodslave2.com:30003",
 "ok" : 1
 }
 rs0:OTHER> rs.add("mongodmaster.com:30004")
 { "ok" : 1 }
 rs0:PRIMARY> rs.conf()
 2015-06-26T04:03:27.146+0530 E QUERY TypeError: Object function () { return "try rs.help()"; } has no method 'connf'
 at (shell):1:4MongoDB Fail Over Cluster
```

```
 # mongo localhost:30003
 > rs.initiate()
 {
 "info2" : "no configuration explicitly specified -- making one",
 "me" : "mongodslave2.com:30003",
 "ok" : 1
 }
 rs0:OTHER> rs.add("mongodmaster.com:30004")
 { "ok" : 1 }
 rs0:PRIMARY> rs.conf()
 2015-06-26T04:03:27.146+0530 E QUERY TypeError: Object function () { return "try rs.help()"; } has no method 'connf'
 at (shell):1:4
 rs0:PRIMARY> rs.conf()
 {
 "_id" : "rs0",
 "version" : 2,
 "members" : [
 {
 "_id" : 0,
 "host" : "mongodslave2.com:30003",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {
},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 },
 {
 "_id" : 1,
 "host" : "mongodmaster.com:30004",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {
},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 }
 ],
 "settings" : {
 "chainingAllowed" : true,
 "heartbeatTimeoutSecs" : 10,
 "getLastErrorModes" : {
},
 "getLastErrorDefaults" : {
 "w" : 1,
 "wtimeout" : 0
 }
 }
 }
 rs0:PRIMARY> use akash
 switched to db akash
 rs0:PRIMARY> db
 akash
 rs0:PRIMARY> db.movie.insert({"name":"tech tutorial"})
 WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
 
rs0:PRIMARY> show dbs
 akash 0.078GB
 local 1.078GB
```

```
rs0:PRIMARY> exit
 bye
```

Check your logs in this open new connections

```
# tail -f /var/log/mongodb.log
 2015-06-26T04:04:13.323+0530 I NETWORK [conn6] end connection 192.168.42.142:45804 (1 connection now open)
 2015-06-26T04:04:13.324+0530 I NETWORK [initandlisten] connection accepted from 192.168.42.142:45805 #7 (2 connections now open)
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.136+0530 I INDEX [conn1] allocating new ns file /DATA/akash.ns, filling with zeroes...
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.265+0530 I STORAGE [FileAllocator] allocating new datafile /DATA/akash.0, filling with zeroes...
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.267+0530 I STORAGE [FileAllocator] done allocating datafile /DATA/akash.0, size: 64MB, took 0.001 secs
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.276+0530 I WRITE [conn1] insert akash.movie query: { _id: ObjectId('558c81ea839b14ed7d7942f8'), name: "tech tutorials" } ninserted:1 keyUpdates:0 writeConflicts:0 numYields:0 locks:{ Global: { acquireCount: { r: 4, w: 4 } }, MMAPV1Journal: { acquireCount: { w: 8 } }, Database: { acquireCount: { w: 3, W: 1 } }, Collection: { acquireCount: { W: 1 } }, Metadata: { acquireCount: { W: 4 } }, oplog: { acquireCount: { w: 2 } } } 140ms
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.277+0530 I COMMAND [conn1] command akash.$cmd command: insert { insert: "movie", documents: [ { _id: ObjectId('558c81ea839b14ed7d7942f8'), name: "tech tutorials" } ], ordered: true } keyUpdates:0 writeConflicts:0 numYields:0 reslen:80 locks:{ Global: { acquireCount: { r: 4, w: 4 } }, MMAPV1Journal: { acquireCount: { w: 8 } }, Database: { acquireCount: { w: 3, W: 1 } }, Collection: { acquireCount: { W: 1 } }, Metadata: { acquireCount: { W: 4 } }, oplog: { acquireCount: { w: 2 } } } 263ms
```

Now you go to Second machine and login to mongo shell

```
# mongo mongodmaster.com:30004
```

So if any time your master server or Primary is stop or power failure this secondary server become Primary or master automatically.
If you want to add more member in your replSet then you should Proceed further in this Document and these operation perform only Primary server

```
rs0:SECONDARY>
rs.add("mongodmaster.com:30002")
 { "ok" : 1 }
 
rs0:PRIMARY> rs.conf()
 {
 "_id" : "rs0",
 "version" : 3,
 "members" : [
 {
 "_id" : 0,
 "host" : "mongodslave2.com:30003",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {
},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 },
 {
 "_id" : 1,
 "host" : "mongodmaster.com:30004",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {

},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 },
 {
 "_id" : 2,
 "host" : "mongodmaster.com:30002",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {

},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 }
 ],
 "settings" : {
 "chainingAllowed" : true,
 "heartbeatTimeoutSecs" : 10,
 "getLastErrorModes" : {

},
 "getLastErrorDefaults" : {
 "w" : 1,
 "wtimeout" : 0
 }
 }
 }

rs0:PRIMARY> rs.conf()
 {
 "_id" : "rs0",
 "version" : 2,
 "members" : [
 {
 "_id" : 0,
 "host" : "mongodslave2.com:30003",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {
},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 },
 {
 "_id" : 1,
 "host" : "mongodmaster.com:30004",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {
},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 }
 ],
 "settings" : {
 "chainingAllowed" : true,
 "heartbeatTimeoutSecs" : 10,
 "getLastErrorModes" : {
},
 "getLastErrorDefaults" : {
 "w" : 1,
 "wtimeout" : 0
 }
 }
 }
 
rs0:PRIMARY> use akash
 switched to db akash
 
rs0:PRIMARY> db
 akash
 
rs0:PRIMARY> db.movie.insert({"name":"tutorials point"})
 WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
 
rs0:PRIMARY> show dbs
 akash 0.078GB
 local 1.078GB
 
rs0:PRIMARY> exit
 bye
```

Check your logs in this open new connections

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# tail -f /var/log/mongodb.log
 2015-06-26T04:04:13.323+0530 I NETWORK [conn6] end connection 192.168.42.142:45804 (1 connection now open)
 2015-06-26T04:04:13.324+0530 I NETWORK [initandlisten] connection accepted from 192.168.42.142:45805 #7 (2 connections now open)
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.136+0530 I INDEX [conn1] allocating new ns file /DATA/akash.ns, filling with zeroes...
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.265+0530 I STORAGE [FileAllocator] allocating new datafile /DATA/akash.0, filling with zeroes...
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.267+0530 I STORAGE [FileAllocator] done allocating datafile /DATA/akash.0, size: 64MB, took 0.001 secs
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.276+0530 I WRITE [conn1] insert akash.movie query: { _id: ObjectId('558c81ea839b14ed7d7942f8'), name: "tech tutorials" } ninserted:1 keyUpdates:0 writeConflicts:0 numYields:0 locks:{ Global: { acquireCount: { r: 4, w: 4 } }, MMAPV1Journal: { acquireCount: { w: 8 } }, Database: { acquireCount: { w: 3, W: 1 } }, Collection: { acquireCount: { W: 1 } }, Metadata: { acquireCount: { W: 4 } }, oplog: { acquireCount: { w: 2 } } } 140ms
 2015-06-26T04:04:18.277+0530 I COMMAND [conn1] command akash.$cmd command: insert { insert: "movie", documents: [ { _id: ObjectId('558c81ea839b14ed7d7942f8'), name: "tech tutorials" } ], ordered: true } keyUpdates:0 writeConflicts:0 numYields:0 reslen:80 locks:{ Global: { acquireCount: { r: 4, w: 4 } }, MMAPV1Journal: { acquireCount: { w: 8 } }, Database: { acquireCount: { w: 3, W: 1 } }, Collection: { acquireCount: { W: 1 } }, Metadata: { acquireCount: { W: 4 } }, oplog: { acquireCount: { w: 2 } } } 263ms
```

Now you go to Second machine and login to mongo shell

```
# mongo mongodmaster.com:30004
 rs0:SECONDARY>
 So if any time your master server or Primary is stop or powerfailure this secondary server become Primary or master automatically.
 If you want to add more member in your replSet then you should Proceed further in this Document and these operation perform only Primary server
 rs.add("mongodmaster.com:30002")
 { "ok" : 1 }
```

```
rs0:PRIMARY> rs.conf()
 {
 "_id" : "rs0",
 "version" : 3,
 "members" : [
 {
 "_id" : 0,
 "host" : "mongodslave2.com:30003",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {
},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 },
 {
 "_id" : 1,
 "host" : "mongodmaster.com:30004",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {

},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 },
 {
 "_id" : 2,
 "host" : "mongodmaster.com:30002",
 "arbiterOnly" : false,
 "buildIndexes" : true,
 "hidden" : false,
 "priority" : 1,
 "tags" : {
},
 "slaveDelay" : 0,
 "votes" : 1
 }
 ],
 "settings" : {
 "chainingAllowed" : true,
 "heartbeatTimeoutSecs" : 10,
 "getLastErrorModes" : {
},
 "getLastErrorDefaults" : {
 "w" : 1,
 "wtimeout" : 0
 }
 }
 }

```

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** MongoDB 3 Node replication cluster, MonoDB configuration, MonoDB replication cluster

---

### [Disk Space Monitoring Script And Get Email Alert When CRITICAL](https://arkit.co.in/disk-space-monitoring-script/)

**Published:** December 19, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Most of the environments (small environments) they are not effort to buy a monitoring tools in this case, scripting will come handy to monitor your environment. I hope this disk space monitoring script will help to monitor the disk space. Disk Space Monitoring Script And Get Email Alert when CRITICAL, When Disk space is reached more than threshold value.

  ## Disk Space Monitoring Script

```
#!/bin/bash

# AUTHOR: Ravi Kumar (http://www.arkit.co.in/)
# DATE: 19th December 2015
# Shell script to monitor or watch the low-disk space
# It will send an email to $ADMIN, if the (free available) percentage
# of space is >= 90%
# Disk Space Monitoring Script Get Email Alert
#### Script START here ###
## You can change your threshold value whatever you want ##
THRESHOLD=90
PATHS=/
AWK=/bin/awk
DU=`/usr/bin/du -ks`
GREP=/bin/grep
SED=/bin/sed
CAT=/bin/cat
MAILFILE=/tmp/mailviews$$
MAILER=/bin/mail
## Change ADMIN Mail address as per the requirement ##
mailto=aravikumar48@gmail.com

for path in $PATHS
do
## Validate the Percentage of Disk space ##
DISK_AVAIL=`/bin/df -k / | grep -v Filesystem |awk '{print $5}' |sed 's/%//g'`
if [ $DISK_AVAIL -ge $THRESHOLD ]
then
echo "Please clean up your stuff \n\n" > $MAILFILE
$CAT $MAILFILE | $MAILER -s "Clean up stuff" $mailto
fi
done
## END of the Script ##
```

Explanation of script: Above script is written using one FOR loop and one IF condition.

/bin/df -k / | grep -v Filesystem |awk ‘{print $5}’ |sed ‘s/%//g’ <<– This line will calculate the disk space in percentage number

if \[ $DISK\_AVAIL -ge $THRESHOLD \] <<– This IF condition will validate the space, which is provided by the above command then number greater then or equal to 90 it will trig an alert using mail command to your given ADMIN address.

**NOTE:** Before you schedule this script please change ADMIN Email address and Threshold value.

Please provide your valuable comments below……

## Related Articles

[Real Time CPU Utilization Alert Script](https://arkit.co.in/real-time-cpu-monitoring-shell-script-get-alert-cpu-utilization/)

[Shell Script to Check CPU Utilization and Store Historical Data](https://arkit.co.in/shell-script-to-check-cpu-utilization-in-linux-unix/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** disk space monitoring, disk space monitoring script, disk space monitoring script Linux, scripting tutorial, shell script to monitor disk space

---

### [bc command 10 practical examples Shell Scripting Tutorial Arithmetic Operators using bc](https://arkit.co.in/bc-command-10-practical-examples/)

**Published:** December 21, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# bc command 10 practical examples

Most of times for arithmetic operations we use expr command for doing arithmetic calculations. Instead of expr command we can also use ‘bc’ command to do arithmetic calculations. You can use these commands in bash or shell script also for evaluating arithmetic expressions. bc command

In this article we are going to discuss about bc command, what are the operations it can do and its advantages.

  bc command can do below things

- Arithmetic operators
- Increment and decrements
- Assignment
- Comparison
- Logical or Boolean operators
- Math Functions
- Conditional statements
- iterative statements

## Arithmetic operator Examples:

## 1. SUM / ADDITION of two or three numbers

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "5+5" | bc
10
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "5+5+6" | bc
16
```

As shown in above example bc command is capable to doing SUM of given numbers. We can also use bc command in different way as shown below. In terminal type ‘bc’ then it will enter into the bc then without giving any extra characters type your required arithmetic operation.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# bc
bc 1.06.95
Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
5+5
10
5+5+6
16
```

## 2. subtracting two numbers

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "20-6" | bc
14
```

by giving ‘-‘ (minus / ifan ) in between the numbers / values it will subtract and provide you the result.

## 3. Multiplying two Or three Numbers

we can multiply the numbers using bc command, followed by ‘\*’ (star) operator, in between the numbers. Lets see the below examples.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "5*9" | bc
45
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "5*10*4" | bc
200
```

## 4. Dividing two numbers

bc command will divide given numbers by ‘/’ (slash) operator. When you divide the numbers using divide operator (slash) it will not print the decimal numbers after DOT. value. It will only gives you value without decimal values.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "10/5" | bc
2
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "10/2" | bc
5
```

## 5. Dividing two numbers with decimal values

Using scale function along with bc command it will provide you the decimal values.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "scale=4;4/3" | bc
1.3333
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "scale=2;4/3" | bc
1.33
```

As shown example above scale=2 will provided you the 2 decimal numbers and scale=4 provided 4 decimal values. If you want an accurate value with the divide operator use scale function.

## 6. Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "5%6" | bc
5
```

## 7. Raise to the power / power of

Using an exponent operator we can achieve 2 to the power of 2 value using bc command. Lets see the example below

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "2^2" | bc
4
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "2^10" | bc
1024
```

## 8. Assignment Operator Examples:

Assignment operator are used to assign a value to the variable. The following example shows how to use the assignment operators:

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "var=10; var+=5;var" |bc
15
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "var=10;var" | bc
10
```

The lists of assignment operators supported are:

- var = value : Assign the value to the variable
- var += value : similar to var = var + value
- var -= value : similar to var = var – value
- var \*= value : similar to var = var \* value
- var /= value : similar to var = var / value
- var ^= value : similar to var = var ^ value
- var %= value : similar to var = var % value

## 9. Increment Operator Examples:

There are two kinds of increment operators. They are pre increment and post increment operators.

- ++var : Pre increment operator. The variable is incremented first and then the result of the variable is used.
- var++ : Post increment operator. The result of the variable is used first and then the variable is incremented.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "var=10;++var" | bc
11
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "var=10;var++" | bc
10
```

## 10. Decrements Operator Examples:

Similar to the increment operators, there are two types of decrements operators.

- –var : Pre decrement operator. The variable is decremented first and then the result of the variable is used.
- var– : Post decrement operator. The result of the variable is used first and then the variable is decremented.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "var=10;--var" | bc
9
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "var=10;var--" | bc
10
```

## Relational Operators Examples:

Relational operators are used to compare two numbers. If the comparison is true, then it returns 1. Otherwise (false), it returns 0. The relational operators are mostly used in conditional statements like if. The list of relational operators supported in bc command are shown below:

- expr1 < expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is strictly less than expr2.
- expr1 <= expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is less than or equal to expr2.
- expr1 > expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is strictly greater than expr2.
- expr1 >= expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is greater than or equal to expr2.
- expr1 == expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is equal to expr2.
- expr1 != expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is not equal to expr2.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo "10

**Categories:** AIX, Centos, Fedora, Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** assignment operator, bc command, conditional statement, decrement operator, increment operator, iterative statement, logical operator, Relational Operators

---

### [AIX commands with examples](https://arkit.co.in/few-aix-commands-with-examples/)

**Published:** December 21, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# AIX commands with examples

To list the default group for current user: few aix commands with examples

```
#id -gn
```

To list all system groups for current user:

  ```
#id -Gn
```

To list the attribute of user root:

```
#lsuser root
```

To list the attributes of all users:

```
#lsuser ALL
```

To list the home directory of all users:

```
#lsuser -a HOME ALL
```

To list the authentication method for all users:

```
#lsuser -a auth1 auth2 ALL
```

To list expiry date:

```
#lsuser -a expires ALL
```

To list all system identifications for current user:

```
#id
```

To check account lock status of all users:

```
#lsuser -a account_locked ALL
```

To enable the user ravi:

```
#chuser -a login=true ravi
```

Enable ravi to login remotely:

```
#chuser -a rlogin=true ravi
```

Creates user aravi with default values in /usr/lib/security/mkuser.defalault:

```
#mkuser aravi
```

Create user kumar without su facility:

```
#mkuser su=false kumar
```

To remove user ravi:

```
#rmuser ravi
```

To remove user aravi and his all attributes:

```
#rmuser -p aravi
```

List users with tty nos and ip numbers:

```
#who
```

Lists history of login logout system startup and shutdowns:

```
#who /var/adm/wtmp
```

To list the run level:

```
#who -r
```

To verify user:

```
#usrck -n ravi
```

To list the current user:

```
#who am i /who -m
```

To create the group arkit:

```
#mkgroup arkit
```

To add users l1 l2 and l3 to arkit group:

```
#chgroup users=l1,l2,l3 arkit
```

To list all usernames:

```
#lsuser -a ALL
```

To delete the group arkit:

```
#rmgroup arkit
```

To change the authentication methods:

```
#chauthent
```

To change the unsuccessful login count:

```
#chuser unsuccessful_login_count=0 aravi
```

To change lame’s password (you can easily do this also via ssh if it’s needed):

```
#echo "lame:new_password" | chpasswd -c
```

[Please write your valuable comments…](http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBm6cLpCqDChB2RHtEuKYYg?sub_confirmation=1)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** AIX

**Tags:** AIX commands, AIx leaners guide, few aix commands examples, Learning AIx, Tech Tutorials

---

### [Monitor Your CPU Utilization using Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/monitor-cpu-utilization-using-shell-script/)

**Published:** December 25, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Monitor Your CPU Utilization using Shell Script This script will monitor your CPU utilization and send an Email alert to mentioned email address. But which is not real time CPU Utilization. This script required sar command installed in your Linux machine are else you may get error.

```
# yum install -y sysstat

# sudo apt-get install sysstat
```

There is a situation where we want to keep an eye on our server CPU utilization because if your server CPU utilization goes HIGH you can’t process any other jobs since it is busy. Before CPU hits HIGH utilization we have to reduce, take an preventing action. Below is the shell script which will alert you when CPU hits 70% utilization, you can also change this as per your requirement by changing the value of “LOAD=”.

  ## Monitor Your CPU Utilization using Shell Script

```
#!/bin/bash
# Shell script to monitor or watch the high cpu-load
# It will send an email to $ADMIN, if the (cpu load is in %) percentage
# of cpu-load is >= 70%
# If you have any suggestion or question please email to aravikumar48(yet)gmail.com
HOSTNAME=`hostname`
LOAD=70.00
CAT=/bin/cat
MAILFILE=/tmp/mailviews
MAILER=/bin/mail
mailto="EMAILADDRESS"
CPU_LOAD=`sar -P ALL 1 2 |grep 'Average.*all' |awk -F" " '{print 100.0 -$NF}'`
if [[ $CPU_LOAD > $LOAD ]];
then
PROC=`ps -eo pcpu,pid -o comm= | sort -k1 -n -r | head -1`
echo "Please check your processess on ${HOSTNAME} the value of cpu load is $CPU_LOAD % & $PROC" > $MAILFILE
$CAT $MAILFILE | $MAILER -s "CPU Load is $CPU_LOAD % on ${HOSTNAME}" $mailto
fi
```

## How to use above shell script ” Monitor Your CPU Utilization using Shell Script “

Create an file using below command

```
#touch CpuAlert.sh
#vi CpuAlert.sh
```

copy above script and paste in CpuAlert.sh file then provide the exective permissions using below command

```
#chmod +x CpuAlert.sh
```

Now execute shell script

```
#sh -x CpuAlert.sh
```

if your above script output is successful then schedule this script to execute yet every 30mintes. Using below procedure

```
#crontab -e 
#CPU Utilization Monitoring
*/30 * * * * sh /SCRIPT-PATH/CpuAlert.sh

:wq    $LOGFILE
echo "CPU Load is Critical $CPU_LOAD on $HOSTNAME" | $MAILER -s "CPU Load is Critical $CPU_LOAD on $HOSTNAME" $CRITmailto
exit 2
else
echo "`date "+%F %H:%M:%S"` OK - $CPU_LOAD on $HOSTNAME" >> $LOGFILE
exit 0
fi
fi
done
```

Your feedback is valuable to Us… Please comment your feedback….

## Related Articles

[Debug Shell\_Script Easily](https://arkit.co.in/debug-shell-script-easily-identify-errors/)

[List All Windows Virtual Machines from ESX Server Script](https://arkit.co.in/list-windows-virtual-machines-esx-server-using-shell-script/)

[Learn Linux from Scratch](http://www.tectm.com/p/index.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** CPU Utilization Monitoring, Linux CPU Utilization Monitoring, Monitor Your CPU Utilization using Shell Script

---

### [File System Usage Monitoring Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

**Published:** December 26, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

File System Usage Monitoring Shell Script . This script is written using df command and it will send an email alert when your file system usage exceeds mentioned threshold. All disk partition utilization monitoring can be done using below shell script.

**Environment:** Script will work in all the Unix / Linux environments. Tested in RHEL 5/6/7 and Centos All Versions

  **Warranty:** This shell script does not have WARRANTY. Comes with an no warranty. Execution of this script in any of your environments, we are not responsible for any data loss.

**Note:** Please test the script before you deploy to the production Environment.

**Prerequisites:** Before executing the script please verify below commands are working and mail relay agent should work.

```
# df -hP
# awk
# mail -s "Testing Email" YOUREMAIL-ADDRESS
```

## File System Usage Monitoring Shell Script

```
#!/bin/bash
#Purpose: Monitoring Disk Space Utilization and Send Email Alert
#Version:1.0
#Created Date: Wed Jun 6 22:38:01 IST 2018
#Modified Date:
#WebSite: https://arkit.co.in
#Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
# START #
THRESHOULD=40
mailto="root"
HOSTNAME=$(hostname)

for path in `/bin/df -h | grep -vE 'Filesystem|tmpfs' | awk '{print $5}' |sed 's/%//g'`
do
 if [ $path -ge $THRESHOULD ]; then
 df -h | grep $path% >> /tmp/temp
 fi
done

VALUE=`cat /tmp/temp | wc -l`
 if [ $VALUE -ge 1 ]; then
 mail -s "$HOSTNAME Disk Usage is Critical" $mailto < /tmp/temp
 fi

rm -rf /tmp/temp
```

```
echo "Thanks for Using Script, Please Visit http://www.arkit.co.in and write your feedback"
## END Script ###
```

copy the above shell script code and do as mentioned below steps

```
#touch DfAlert.sh
#vi DfAlert.sh

Paste the shell script 

:wq

**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** Centos File System Hierarchy, File system Usage Monitoring, Linux File system Monitoring, shell scripting

---

### [Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-windows-client-using-nagios/)

**Published:** December 27, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios . To monitor the windows machine using Nagios we have to install the NSClient in windows Desktop / Server. NSClient++ is compatible for all windows versions such as Server and Desktop.

[NSClient Installation Process](https://arkit.co.in/nsclient-installation/)

  After installing NSClient in remote client, we have to verify the NSClient is responding from Nagios Server in order to verify the NSClient response run the below command from Nagios server.

```
[root@TechTutorial libexec]# pwd
/usr/local/nagios/libexec
[root@TechTutorial libexec]# ./check_nt -H 192.168.234.141 -s password -p 12489 -v CLIENTVERSION
NSClient++ 0.4.4.15 2015-11-25
```

above command is confirming that NSClient is ready

Now we have to write the commands in Nagios server in order to monitor the windows services

To configure the commands edit the file called commands.cfg which is located in /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/ (default installation) directory

```
[root@TechTutorial objects]# pwd
/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects

[root@TechTutorial objects]# vi commands.cfg
```

The commands to monitor the windows server and its services, what are the commands are required for you configure only that from below.

## Disk space checking

below command is to check disk space utilization (.i.e. C: D: E: F: …… Z:)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_disk
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v USEDDISKSPACE -l $ARG1$ -w $ARG2$ -c $ARG3$
}
```

## Below command is to check CPU utilization 

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_cpuload
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v CPULOAD -l $ARG1$
}
```

## Check Server uptime

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_uptime
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v UPTIME
}
```

## Check NSClient installed version

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_clientversion
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v CLIENTVERSION
}
```

## Running process status verify using below command

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_process
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v PROCSTATE -l $ARG1$
}
```

## below mentioned command will check all the windows services status as to mention in “service name” in argument1

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_service
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v SERVICESTATE -d SHOWALL -l $ARG1$
}
```

## below mentioned command will check windows memory usage utilization

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_memuse
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v MEMUSE -w $ARG1$ -c $ARG2$
}
```

## to check windows machine paging file usage

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_pagingfile
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Paging File(_Total)\\% Usage","Paging File usage is %.2f %%" -w $ARG1$ -c $ARG2$
}
```

## DHCP queue length verification

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_DHCP_queue_length
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\DHCP Server\\Conflict Check Queue Length","Waiting in DHCP Queue due to Conflict is %.f" -w 2 -c 5
}
```

## DHCP Active queue

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_DHCP_active_queue_length
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\DHCP Server\\Active Queue Length","Waiting in DHCP Queue for Normal Processing is %.f" -w 15 -c 30
}
```

## DHCP – Average response time calculation

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_DHCP_average_response_time
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\DHCP Server\\Milliseconds per packet (Avg)","Average DHCP Server Response in is %.f" -w 70 -c 250
}
```

## To verify your DNS recursive query is resolving Name to IP we can check using below command

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_DNS_recursive_query_failures
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\DNS\\Recursive Query Failure/sec","DNS Recursive Queries are failing at %.f per second" -w 5 -c 80
}
```

## DNS recursive query timeouts, given query to the DNS is resolving within given time

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_DNS_recursive_query_timeouts
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\DNS\\Recursive Query TimeOut/sec","DNS Recursive Queries are failing because Timed Out at %.f per second" -w 5 -c 80
}
```

## DNS – Secure Update Failures

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_DNS_secure_update_failures
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\DNS\\Secure Update Failure","DNS Secure Update Failures since last Service Restart is %.f" -w 1 -c 15
}
```

## DNS – Total queries received per second

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_DNS_total_queries_per_sec
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\WINS Server\\Failed Queries/sec","Total Queries received per second is %.f" -w 3 -c 5
}
```

## This below command will check the User login errors after last reboot

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_logon_errors
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Server\\Errors Logon","Logon Errors since last reboot is %.f" -w 50 -c 150
}
```

## CIFS / SMB General System Errors, If you want to check errors of CIFS below command will check

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_SMB_general_system_errors
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Server\\Errors System","SMB Errors due to Server problems is %.f" -w 2 -c 20
}
```

## CIFS / SMB Blocking requests rejected

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_SMB_blocking_requests_rejected
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Server\\Blocking Requests Rejected","SMB Blockiing requests rejected due to insufficient free resources is %.f Server Parameters need adjusting" -w 10 -c 100
}
```

## CPU Load average every 10minutes, 60minutes and 24Hours

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_cpu_avg
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -v CPULOAD -l 10,60,95,60,60,95,1440,60,95
}
```

## Memory pool non paged

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_memory_pool_nonpaged_peak
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Server\\Pool Nonpaged Peak","Maxium number of bytes of nonpaged pool which should be same as installed physical memory is %.f"
}
```

## Memory Pool Paged Failures

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_memory_pool_paged_failures
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Server\\Pool Paged Failures","Number of times allocation from the page pool have failed is %.f Physical RAM or paging file too small" -w 2 -c 50
}
```

## Paging File Usage 30% is warning and 60 is CRITICAL

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_paging_file_useage
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Paging File(_Total)\\% Usage","Paging file usage is %.2f %%" -w 30 -c 60
}
```

## System PTEs with 3GB switch

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_system_PTE_with_3GB
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Memory\\Free System Page Table Entries","Number of Page Table Entries not being used is %.f Thresholds set for testing /3GB switch on or off" -w 8000 -c 5000
}
```

## Registry Quota in Use (percent)

When applications such as Rdisk.exe and other Backup software are used to backup the registry, the amount of paged pool memory used by these applications are charged towards the registry’s quota. If the amount consumed reaches 95 percent of the Registry Size Limit then the warning popup mentioned above will be displayed. The warning is displayed only once for each boot cycle; which means that the popup will not be displayed until the system is rebooted, and the threshold reached again.

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_registry_quota_in_use
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\System\\% Registry Quota In Use","Percent Quota in use is %.2f %%" -w 60 -c 85
}
```

## Server Queue Length

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_server_work_queues
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Server Work Queues(0)\\Queue Length","Current work queue which is an indication of Processing Load is %.f " -w 4 -c 7
}
```

## Disk Queue Length

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_queue_length
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\PhysicalDisk(_Total)\\Avg. Disk Queue Length","Average number of both read and write requests queued is %.2f Consider a faster disk array" -w 1 -c 5
}
```

## Printer not ready error from last reboot

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_printer_not_ready
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Print Queue(_Total)\\Out of Paper Errors","Out of Paper Printer Errors since last Service restart is %.f" -w 1 -c 3
}
```

## Printer out of paper errors

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_printer_out_of_paper_errors
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\Print Queue(_Total)\\Out of Paper Errors","Out of Paper Printer Errors since last Service restart is %.f" -w 1 -c 3
}
```

## SMTP Local delivery Queue

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_smtp_local_delivery
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SMTP Server(_Total)\\Local Queue Length","Number of Messages waiting in queue for Local Recipients is %.f" -w 5 -c 15
}
```

## SMTP Remote Delivery Queue

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_smtp_remote_delivery_queue
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SMTP Server(_Total)\\Remote Queue Length","Number of Messages waiting in queue for Remote Recipients is %.f" -w 25 -c 50
}
```

## Exchange Active users count

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_active_user_count
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSExchangeIS\\Active User Count" -w 4 -c 10
}
```

## Exchange Connection Count

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_connection_count
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSExchangeIS\\Connection Count" -w 100 -c 250
}
```

## Exchange Message Delivery time

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_delivery_time
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSExchangeIS(_Average Delivery Time)\\%%Usage","Average Delivery Time is %.2f%%" -w 2 -c 10
}
```

## Exchange Maximum Users

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_maximum_users
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSExchangeIS\\Connection Count" -w 100 -c 250
}
```

## Exchange messages delivered in Minute

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_messages_delivered_per_min
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "MSExchangeIS Mailbox(_Total)\\Messages Delivered/min" -w 25 -c 120
}
```

## Exchange Messages Submitted in Minute

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_messages_submitted_per_min
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSExchangeIS Mailbox(_Total)\\Messages Submitted/min" -w 5 -c 35
}
```

## Exchange Receive Queue

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_receive_queue
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSExchangeIS Mailbox(_Receive Queue Size)\\%%Usage","Queue Length is %.2f" -w 3 -c 15
}
```

## Exchange Send queue

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_exchange_send_queue
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSExchangeIS(_Send Queue Size)\\%%Usage","Queue Length is $.2f%%" -w 3 -c 15
}
```

## SQL Database Data file size (Total)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_files_size
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SQLServer:Databases(_Total)\\Data File(s) Size (KB)","SQL Server Databases Datafile size total is %.f" -w 5 -c 30
}
```

## SQL Database Log files size (Total)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_log_files_size
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SQLServer:Databases(_Total)\\Log File(s) Size (KB)","SQL Server Databases Logfile size total %.f" -w 10 -c 100
}
```

## SQL Database Data file size ( Individual)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_data_file_size_individual
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSSQL$SBSMONITORING:Databases(_Total)\\Data File(s) Size (KB)","SQL Server Databases Datafile size total is %.f" -w 5 -c 30
}
```

## SQL Database Log File size (Individual)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_log_file_size_individual
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSSQL$SBSMONITORING:Databases(_Total)\\Log File(s) Size (KB)","SQL Server Databases Logfile size total %.f" -w 10 -c 100
}
```

## SQL Server service status ( This we can also check using service status )

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_server_service
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v SERVICESTATE -l mssqlserver
}
```

## SQL Database Size

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_size
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SQLServerDatabases(_Data Files() Size (KB)\\%%Usage","Databases Size is $.2f%%" -w 30000 -c 70000
}
```

## SQL Server Deadlocks / Second

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_server_deadlocks_per_sec
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SQLServer:Locks(_Total)\\Number of Deadlocks/sec","SQL Server Deadlocks per second total %.f" -w 1 -c 5
}
```

## SQL Server Connections

continuous 20 connections will give to warning and 40 connections will give you error

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_server_connections
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SQLServer:General Statistics\\User Connections","SQL Server Connections are %.f" -w 20 -c 40
}
```

## SQL Database data size (Total)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_data_size
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SQLServer:Databases(_Total)\\Data File(s) Size (KB)","SQL Server Databases Datafile size total is %.f" -w 5 -c 30
}
```

## SQL Database Log Size (Total)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_data_size
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\SQLServer:Databases(_Total)\\Log File(s) Size (KB)","SQL Server Databases Logfile size total %.f" -w 10 -c 100
}
```

## SQL Replication Agents (SharePoint Instance)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_replication_agents
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSSQL$Sharepoint:Replication Agents\\Running","Number of SQL Server Replication Agents running are %.f“
}
```

## SQL Database Log size (SharePoint Instance)

```
define command{
command_name check_nt_sql_database_log_size_sharepoint
command_line $USER1$/check_nt -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -s password -p 12489 -v COUNTER -l "\\MSSQL$Sharepoint:Databases(_Total)\\Log File(s) Size (KB)","SQL Server Databases Logfile size total %.f" -w 10 -c 30
}
```

Required commands we will add them to Nagios server, after adding them to commands.cfg file we have to configure the windows template and services to monitor.

Now Create a File with Windows Server name in Nagios Server

## Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios

```
# touch ARKIT-WINDOWS.cfg

[root@TechTutorial objects]# cat ARKIT-WINDOWS.cfg
###############################################################################
###############################################################################
#
# HOST DEFINITIONS Tech Tutorial http://arkit.co.in
#
###############################################################################
###############################################################################

define host{
        use             windows-server ; Windows Template
        host_name       ARKIT-WINDOWS   ; ARKIT-WINDOWS machine
        alias           Tech Tutorial Windows Server ARKIT-WINDOWS  ; How much long you want you write
        contact_groups   admins
        address         192.168.1.2
        }

###############################################################################
###############################################################################
#
# SERVICE DEFINITIONS
#
###############################################################################
###############################################################################

#To Check Nagios Client Version
define service{
        use                     generic-service
        host_name               ARKIT-WINDOWS
        service_description     NSClient++ Version
        check_command           check_nt_clientversion
        }

## To check Server UPTIME
define service{
        use                     generic-service
        host_name               ARKIT-WINDOWS
        service_description     Uptime
        check_command           check_nt_uptime
        }

## To check CPULOAD
define service{
        use                     generic-service
        host_name               ARKIT-WINDOWS
        service_description     CPU Load
        check_command           check_nt_cpuload!5
        }

# Memory Usage check
define service{
        use                     generic-service
        host_name               ARKIT-WINDOWS
        service_description     Memory Usage
        check_command           check_nt_memuse!80!90
        }

# To check C: Drive space utilization
define service{
        use                     generic-service
        host_name               ARKIT-WINDOWS
        service_description     C:\ Drive Space
        check_command           check_nt_disk!c!80!90
        }

define service{
        use                     generic-service
        host_name               ARKIT-WINDOWS
        service_description     W3SVC
        check_command           check_nt_service!W3SVC
        }

## END Config FILE ######
```

Place this file into your configuration directory and reload your nagios services.

If there is no configuration directory is configured then add this file path to nagios.cfg

approx 36 number line

```
# vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/nagios.cfg

cfg_file=/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/ARKIT-WINDOWS.cfg
```

restart / reload nagios service

Thats it your windows server /desktop is added successfully into Nagios monitoring, go and check in Nagios server web console to services status.

Your feedback is more valuable to us… [Write your comments below..](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6HmupV-9e4)

Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Adding windows machine to nagios monitoring, check_nt command, check_nt command nagios, configuring the windows monitoring, Monitoring Windows Client Using Nagios, NSClient++

---

### [Monitoring Linux Client Using Nagios (NRPE)](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-linux-client-using-nagios-nrpe/)

**Published:** December 29, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Monitoring Linux Client Using Nagios. We can monitor the remote Linux client using SNMP and NRPE (Nagios Remote Plugin Executor) client. In this article we are going to see how to setup a Linux client monitoring using NRPE.

In-order to monitor the Linux client using NRPE we have to install NRPE in client and Nagios server as well.

  ## [NRPE installation process](https://arkit.co.in/nrpe-installation-and-configuration-in-remote-linux/)

After completion of NRPE installation in client you have to configure (define) commands in remote client. To define a commands you have to edit the below file.

## In Remote Client Side

```
# vi /usr/local/nagios/nrpe.cfg
```

end of nrpe.cfg file you have to define the commands using local plugins (default location is /usr/local/nagios/libexec/) as example shown below

```
## Example Commands mentioned in Remote Linux Client
command[check_users]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_users -w 5 -c 10
command[check_load]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_load -w 15,10,5 -c 30,25,20
command[check_hda1]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_disk -w 20% -c 10% -p /dev/hda1
command[check_disk]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_disk -w 20% -c 10%
command[check_zombie_procs]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_procs -w 5 -c 10 -s Z
command[check_total_procs]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_procs -w 150 -c 200 
command[check_mem]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_mem_new.sh -w 80 -c 90
```

Now ensure below things in remote Linux client

- Add Nagios server IP address in /etc/xinetd.d/nrpe.cfg
- Add NRPE port number to allow NRPE service to communicate wit Nagios server in /etc/services
- Check whether NRPE port is listening state using #netstat -at |grep NRPE
- Add NRPE port (5666/5667/5668) in allow list of your firewall

## In NAGIOS Server

First check using check\_nrpe command whether remote client is responding to NRPE or not.

```
# cd /usr/local/nagios/libexec/

# ./check_nrpe -H 
# NRPE v2.15
```

It means NRPE is working.

Now add NRPE commands to commands.cfg

```
# vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/commands.cfg

# 'check_ssh' command definition
define command{
    command_name    check_ssh
    command_line    $USER1$/check_ssh $ARG1$ $HOSTADDRESS$
    }

## To call All the remote NRPE commands 

define command{
    command_name    check_nrpe
    command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe -n -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$
    }

## To all all the remote NRPE commands using ssl
define command{
    command_name    check_nrpe_ssl
    command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$
    }

## Check the remote NRPE command using 30seconds time limit
define command{
        command_name    check_nrpe_timeout
        command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe -n -t 30 -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$
        }
## Check NRPE without hostname
define command{
    command_name    check_nrpe_without_hostname
    command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe -n -t 60 -H $ARG1$ -c $ARG2$
    }

# 'check_mem' command definition will check memory utilization
define command{
    command_name    check_mem
    command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe -n -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c check_mem $ARG1$ $ARG2$
    }

# 'check_mem_ssl' command definition memory utilization using ssl
define command{
    command_name    check_mem_ssl
    command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe  -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c check_mem $ARG1$ $ARG2$
    }

# 'check_disk' command definition Disk space utilization
define command{
    command_name    check_disk
    command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe -n -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c check_disk
    }

# 'check_disk_ssl' command definition disk space utilization using ssl
define command{
    command_name    check_disk_ssl
    command_line    $USER1$/check_nrpe  -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c check_disk
    }

:wq

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** check_nrpe, check_nrpe command, How to setup Linux client monitoring using Nagios, Monitoring_Linux Client using Nagios, NRPE client configuration

---

### [Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/steps-to-setup-cluster-mode-netapp/)

**Published:** December 30, 2015
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

## Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp

### Step 1: Hardware setup

Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp First step is to unpack your package (Hardware Parts). Netapp hardware package will come all parts are individually.

Separate all the hardware parts and select the position of Racking space from Netapp rack. Then attach the racking kit to the rack and load the chassis.

  After Loading the Netapp controllers then attach the disks to it.

1. Connect controllers to disk shelves (FC/SAS/INFINI BAND connectivity)
2. NVRAM interconnect to high availability cable between partners (10GbE or INFNI Band)
3. Connect controllers to network such that each node have exactly two connections to the dedicated cluster network, at least one data connection. Also the well known RLM/BMC/SP connection for troubleshooting purpose.
4. Connect interconnect switch (most of the cases Cisco MDS) and attach all the cables to provide redundant connection.

**Note:** Cluster connections must be on a network with dedicated cluster traffic, where as data and management connections are on a distinct network.

### Step 2:Power-up

1. Power on network switches and SAN Switches
2. Power on disk shelves and wait for 2minutes
3. Power on storage controller

### Step 3: Firmware

1. During boot process press any key to enter the firmware
2. Two compact flash images: flash0a and flash0b are available. To ‘flash’ (put) a new image on primary flash one needs to configure management interface.

**Note:** For auto option of ifconfig, DHCP or BOOTP server must be available on management network. If it doesn’t one must run below command

```
C::Mode>ifconfig  addr= mask= gw=
```

3. Once the network is configured, ping to test and flash the image; run flash tftp://<tftp\_server>/<path\_to\_image>flash0a

### Step4 :Installing ONTAP 8.1

- Run option 7 to install new software first
- Enter a URL to ONTAP 8.1 tgz image
- Allow the system to boot when complete

**Note:** One can type boot\_primary if node stops at firmware prompt

### Step5 :Initialize a Node

First time booting it will ask you to press CTRL+C to enter into the boot menu.
 For the First time we have to format all the disks and rebuild as fresh one.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAX4AAACdCAIAAAA8H4QzAAAgAElEQVR4nOy991tTS/c+PH3vhNACJCDYQekKYkV6s6H0YO+9d3pJo6hI74S0nQp6ns/3/QPfHwa2EQKWczye8zzJdV9euLMzfe5Zs2bWWgACGEIIIfx2IIgwwt8Eguh78Nur802A316CEEIIAYaoJ4QQQvgtCFFPCCGE8BsQop4QQgjhNyBEPSGEEMJvQIh6QgghhN+AEPWEEEIIvwH/69Qjl1su/VdVAgiBf1atEEQY4n9Lc/+K6n/zBd5x6x/+yXwDE9koNTlfPmfgusGDEf6HtOFvH0LfySn/tdSTdyCvqLCo4HhBWUlZUUGRQAWRiYwwiumRw0eKCorS09J/e6FlREVGFRcVlxaXajVaiilB5F/R6D/ZVQDwfxFEW7duPZ5//NjRY0qFcvMhqBAVRQVFBBO5cQ4fOlxYULg1aetPl4RgIgpiRnpGcVFJzv4cjDAldD2JIIgooQihQwcPlZeWZ6RlEEzkdXv7tu3HjuaXFpci+PPsc/jQ4bwDeRBACH9s6vJi8MaklPIa8Vr8riH0300067FCPWD1c7LqpN1mHxkerT5dPfJx5PrV6yITCaYQwJLiErfL8+jh42823y8v9OpHHa1+/vS5w+7cuX0nn5l/VfrfzHrzFH60Eb4nWf4CgiheG9/Z0Xn75m3boq2+rmGjscj/OHvmrFtyowBB/cyZM5JDKi8r/+nSIoj2Ze0bej906tTpifGJw4cOU8LWUA+CiGBCCYUQlpeWuyT3rZu3AkuYnJw8/HHEZrV/T8fxd9aXc3ZmdmR4BIIfox45R54gRphSGrij+asG0o+26v8i9awAQpVSJTldvd29BJPOjk7LgoViCuHKYuvz+J49fbZJcut7bqOm2ej59zMIAAAjXFtT63Z5wlXhCCFREDfp1+9PNmgZeArfST3fv49AEPHm/WbK8repqWkL85acfTnbt21P3JIYdEnnb1JC375+65JcgTMzLi7ObrMXFxUHlOGH51vNuRqP2xMREZG8OyVGHbNRF0MIKaEEE5/Xd/vmbYopDJhjZqN5anJqpcpwsybiw299q27bui0pMSmQan9ougIAerp7Htx7QDBhlMkS2Q81xd+M/0Lq4b2bvDt5eWm5s6OLINLZ3um0OwNnhc/je/7sufyTAzkHXE6X0yG5XR6zyUwpFZhAMJmdmZuZnp2bnU9JTgEAQAjDlGGdHV2zM3OLFqvH7TlZdZISSjA9eeKU3eZYtFiti7bOjs4IVcRGQzAiImJkeGRkeMS6aHU6nJkZmQAABHFDfYPf60/QJszNzr168UohKgAAe1L2OB3O2ZlZh80hOV0CE0QmRkZEWhdts9OzU5NTklNK3ZMKISSE3r51Z3FhcWFuwWa119fXI4QAAHv37F2Yt9itdrvVPjk+GRamWkM98kcUxbdvWiwLi5Pjkw67s+ZcLSFEFaaaGJ9s1jW/ff12cWGx39yvUqoQROFh4Uv+Zeuizbpoc0nuqMhoyCfdug/G+Gz1OZvVPjE2YV20tbxtVSqUAABVmGp+bsFpd87OzEZFRvFeC7qwp6WmTYxPOGwOj9s70DfQUN/AU9bEaSSnq6qqqrWlzbpoU0fHYISjI6Mlp2t6ctqysGiz2nfv3L3JoNm5Y+fczJzL6RofHSeYcIqJjIhyuzxzM3OzM3Muya2J1QTynd/nv3vnbiD1EEzeDbyzWqwy24YpVUu+Jcu8xe3y/OfzfwRBgADeunnLYXfK1WxtafV7/YwyCOG9O/c8Ls/I8MhKGQCcn51/+6ZF16izWqw2qz0uVoMgUkfHTI5P2q32+3fv379337poY4QRRHhvfnj34dWLVxRTgumPqnL/OfjtPPJnqQdCuHvX7uWlZbOp70DuAZPR3NPd8xX1eL9QjyiIXrdX16QTBTFMEfb50+cb128oRIVAhbwDeXm5ea9evbJb7XxeFRwvmJyYOpCbRzA9euTYm9dvIlQRiQmJ87PzhccLCaZhYWFOh7P6zNmNVv67d+7ZbXa+9JWWlL5+9ZoPx/q6+uWl5da3rbt27vZ5fMfzjwMAHDbHg/sPFKICY7y89Km9tR0j/PbNW4fNwQgjmLx5/dbv8ysVyuys7NGR0dOnTmNEUnantLW27d61GwDgdrkvXbxMMRWoMD01fevmraAEAQA4eeKkzWqPUcdgRCorKj9/+mNP8h4IYG7uAcnpykjLYITZbY6LFy6Kgjg7Mzs+Po4QYoT19vQOvR/iVLs+2cTEJLvNUXi8ECOiidX833/+X11NHcEEQpiZmeVxe7Oz922ymPNpTwjp6uzy+/wQQq5nYZRpNVqH3TE48C5Bm+CwO1tbWgkm7W3tklNCCGGEX7185Zbcm4+bc2fPSQ4pVh0rLxWDA+84ExFMhj589Hl8CkHxFfXc/op6MMLvB99z6kEQYYwX5ha6u7pFQVSKSqvFOj42jhG+fu262+XmFQcAtLW1+zw+uTrTk9MjwyMUU862SoXSarGePXuWUcG2aDPoDQiiZ0+fSQ5JFMSC4wV8bw4BJJgAAAQmYEQQRJRQhajgaYao5zdQD1qVekZHRmvP1dbXNRBC+Djm82HJtyRTj8AEl+Tq6e7RNel0TbrlpeUb129QQs+cOjM+Ot5Q32DQG2amZwUmQAAFJpaXVfh9S7qm5rwDBxWCgmK6JWGLzWp/+eKVrqn54sVLn5Y+BWou1hT0zu07bpcbruo4KaEAAIxIQ33D50+foyKidu3Y5XV7C44XAAAkp+vJ46e8UpLT1dbShiDqaOvw+/yMMgDAvbv3fB4fRgQCmJebNzUx1VDfUFpSGqYM44NScrrMRvN53fkLzRdsVtu9u/c2op4zp8943d642DgAQP6xfMnp2r5tO0b4QO4Bl+ROS00TmOD1eG9cu8EIm56amZ2ZbWrSNevOT4xPjI6MbZTs1qStXo+vpLgEQhgZGWW3OarPVEMIBSbs37f/j89/5ObkCkzYSOrhyWKEO9s7l5eW+caHa140cRqHzXGi6gSE0Of1t7xtQQh3dnRJTknXqGvWNX8cGv4m9ZytPut0SFzs4k9Ghkdmp2d567W3dXg9Xj6rv1DPnbv8W7h6kPzh3QdOPQAAStn83Py7gXcYE4LJ6Mjo+Og4I+z2rdt2mz0iPELXpMvOzm5928rFWM4R05PToyOjlFBeBlWYyuv2NtQ3QgAlh2QymjDCL5+/9Lg9AIDS4tIl/3LyruSVDWmAvMko4xuuEPX8HurBCEeoIj4tf+rt7iWIyCoDBBHvoeWl5RfPX3Dtj8AEh93x4N6DrMys9LT0/ftytiZtZYRNTkxOjk9SQq9fv/750x8YYQghxkQhKrKzsysrqmamZ7OzsymhSYlbfV7/tavX8w4c3Je971DeoaTEJIEK67sfAnjv7n2Py0MwYYTxkwgAAMW0ob7hP5//ExEesWP7Tr/XX1VZhSDyef2PHj7iA31h3sKpp72tQ3K6+A+fPXnm8/gYFTDCBJM9KXv2798/OzNbXFTMa7owt/D29du83LysrKzszOykxCSEMAwmnpw9e/bT0qfELYkAgKKiIo/buzVpK8E0JyfH6/GmpaVhjJf8S1cuX4EAzs7MTYxP7t+Xsy97X2Zm5t49qRAiuXkDP9u2bvu8/LmqogpBFB0V7fX4Tp08DQAQBTErM8vv8x86eIhvwdaMQvnshvddT3fvp+XPlFAEEUKIUabVxrucrrLSMgDAkn+pva0dQdTbq3dJrqyMrJx9Ofuy9qWnpcspBEXNuRqv2xseHi6/MzoyOjc7z5cEo8EkOV38Od8NLfmXbt+6w6c6XBV8hj8OOx1OsCqjfXj/YaBvQCEoGGFTk1OjI6MYk7t37jrsTqPB6HRIH4c+zs3MOe1OhDAX0KYnpwPpO1wV4ZbcjQ2NEEC35B7+OKxUKFvetPi9fghgSXGJz+vfsX0HQYSPdozwi2cvbt+6LTCBUUYw5VLb99yv+V34L6QeeZRITonPVd6dCCKEMIRQFMTlpU9PHj3BGCOEoqPULsl1Xnee08HCvOXm9ZsCE8dGxibGJgAA169fX1xYDFOqBCacOX1mamIqRh0DITx18tTiwmJERER8fPySb+nUydOUsLCwMJfkrjlbg3GQxiWYPH702O1yh4eFI4h0Tc2TE1MAAEbYubPnlvxL4arwbVu3uSRXYUERAGBmevb2rdtcSv+0/LmttZ1R1tbaZrPaOXM9efTELblFJhbkF8xMzexJ2QMA2L9vv8Pm4Fokl+S6cf0G7+yFuYXbN29zAXD959zZc37f0tbErQITSkvKbFb7li2JjLCcnByPy5OWmgYAcLs8165ewxhPT02PDo8KTKSYDvQPvB98zyWXoNSzvPSpqvKEyMSE+C02q72q6gQAgGCaujfVZrXl7M8lmIKAw5pAyMTR3tYhOaW9KXuvXb0mCiKEKC4uzuf1VVVWAQD8Xn9bSxsEsK2lzWl3QgBFJr54/nJh3rL5uDlzptpmtalUKrkAIx9HpqemGWWMCt1dPdZFG2c6CCCjTHJI9+7exxjLpYUADg4MLswvyALI9NRMd2c3o0ygwof3HybGJwAAF89ftC7aLPMWURCbdc0L8xav26sQFXwSDn8cGRsd53wHAIiOivb7/HW1dRBA26JtoH+AYPLo4SPJKSlEZVFhkcft2Zq0lbcPQhgjPDU51dPVIwoKpUJJMCUrSp9/Lvv8d1IPBPDunXuD/YN9pj6+KgYsqvj1y9fvBt+bjOajR44iiAQqJO9ONhlN/X0Dg/2DT588DVOGYUSUonLo/ZDZZC4qLHr44GFbaxsfGdeuXR/oG/jw/oPRYNqfvV9kIoJo//79vd29ne2d/eb+SxcvyUNqPRhlT588M/QaTEaTyWjeuWMnBHDH9h1mo/nD+w9KhTJeG2/QG/bvzwEAqKPUZpPZbDIb9AaD3hAeFq4UlQpBcevGrcGBd2aT2ag3JsRvgRAKVDh98rRBb+gz95lNZr7BQRBt37a939yv79V3dnS9fPEyKDvwDyX00sVL/X0DA/0D/eb+/GPHuSonPT19cGBw185dAIAP74eqT1fzreJA/4DZaO7p6jEaTJskiyDKP5rfZ+4b6B8Y6Bu4fPEy3y4RQrq7egx6o8lg4id6aN35DgyQzsKUYWaj+eXzl7xhMcId7R3vBt8dPXIUAPB+8P2tm7cIppSwjraO3h69yWAym/rUUepNBs32bdv7zP1mk3mgbwCs3jaihN65fcdkNBkNRpPBFKZUQbhy4tnS0trfN2AymnL258jUc+7suZHhEZPRfOvmrZWxCMBg/+D7wff95n6D3oggooTqGnVGg5HzFyPs+tXr79994Mqd+vp6k9FkMpqaGpr4wikIQn9ff1lpGQSwt0d//959gonAxLdvWlrfto6OjHGZVG5hjAjfdEMIlYqwNfLOb99GfT9+O4/8WerhnS0KoiiIGBP5Ie8kvqDxDQuXjxBEFFORiSJbmQMYYYqpKIj8Hf4r+QCCIMKHIyWUYrqqr8GchhBEXGcZtHEFJjDCQICmgP8rMCFcFcH/5musPBl4+bmyiYMgwu/gYYR5aghieYeCEeE3mPg6jDHma+MmBCELF5wFKKYCEyGElDCCSZgyjNdRFaYSBZFPmMCyfTNZRhkX+vjRIUaYIEIJFaggCuI310AAAKMCV4UEtjDfXwAAIsIjlAolV3PwU/CVrDc+6g5MnO9c5IrAVcGZESYKCt65vG0FJvK9DFo1F+Dn2YFjjw8zXk2FoOAPZbWOQAW0elrP24SPMT6Q5FoLTGBUAAAoRAV//2DewTOnzwhMKCspczqkQOoJLLk8rkLU8xuoZxOgYLfg178T2BbyLVW87rLP+ic/ij/f3FjWNa5pkYCxGPRh0BcCCoZhwL0euZwo2LWU9cmumclf1Xddlb85EDl1Bm0xFHCz7s9gDdEHNC8Jmv5GBf7m7Arkgu8tHoQQomNH8xfmF169eGU29d25dUcdrV7TzmCDTeufb5xfgf856vm5Nlrzx/qvfiN+URnkifS3VXnzgfirm3oj/too3791kYcII0IJjYqKVqvVarVaFMWNjhT/thb7y7v7H17gjRCyXP/X4/cOxB8Vnf5O6vkiUiHET6/WyzvBBczf3ac/2oC/vVQ/gRD1hPBfiE2mpazlCeH3IkQ9Ifxv4S/RcIXw5xHqhhBCCOE3IEQ9IYQQwm9AiHpCCCGE34AQ9YQQQgi/ASHqCSGEEH4DQtQTQggh/AaEqCeEEEL4DQhRTwghhPAb8PdRz7/60ncIIYTw12It9fw6dpCNjwMf/ow58o/nu0nif22+IWINIYTvRHDqCerUYsUSb53rjG/ON/4CRphgGpg+jwHw66gHgW/b18nl+TN+PFZ/GJLpQgjhexGcehSCInlXcnFhMVl1GAYhEqhQcLwgdU/ql5cRSkpKKsgvEJiwyawjmCTvSo5VxzLCMMLbtm4rLixWiApRUNCv2eevAgRQE6cpKigqLizenHritfFlpWWVFVVVFVXlpeU7d+z80Rbk6UdHRR89cixEPSGE8J0IrutJiE/obO+8fesOISvUQzC9euWq5JTu3b3HnyCICKHbt203Gky3b97mcXWDOtnCCF9ovtDypmXHth0Y4ZMnTtoWbemp6UpR+SuCH/FMNRpNW2ub3WrfsOYAQAC3JGzp6epxSa7y8vLbt26bjObExKTvb76VHCG8e/fe2OiYnHLIRjGEEDZHkBlCMBkbGbt5/WZ42Jd4A1cuX3HYHC7J9fDBQ/lN7tc2LjbOarE+uPeAOwP9KvXVj66p2efxfXg/xKlHcroOHzwcyDiyw9OgVIIg5t7/1nwVGG5lDfUAAK5cvup2eTas+aon0Js3bvp9fowwj2iYnZUd9P2g7hfkz/jo+ND7ocCHv71rQwjhn4wgM4QS6vV4m5ua8WowHA6CqeSUHj14JD9ZcakNoNPu7DP341U3xl9SX/00Nel8Ht+Sf2mgf7CpUSc5XbExcSITT508NTsza1202hZtba1tAhPDFGGWhcWe7p7zzRdsVvvy0qfhoWEI4YN7D3weX2R4JI/D0/Kmxev2IoROnTzlsDkcdodRb1SIShQQWObqlavLS582rPnq58b1G8v+ZaVSeeTQEYfdkZmRiRHel71fckrzcws2q21udi5WHYsgStAm+Ly+yYlJy4LF7XKHh4dTQk9WnRweGnY6nFaLdejDxyOHj4TYJ4QQvokNqMft1TXp5IBtHARTp935+NFj+YksCHDqQQExWFZSD5B6/D5/Z3unw+5w2J1ulydWHZu4JdGyYDmef1whKiIjIpf8S7XnajHCEeGRkkMaHhpOSU55/PDxvXv3McKceoY/DucdyHv65JnVYvV5/ZSw7du2Hz18tCC/wGF3Xr1yTZZ6IIDXrl77fup59vTZQN/Ai+cvY9QxSlHpcXvu3rkrCqJCUPCoXgiigf6BmakZSqggCPpeg9PupKuRm2amZoY+DIV0PSGE8J0ITj0+j69Z18wIC9TRcup5+uQpXHUq/k3qWckDAF2Tzu/1R6gi7t6553Z5vG6vNk67e/fuJd8Sj7oTrgr3uDw1Z2sQRASRz8ufr129jhEhiPDwCQ/vP/R7/fV19S6nq72tY3Rk1OlwajXaro6uJ4+fXLp4yevx8vDEK/lCeOP6jSX/0oY1/5p6CCKH8g65Xe683DyCieR0Xb1yFQCgVCglp+vZ02cY4Q/vhxYti5yRO9o7HDYHQghCSBAZHxv/OPQxMMq43Djrn4QQQgjBqcftcjfrmr/EqOHPOfU8fgoBRGiFegAAAhPckru3u3fNBg0GhCtoamzyuDyU0ojwiFs3bi35l+O1CVuTtrokd3lZOUY4PDzc5/HVnKvh739a/nzp0mWeNY+gcv/eA6/bywhLS0tL3JJk0Bv/+PxHZkbmkm/p8KHDlFCPy/P0yVNZ6qGY3rh2w+P28vg8G21/OPV4PT6BCrk5ucv+5eysbLAatI/X9NPSp5cvXmKER4dHZ2dmlaKSYGI0GB02B/cxTgkdHRmT1cyBGisuE8mxg357f4cQwj8EwSdkVmaWw+44dPDQl/cAAABITunhg4cyofDppO/VW+YtqrBwHhA5SIIQ1tXVOWwOHgPvzKkzn5Y+JcQnxGvjF+YXjucfF6igClN5Pb7GhsYwZRgAwOlwNjU1ycEDIIB379x1SS6eL8GkraXNYXNkpGX4PD5eTo/b8/jRY/4TRphCUNy9c8/j9ogrgbEoWdVMfV02dPPGLeuilWB6+NARj9ubdyAPAOCSXLdu3OJk6na5nz97gRH+ODQ8NjJGCRWY2N7W4ZJcsug0MTZhNpmPHjlacLxATrz6TPXE+GR6arp8g+m393cIIfxDEJx6CCaVFZVdnV1y/Lz6unqTwdRn6jMbzW9ev9FqtPx4qKy0rL+vPzoyGkHEKOPR5tYAQVRRXtHd1R0THUMJO3b0WHdXd1xMHILoyOEjZlOfvlff29vb3HyeYsoIMxvNJpPJaDDKkb8BAHU1dUa9EQIIIUQI3b5126A3QAiLi4rNpr7+vv7k3ck93T1ZWVkQQIzwgdy8nq4es9Hc0d7BN3FBZ35mRmZvT6/RYDIZzSajqbSklAfq27Vzl9Fg7Df3f3j3oae7hweZ42Ub7B80Gc29PXqMCUJIISoxJgCAtpa206dOB+ZSWFD49k3Lrh27QtQTQghrsOE2hIe7lP/LPwQRshorlt9n4fE/ebxHGMxqgT/hATMjwiO5XhZvENJTDrC5okiCX7IWmKBUhMFVgwwAAI+fSSnjISjlN7+onCDk73DqWV9NnhTBhBJKCRWYQMlX94wggCsRMiGUt3IrwTCZsPIOXGkiuhKu+wvFoJV70kS+BPDb+zuEEP4h2CSK5qpmFAZx4r/mCQ81uZE+5es310bgXJ9pYC7yJ3jpf/B58AoGe7gRTcgpb6BODmKQESKdEEJYj+CGFF9f28NrNDgbHWN9f65rDsgCn/891f7RUyf5taDUE/Ra4893SehCUAj/AwhOPXzjg+HK1gPDr0SVH6UeWSENN5A1frLof2KKrjHd4OHkAyUsDLG8VZRLDn+KemSt/PfXC0G03kw3aPW/U9gMLPOfb/kQQvjz2MB8VFSk7E4pKykTmEgJo5hmZmQWFRYVFRUVFxdv2bKFqzwIIdu2bjt+/DilwU+v5cmcvDu5vLS8qLC4sqKyvKxcq4lHECGEVjQp3w1K6d69e+XEf6yqACCIVGGqY0fzE+K3yHoZros5euRo4P6uoqyitLhUE6dRhalIgKbmm9SzJseMjIyIiIjvJAj5NUZZoDpszbcQwKSkpKioqB/tbH7M/3OtF0IIfy2Cj78tCVu6Ortu37ojMIERlpme+eHdh+oz1WWlZffvPdD36mNjYimmIhN3bN/RZ+67feu2Wq0OKgrxz66duwb6B7we38mqk69fvW5v69ixfQdXA8PvngaxMbHXrlx7+OAhV/r+3ORJSkyaGJ88duTYikobE4rp2epzs9OzXGvOGaqxvtG2aCs4XiAwgWIKf0TqkV/ev2//+3fvIyMjv1/cCFOGnTp5ijG2Xs8lK9G1Wm1ba1tmRub3izCU0EMHD+3eufub6rMQQvh7EGT8EUwmxiduXr8ZrgrnJ8oV5RUnT5zEGIuCWFxY7HK6du/azeUFCGBsTKzNan/29Jls5h40za6OrmX/MsHk3Nlzfq//4IGDQbcM66cTAABCCCHcsX3H3Mzc82fPQeAx1rdqGJgggkhgQlJiUmR45MpBFRUUgkLfa7Au2iCAXKeOEU5J3uN2efKP5a9RdW1EPWscD/E/6uvq7Vb79u3bIYBg481RIDGVlpTOzswplcqg1MNLkpaatriwmJ2d/f3tkJSYND42cfjQ4Y0YLURGIfzN2MCQwus7rzvPhXN+9szv4ypERVlpmd1m37F9BwBANh9dtCyajKb19wlXBjSEGBGD3rDkX4pRx+iadDarLSIiQiEoas7VTE9OL8wtWBYWu7u6uRAUF6txOqSJ8cnpqRmP26uJ1SCEG+obB/sHrYtWq8U69H5o967dQYUsCGDK7hSX5Hr54iUllO/pXJKrqbEJQUQwnZ+blxxSUUERAggjnJebN9g/uDBv8bq9H4c+njp5is/nPSl7/D5/RVmFyWCyzFvU0WoAgCZO4/P6RkfGLPMWl+SOjIhkVKirqXM6JHW0Ol4b73K6ykrKIIDhqog+c9/k+KTb5f7w7sOLZy+46BQUsn4t/1j+3Oxc7v5cCCDG5ETlCcu8xbpom5+bf/L4iUJUUEzNJjO3Vh0bGRv5OMKvFImCODE+abVYFy3WRYuV34cSqMB5M2d/rsftbdad5/+dm5l79ODRg/sP5mbn/D7/2zdvAQCaOK1bco8Oj87NzFkXbQkJCb99aIbw340NqadZ18zvBwZeS8nPz5+cmDx6+KhCVMKAk/JvUA+AGGF9r97v9T9+9Higb+DalWuMsYT4BIfdWVRYJApiuCp8yb907uw5CKHd5ujs6CSIEEzcLs/oyJhCUCCEEER2q/3NqzeU0KAzWaYet8v99s1bjDDGRKYebnu1a+cuySkVFhRBAFe0yAgb9Ua7zSEykd8DggCmJKcs+ZdMBlNUZPSSb+n+vfsAALPRPDE2wdM06A1Ou5MRdvrUaZl6JKerrLSMi4oQQF2jzuv2ZmdlU8KC36VeBaOsIL9gbna+uKhEKSoxwsm7k90u94mqExjhuNg4v2+ptqZWFEQAQEZ6hsvpytmfoxAVAhUYZY8fPvZ6fCqlimBaVXni9cvXaPXKUmZG5vzs/IULF0QmMsIUomJb0jab1WYymuNi454/e9HU2IQR7unukRwSJRRCWH2m+unTpyE5KIRfiuDU4/f5zzefF6gAAaSYcunm7JmzE+OTJcUlKqWKrPIR/4l10WoymtarWtdIPT6PjxJ6rvqc1+OLiY6J18Z7XJ7ysnKEUFhY2KLFWn2mmhLqktz6Hj3GGAdlAukAACAASURBVAAwOjI6/HGY3/QDADjtzlcvX2NEuJJ4bWUCqKers/vokaPnm88LTHC73LomHQCAYJKSnOL1+Dj1QIC4NGcymOw2B79YyKWelOQ9n5Y/FRYUUky9bi/3UtTfN7Awv8B/0tHe4bQ7EUSnTp6SHBKvjtPuLCstxwiLTAQA6Jp0HpdHE6chmOJ116kD5/aJqhNul6fgeIGsek9KSvJ6vK1vWy9euPjg/oM/Pv1RfbqaJ8upZ/++/YwwkYkCEx4/fOx2eQghCCFeC4IJQjhnf87Qh6HqM9Vg9bomAECj0fi9/qrKKgQRNzGhmHZ3dnOnRXwT+sU7ZQgh/BoEpx6P23O++bxCUIiCyAijmDY1NM3PLWSkZwhMUAgKhajg2g0AAKPMumg1GowbaT35bsKgN35a/owgOnv23PLSp7iYuPj4eI/bU15WwQhThalmZ2ZPnzqNELIuWg16AxdA5ucWhoeGuWdVAIDb5X7x4iWE3HlYMK0QgHtT9vq9frvVPjkx6ZLcvT36T0ufmnXNAACFqEjdm7q89KmosAisXr+GEA69H7JZ7QghfpGaYJKSvOfzpz8KjxdihD1uT8vbFlEQRz6OTE1OKQQFRthoMDrtTgjhqZOnJKcUo47VarUOm6OkuAQjIlABAHC++bxbcm/ftmOj8y9ehuKi4onxiayMLK7S4jVNSkqSnNJ53fm0tLS0tLSM9Iy42DhKGAAgKyNLckj79u0jmBJEEEL37t77zx//J1BBYAJcvWW+c+euPnPfyaqTK7eoVvtLo9F8Xv5cVVHFy4MxhgD29vT6fX6BCXjV2PW3D80Q/rsRXKLOzMiSHNKRQ0f43qG0uHR2elYTp+UCObe04hbhCKKe7l7rolVkIp+T66UeBBFBpKN9xd7y1KlTXrc3LiYuXhtvt9ll81G35K4+Xc13VQa9gVFBYML42MS7gXfyij06Mvr86fOLFy6mpKTIWcjZEUwwxkpF2P/3//6/Jd/SyRMnEUT/95//53RIzc0r1LNr526X5Dp27NgXoQPC1retNqs9Oyu7ob6Ba0l27dzlcXvyj+UjiCSH9PzZc4KIvlc//HEYI0wJbW9tX6nOyVOSU9LGabVarcftPXO6mhLGJbLqM9WLlkUIYU9379p2D9Ds1tbUpu5JjVBFMMIIJlzVnZSU5HZ5qiqrEELRUdGLC4tnq8/yXWdGWoZl3pKdnb0wb+EpPH70xGl3ClSAEF65fGVhbgEAkJuT21jfqFKq2Gp5eL5xcXGS01VaWorQqk8CQo0Gk8/jCw8PhxA+fPBwcmJSLurwx+HZmdnQ5iuEvxbBxxPBpKqiqquzWyEqGGEHcvN6untMRpO+R28ymjvaOrYkbCGYQghLikuMemOMOgZBtKLXDEx99VNaUmrUG/vMfb09vQa9ISszi9te5OzPMRpNvT29Pd09F85f5JrUyIio3h59d1d3b09vR3sHF38AABRTlUrV3dV97Ogx2bwjcEpQQhkVIITvBt9dvHCRa1UxxvpefWVFJZcFDL2GPlNfT1cPP/OGXGMFYZ+5/+rlq7Lfj57unn5z/77sfRDAnu7exoZGjLAoKAx6g9nU19uj7+nu5eajSkXYxfMXuzu7X718dSD3gEFv3Jq4dYVwMblx/WZHe0dQ8xGZevgffI8T+CQv76BBbzQZzUaD8cKFi4wJBBOEEMGkqLCoo6NTqVBCCDkvP3v6fKBvwNBrMBpMO3fsZITx+q74e4Nf+qLP3Gcymk1G85aELXJhRCZ2d3b39vR2d3V3d3VHhEfIXz17+qzlbUuIekL4axF8PAEAuC0lxZQbfMp6AYEJ3HKSa1K5u1LuVAyjFQ/Ka5Li04NRQZaJwLoPBFCe9rIiac1zrhVmjMGvpQaOwHNuURDhqt8cXkLZKFQURIEJlDC46gmIZ6QKU8l/I4gYZWHKMK5oFwXut+irC9CMMoQwv2HEBUA5NYWokGU9/ttv9AEAAACuxwmsFIaYK4Z5MbjUxrVRXPkV6FSEa6C/bOtWv+KtxzeSq62EvzTOatOJgkKmeBi69xzCr8eGS1nAjKL8kEueeBBAeZWW30QbRO+CG13VWf1jDYN8b7k3/lXgjNpk/gSfY0H9Df1Es/5IjQIbYQ2ZfjPNb2b0c3cvQ7wTwq/G2kG55prcGshyQVBxY5OpvvlQ/kXC/L99/nwP9YQQwr8UwalnxXw0GPUECvmBP/km9az5diW4zWrEzn87TfwKBIpvGGG0qb+REEL4dyE49ShExZ7kPWUlZVyxQjDJSM8oLiouLS0rLSlNTEwEAPArJNu3bS8uKlnRaMDgDIIgwogczDtUXlpeWlJWVlq2JWGLwIRwVXhleWVlRaVKpfpRO9L/enDFFkb48MHDZaXl+7L2BfUAGUII/1IEl+ETtyR2d3bfunlbISoBAOlp6UPvh85Wnz198vTt23eMBmNcbBwllFG2fft2s8n84N4DggkOpmPmaua8A3lzs3MV5RWVFVWPHz3p6e5VKpUR4ZH37913Sa6kxCRZ8wL/tAT0T9uY/ER1uMKeH7TnH8132p0P7z+Uz8JDCOG/AMHNRycnJm9ev6kKU/EJoFSGJSQkYIxFJpaWlDrtzuRdyfIJi1qttlntTx4/la0QvqS++mlsbPS6vYwykYnVp6ttVltkRCSC6Hj+cckp7dy+Uz7M4lhTpKBbuY0krB+ino1U4N/JF2sO6YKm/xPUI1/q424uFi3WVy9fhW4Yh/DfhE3NR9GXEIAAAHW0OiI8oqqiyuP27EnZgwLifNptjneD7zaJPtqsa/Z7/dztlvwQQVR4vNAluTPSMt4Pvm9taQtThHGN0tD7odmZOeuiLSlxq0AFBJGuSbcwv5CSnDI6PGqz2g4fOsJvEl26eNm6aBsbHUvdm2qz2o8dPQYASEpMcjldlnmLZd7iltyaWM1Gjllz9udMTU4dzDs4PDS8MLdw9co1xhiCaMf2HTPTM9ZF6+zMXER4BMUUI6xUKq2LVsvC4sLcgtvl1sZpVWEqURCfPn46Nzs/Pzu/ML9w8uRJhJAqTOW0O6vPVPMjwr0pe12S6/Chw/GaeKdDmpqcXphb8Hl9KpUKI9zY0OSS3LExcZZ5y9zMnM/rj4qIYpTVnqu1We1jI2OSU3r+7MVPnwaGEMI/EJuZjwYuswCAG9dvvHj+wqA3PHv6LCI8InDBd9gc7wbfoY2pR9ekW/It8cU8cAoVFhS6JNfrV68jVBGS01VfV48RZowdOHDgYN7BPnO/z+sHq04z3r97Pz05jRG50HzBYXcQTPZn7/d5fQcOHIAQ2q32O7fvYIwRRAtzC/fvPRCZiBF2Se72to5NJu3VK1clh4QR3pe1z25zZGZkEkyiI6OPHTlWcLxwZmpmcGCQX1y6evmq5JDS09IpoZcvXX718hVBJO9A3tjoeHFRMYQwKyv7+dPnMTExMvUoBIXAhPS0DI/bU5BfMD42PvxxWGCCyMSRjyNzs/Pcob3RYLQsLDY1Nh05cvTN67dKhXLb1m2SUyouKuZGbSHqCeG/DJuZj/L5BsGXy2kIooLjBZ8/fd6Tske+hwIAcNqdQaUeuLp/aWrSLfmXAqUeCCCCqLCg0O1y79yxM1wVbrfaueX6tSvXhj8OV5+p7jP32W0OfpURQTTYPzg3O48Qunr5qtfjU4rK9LR0yenK2Z8DAPC4PPfv3ecbHKdD+vDuw7Ur165cvvKfP/5jMpg2OXq7fPGy2+UGAOTm5Ho93qysLIzwg/sP9b36psYmy8Li6MgoP/KjhNbX1ZtNfVcuX0lKTCKYMMIEKuQfzZ+anL508dLBgwcRRApRGa4Kl5xS9ZnqE1UnGusbM9Iy3JL78KHDNqttYnwSAMAYe//ug23RRgjFCOt79F63F66q5CGEW5O2ej2+stIyCKHH7X3+7LncmHLJNz9VDCGEfzI2NR8VFXLoTlkXU1FeseRfStmdghDiYg6E0O3yGPQGvC76KAfBRNfU7HV7uVF1/rHjnR2dkRGRGJGiwiK/179rx66wsDCH3VFXW4cgkpwuo97IKHv96rXkkMCqHcC7wXeWBQuE8OqVqz6vD0GUlprmdnlyc3IBAD6P786duxBABJHb5ens6ExLTePYvXO37GJ5PS5euOhxexhlOTk5HpcnPT0dAOD1eG9cvyFQYfjjyPzsPACAX4mmhO5J2fPo4aM+c59SVK5MfoR27dqVfyx/ZmrmYN5BhaBQhakkp8Td33jcnneD7z8tfSosKJyfWxgbHeM1Gh+bWFxYhBAhiIx6I6ce2Sg3KTHJ4/KUFJfwqj1/9jzwVvdqjJ0gATBCCOFfgeDSe0Z6puR0HTl8lFtgl5eVO2wOrSY+KjL62NFjLqdr+/btCCJul9jV1bVoWVQpVetjV8hoqG+wzFu4HUZ5WbnT7oxRxxJMy0rKfB7fzu07lUql1WKtOVeDIPK6vSajOUwR9vzZi0/Ln7lvIAjg+8H3szNzAICLFy66XR6lQpmamup2uXNzcjHCbpfn7u273I+Pw+a4e+cun5N+r7+1pXWTw3tOPQCAfdn7PW5P7v5cAIDH7b154xZG+OPQ8OTkJACAUWY0GKenZrj30rdv3loWLAihyspKh92REJ8AACgoKHDYHUmJSWFhYU6H5LA58o/mR0VGLfmWvB5f/tH8qYmp0eFR7rtneGjY7fJAACmh3V09LsktMwsAIDEx0emQCgsLMcIel+fJoydwVerZk7JnYnwiOys7xDsh/HuxofloZUVlZ0cn95GKEW5saOzt6TUZTWaj+djRY/wdCGFRYXFPdw83Hw0afRRBxM2Lrl+93tPd29ujNxqMWZnZFFOtJt5kMA32D8Zr40VR7OroKikpRRCFq8Lb29oNvYb0tPTWlrYXz18QTBFEL1+8bHnbAgE8feq0odfAqEAJLS8tb21pffumxSW57t6+y+kvXhPf1dnV3tbR19c30D8QrorgpQ1SfwAuXbzkktwd7R2tb1tLikq4Qipld0q/ud9kNG1J2NLa0nrmzBk+z1vfthr0BoPeaNAbIsMjBSYSQurrGzrbOzvaO7o6uw/lHRKZqFQoe7p7CgsKRSYihLYmbe3u7M5Mz2SUtbe29/b0vht4NzayIv5UlFf0dvf2dPc0NzfLbIIgOnzocFdnV7+5f0tCYltL2+GDh3mZt23d9vLFy+TdKSHqCeHfi83MR1eMnr+O2/fFGBqsxORklCkEBZ/YQVUPfL/GYygjuKIPIohwv8iqMBUnLO5uRtZf8C2SKIgQQoIpQlghKhSiAkHEGBMFkWCaoE04W31Oo9Ewyuw2+70793jZuIyDVg3TMcJc/Ry0ppcvXXY5XdwfCJfjMCKMMO5wSyYsFOCAWWAixpgRxou38s6qETl3tcXLz1X1gUoZOSNeVIQQxphRhtGKVXqgIQsjjN9IEFaNb1fxlWnLbx9GIYTwo9jMfDRwTK/XH8vXl/kM4fS00TRYrwMKTP9rA4vgt3W+PF/lAoxwgjbh8cPHBr3hzes3szOzuTm53KEi+Y5oqPyF1NTU4Y/DklN68OABd0VEEI9UQfHXsbrWY6MXZJ+EaAN38WvUw5tksZJgsLjJ/5uk879Z6+9vnN9ehu/HZuajm1DP+hn4oyvw+quDP9pwAACVUsUYU6lUEeEREeERge71vpN6CCEqlSo6KjoyIgqsOtlZbzH7Q/i5X30Pfvtw2QTrmfEX5fKLWuP3tvNGuf9QYf5Myf/+Wm9mPio73wm8URLoH+OrxR/9qPko4tQjx/n8CerhGxbuLBF+vSR+J/UAAERhZTvDqWdz0pGJKbDMv4hoNuedwMsNf/Og2aSLAzv3Ly/bGpdJge3wEwCr7o14hwZudde3869uusDcf269CWoG8EO5/+pqrm3/9eVAEClEuCeZVZRVyK7z+CdCxcrLyhO3xPAbxhjjbds0JcUlChFuIvUgiDAihw5qK8ory8vKK8oqErfEyPyVncmqKot5IIcfK/oGMa1+IhH5SFs+YwrKlQgiVRjRarTlZeUlJSWBeuuIcJZ/LGbvHuGXdqFc5W1bNdHR0Wu+FQVQUlSSlBj79wydNSCYUkzjYuNKS8pKi0vJ6p2MTQjoQG5MUaH2exKPjoo+nh+7ayfmBw4yDh3UhIevjXy7aycqKSrZpCPkUh0+qK0oq8jLjWWUiQzIi0pmBikrLQt889cRUMHxuBNVxdlZX+nyUveA0pKy4sLi7xlOlNCS4pJTJ8viYjWBz/OPxRw+tFnzIoiyMlllRWVJcenP0dafwUbmozE9XeDWjXIe1Y8fxAhMePG8zukgJ6qKCSEQQoEK27ZqjAb64F7pit+8YH0MITyYFzc3G1NeVl5RXvH4YUVHe6NSgfhsT09DM1PRczMxf1WVfmLyf89P+DuiAFrf1j55XPluED+4Xyp/u2snGh+NvXpZx0XFPzlSNxFzEETx2qj2tvrMzBXXkfILMeoYp51UVlT+XCME6bgfKS0nBU2cpuVNjWVe8z3Uo+9BVss3JFP+R1oqHB+LO3e2ZlXqJBjhokLt5IQ2XEXXNFdjQ6PTTgIdzm5UwZx90YsWbU8XEAXAPWrzFfHxowqP+4unx+9vjZ/o9/yjMX4vvnmjLPCW1p4UNjYaMzO1dnUJCkro5UuNPi/OzPjKym9qQvtu4BuEkpGOHXY89IH9eSnyRxH8BuDUpPbGtVKV8ktNRAY62hp8HuTz4pMnShBCAAB+iUatVtus8MnjKkaFoB0MVsxHIV9bqs9UuF0gMSFGJqahD8y6uFmF109Feaez/uVfxN+cKBUKuOQjtTW1SYmxu3au7CkQRAIT4rVR0VHRPFRG0P6TC/ZNQZritdMJri4AEMC0VLi4oM3OZny/KedFMEmIjw5TbriB5e9/17BYrdd3tszKlS4IGWHNuhq3JDASJHbzGsTGxCZoN5xdgdKNQoQJ8dHRkdEr18oxJZjcv1vidJCkpNg1kV3DVTQhPhoCyP1/r79UgVevwlJMnQ5q1JPA3QqCSB2tTtwSw58ErcJGPRi0pusfBu5MKaY+L7p0sWHNBdHBAWRZ+C6REAJ45HCU007SUr8qklaj1XwtB60HQWRxQWsy0EDq+XvYJ/htZp8XndfVytt1pQK9fFE/OaFN0EYv++m56ioelUUWESUHHexH/LQ4sNxytzXravxevMZ8VH75w3s6N/tF6omMEBw2vGgBVgtwSUylItxBR1enbnoqanoyqramlie1dy9YtICiAu3HIcEyr3l4v4xv/YK2XXSU2maFk+OaifE4y4Jm5w6IIAoPo8+e1EyMxc3Pxs5MR+uadFx8m51W37lV+fB+2fxs7OiwOjIiis+uwX7kdcPpyaiUZBo4et4NEslJHz2sWGkThCorKqcmtcMfoyIjBZsVnquuIohMT0UPf4zCCN+9U+x1Qx5Dor6uXnJQTaxmYS5udlrt8+KoiCiM8JFDUWOjsTPT6vGxuIhwgVuxGw1k6ANzOsjIx+iPH4RAlcrYSIzPi09UFfMTOkro9WsllnmN3YrmZmIe3C/jdw6mJrVPn9TcvFE+OqKemY6OiV4rb8pdgyA6r6u1LGgtC5rnz+pUSsJZZnoy6sb1sqePq96/IxPjcRHhjGASo47xuuHUZNTcbIzbBb5JPbXnal0Sc9jJip4FoaH3rM8sVJ+u+PhB8Hhgbo5anvyT4xrJQZsadXy87dgG+vvAzLTaJQn9feDC+To+cwAAaanQsqDxuCGPPbuytr1nM9PRdhuqOVdLCJFHCEZkyU8Meu4DD/FQrkePRC9agOSgMhF0djSNjcY6bNjlZB43XLRoMcICEx4/qpybjZ2ZVlsWtBfO1ykVQZYceUpPTWhnZ2Lm52KzMikMIFaBCkt+euVSE1rVfnK8HySS8xtOrNTR6qEPwrtBPDsT4/fifdlf1v6b18t8XjT0niEekBLChIRoy4J2cUE7MxXt9+FYdawoAAjhwlzc8McoxtizJzWjw2oAAKX0zu1KqwXMz8Za5jXnz9f9Cl9R36AejDGEsLK80mHDW+LV2jitz4tPnSyDAMoxISCAkoMO9MFNLNd1TbolH1ljPhpAPSyQevxe3NuDFCJUikhy0vfviEIBBSrk5qgL8uOadTVeD9y7V+DW5A11DU47CQvDu3dh6yI4dlTNV7n1I/7N6ybb4koc57qauufPaiMjogoLtB432JPMMMIHcmP9PrIvWwAAJO8iDhs+cjhKFIDDjm/dLCeIQAjDlNjrhnW19XjVZwgfQIwwyckePazg6vZwFXU6aPWZClGATgc1GSlfq6enooY/RhFE7t8t8XkQD5hBMDEZqGVB29jQeORw1OuXjUoFQghtiVcfzIs7cjjK78MvXtRzmQIAkJGOXU6Wsz9aZF9iT0MAY2Ji/F5cVVmFEWaUZWcyuw3v3xdFCd2TzLxueOyIGgAQFxfnsOGqyioI4fISbX1bG9TREh8JKcns2NGYyooqmxWdOlnK/cOlpcJPS+zYETUEUHKyx48qGWUf3tOpCS0j7NLFBo8byINhI+oBAPT3AYd9RbtPMUUIfV4W7t6uQhCNDKunp6L4ZAYAhCmx5GRNjTq4Ol0xwk8eVbpdYE8yWyOAnG+u9bohv8nFD0AyMnBeXuydW5WLFpC4JVYeuhhhTj0rd7MA4Onfu1ssOSjBKxzRWN8IAAgPZ3duVxr1JCY6hmBSVlo2O62O10YTTA8d1EgOunt3EM26PDwKj2sKCzStb2s/LbFAgY5gsrzEZOqR6/LhHZWc35jwt25W2G0IQXQgN8bnRelpXx1JWxY0Q+8ZH2AIojevmvrNICkxjhLW8ra2WVfD+2hmWj03E3P5UqPJyNTRagjgnhQ2OqLWNdUQTHbvwq9eNu7e9dfvJIJTj9+HzzfXEkwIIRiT06fKlvz09s2KWzfK7Tbc3lrPry/LP3E52UBf8O0P+GI+StaYj8r4+EEIpB6nnUxPRV251HT5YqPXDT+8owITjh6OHh1W15yrvXe32OOGmRmEi12N9Y1LfhoRzpKSYt0uoeB43EYjvr2t3i0JMn8zykQBFB7X+DwoZTcFAOTuV3vcICuLIYT3pAh+H+apeT3wwf1SuLrh8rgAN/gIjPogCsDvI1zqgQCqVERysnNnqyBEdivq7tJxW9OpCe3wxyhK6IP7pT4PEhjgC76hF3vdKyOVm49GRUV1tDc8elh++nSZzYoeP6qkhCpECABIT0MuJ9u/L4oRFhjUNEYd43HD06fKeME49Rw4EAsA2L5Na1nQHjkcRQnVarQ+D6qqrGKUSU7W3lYffGQAkLyb9JvB5ctNly81uiWhrraOc196KnI5Wd6BOAjg4oL23p1iSujoiHp+NpZRdvFCvce99rQxaBaGXuzzrtwL45PQ4wLXrhZDCAcH0NhoLKMMQUQIiQhnfi9uatTxdYW//+RxldsFUnZ/ESJ4sk2NTXyw8XBARYXF01NRp06WvnrZ4HGDrUlxKztiuCL1GPWrp0urLoDv3yuRnIwLC4wyvsw8f1bX3lq/fRvgYVoqyiscNnzndtWVy01v3+g+LTFZEF6Ps2cqpya0jQ2NBj3+vCyEKb+6vfFpDfVAiCAa+sDstm9seG/eLHe7BAhgbo7a60H790UFfjs9GTU+Fiuf34Up8e1bFS1va69eKWaUEUwophDC+bk4nwctLmi59wUEEcY4NydmdCTm4oX6kydKeGnhuoALf1afGJR6PG5wvrlWFACjjGAaGxObuhekp6JjR9RuSbh2pVihWCkBAEBkQHJQs2nt4iODYKJrqvG6ITcfPZ4f29Zal7YXykLy8Mco6yLgd/kAAHYb6jeD1L0gOZmkp+EdO4DAwP27JX4vFqiQdyB2yU/S03hETVRXU+f3kYhwtjUpzudFhQWajaino72B65sAD6cBIUEk/1iMz4NSkikAIO9AnN+H9+0TEER79wg+Lyo4rgEA+L348aMKXlSFAi77aU1NLW96WTpgVPB78dMnNVzXExaGvW5YW1MLIfy0xDraGxBECgFOTWjHx2IpoQ8flPl9WKnAfMqZDJRTj3zWlpQYKzlZQUEcJdTrgc+e1SCEVqgnHbtdwr59AoI4MAprTEzM8hKrPlPJ52d2luCw45wcNcZk107kloQjR6IQQlqN1u/DVVVVAhXcLtDaUht0tQAAHD0a7XHD3btwdGS0y8maGnWiAAAAe/cKLic7mBcHAHDY8L27JQiikeHo6ckojPCF83Ve95dgOxtJPRDA/j6w7KdcfcOHk0sSrl8r4VukqQmtPNDT9sLPy0KzrpZXjXPBm9dNbhdI3kXg11q/8821nz8JAlvJ9OGDMr+PhKtoUaF2yU+2bdNwi2jO8kv+laErryUQwPv3Sl0S4//lFWlrqRsZVickqBHCfG0oLyt3ScLhw9rUvWBPCktLhfKGa019AQCjw+qZabVSRLdvVvi8X90dgwD+339irl0tRgGXVCmhJgO1LGjkSRG0Ae/crvS4AMEkN0ftdoH09K9kE8uCZnJCg9AXuTJMifekMLNJ6Oxo5PfpEULzc3ELc3FXLjWNjqjjNVG8ypTQHdtAWiq0LsJTJ7+cf8m3bX8J9UAAM9Kx00GPHlETTOXjTIJpgjbauggrK6rkSUIwMRmp3YpEBhTChuq3+rp6y7xGYIJChBXlFdNTUQdyY3niIgPjY3Gz02p+YK8QkcOODXqsECGjbHwsbngoSiGiO7cqvW6IEMrLi7VaQFbmipJV16TzelC4iiYlxfq8qKykbCPqaWupk5xUIUKBCY8eVixaAISwqEDrloTMdBKmxEcPR7tdQlYmBQBkZtAlP80/FgMAcEvCyxf1fAwplUhy0rPVlYHUw6V6uw3fv1fC142Y6BivBzY1NglUcEmCQb+i15yeiu4zC4ywB/fLfB7Eq4wQ6urUuSRBNkYBACQmxkhOWlxUEqFi1kXY0d4YGRGlECAjLDmZzExF79snLMxrAusYGxMrna4AtQAAIABJREFUOdnJEyW87vv3RUlOmp6OwpQ4JZnx6ogC0MRpJActL69ghDnt5O0b3fr+4rU7nh/rsOPdu3BEOLPbMI+DCAHMSMMOO847EAsAsNvw3TvFEMCPQ8L0VJRAhaamJpfElCLaqCPkLPQ9yOmgfIvK57nTQa5eKYYQfvjAJsY1slyZlUndLqG+vv5LahDeulnusGONRvvwQfmXlCFsamxyuwCllLf582d1LokhhAqOayQn27ZNw2U3rjtzOkh3l47TEDeWJoTcvVMsOanIAABAYEJ3p+6PT1EqJeHhbRcXtACA4/mxU5NajUZDMDl8WGu1gN27NuSIwQE0NhqDELpwvm5uJiYhPvqL1IOQz4suXWoIvMjKCPvwjk5PRXPTIj5O1qRJELl/r8TtEiLDhbwDsZKDpqaCwOadmtB+HIriuq3wMDo+Gvv6ZaMoAISQZUHT8raGz1+7DfX3AULo08dVTjtRCPD4sdiFubiMdEwJ3Z8d5XHD3Bw1T/b0qbJPyywhXr35ovLz1EMwqSiv6GhrUCi4WcCKSXpvN+zsaHz9qnHbVg0XR0uKS0xGGherQauG7GtHGEC8C69dKe7uAj3dwKDHGencagljhKvPVJiMtLcH6Zp0nO8BAN1dut4eZNSTnm4QGSEghEUGXr9q6u2GFy/UnzpR2tZaBwAgiBQUaPS9WKlAcXFx+l6UkxMtL7Zf1RMAgsmF83XdXbquzqbOjkaNRssJ/tSJ0q5OnUGPjXrCzUcppolbYox6kp3FAAA93UDXpOOc0tXZpO9FPd1g104UqLd6+qRK34N6e2DO/uiV8MTpuLOjqfVtrc+DenuhbNXV3lav70XH82OfP6t79qQGQlhcXNLV2dTdpdPpdF8KD+GhPE1HW4NBT1Qq0tWpKyzQQh4cjdDCQm1ba51C/Gr3qu9Bhl5sMrItW2L4w5LiEoOedHfperrhmdPlvBOjo9TdXeDgwTiKaVen7tLFhqC8gBEhmNSeqzWbWEd7Q1YmbW2p3b5NCwDYvg30dIG0VAgA6OxoaqhvBACIAujthkYDKTged/1aaVdnE6VfNM3rszh5okTfg0xGdutmuVzr7k7dmTMVAIBHDyvaWuvBqr+U16+azCbW3anjhwPyyvfyef2jhxUkYNe5J5npe5DRQM0mAQIIIUIIPX9WazLShvqG+rqG1pY6uUhXLuuMetLbA/m1MkoYxvhAbkxXZ1N3p+75szouL9y8UW7oxd1duo72hu4undm0Uq9zZ6va2+rb2xsGBlBJcckX28a1LYkxIt1doL21/sjhqBvXS7u7dDLLdHfp+sxCd5cuK3NFmqCUnj5V9vaNrquj6XxzLVq1BFwPRtm9uyXdXbqLFxqKi4o5m/CvLjTX6XuQ2SQ01DfwgRoeTlfGuYH0dIEwBRYYuHpFNziAblwvRRA11Dfoe1BcrEagQmV5ZVdHk9FATUZWWV4pz+ujR6LNRrZG3/JXUg9YNR9dE/xPFADGGGMsnx1ghEUB8j154AXoNamBAPPRNYOb78K4CkaW0gkmjDL+E3mzyimM05PsvBUjrBS/HMEGajfXl4ETkCywAAC46SanFb6d4fXi+yPOgwpx5Q/5Iwt3ckaUUJEBgQkIIUKIQkT1tfUpyZQS6rBho4F+YUCycg7IKKPczBUhuhrLFOOABoRQVszLooG8PvNjcrkAcpFw4On+F5veL9sfLlpyF2UKEcobk/XAEItsxbgkMCOM8IqWCiKBAf4OBJBiyiVfHtw1TBm8L1CAkhUF6Fb5IOF6HEZZmALLA4b3Dj8QpJhCgHhoIIUIA4dcYLKc6Hnh+ehCEPNRjVZvZlBCRWHFExMXgvh+HK3Yza2EaYUQigHndQIVAlserHjR/P/b+8q/Nra23WUjSZDgFLdCoe6lSHGv4FWkLrSltECIYm2pUMclnkyEdj/nvOf9+86HlUyHEFLZ0mfvnfyuD5DMrFl6zb3udcu2S5Hu7sWJDSES37sYEWazx590xtJuD2GmTGNFAL8DUEDH0i/pswAAMs63OmhvUAdpjDC1iaEzBCM64l+P+elOReoFLe4K/5QNl3QUpY+RLr+tgy3Vz29ln+2eErp+0vKl32wtc7sahqjAdrUKes3WMkPUmSFsZ0fX9BQz9Kh9eTG2rDQhoG7SSgb9PsiVMLAyQVsaulelJXzP1PnO6SW9TPr3djX8oadIb5dOvO+q1Rajnh+tRtAvv38yQH+0Bklpm5ZMAH56PX9/H4rXb3vLlk4LuPL38w7cSj1biVPaHUFnUsD1P9c1Ie765pCIL7Hf2Rd/FMTXRWxMXISCyOWIZwG1z/wh6gn4absrv9nVv6dnxDH9uUK+k3r+2djKy6Gp579nJv+pCE49BBOyOeyD7+pgM0nsr+167afnrnRsvkk9UguXXwtfe5FPrmYwg+FXmfk7qQf69c2+vyXbq++hHqmQGOKI5Hva4p8GP9O9YeoJ3avb4ZfX8C9AcOqR8bBgJ1dXU8cQhmAmLTW+uqq6rrauqrKqsqKyvCyROs5gjDMzkqoqq2Q8RGjb7KMEk/ydXHxcgvTL0tJ4CIKIduJMTUuNP1VekZSQJCqbtmsDweRUWZJ4RvvL4asqhFKjm58ohLboxHFlTXXtoYOxAS5FIVY19eSMjY2tqaqprqxmGe73UA/BzH9V9/6T8O8kHYrgMzI1JXXcMH6t/xrVvTU3NZtN5v6+/vKy8tKS0uITxRGKCAQRS9j0tPTpqad379wLOjXp2sAIXzx/UavW7kjeAQFUyBXNTc1mk4Xq/ILeAgGsrqpZmF88fPDwdtQjLqczLWdsFhtV4MH/sp3Xjyq/xF8R9NmPFB8vttvsd+/cDbAPDkE9tLtiY2MfP3q8vmakKWR/eGb4b7l08dLayprYvWGE8Ycg6DuTLC4s9vf2y2VyAABCqLGh0bhuPFl8UjSf/brHgTAmJsZssjx88HBr6HVxeXR3nXcL7qnJaQhgyckSi9nq9XghhAgEaiXE5RShiEhJTlHIFP7gQUGoh145/GTYYXeIz/oh6vkreSpA/xpqVPx+ntRP0maxPRoc8gVj/ZaOWSycJWzruVaHzREdFS3u4LZ7XNAv6fevXr5aWV4Jb53C+GMRZCYFZh+FsKW5xbhurKyoilHGxChjeI6HgB4n+qREu9X+4vmLrWFJxfna1dXtEtxez4bH7fG4PV6P98vn3yCA5WXlaytrxnXT+poxRhmL/I5ROdk5K0srDrszMT6Rvv87OztXV1YL8gvevXlnXDcVnzgJAMjOyn7x/MXK8qrdZn/54uXli5dZlsUIZ2Zk2iy2laWV5cVlh82RlJiEEb53957ZaN67Z9/cp/nlpeXdhbshgAiirs6upcXlhfmFMdWYXCanO53lxeVbN27dvXN3ZWnl4/uPiQmJCKLUlDSP2/tm9s3y0opx3RQbG4sxjo6MHn4ybDFZ1lbXLGZrc3PzdlYYCKK5T3Nv37xVyBUAgOioaJfg1mg0Crli9tXs29m3ZpNFcAjUnp1l2K7OLpPR/P7de5vV/mhwCAKIEc5IyzAZzR/ef/z44ZPNYgvqmiwOQUd7h8ftefP6zYd3H27euMXzMgDg7qI9ZpPl/dv383MLFrM1IT4BQpiUmGS1WGdfz66urFpMlrycPADAoUOHXsy8XF8z2iy2Vy9eVVdVh9knjD8KIanHb81RVFg0cHdANaoaGhx6OfPy9q3bCoWC53hRwUypB23xz5JIPd0el2fkyYjZaH796vWnj582PBsY49jYuMOHD1dVVjkdzvsDD0SfTAjhmdNnHXZnUeFuUXUSkH0U+k9Ph58MCw4BY0yT7SjkES6n6/at29QGVMw+CgFcXV59Nv2MEGZwcFBwCFSeKthZUFVZVV5WLm31ztydVov1xPETPMfbrfZ7d+8hiGaez3z6+IlaIZ3vPn/v7j2WsC0tpx12x46kHRzDNdQ3CA4hJzs3aF8jiOY+zTvsDvWY+vix43Of5r5sfNFqtJcvXzauGQkmEYqIC+cvuAV3dGR0Wlqaw+6orKhkWdbpcNIUgAQTi9miUWuo8thsND9/NhNkUP1D0NXZ9eXzF4VcsTN3p81qLy8thxBaLbY7t+9Qo6r/+3/+R6/Vswyr1ejMJjO1V9SqtR6XB/o3jC9nXq6trtGt9y+fr2H8YxCcemj2UdE6E9F0fwjzHF9WWiY4hNycXIKIuPmi1LOdDYVIPTJe3lDXsLtw99CjIafdGRcb9/jxk4F79zvaOz97P48Mj2J/kASWYdvb2gWna2dePi0ESbOP9vS6BPfXDdfwsN1qp0dyDGEi5BGCQ5h9NXu172pfT99vX36bmpym9TQbzbOvZjHG9wceeFweBFFmRuaEYeLG9Rut51q9bm/P5R6MMUZ4V8Eur9tbVloGAHAJrvsD9xFEL1/4FiHyGyXyLN/c1Cw4hZvXb165dGVMpXbYHNlZOUH7AUG0uLC4tLg0+HDQ4/ZevHDJ6RBUo6orl6+4nC5q8H7u3Dm7za6MUmZn5QgOoaqyCkLocroGHw5CACGEb9+8+/D+Q8+Vnt6eXovJ8uzp8xCjS/NNR0ZEZWdlr68ZaRYjt8v9YOABNQo1rhnVYxqEsEatdToEAADBZOjRY6/HK91wLS8uixbDUoXov00zGsYfiODUQ7OP8hxPxQoq/zOERQhVnKoQnK6crBwIIPJZScrsVvvT6SDJhYH/8Lirs8vpEKgzMYRINaKiSUddgquutg4hLDhdeq1e1KQihNpa2za8n48fO478toKbso/6qQcAMDIyarXYZLyMPlTOyy1mq06rL9xVWJBfsCt/V17uTsqSFpNldvYNxvjhg0HB6YIAFhcXuwT3roLCWGWs4BSowwRGeFdBodvlKSstBwB43d6RJyMsYd/MvllaXOY5nlqRYkR4jm9sbLSYrUcPH831ffLkMnlAP4hLdHlpZfb1rDJaWZBfwHP8hvezalTV19vvtDsVMgXHcKebT1tMFoVCkZWZ5RLcjQ2NCCG34B4aHKK8bLPap6emC/ILCgsKd+btTE1NDbEJ6uzodDldUZHR2ZnZa6trtDO9Hu/DB4O0qz0uz+iICgKo1xnoAClkisePHtNU9/Tz+tXs0sKSb5ftbw5BZDsdXBhhfA+CT9ndRbttVvvJ4hKGsAii6qoak9G0I3mHnJeXlpY67M7MzCzg82lgnz19Zlw3cQxHqSrIXISwra3NaraKOziqGE5OSjatm+rr6jHGq8uroyMqkXoghGfOnHHYHceOHBPLCcg+Kq4NjVpjMVvT09P7+67yLA8hXF5cvnf3HrXKdwvusdExasy+urw68/wFRvj+vftUM33s2DGL2ZKbmyuTyZYXly9duEQTFu7dvXfDs1FysgQAYLfZB+7dBwBoNdp3b9/RxFjqMc383DzHco0NjXabPTM9E2NcVlJmWjdlZ2Zv7VJK4stLK69evBIFB6/HO/Ro6Hz3+bWVNZawEYrIrs5ui9kaFxuXlpbmcrpamloiFZFOu/Phg4dU8WxaN2nGNASTyIhIk9E8MT4ZYnTbWtucDkEmkxXkFzjsjpKTJRBCl+B6+OAhx3IRikiT0fxocIhgMm4Yd9gdMdExcbHxoyOjVotV7N4P7z8szC8cPHiwualZbMu5M+fcgjtGGfvLZ3AYf1MEpx7qPqoe00QoIqh7S+u5Vq1Wa9Abxg0TJ0+cpNFnIIRVldXTU9PxcQnQnz9va2kIoqrKKvWYWtzBtbe1q8fUAMCDBw4+nX6q1egS4hOmJqfo2oAApqSkaDXa6cnpMdUY8AcueDT4aGR4BALY1Ng0rh+H4ikMhMNPhqk6hu6GYpWxeq1+TKV+Ov30xfMXcpmcxnIdHVHduX0HQdTW2m7QG2jJTY3NGrXm8dDj/J35Wo02Py+fY7nUlNSpyam9e/YCAPRa/ZnTZ6n3kF5nmBif0Gq0Bp0hKjKKynGdHZ0GvWFifEKv1RefKJYGLZV2AoRQp9XTClCoxzQd7R0Mw968fvPZ9LNx/bhBZ9i7e2+EIoJg5tjRYzqt7sXMi9SUNNWI6tjRYyzDcSynGlFp1BqtVtvf20/btR1qqmqmJ6enJqf1OkNzU7NCpmAIEx8brx5T63V6g35cNaLiORkAgGM51egYbd24YSJGGSNSD4RQp9VdunhJ9ORAEJWVlk0YJiIjon75DA7jb4rg1AP87qPQ72VHZyGlIYawBDP0hIvBjIyXi+6jQTzXRRc+/DX+K0aYxjSgd/kdETmqZ6FqFIYwPMfTOtALeJ7neZ7u/qiEBbZ8qHQj7kFoOTQ0D4KI5/wlsJzMZzpAFdt+X02/YSSCSMbJaMOpHLR1X0PZhLaaari3c16Ffq9OhVxB+4o2nJ6diw+luxixl3ydwPI8J6Nx+eiuRxpxbbv9jp/dvtrmS+uGoE95J+aq5liORrERXXm39q3YLvR9VuZhhBEC2x6UBrWw9E9inzs7jRskhg7abiJK15LICCE+Wy8IenvAZaGLlf4q/VvKXwEndOKV36xw0McFtD2gZzZ1bDD1vLQQHDKz6581M4I1R/z7b8E4f4tK/msR3JFCCimhiN9IeScgR/DWZwRQj/QTVHIJemXodf7Nu7b7dbuKST9BK/nNW6Q99jMDE4y//kD8G5al75DkV1cjjKAITj3UfVTqUCv9VSQayju+BEbbZx8VbwlYmeLeKggdwK96HIyDOxBIrwf+tDA/+oGSaBtbXTQh8EUX/4lipV613xwGGupIejH4My336Cb3R++SVo+O/p9ayZ8Ggl8DU9Cd7H9nPf/lCE49Ml5WkF/QUNfAsTxDWIYw+/buq69rqK2pra2pzUjPgMAX8CUnO6e2pk4uU2wn9dBvdhXsam5spuf0GRkZ1VXVPMdT5QjcInTQ3VxGRmZtTW11ZTXVg4b4YIRPlZ/ajshCE4RIizXVNY0NjXm5eeJPaalpdTV1p1vObOc8FaJYlmEbGxqbGpu+M56bjJezhK2rqaupromPj5cW9YejurK6uaklNyfvhwQfUTkFIaypqqmrqUtPTZc6dvzyqUyBEd6Zt7Omura2ulZ8j0IA5TJ5bU1telr6L69hGBTBZ0xaatqEYeJq31WO5VnC7tuz7+WLl83NzVWVVX29/eOGifi4eN/6TEt79vTZg/sPaIz77aSezo5Ou81OwxuebjljtViLCos4hsNwE/XQ66lrGHVMXV1exf4j+e0+p1tOW8zWoCz2zQ+GmGDm3NlWi9na29P7+tXr9PR0+tOO5B1Tk9MuwSWKRd9fPkOY/r5+p0Mo3FX4PcOAIL53596LmRcDA/e1Gi3HcQF94hutb63wb14AAWyob/C4PA31jaGpZ2tRVLaFEHZ3dpuN5iOHj0j75Cfn30/dG7TmtJyM9MznT59f6L5gXDc11DeIj0hOSqZGZD9XzzD+cAQZdYLJ0uJSf2+/Qh7BEpYhbH1tvdloPn7sBM/yUZHRaSlpDMMwhKGH5Uql0maxDT16zLN8kAcAgBHu7uwWnC66eaHmv8ePHt+6YkXxmJ6dPRh44LQ7OZYLcqWEBQLcR+GPEBBCiGO4ccO42WSJjIjMyMhgWV8sTATR0KPHxnUjBF9r9f0lHzl8xOP2FBUWfdcwAPBl44tOq4tRxmRnZks3j9JrwB9BPWmpaXabo6aq5ptSD9hCfAAAjuHyd+ZbTBZqCbG1nhTIb+78zUf4bv8RpUyI8B179+xbX13fXbQnKTEpZUcKIYx4SJqUmLTV2jOgwmH8ZQgyU6Xuo9RUp7623uV07crfFRMTo1QqZbwM+ON10o/T4Xz18lXQFIUAAIzw+e7zLsFFEwqeOX32y+cvSqUyJTllfm6+vbV9cmJy9vWsXqePjIhEEMXGxhrXTXOf5tbX1qWmg1qNbmF+cWF+oa21jSaDz8vNe/3qtXHdKDhds6/fdHefp1fm5uTZbfaV5ZWV5ZW11fWE+ESyjeiEIOrs6LJabFaz9d6de5sUUgg9efzEYrb64gFDiCBaWV5ZmF8wGU0lJ0sggBhhGS97cP/h/Nz8wvyiad109vRZqpw6fOiw1+M9dvTYx/cfDTpDpCIyxDDcuXXH4/Ksr66fbjlN65CyI2VpcampsfnD+48L8wtul6epsQkAkJuTu762/uH9h+XFZbvVHh8bjyC6e/uu0+6MiYkBACgUipcvXq2trG23PlOSU1yCy7Ruoi7pKTtSqZj5/u37xYWl5aXlyooqyn1ymVw1qjIbzcY149Licnf3eRrNd3fR7v/89p/SktIYZYzNau+50suy7Ozr2U8f5yCEFy9etJitdCVXVlQuLS4V5BfMvppdXVk9c/os2WyIJKWtuNh4l9M192lufc1oMVujoqIYwiTEJcy+mp37NPfm9ZulxeWy0jKEUHpa+scPH1uaWyYME4sLi6PDo8ooJYRQIVcsLixueDeWFpdoqCmCGZr+eGlx2ePy1NbU0mfxnOzG9RtLi0uvX74uKy2bn5vfu2fvL1+N/yqEpB5MqAdmfW29W3CPPBkZejSk0+pu37ytUCikkdIp9Yih2jc9gFJP13mX00c9Z0+f9bg8sTGxLMNWVVV9+fwlNyc3IiLC6XB2dXZhjDe8n1++eMky7OOhx5R6IIAYkWNHjlVVVF25dMXj9uwq2MVghiUsg5kxldrr2eBYjmd5hDDBxGa137tzT8bLCCYmo3lMpaZ2PUGpB0H04sWL1ZVVscLie/jJ42GL2Qr8obkRRIcOHjpxonj4yfDqyir1JDh48OD7dx+qKqoQQgf2H3g0+IjuRg8fOux1e9Vjajkvt1ntFy9cDDEMCCKPy6PT6ESKxAg31DdYzNaR4RGFQvHwwcMjR45ACO02x5hKjRFmCOtxe6ht9L0795wO5/LSSvGJYtWoyukQ1la3pZ6E+ATBKTQ1NjGE+d//+V9qG81g5lTZqarKqoF7AxvejdiYWABAeVm53eYo2FnAEKYgv2BocCgrIwsAsGf3Hq/be+XylZXl1SuXr8h5eVRE1JvZN3Mf5xBEIvX4+/CJ3WrHiFRXVlvM1qTEpIDpAfzq/LXVtXHDOM/xMl5+7+69/t5+hjA9V3rMRjOVXC6ev+j1bERFRkEAG+obHXZHYnzijqQdVou1tqaWZkY9eOCg2+Xes3sPvYWewyKI0lLSHHZHTbWPeg4eOGgxW4p2FWGEHXbHxYuXwmdhfzGCUw91H2UJ65N66urdLk9iQqKMl5WVltlt9syMTOkCptSzXQxNgkgA9fz2+bfE+EQAQGVFpeAQMtMzoyKjTEZz67lWgsmG9/PU5DQVOpwOgRZy4tiJjx8+dbR13Ll9Z8OzsX/vfpr4mGBGrVK7BDfP8lRe4FnearG+e/Pu+rXrV/uuet3eqclpghkEg6q0MUOYt2/eWS1WSiVfqQcEUk9Lc8vy0nJjQ6NBb3DYHL48gpgcP3p87tN8X09fyckSgklERCSgGy6Xp3BXIYLIJbgvX7oceiQ8Lo9GrZWK/XW1dR63JzUllap4WYZDEFktVp1WDwBgGHZ9bf3N6zcY4YF7950OobOjy+P2Pnk8PPdp3mQ0baf4T01JdQnuxsYmBJHZaB4dGQUA1FTVrK+ut7d1jIyMfPn8JTUllWO5stIyh92ZlZmFIOJYTsbLZJwMAFC4q9AluFyC6z+//R/sT1n3ZvbtwtwCg5lLFy9bLTbRFunRw0cupwtCWFdb5xbcyUnJm+af/8My3Mry6qsXr2jKE0IIxlghU1y/dt3ldNFcFB1tHR63J0IeQXlZcAhxcXGpKWlul7u5qYVm1zp44KDH7Tmw/wDLcBhhjAg1/shMzxScrqrKavrcw4cOuwQXtVanHosB2Z+D2rWF8QciOPXQwVDIFHTSN9Q32m321NQ0nuMryiusZmsW9eGiiQ0Rdjqcz5/NbPeaxQi3nWv7svGF5oFpbmr+7ctv1PeiurLa7fJkZmQpo5Rmk+XM6TMEEavFNjU5xTLs0NCQ4HRhiAkmd27fcdqdhJDjx47brfaiwiIxN6F6TC04BWrUDwDgWG5+bkGr0e4q2FWQX5CXm5eTnSOqwKXMAgDAGPMs//rla4fdyRBWmjoKADA6MuoTuyCEEE4YJmg0iQvnL3zZ+ELjSNBfszKzS4pL1lbXjx09Rpt56OBhp91JqcfpEC6eDyX1AAB++/ybXqeXftlQ1/B54/OO5B3IZ/PNQAC9no2J8UkZLyOEmE3mp9NPMcL3Bx44HQLHcgX5BbExsc+fzZhNlu1WTlpqmtViO3v6LEbYJbhGnoxAAKenpi0mC0OYlqYWp0NITEjiWK60pNRhc+Rk5yhkCr8hO4MgKiwodNidp1tOW8yWwQeDNNTJm9m3S4tLHMtfunTZZrFRPxsAwMMHD92CG0LYUNfgcXu2ox6e4x02x8yzGRkn41iO+t9xLH/75m2v20v3+F2dXYJTkPEyjEh9Xb3b5Y6Li0tOSvZ6vA31DXRffOjgIZfg3rd3P7XkpuavEMCMtAyH3VlXW0cZisqku4t2AwBcgovmgIMSo1kxQWiYev4kBNdK7i7abbPYThaXUEeBxoZGk9GUmJgYoYgoOVmyvmbMyMgAANBUPuOGcbPRLONkMk4WMNfF2d/e1m4xWeQyOcuwDfUNi/OLymglhri6stotuHfm7lRGK60WW0tTC4JodWVtamIqKjLqwf2HdptdxskghP19/SajmRBy7Ogx07ppT9EekXr0OoPT4czMyLraf5VKIh/ffxy4NyDjZTJe7nQI0nAcW6UelrBTk9PGdSPVnYs/IYQeDz02GU2EEAghQvjZs+fra+uREZEd7R0Ou5PjOIxIXV2dzWrPyshiGbbiVMX66vqOHTsAACeOn/jty38KC4sIZqxma3fX+RDDgDF2OoQx1ZjUhKq2ts5utaekpPgXAwMhNBnNmjENx3IyTmZcN71+NYsQHhi4b7fZRSOsp9NPqbAW9Fnx8fFWi7W9rT06KtpkNI8Mj2CENWodXtT7AAAgAElEQVTNytIKIaS5qdlkNKXsSImQR5SXl3vcnoL8AkLIsaPHjevGol1FEMCCgl12m6PkZAnBjEtwXb50GUL48uWr5aXl6Mjonss9VrOVEN8Ol1IPtTagPsOb5p+kkm9m3+p1Bhkvk/Gy92/fv3j+QsbLbty44XF5lFFKGS/v7OhcXVllGIbBTH19veAU4mLjEhISnA6huamF5g49evio1+09dPAwFdhpvxHMZGVkeT0bTQ1NCCGMyInjxU67c8/uPXJeTqlHnB7FJ4rn5+ZTU1LDvPOnIvjsJJjUVNeMqdTi6VJra9vExKRWo9NpdceOHqO8gyA6VV6h1xkSE5KQP7FZQFHIn5W0u6tbp9VNjE9MTU7t3buXxrioOFUhOIRx/fjwk5H21nae5QkmHMepRlVjKnXRrqJHg0N3bt+hCux7dwc0Gk1XV3d5ablWrWX8DhwEE9WI6sH9h6JoEx2lNOgNWrX22dNnT6efyjhZUOqBAGKE6+sa9Dr9hGHiwvkLUn3Q8WPHp6emtRrt/YH7vgDvEI6pxrQabXlp+Y3rN54MPaG65472Dp1WN6ZSjxvGDx48BAGMjIhUj2m0Gl1mRiYEcMIwUVlRGWIY+nr7JsYntRptTbUvh29yUvLU5NS4YXxqcgr68yAiiJRRSp1Or9PqNGManVZHA7ad7z6v0+hEor929frU5BSEMGhGxoT4BK1Gp9fq1WPqoUePFfIIAADBZHR4dNww3tTQ1NJ82qAzUKPBs2fOTk9NG3QGg95QXlZO5a/RkVH1mKaoaDcAYPjJ8OmWMwAAhjCjIyqdVldbU9fX0/dk6AntzMGHg06HoFFrxlRj+/cdEH1QffNP8g4gmBj0hgnDhE6rHzeMR0ZEsgzLcdydW3fGDRN6nV6r1hbk7wIAMJgpLi6eGJ9URitjYmKmp54WnygmmHAsNzI8MqZS63WG6KhokYsjFBF6nV6j1qhGxxITEhFCLGFrqmuGnwwbdIYA6tldtHvw4WBCfGKYev5UBKEe/96bpYo6cbsB/EkOqWgA/XFbWIblWB5t4z4KJbKPeASGMfblTa6scjqErMxshDDcrAamq5pneYyJjJdDiSsTrYMYKNr/CEw3UGKcQ3o9QT4nWGnrxPpjhAlhqIQvvqilrROfiPzJIak+iOP8eSz9ZnUQQpohmxbyNdAaRDJeFuI8WKwYlJxJi51Jz/JE6mEZlqrSGcwwflNynuPFiCUIIo7hIhQRoh9skMdBiX5XkqUHAogQpgktxIHzDdnmlEcIIo7l6SOkMblZhmUZjmd5Ua8/NDjksDvpcEg7XzoctEo0qyf8uuvB1McVQZ/fLPV3pdTDEEYuk9MhUMgVPMuzzFerCJr+VGqLzxBGNCIjmKTsSGlva09OSsYIu13u893nRTUz8rvdhvANCuP3Y1szEKlmBG6RF4D/bEjqbPFDbwmEkFKpfPXild3mUI+pt3uEdPaIk55+I0o9QVoVzAFquyYEGKdsoj9fIYgePwdoi7b7bFPIjyGgXQHLXvw+RJ//0LIR6/n7F5tYAgCguPjk4vyi3Wa/fPkyTTC9tU9+qIsof0m3pV/7AQRWO4SeODkpWa/TP516Ojo8+vH9x31791E3mu+5N4w/BEEswaSdHmJpBRDBD70ixIPPqIgoGS/j+eARMLYWHvShQR8hfh+iLd+kErE0qczyTer5Zmnfj6CKs18+ab6z2gAAQgjP89GR0RzHMX7rvm/eG6KZolQYoqO+s4ZyXh4bE8fzfFJCElWf//J++1chOPWIsS83LRsIpStWpABqZhbCfVRaOJQsXfqvOOpBqQFJkr5/nZTQ97YPTT3SG8XyaT190Xm+m3qkT/nLqCdgEQaVeuAPSg1/CJDEhXhrHcSep62Wy+T0UOl7OgH597Z/NhGIlWGJL/bTX9yHYQSnHhkn25W/q6G+AWOMIE5PS2+sb2ysb6yvq29saKyvq4+KjAYAUEuz5qbmyIgo6iQRegjr6xpqa+vq6+qTk5IBANLzy6DbIrhlo8Ey7J7de6A/sWcI6tmRvKO5qbm5qTmAehobmupq6pKTkxUyBT12/W+mHoJJxanK2pravXv2ikH4EURZmdmxsb8sOCm14T508HB9XcPJ4pPSBibEJ1SeqoyPjZf2rXRLG7orMMI783ampqT9BdQT0NW/qjP/tQg+CdJS0ybGJ/p7+zHGCOHGhianQ2hqbC4vK79185bJaM7JygEAYITT09Nfzrx8PPSYRhQMPYQlJSUWs3X4yQi196V64gChBm7WBFPQnxLiE25evzlwbwBBFIJ66L2JCYkatcZhdwZ8f7rltGnddKrsFD2P+06y+E7qCX3BD4yKX8ysrqq2WmwNdQ0vZ14ePHCIWhKl7Egx6A179uzdqrr+5lN+ggGD4vDBw+/fva+srFxdWa3y5+cCAOzbu39+bqFgZ4FIlD/UD4kJiTPPZkpLSv+k6f6H90MYPz8EW79iCLO8tNzX0yeT+Xy16mrrGuobaJ6Z0pJS07pp/979wB97VKlUCk5BNapSyCNCUw8AwOV09VzpoVOQJSx1sQnQ4GxHPdlZ2avLq48GH4GvEX+CkJ14e19vn9ftlX6PIMrOynHYnaWlZd/cbW2tQED5Wy9Gm5XWQX7d0idBT76AX6F2+9Ztl+BiCBMfHy+XK2g19hTtMRvN+/btFy8DEtYL0f8oWOSa7ySFAJw7e05wCtFR0dlZ2XGxceLtPMcnJSRRY1SCCNkiV25XMXrAlJudazaaqX/c97QojL8vglOPNBkelOx6oiKizpw+YzKaMtIzFHKFeItx3fj82cw3dXUAALfg7rnSQ60EU5JT5j7Nt7d1TIxPvH71etwwER2lxAgnJSQtL63Mzy3Mzy2YTRalUklz4zydfmo2WZaXlqcmp6g5NUaktqaOOj1OTU5HKCKglHp6+jY8G+KjgT/AkNvlKSkpCfpCBv7z5oW5hVs3bt25fWdxfvHj+487knYgiDLTMwWHsLSwtLSwZLfac7JyMCItzS0WkyU6OpreePPGLTGJVcAHQZSclLy+Zvzw/uPcp/kN7+e01DSMsDI65s3smzezb9ZW1wWHUFXl894sLj5pt9o/b3yenJhiCEMI4RhucmLqzewbm9X+6uWrZ0+f0dbdvnXHbnNA/0J98/rN+uo6gujc2XNzc3PLS8svZl5GRysxIgDAhbmFhw8G7w/cX5hf8Li9qlEVACAuJs5hc7x9+3Z+bt5sNO8p2hNiHDMzMuc/zTtsjlcvX3Ps1xPx6Gjl0uKS3eYo2lVEXyS11bVrK2t7d+81rptWV1Zdgjs5KZlgUl/XsDC/+Onj3PzcwouZF3KZHEKo1+rfvnnndAivXr5+/mzmJwgxjL8RQlGPaIYj6pUTE5JsVltdbZ24UYIAAgB81BMyOwKUUA/dmgW4jwpO1/nuC4SQB/cfvnr5OiszCyN848aN3p5eqhUimLGYrY+HHosyCMtwOdk55WWnqqtqrGZrz5UeGJJ6IIDZWdnfoB4IAQB5OXnS7KN0l/di5sWH9x95lmcwo9fp6W6uqbHJZrVRf0sAwK2bt7yejaAlAwCu9l99/+5D/s4Cgpm+3n5qfn3x/EXjuonmt7nQfYEa71KqGrg38HnjC+0rBBG1fNm3Z5/D5ti/f78oMd25fddh/0o9z54+X1tdxwin7Eg5evRodVWNxWylOR0hgBnpmRazdWpyOj4ufuDeQFtrG8FEp9G5nC6MCUOY4SfDLqcr9FCePXPWbrXHxcSJfUu9ao4fPe6wOwp3FQGffQ2jGlW5Xe5LFy8VFhbevXMvOjo6QhGh0+pv37qjjI5hGXbg3sCRw0focOzM3elyuspKy6iSMWzU9w9GcOqh7qPUbV1c5wiiu7fvzjx/kZeTJzox0Gn3o9TDczxVQ1ZWVFIfiMiISIvZ0t7WjhFWyBS9PX1Tk1OXL12R8TIEkVwmxxgTRGwW29CjITGsT8qOlMnxyRs3bra3tTvtzuvXrsPfLfXQywryCzxuj5h99MH9BxjhVy9fmYzmG9duXL92fW117T9f/oMgamk+bTZZEuMTe3t6q6uqb9646XQ4tyM1GS+7fOnyu7fv+/uuJsYnUjPrixcu2m0OaiZHl7QySskwDMFk6NGQ4HT5mZqjvgJ7du9x2B379+8XjQbv3b3ndAhymbyjvSMvN2/m+czSwlJmeqZeq7986fLZM+dcgqu3p5eyQ1JiEnV6ood9VOdl0BkcdsfV/qvXrl779OGTU6IjC4ozp8/YrHZltFI6uAxhThaXCE5X4a4icS6NPBnZ8H6mOy+/VQ7JzsqZnpp+NDjUc6WXWqjSC7Kzsl2Cu6ysjDZZaskJw8rgfxaCUw91H6ULQ/rmMa4ZR4dHeZan1qJ09TIM47A7JsYnWIYNzT4AgM8bX/r7+sXkOVUVVYJDyMrIilBEOOyOttY25I/QmpuTqx5TT089VcgVPMdTW2G3y02ph8omuwp2Wc3W48eOcwxns9gG7g5Q9ZNIPS7BRY//6TcYkZzsHK/HWxZS10Opx+1yb8o+yrBvZt84HUJ+Xn5+Xn5uTm5RYRFGuPVcq+AUPn385HF55j7NLcwv2Cy27YpFCEVFRu3My3889OTd23d0Y3X50mXTuol6RZ5pOWO3OSIUESzDsgz78MFDp0Og4SCQP6HN0SNHXYJr/779okHDwL0Bp0OYfT3r9WwsLS7ZLDab1Xbk8NEN7+cD+w8ghDwuz41rN+h4JSUm/fb5t/r6eqopo16pkxNTToeQm5NbsLNgZ+7OrKwsH11uM5Tnzp5zCe7IyEjp4Mp5eVlp2Yb3sxibEUH05PGT3z7/RkcB+ey8GYZhdiTvyMnJdTqcD+4/AABQlsnKytrwfq6sqILUdpllkT+TUlC9Xhh/XwSfW0WFRVaztfRkqfTk++3s27lP8wgixh+AAgJIMJmcmDKuGRnC0jAFIR7GsqzD7ujt6RUXUsWpSrvV7qMem6PtXBuCaGlxaXpqOkIRwbLs8tLK5MQkXQY8x6+urA09Grp06XJeXh4AID8/f311/fjR4zzHr68ZB+4NUCMjnuMZwly7et1sNEcqIiltUe+N3Jxcm8VWVlq2nT6YfnYX7fFuyT46plLPfZzjOT5CHjFumFhfXad+jBazxWyyyHhZ5anKleUVm3UT9XztawBmns/MPJuhTZt9Pfv2zTuO4y+cv7C0sMSyrEKm6OjocNqdcrk8KiIqQhHxeOiJw+7gWA5CSGOYEMwUFhQuLy4fOnRoeWkFAkipx26zr62uQQi7u7qtFpvNYttdtNu4bjx54iTLssY1Y39fP2WulJRUh91ZX1dPCCNKtSNPRmwWG8uykRGRqtGxtdX1EONItUhmk1k84KctlfGykpMlDrujsLCQfskyrGpERb3qIYAKuYJjuKioqPm5+fa2drlcLpPJV1dWW8+20u1kenq6xWSprqx+8fxFTnYO8Idq8nq81JctjH8MglMPwaSmqkY1qhKdkhBEd+/cG3w4KPoTUJSVlum1+hhlDMdwVJYJ8TDVqMqgN+i0uqJCnxry4IGD4/rxpIQkuUyu1xkqTlXQZ6lGVapRlV6nH1ONMZhhGRYhxHN8VGS0ekx94vgJCCGVZUpLSvU6vV6nz0jPGHkysnfPXoQQg5ldBbvUY2q1Sj38ZBghn+gOAFCNjul1+rHRsaioqKBJLCCAVEsybhin8Vw0as3pltPQl31Ur1FrJicmZ56/iFREMoQpPlE8phpTKBQcwzGEaW5qHjdMbMdoKSkpoyMqvVZv0Bv0Wn1UZDR1te/t6TXoDdQ3NX9nPgCAY7iTxSdHh0cNOsPtW7cxwgQRjuWpm2V5WblqdEwhU0AAEURdnd3qMQ1GmOdkCKLLl66MDo9CCMtKyzVjmrHRsYy0DJ1WX1hYhCCanJgaN4yPG8ZTdqRgf/5ChjCPHz1WjajUY2qtRhsTHRNiHNNS03RanUajMegM0u8jIyL1Wv24fpyqrhFCJ4tPjo2OTU5MUuKj7sEQwF0Fu7Qa7dTklE6rv3jhIn3DUU+3kuKSCcNEQlwCLYHaE4wbxvv7+n/5agnjD0QQ6qGLRAzzLiJI/FMIEc0aiojUhzA0pEfp1JaUapFlvIwynXi+Dv1JV+S83JdEFDMsy0oFFqoTkS5v0VJR6vwlimN0mdGNIQ2sE5R9EERUdAKS7KPQ71OK/J6l2J8vFABAk8MAv+PoVsHH9zeENAoH8Cd0RhKf1a+X+bvL56wLfc6TyOe6yYkbYfovFSuI39dMDDlAOxNCSOmbEg1NMSQ+nap7pI4O37O1ARJfKrGTeZZnGV8iU8oadGSB3/dYfChGmNqUi/1A+5NmqRW7jkZrwojQZEG/fMGE8Udh2808khjaSAkoYPjFLwn+AS8Ycc0E/BHwd7AbN7lZB6zSgFp9o+XbB5Dfetk32xKwDoMWu92zvv/KAP2Ur3owiBFmiGIDBi5gFIKO8s9MrB8ZF0mtgvBLmHH+kQicHwHzL6j3ZtArf2jKIn+Ch6A/Scv/6YZ9Z5W2W5nfj6DnL9/JJuAHqSegcLiFQOHmNR+inO2G74+int8zcL/q0WH8lQhOPaKoTDULUoNj8cWL/Bao35yy9GIaLUWqtw4xyaiY/TupR6x2qPZvv8K3u14qDNK4v99TbAhC+f4rAwqHwajnm9UIGOv/NuoJ41+C4NQj42Q0XyhNAcgQ5sD+A/V19Q31jc1NzRnpGQAAGr47KyuruqqGhgoL0EBDydQvyC9obmyur2s403KmpbklZUcKggghJNrCSlFTVXO65fS+vft/zwIghOzfuz9GGfNHUY94QWJCYnNjc0NdA0MYnpMFpcjQa/6vHuNfXYEwwtiK4NMxLTVtcnyyr7efZViO4fbv3T/7arauto4GBp15NpOQkMAQlmCSmpo6MT5x7+5ACE9OAEBmRubzZ89dgruyovLR4KNxw0RuTi49pYJb9AInjp3wuDw9V3q/yRohfs3Pz3/39n1ubu43b/lR9omNiX14/6HFZKEnXDiYeuK/inrCCOO/EMFNCleWV/p6+qgTIM/y9XX1NostPj6e5/jSklKH3ZmbnYsRoQdPymilyWgafDC4bSAoCAkmep1hw7tBMDl75qzH5Tl25FjQZQlocgK783z3+Z+WehBEJ46fsJgsOTk50pK3rn+0xXn9G/0FAEvYC+cvupwuGiN9uz1mmHrCCCMEglMP9eGiZi8IorqaOsEp7Ny5Mz4+niZsys7K8Ws6CEbYZrE9e/ocbT4khpLjZIzI1OSUy+niWf7c2dYvG19ilDEMYdpb29dX1xfmFhbmF8b147ExsdR2zulwWs3Wly9emoymrMxsjHBCfMKH9x+eP3u+tLBkXDMWnygGADAMc+nipfm5+Y8fPi4vLj+4/0AmkyOIPrz/+OH9R6dDmJ56Oj31FG6/6Th08PDSwtKpslOvX75eXlq5ce0Gz/MQwkMHD62vrn9492H+0/zy4nJy0g4EUUZ6psPufPb02eL8oktwY4wZwshksuEnw2ur64sLSyaj6czpMwzDbKGdMPWEEcYmhKIeanNBEElPS595/uLhg4cPHzw06A0D9wZohmJqbCJSD9wiWYj/YoQnJyYFh1BTVTM0OGTQGeQyeXJyss1qqzhVQcOYOx3OM6fP0Osddkd/Xz/BjOAU3r55SzC5dfOWxWxBEDGYuXHthtftxQjvLtpttzmOHjnGsmx2ZrYvxxuEEMLSk6UuwZWbmyuqzIOe2hJMrl295nK6GMwc2H/QbrXv27uPIYzVYrt29RoNci44Beo+OvP8hcloZghz8fxFSj0Ek5aWFqfduSM5hWO4xoZGl+DKy80L804YYYRGcOoRs48CABjC1NfVe1yehIQEnuPLy8pdTldebh6URPy3W+3Pnj7fusYCpJ7PG58vXbhks/oyfCUlJVlMFp1Wd/P6zdu3bv/25bf2tnbodyLr7elFCH368OnVy1cAgJs3blG3TIRQz5Uer9vLEKagoMBsMh/YfwAAkJOVIziF2upaGn68+ESx2+XOy80jhIipI6Tsg3x59Uh/X7/H7YUAHjl81OP2HjxwEEJoMpquXL4C/LlMHz4YRBDNvp41GU0IovPd512Cm579NTY0Ou3Ou3fuXu2/qtfpaecEkE742CiMMAIQnHqcDuHC+QsyXsZghmBSX1/vsDvTU9NlnKyqospus2dnZVMrZAigjJdZzNapyant3u1UuJianP688blgZ4HgFCpOVVDqsdvsXZ1duTl52VnZuTm58bHxCCK64bp54xaCaG11beb5DADgzq07gkNgCMNzfM+VHrvNDgEs3FXotDsPHTwEAczNzv2y8aWuto6a/xYXF3/e+LyroNB3xB4sQRgVhXp7ej1uDwTwwIGDG96Nffv2AQAEh9Db00t50+vZGHr0GEH0/u17wSkAAM6fP+/1eKknWmNDo9VsPbD/YFZWVnZWdnZ2dqQiUs7LKe/8aMD8MML4lyA4WRQVFlnM1rKSMp7lIYC1tXXGdVPKjhRltPJU2an11fWM9AzqzSjj5c+ePltZXmUIKzp8fS0dAKot4lhOr9PbLDaM8JmWM+ur63ExcQkJCQvzC5UVlRHyiPi4eKvFerr5NL3dZrXfvnVHGaV89+adXqeHEN26cctus8fFxslksqt9Vx12h0IeUZBfYLPaKsoreJ6nUWzKSsrohuvIkSMWk2Xv7r3zcws08sbWs39a254rPU6HgCDau3efS3AfPXIMAmg2WW5evynjZZwkXs/M85n1tXUZL2s912o2muVyOQSwob7BYrJkZ2bzPF9VWW02mXNz8qj7Qntb++LCYkF+QZh6wggjAMGph2BSXVU9OjIq5+UQQADAubPnxg3jGrVWPaY5euQoBJDG8a+sqDToDLFKn3o4wL5O3HSUl5XrtHqNWosRpl6RNEfdoQOH1Cq1WqV+/ux5f99VnuURQnJePjw8rFFrx1Tq0REVz/MAAIKZm9dvqkZUGrVGPabJzMiibtyVFVUatdagM4wMj7Sea2UYlmXYCEUEwaS5sXlcP741HbMUGOGmxiatRosRzsvLmxifKNhZQDCTlZmtUWu0Gt3E+MTI8AiV7wgmjx89Vo9pSk6W9PX2jwyPUDprPdeqHlPrtHqtRnfyxEnsz3RaXlY++HAwPS09TD1hhBGAbe1cqPso2OwqRf2npaoTggnP8TSVqOiuGQgIaVJauvGRy+Q0Xa94i5iWC0GEIIY0lxtECPqcqiGAVGUDAWQZliC/pTUiojMn8nsnQgBZhkP+SDRUYyXmlgwARphhGBorB2Msl8mpF6WolqYuptKeoR+CCfUCxQhDiAgmLMPizY6jKGTOjDDC+Ddj25OXgH1TwE/ioqLEQX1Hf26ZBah+t/4atMztTP6RzwH6q3rF57odLJ8n3OwyFqASFl1G4I84Rmz3+cYwbL4mzFZh/OOxrWJYnP2+VQE3rckA6hH//mnqCUExP1FsUDqTUgncJhXENzorGKH8furZek14gxbGPx6B4gzcJvdxAO9IZQqCGRo+hvmRuBkiMCLUFyGoyINDZjf+wQdhMXgNkkTw2YRt9mViz4g0gfzes1+JA37921e45IJQYyAp0xfFBn07QXAYYfytEfimjVHGnG6pa2muaWqoammupe6dVOEiCjvSAFf5O9nG+sqzZ+oZzAT1Bf0mOJarqqgKYDoIYEZ6Yk1VTXJSjDT7xe8BjWcGAMjKBPV1FQo5ZhmWYRgIIISoubn66NEEcXcmhSh5MYRtbqpuqK9obqo+e+YcQ1hEc0UgVFoaf6osiWqjAAAyHiYlJjXUVTQ1VNXU1Bw/nhRqDPyf5CRlQ31lfHw8z4ZNEMP4h2OzfgHCvt5KlxNWlFecLI6deQ4GH7ZC8DWinTR8D10taanxkxNYcACFHG/rwxUMom6lrrbeuB4kIkR1Vc3CvPLwwbjviX0RUHKIJxbugpMT6PKlDhkP5bwv9OL57tb/938TRoa7qNARcJdIPee7z62vJZ4sjj1VlvT+bcyjwTYEEY0GXV9bv7igrK2ppU+R8VCj7rh9q+JkceyxY4mrKwmnyiuC9L5/y4YgkvHQoOu2WcjRIwk/1JNhhPF3RKC2YnIS2SxExkGWYaOjOIsJiVsJKfWIMUwRRGOq1g0vI91uBDwjKBdgX14UfLWvymYl0rvo33IZSohLkPH++IfbbIWClrxtawGYn0u6eaNOxkMIEM8BjHBXZ7fVQgQnUI2cE1sasPek1DM1ScxGSDeYkxNofS0JI8KxnIyD0ZFc4S64vpZ4qjwJIRShIG4XPn26lmDCc8Bixpcutoeos4yH79/FugXkFtDhw3FoizdcGGH8wyA5O4e+U/B3b2PG9SA5UcmyLAIIABAXG6fTdC4txCzMJa0sxZ3vOieG/oUA6rVdHtfXU6T01ASblZl9xbx7G2M2wcz0JAhgZAQ78xwsLcYsLcQsL8VVV1cTTGJjY6enyPJSnNMB1Or2nitdIs1lZ8GlhRiHnYuLiaNH8okJiR/exz57yi7MJxnXkkqK4wgmu/LBynJ8TXXNyxdoeTH2wUCdQo632zRROOxcX08FVabI+K889XmD06o76L1SxqEH+QQRBPHocLfghPHx8UmJSeN6YFxL8gdUIxDApKQkh52tq6nD8GshEMIdSTFmI+xo79jU75KPMlr5/Bk3+5rdv5fzesjJ4lgcLPtzGGH8k/B1ZhNMWIZjGIYh7K2b9U+nGEoxEMDamrrVlYSU5FiO4YpPxFjNODMzSUo9LsHn404w+fA+7v27GIwwxuT1K2JcS2IY5sL5No8Lx0THMIQ5diTx5o06mQxSo5jbtyrdLhpW3ZdilBLQmdP1DjsXq4yFACKIbt2st5gRou6j12u9bkLVT63n2mxWJkJBcnOw2QRPFscGVe5uop7eCipW0ByH9IINL6vVdIpr/ujRhOITseWliafKkspKEgp2cgih4wUxVGgAAAYCSURBVEeTvB5y507lg/t1y4uxDXUVULJpEqkHScK/Htwfs7aS0N7WwXNBSARjjBC+eL7NZmVYht27h3G78NEjCSIF//L5EUYYfxI2GctBAKk4wzLszjxm5jkYuFuDIGqor7RbmYf362/dqNdru7wekpODpNQjOCH0L+9xA1hbTbh+rebG9dqV5bi1lQSO5To7Op12jucgQr4cvpRrIIQ3b9R73Jj+KybwYxm2va1dcMJYZSx9ys0b9U4HBwBACF253Ol1EwAAS9iujq7PXjY6SpmeluBywrLSBKlAIbZTlGIo9dCn8BwgiNDIrV4P0Wu7aEYHAEB5WWJFRWV1VXV1dXV1VfXuIowRfv6Us9sYjLGMh1OT2OthfOkifNSjdNi5upo6qanB1CS2mILHzBfZtr+30uth+vsqhwbbLGY8MtzNcdzW68MI45+EQEfzoUdtOm0nwQQhPDrS/Z8vMQigxobKzxvs4UNxebkkOwvm5uAIORF3WHpdF+UOur+Y/5Q49ykhJxvtzGWys2BaWnyEgmlva3cLSCHHMv6rfQ3NIH7ndtXnDZaqe8UElQihtnNtn71sjDKGksidW5WCw7dWr1zupE9kCNPZ0bnhZaOjlBnpiR43Li9PDEE9EECzCV7tr6ZmxzwHqZIYQeQSEKUe8ZQqoBCCyexrZnkplucAy7DTU8zqSryMh7QVAICM9ES7jamtqZVG0U9NicvOhOIJnViatOS42LisTJCbjWuqauw2tqW5FuMge8YwwvgnwUcfovJYr+1aW02UyaBchsZGWy0mBAGsqqx22NjsTKiMVlZWVK2tJhbs5IA/u5N6rM1q9uWoxQi/fknev4uRy1BsTNyb1+zH93EMYbo7uz0unBCfIJOhc2dbjWtJ0VEcBBAj3NvbbTXj5ETlwN0ahRyL1NN6rtVhZ+Pj4wEABJHbtyrsNiYhLiEqkuvrrTSu+/Z3ly60e90kKpJLS4v3uHF1VfV21AMBlPEwLTXBuA7qauo4luM5wBJWIcMKOTab0MQ4lMsxQ1iw+ePvIvJosPX9uxiFHEcqGNXIucWFGODXvu/fy3k9zLWrNRFywjIcDRePIHr2lBOckAZdC+z6zTSEINq/jzOug2NHE3/aPjOMMP4u8M1++opmCJOaEjc62j38pPPJ4w69tov3aZPB6Zba4Sedw487dbqu0pJ46iQFADh5MlatatOqOy5f7EAI8SxgCftkqGNkuFs1eq6/r5JjOIpLF9rHx4FmrF2r7ti7x5fKjhDCsdztWxWjI93UDcqnmt0RMzrSbdB1Dz/upMuSZdgb1+tUo62asfbRkXOpqXEMYRjClpUmGPTdEQomIT5Rp+3av18ZIF9IQTBBCJ08ETumao2LiaNNq66qHhnu1qo7JgxQPdaekx0kJSmlOQihStWq0XSMjnY/edwhJrFDEN27W/3gfj21FeIYThR8+vsq1WNtCIVKPuUjOAhVI+eGn3Q+vF+vjFaGrQrD+Gdj0/qk+x0IIUKYYMJK3v8IIpbheParSyS1XSaIcCzHs4BgQpUgGGFp5lKMCLXl8xkl+nMQSy7AUuWI6E3KMqyMhyxh6cUc60usTDBhGNG+kbAMS02KMMIyHtGtylapZ1MzMSOmkQCSkDosw8LNlo3S5gdYD0gPoegtPAdoG2nPSFv3nSF7aBbQ35kFKIww/hbYRqHg99gSd1UEM35sSissRYDhjxQ0oN/3XEnPqr91wbYV+Nqw784aGrxftuy5tn759Ve/zZGUQ3+CesII49+DTQsP+9PaUdCjbup8QP/+aer50St/D/X8UYs8gHq24x2wRZktRZh6wggjKDYtG4ywWtVmXEuymLHNQuxWxukAv31W3r1TxbHgR6ln6zr8CwD/NOqBIaQeSR9+s3phhBEGDKAeBjPTU8QtII8LuwQkOKHVjD1ufON6HUNYURT6VbTyndTz1/Xdd5x/h0knjDCC4k+knl/etjDCCOO/Fl+pByPMMtz01LRbcHtcHpfgFpwuq9nqcXtuXL8Zpp4wwgjjD0SYesIII4xfgDD1hBFGGL8A/x/JSFMC1vXD1gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)

It will reboot the Netapp controller and it will start as fresh

- Run option 4
- This initialization clears the three disks that the system uses for the first aggr that it creates and a vol0 root volume on it
- This must be run on both nodes of each HA pair

### Step6 :Cluster setup wizard

![Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp](data:image/png;base64,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)Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp

After completion of initialization of Netapp ONTAP it will ask you “do you want to create Cluster / Join the Cluster”

For first node you have to say “create” cluster

- The first node creates the cluster
- The following information is required for the setup:

**-Cluster name**
**-Cluster network ports and MTU size**
**-Cluster base license key**
**-Cluster management port, IP address, netmask, and default gateway**
**-Node management port, IP adress, netmask, and default gateway**
**-DNS domain name**
**-IP address of DNS server**

- Subsequent nodes join the cluster

While booting itself it will ask you enter the Cluster License. You have to enter the Cluster License.

### Step7 :Normal boot sequence

1. Firmware loads the kernel from CF
2. Kernel mounts “/” root image from rootfs.img on CF
3. Init is loaded and startup scripts run
4. NVRAM kernel modules gets loaded
5. Tmgwd is started
6. D-blade, N-balde and other components are loaded
7. vol0 root volume is mounted from local D-blade
8. CLI and element manager are ready for use

### Step8 :Create a cluster after login to the clustershell

```
CMode::>cluster create -license  -clustername  -mgmt-port  -mgmt-ip  -mgmt-netmask  -mgmt-gateway  -ipaddr1  -ipaddr2  -netmask  -mtu 9000
```

### Step9 :Join a Node to existing Cluster

Run this command from the node that wants to join the cluster

```
CMode::>cluster join -clusteripaddr  -ipaddr  -ipaddr2  -netmask  -mtu 9000
```

### Step10 :Add all required Licenses

Below are few licenses we have to add

1. Base
2. NFS
3. CIFS
4. iSCSI
5. FCP
6. SnapMirror\_DP
7. SnapRestore
8. Flexclone

**Note:** One can add licenses in the cluster shell; system license add

## Step11: NTP

- NTP is disabled by default and needs manual set up of date, time and time zone

```
CMode::>system date modify
```

- Verify and monitor

```
CMode::> system services ntp config show
 CMode::> system services ntp server show
```

## [Please Provide your Valuable comments below….](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ)

Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Installation process of Cluster Mode Netapp, Netapp Boot Process, Netapp Cluster Mode Setup, Steps to Setup Cluster Mode Netapp

---

### [EMC SAN Class 6 FCP, FCIP, ISL and Zoning](https://arkit.co.in/emc-san-class-6-fcp-fcip-isl-and-zoning/)

**Published:** January 2, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# EMC SAN Class 6 FCP, FCIP, ISL and Zoning

EMC SAN Class 6 FCP, FCIP, ISL and Zoning

  EMC SAN Class 6 FCP, FCIP, ISL and Zoning

## Fibre Channel Protocol Port Types

**1. N Port:** Node ports used to connect devices to switched fabric or point to point configurations

**2. F Port:** Fabric ports residing on switches connecting ‘N’ port devices

**3. L Port:** Loop ports are used in arbitrated loop configurations to build networks without FC switches, those ports often also have ‘N’ port capabilities and are called ‘NL’ ports

**4. E Port:** Expansion ports are essentially trunk ports used to connect two Fibre channel switches

**5. GL Port:** A Generic port capable of operating as either an ‘E’ or ‘F’ port it’s also capable of acting in an ‘L’ port capacity; Auto Discovery.

## [How to Do Zoning in Brocade SAN Switch](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/brocade-san-switch-zoning.html)

## [Your Feedback is Valuable to us. ](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

If you like this article please do share on social networking sites.

# :: Related Articles ::

> ### [EMC SAN Class 1 ](http://arkit.co.in/emc/emc-storage-training-class-one/)
> 
> ### [EMC SAN Class 2 ](http://arkit.co.in/emc/emc-storage-training-class-two/)
> 
> ### [EMC SAN Class 3](http://arkit.co.in/emc/emc-storage-training-three/)
> 
> ### [EMC SAN Class 4](http://arkit.co.in/emc/emc-storage-training-class-four/)
> 
> ### [EMC SAN Class 5](http://arkit.co.in/emc/emc-storage-training-class-five/)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC

**Tags:** EMC SAN Class 6, FCIP, FCP, Fiber Channel Protocol, Fibre Channel Internet Protocol

---

### [InterNetworking Devices - Networking CCNA Basics](https://arkit.co.in/internetworking-devices/)

**Published:** January 3, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

InterNetworking Devices – Networking devices connect multiple LAN’s together to extended a network. They act as intermediate agents for transmission of data in the network. These devices include repeaters, Bridges, Routers, Hubs , Etc. They manage networks into multiple sub networks.

## InterNetworking Devices

- Repeater is basically a regenerator as it regenrates the signal.
- Repeater and Hub are layer 1 devies and operate at the Physical layer.
- A Multi-Port repeator is known as Hub.
- Hubs are of three types: active hub, passive hub and intelligent hub.
- Bridge and Switch operate at the Data link layer of OSI model.
- Types of bridges are: Transparent, Translation and Source-route.
- A Switch filters and forwards data to the destination.
- A router is an intelligent device which functions at the Network layer.
- Routers are of two types, Static router and Dynamic router.
- Routing protocols use routing algorithms to determine destination ports.
- Routing protocols are two types, interior and exterior.
- Gateway is a networking device which converts only the data format.
- Backbone is a segment that connects other segments
- Multi-protocol routers support more than one communication protocols.
- Brouter provides computational functions of a bridge and a router.
- Layer 3 switch operates at layer 3 .i.e. network layer of the OSI model.

## Please write your valuable comments.

**Related Articles**

[Network Architecture and design principles](https://arkit.co.in/other-network-architecture-network-design-principles/)

[Network Security and protocols](https://arkit.co.in/network-security-and-protocols/)

[identify wireless and wired networking](https://arkit.co.in/identify-and-compare-wired-and-wireless-networking/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** bridges, brouters, CCNA basics, computer networking, hubs, interNetworking Devices, routers

---

### [Installing the Network. Cabling Video Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/installing-the-network-cabling/)

**Published:** January 3, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Installing the Network. Cabling – Structured cabling connects all the systems in an organised way and into a single unit. It integrates voice, data, video and other management systems. The structured cabling system is not prone to any kind of interference and fluctuations.

  ## Installing the Network. Cabling.

- Structured cabling interconnects different equipment’s in a structured manner
- Cable connectors are sued to connect the cables
- Cabling tolls are helpful make the connection between the cable and the connector
- Colour Code helps to identify the types of wires.
- Cat5 cables are punched into information outlet as per the colour code.
- Jack Panel is used to connect horizontal cabling to network.
- Straight trough cables have pint out connections similar at both ends.
- Cross over cable change the pin out connections at one end.
- Installing the rack explains how to place networking equipment.
- Wire manager organizes the disorganized cables for easier access.
- Labeling the cables helps to identify the path of the cables and in troubleshooting.

Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share printer, scanner etc. Different types of network cables like Coaxial cable, Optical fiber cable, Twisted Pair cables are used depending on the network’s topology, protocol and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).

While wireless networks are much easier deployed when total throughput is not an issue, most permanent larger computer networks use cables to transfer signals from one point to another

## Your Feedback is more valuable to us…

**Related Articles**

[Describe Various Networking Protocols](https://arkit.co.in/describing-various-protocols/)

[Network protocols – encapsulation and decapsulation](https://arkit.co.in/network-protocols-encapsulation/)

[Communicating Using Network](https://arkit.co.in/communication-using-a-network/)

**Free Book Download**

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** cabling, CCNA, Coaxial cable crimping tool, computer networking, Installing the Network, punchdown tool, RJ 45 Crimping tool

---

### [Linux Learners Guide - Book Written by Ankam Ravi Kumar](https://arkit.co.in/linux-learners-guide-book-written-by-ankam-ravi-kumar/)

**Published:** January 5, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Linux Learners Guide – Book Written by Ankam Ravi Kumar

Linux Learners Guide – Book Written by Ankam Ravi Kumar

This Book Holds below topics.

  1. INTRODUCTION
2. WINDOWS VS LINUX
3. LINUX ARCHITECTURE
4. BASIC AND COMMON COMMANDS
5. OS INSTALLATION
6. BOOTING PROCESS
7. BASH FEATURES
8. LINUX DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
9. TEXT EDITORS
10. USER ADMINISTRATION
11. PROFILE MANAGEMENT
12. STRING RELATED COMMANDS
13. FILE LINKS
14. PROCESS MANAGEMENT
15. SEARCH RELATED COMMANDS
16. TASK AUTOMATION AND TASK SCHEDULING
17. FILE SYSTEM
18. LOGICAL VOLUME MANAGER
19. RAID REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISK
20. REDHAT PACKAGE MANAGER
21. NETWORKING
22. KICK START INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION
23. QUOTA MANAGEMENT
24. REMOTE MANAGEMENT
25. NETWORK FILE SYSTEM (NFS)

We are giving this book is for free, After reading if you like, Then do remember to come back Donate and help Us. Click on BuyNow button to donate $5.

![](https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_GB/i/scr/pixel.gif)## [Download Book](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/RedhatLinux_Certified_professional_Step-by-Step-guide_aravikumar48@gmail.pdf)

Please write your feedback about this book.
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Stay connected for RHEL – 7 Book

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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Books, Linux

**Tags:** 25 topics 120 Pages book purely technical How to stuff., Linux Books, Redhat Certified Professional

---

### [How to install Redhat Enterprise Linux 7 Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-redhat-enterprise-linux-7/)

**Published:** January 9, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

There are Lot of Improvements came in RHEL 7.3 Version. Let’s see what are they and RHEL 7.3 Installation Process. In this Article we are going to see How to Install RedHat Enterprise Linux 7 Step by Step Guide. We just Published [Linux Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/one-linux-tutorial/) Everything you Learn RHEL 7/Centos 7 from scratch.

## New Features in RHEL 7.3

- Certificate Management – SubCA Feature to Create Dedicated CA
- Interoperability – IDM Management API Available
- Active Directory Integration Made Easy
- UPN Support – User Principal Name
- Auto Renewing Kerberos Keys – Keytab renewal
- Password Change via compatibility tree – LDAP

[RHEL 7.3 ISO Download ](http://isoredirect.centos.org/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1611.iso)

  # How to Install RedHat Enterprise Linux 7 Step by Step Guide

Hard drive installations use an ISO image of the binary installation DVD. To use a hard drive as the installation source, transfer the binary DVD ISO image to the drive and connect it to the installation system. Then, boot the Anaconda installation program.

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 1](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-1-300x126.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-1.jpg)red hat enterprise linux 7 installation – 1

[![What Language you Would Like to Use during Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1-300x225.png "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1.png)What Language you Would Like to Use during Installation

[![Select Time zone RHEL 7.3 Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2-300x225.png "2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2.png)Select Time zone

[![Keyboard Language Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/3-300x225.png "3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/3.png)Keyboard Language Selection

[![Installation Source DVD Installation Net Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/4-300x225.png "4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/4.png)Installation Source

Installation Source Can be DVD ISO or Net Installation. Net Installation means directly add web URL so that it will download from provide web URL and Installs

[![Software Selection Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/5-300x225.png "5 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/5.png)Software Selection

**Note:** Recommended installation for production servers is minimal installation

[![Installation Destination Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/6-300x225.png "6 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/6.png)Installation Destination Selection

[![LVM Disk Partitioning](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/7-300x225.png "7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/7.png)Disk Partitioning

Disk Partitioning can be done in Two Ways One is Standard Partitioning and LVM ([Logical Volume Manager](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/)) is preferable way to do, because it has an flexibility to increase / decrease disk size

[![Check and Accept Partitioning Scheme](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/8-300x225.png "8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/8.png)Check and Accept Partitioning Scheme

[![Manual IP Address RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/9-300x225.png "9 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/9.png)Network Section and Host Name Setup

Assign IP Address to server as static or using DHCP. Provide static name to machine it will assign automatically

[![Installation Summary in Single Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/10-300x225.png "10 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/10.png)Installation Summary in Single Screen

[![Installation of RHEL 7.3 is in Progress](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/11-300x225.png "11 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/11.png)Installation of RHEL 7.3 is in Progress

[![Set Root User Password while installing Operating System](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/12-300x225.png "12 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/12.png)Set Root User Password while installing Operating System

[![Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Installation Completed Click REboot](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/13-300x225.png "13 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/13.png)Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Installation Completed Click REboot

[![First Time Operating System Loading License Aggreement](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/14-300x180.png "14 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/14.png)First Time Operating System Loading License Agreement

[![Final Click to Enter into OS Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/15-300x180.png "15 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/15.png)Final Click to Enter into OS Screen

# Install RedHat Enterprise Linux 7

You can use any type of hard drive accessible to the installation program, including USB flash drives. The binary ISO image can be in any directory of the hard drive, and it can have any name; however, if the ISO image is not in the top-level directory of the drive, or if there is more than one image in the top-level directory of the drive, you will be required to specify the image to be used. This can be done using a boot option, an entry in a Kickstart file, or manually in the Installation Source screen during a graphical installation..

A limitation of using a hard drive as the installation source is that the binary DVD ISO image on the hard drive must be on a partition with a file system which Anaconda can mount. These file systems are xfs, ext2, ext3, ext4, and vfat (FAT32). Note that on Microsoft Windows systems, the default file system used when formatting hard drives is NTFS, and the exFAT file system is also available; however, neither of these file systems can be mounted during the installation. If you are creating a hard drive or a USB drive to be used as an installation source on Microsoft Windows, make sure to format the drive as FAT32.

## IMPORTANT

The FAT32 file system does not support files larger than 4 GiB (4.29 GB). Some Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation media may be larger than that, which means you cannot copy them to a drive with this file system.
 When using a hard drive or a USB flash drive as an installation source, make sure it is connected to the system when the installation begins. The installation program is not able to detect media inserted after the installation begins.

## Conclusion

Redhat Enterprise Linux 7 is a server version which has more features than RHEL 5 & 6.

### Your Feedback is valuable to us..

## Related Articles

[Vmware Work Station Installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

[VM Network Configuration to Communicate with all Other Virtual Machines](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)

[Installation and Configuring IPA Server Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Redhat Enterprise Linux 7.1, RHEL 7 Video Tutorial, RHEL 7.1, RHEL Installation Guide

---

### [ls command with 25 practical examples - RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)

**Published:** January 11, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# ls command with 25 practical examples – RHEL7

ls command is used to list information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor –sort is specified. ls command with 25 practical examples

**Syntax :** ls \[options\] arguments

  ## 1. Listing current directory content

we can list out all files and directories in current path using ‘ls’ without hidden directories

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls
a  anaconda-ks.cfg  arkitsample.txt  ARKIT.txt  b  c  dir1  dir2  initial-setup-ks.cfg  techtutorial
```

## 2. Listing including hidden files

default ls command will not list hidden objects, in order to see the hidden objects have to use option ‘-a’ ls command with 25 practical examples

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -a
.   anaconda-ks.cfg  b              .bash_profile  .cache   .dbus  initial-setup-ks.cfg  techtutorial
..  arkitsample.txt  .bash_history  .bashrc        .config  dir1   .lesshst              .viminfo
a   ARKIT.txt        .bash_logout   c              .cshrc   dir2   .tcshrc
```

## 3. Long list ( it display detailed info)

when you use ‘ls’ command it will list files & directories without there permission, owner, group and other details, ‘-l’ option will display owner, group, others, Size and time.

below is the example

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -l
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
```

## 4. List files & directories separated by comma

if there is a requirement that we have to list all the files and directories separated by comma

here is the example ls command with 25 practical examples

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -m
a, anaconda-ks.cfg, arkitsample.txt, ARKIT.txt, b, c, dir1, dir2, initial-setup-ks.cfg, techtutorial
```

## 5. List remote directory files & directories with & without color

in order to list remote directory content with color and without color below is the example

with color

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls --color=always
a  anaconda-ks.cfg  arkitsample.txt  ARKIT.txt  b  c  dir1  dir2  initial-setup-ks.cfg  techtutorial
```

without color, here all the files and directories will display in block color

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls --color=never
a  anaconda-ks.cfg  arkitsample.txt  ARKIT.txt  b  c  dir1  dir2  initial-setup-ks.cfg  techtutorial
```

## 6. List only directory using option ‘-d’

ls command along with option ‘-d’ will display only directory path without its content

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -d /etc/
/etc/
```

## 7. List files & directories detailed time stamp

as we can see above -l option which will give long output, time stamp is not detailed, by following below example it will give time stamp details including time zone and seconds

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -l --time-style=full-iso
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47:47.042849437 +0530 a
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 2016-01-08 22:47:13.626999586 +0530 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 2016-01-10 17:45:26.794985205 +0530 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 2016-01-10 17:45:34.069985006 +0530 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47:47.043849437 +0530 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47:47.043849437 +0530 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 2016-01-10 17:20:06.963026703 +0530 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 2016-01-10 17:05:21.261050887 +0530 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 2016-01-08 23:05:38.464011991 +0530 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 2016-01-10 17:44:46.245986312 +0530 techtutorial
```

## 8. Display files and directories its time stamp as “YY-MM-DD HH:MM”

No need to think a lot to list files and directories with above time stamp format below is the example

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -l --time-style long-iso
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47 a
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 2016-01-08 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 2016-01-10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 2016-01-10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 2016-01-10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 2016-01-10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 2016-01-08 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 2016-01-10 17:44 techtutorial
```

## 9. List objects its time stamp as “MM-DD HH:MM”

List all files & directories with date format YY-MM-DD HH:MM

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -l --time-style iso
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 01-11 15:47 a
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 01-08 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 01-10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 01-10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 01-11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 01-11 15:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 01-10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 01-10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 01-08 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 01-10 17:44 techtutorial
```

## 10. List files & directories with specified time stamp format

Here in this option we can mention date command options to customize time stamp as required

below is the example

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -l --time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47:47 a
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 2016-01-08 22:47:13 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 2016-01-10 17:45:26 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 2016-01-10 17:45:34 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 2016-01-11 15:47:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 2016-01-10 17:20:06 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 2016-01-10 17:05:21 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 2016-01-08 23:05:38 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 2016-01-10 17:44:46 techtutorial
```

## 11. List Only Group Name without User name (Owner)

ls command will list only group name without user name (Owner name) in long list lets see the example

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -lg
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-------. 1 ravi 1765 Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 ravi 1813 Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
```

## 12. List Only Owner Name without Group Name

ls command will list only user name (owner name) excluding group details we have to use ‘-G’ option along with option ‘-l’

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -lG
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-------. 1 root 1765 Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root 1813 Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
```

## 13. List files & directories in human readable format

ls command will give you a nice human readable format of ls command output use option ‘-lh’

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -lh
total 24K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1.8K Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1.8K Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5.3K Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
```

## 14. List inode number of files and directories

we can also list the inode numbers of files and directories using option ‘-i’

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -i
71153561 a                71153570 arkitsample.txt  71153562 b  37492119 dir1  71163580 initial-setup-ks.cfg
71142770 anaconda-ks.cfg  71153571 ARKIT.txt        71153568 c  71153564 dir2  71153567 techtutorial
```

## 15. List only directories using -d option

ls command will only list directories without files in order to do that we have to use #ls -d \*/ command.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -d */
dir1/  dir2/
```

## 16. List files & directories, directories should append with / (slash)

in order to append the directories with / ( slash ) we have to use option ‘-p’. if you observe below example output all the directories ended with / ls command with 25 practical examples

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -p
a  anaconda-ks.cfg  arkitsample.txt  ARKIT.txt  b  c  dir1/  dir2/  initial-setup-ks.cfg  techtutorial
```

## 17. Print files & directory names in quoted format

As we can list the files and directories using ls command, file names will be printed as quoted format using -Q option

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -lQ
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 "a"
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 Jan  8 22:47 "anaconda-ks.cfg"
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 Jan 10 17:45 "arkitsample.txt"
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 Jan 10 17:45 "ARKIT.txt"
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 "b"
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 "c"
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 Jan 10 17:20 "dir1"
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 Jan 10 17:05 "dir2"
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 Jan  8 23:05 "initial-setup-ks.cfg"
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 "techtutorial"

[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -Q
"a"  "anaconda-ks.cfg"  "arkitsample.txt"  "ARKIT.txt"  "b"  "c"  "dir1"  "dir2"  "initial-setup-ks.cfg"  "techtutorial"
```

## 18. Sort the list by time stamp

we can sort the files and directories by its time, this option will list old time stamp below newer up

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -lt
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
```

## 19. Print in reverse

As example 18 is showing output old files below and newer files up. using ‘-r’ option print in reverse way, old first and new last

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -ltr
total 24
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
```

## 20. List recursively

using option ‘-R’ we can list files and directories in recursively

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -R
.:
a  anaconda-ks.cfg  arkitsample.txt  ARKIT.txt  b  c  dir1  dir2  initial-setup-ks.cfg  techtutorial

./dir1:
Ravi  Test1

./dir1/Ravi:
Kumar

./dir1/Ravi/Kumar:
Tech

./dir1/Ravi/Kumar/Tech:
TUtorial

./dir1/Ravi/Kumar/Tech/TUtorial:

./dir2:
```

## 21. print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

using option ‘-S’ we can sort by file size

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -lS
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
```

## 22. sort by alphabetical order

in order to print in alphabetical order we have to use -X option ls command with 25 practical examples

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -lX
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 a
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Jan 11 15:47 c
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   29 Jan 10 17:20 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    6 Jan 10 17:05 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5362 Jan 10 17:44 techtutorial
-rw-------. 1 root ravi 1765 Jan  8 22:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root ravi 1813 Jan  8 23:05 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    2 Jan 10 17:45 arkitsample.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    3 Jan 10 17:45 ARKIT.txt
```

## 23. List with tab space

ls command default will display file space as 8 COLS, using -T we can print with more tab space in between files

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls
a  anaconda-ks.cfg  arkitsample.txt  ARKIT.txt  b  c  dir1  dir2  initial-setup-ks.cfg  techtutorial
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -T1
a        anaconda-ks.cfg         arkitsample.txt         ARKIT.txt       b       c       dir1    dir2    initial-setup-ks.cfg    techtutorial
```

## 24. Print file names in one row

using option -1 (numeric number 1) ls command with 25 practical examples

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -1
a
anaconda-ks.cfg
arkitsample.txt
ARKIT.txt
b
c
dir1
dir2
initial-setup-ks.cfg
techtutorial
```

## 25. Lets know the ls command version details and author details

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls --version
ls (GNU coreutils) 8.22
Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later .
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
```

Its all above ls command. ls command with 25 practical examples

# Conclusion:

ls command is used to list the files and directory (default as current directory) also remote directory path. ls command with 25 practical examples

[For Video Click Here ](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

Your feedback is valuable to us.

## Related Articles

[5 ultimate text editors](https://arkit.co.in/5-ultimate-text-editors-for-linux-administrators-and-programming-professional/)

[Uniq Command in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/uniq-command-linux-filter-adjacent-matching-lines/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** ls command, ls command in RHEL7, ls command with 25 practical examples

---

### [sticky bit permission explained Linux](https://arkit.co.in/sticky-bit-permission-explained-linux/)

**Published:** January 15, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# sticky bit permission explained Linux

Think of a scenario where you create a Linux directory that can be used by all the users of the Linux system for creating files. Users can create, delete or rename files according to their convenience in this directory. For all those who think that why would such a directory be created? There exists, for example, /tmp directory in the Linux system that can be used by different Linux users to create temporary files.

Now, what if an user accidentally or deliberately deletes (or rename) a file created by some other user in this directory?

  Well, to avoid these kind of issues, the concept of sticky bit is used.

A Sticky bit is a permission bit that is set on a file or a directory that lets only the owner of the file/directory or the root user to delete or rename the file. No other user is given privileges to delete the file created by some other user.
History of Sticky Bit

Before explaining the sticky bit further, lets discuss the history of sticky bit as this information is worth discussing.

The sticky bit is not a new concept. In fact, it was first introduced in in 1974 in the Unix operating system. The purpose of sticky bit back then was different. It was introduced to minimize the time delay introduced every time when a program is executed.

When a program is executed, it takes time to load the program into memory before the user can actually start using it. If a program, for example an editor is used frequently by users the the start-up time delay was an overhead back then.

To improve this time delay, the sticky bit was introduced. The OS checked that if sticky bit on an executable is ON, then the text segment of the executable was kept in the swap space. This made it easy to load back the executable into RAM when the program was run again thus minimizing the time delay.

Though this method proved successful in minimizing the start-up time delay but there was a major problem that surfaced due to this operation. The problem was that if some kind of patch was applied to the executable as a bug fix or a new feature then the following steps were to be carried to out :

- First remove the sticky bit from the executable
- Now, run the executable and exit it so that the existing text segment from the swap is flushed
- Now, again set the sticky bit on the executable and re-run the executable so that new text segment is stored in swap memory

The above steps were required so that the program reflect the new features or bug fixes that were added to the executable.

So this was one of the main problems. Also, with the evolution of technology, fast memory access techniques evolved which kind of obsoleted the requirement of sticky bit for this purpose.
Sticky bit Examples

In this section, we will discuss how to set and unset sticky bit using some examples.
A basic example

Create a directory and provide all the users read-write-execute access to it :

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# mkdir /arkit
[root@TechTutorial ~]# chmod 777 /arkit
```

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -l / |grep ark
drwxrwxrwx.   2 root root       6 Jan 15 22:52 arkit
```

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ls -ld /arkit/
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Jan 15 22:52 /arkit/
```

the above ‘t’ is the symbol of sticky bit, when your apply an sticky bit the owner only can delete the file / directory. Lets see the practice example below

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cd /arkit/
[root@TechTutorial arkit]# touch techtutorial

**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** chmod +t, sticky bit, sticky bit permission explained Linux

---

### [Creating VSAN and SAN Zoning using CLI EMC SAN Class 8](https://arkit.co.in/creating-vsan-and-san-zoning-using-cli/)

**Published:** January 16, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# Creating VSAN and SAN Zoning using CLI EMC SAN Class 8

Creating VSAN

  Creating VSAN and SAN Zoning using CLI EMC SAN Class 8

In this lesson you will learn

What is VSAN
How VSAN will segregate security level
what is the use of VSAN
what is Fabric zoning
How to create an fabric zoning

Thanks for reading the article.

[Please provide your valuable comments…](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC, SAN&amp;NAS

**Tags:** Creating VSAN and SAN Zoning using CLI, how to create VSAN, how to create zoning in cisco

---

### [San Zoning 2teir and 3teir architecture SAN Class 7](https://arkit.co.in/san-zoning-2teir-and-3teir/)

**Published:** January 16, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# San Zoning 2teir and 3teir architecture SAN Class 7 

San Zoning

  San Zoning 2teir and 3teir architecture SAN Class 7

Please provide your valuable feedback.
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 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** EMC, SAN&amp;NAS

**Tags:** 2 tier architecture, 3 tier architecture, SAN Zoning, San Zoning 2teir and 3teir architecture SAN Class 7, Zoning Security

---

### [echo command with practical examples Linux](https://arkit.co.in/echo-command-with-20-practical-examples-linux/)

**Published:** January 17, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

echo command is used to print the line of text in a different ways, echo command is mostly used when writing an script, to print statement. echo command with practical examples Linux, the mostly used command in shell scripting /bash scripting / Unix shell scripting.

AUTHOR of echo is written by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey

  ## 1. Print single line of echo statement

Just we can print an single line of statement

```
$ echo Tech Tutorials is website to Learn new things
```

## 2. Exact statement ignore commands within the echo

Printing a echo with exact format lets see the example

```
$ echo '$0 $? Not working strings Tech Tutorials'
 $0 $? Not working strings Tech Tutorials
```

if you observer an above example actually $0 and $? are the environment variable values but if you use ‘ ‘ statement within the single quotes it will print as exact

## 3. Variable value in echo statement

Lets set an variable value and print the same within the echo statement

In this example defining the variable value as HOMEDIR=/home/ravi/

```
$ HOMEDIR=/home/ravi/
$ echo "$HOMEDIR is home directory of ravi"
```

lets see the other example here

```
$ X=10
$ echo $X
 10
```

## 4. Printing \\ (back slash) in echo statement

if you run an echo statement with \\ (back slash) it will not print in the echo statement because we call \\ as escape character

Lets see the examples

```
$ echo Tech\ Tutorial
 Tech Tutorial
$ echo -e "Tech\\ Tutorial\\"
 Tech\ Tutorial\
```

## 5. Enabling interpretation of backslash escapes ‘-e’ option

In front of echo statement if we use ‘-e’ option then we can print echo statement in different formats

Printing same statement in multiple lines by adding new line option in echo. To print echo statement in multiple lines we have to use ‘\\n’ along with ‘-e’ option.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "Tech Tutorials \nIs a Website \nLearn More"
 Tech Tutorials
 Is a Website
 Learn More
```

## 6. Get the alert (bell) when it prints statement

Enable your speaker sound and run this, you will hear bell alert. We have to use ‘\\a’ option along with ‘-e’ option

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "\aTech Tuturial is a website to learn new things"
 Tech Tuturial is a website to learn new things
```

## 7. Run backspace using ‘\\b’ option

backspace key lets see the example how it works with echo command

as shown in below example echo statement is printed without space

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "Tech Tutorial is a \bwebsite \bto \blearn \bnew \bthings"
 Tech Tutorial is awebsitetolearnnewthings
```

## 8. No Further output after ‘\\c’ option along with ‘-e’ option

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "Tech Tutorial \cis a website"
 Tech Tutorial [root@TechTutorial ~]#
```

if you see an above example after ‘\\c’ option there is no output is printed

## 9. escape character using ‘\\e’ option along with ‘-e’

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "Tech Tutorial \eWebsite"
 Tech Tutorial ebsite
```

as shown in above example where we use option \\e in front of option \\e character has been deleted

## 10. Form feed and print in new line

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "Tech Tutorial \fWebsite"
 Tech Tutorial
 Website
```

whenever we use \\f option it will clear the screen and print in multiple lines

## 11. Print in reverse format using echo command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "Tech Tutorials \rwebsite"
 websitetorials
```

above example we call it as carriage reverse

## 12. Horizontal tab in between echo statement

Using option ‘\\t’ along with ‘-e’ will print the statement with tab space

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# echo -e "Tech Tutorial \tis \ta \twebsite"
 Tech Tutorial is a website
```

## 13. Vertical tab format

```
$ echo -e "Tech \vTutorial \vis \va \vwebsite"
 Tech
 Tutorial
 is
 a
 website
```

where we add ‘\\v’ option along with ‘-e’ in echo statement will add vertical tab

## 14. Disabling interpretation of backslash escapes

As of now we used option ‘-e’ to enabling interpretation in order to disable the interpretation we have to use -E, Do remember difference between option -e and -E. If you want to print the echo statement with horizontal tab and vertical tab format do not use -E option.

```
$ echo -E "Tech \tTutorial is a \vWebsite"
 Tech \tTutorial is a \vWebsite
```

## 15. echo command Hexadecimal value

```
$ echo -e '\x66\x66\x6f\x6f'
ffoo
```

As you see above example ‘\\x66’ holds the ‘f’ hexadecimal character likewise we can print all the characters.

## 16. Know echo command version

```
# /bin/echo --version
echo (GNU coreutils) 8.22
```

if you run \# echo –version then it will not print its version details because it assume that it is a echo statement and it will print “–version”.

## 17. Create an file using echo command

using ‘>’ standard output redirection along with echo statement it will create an file

```
$ echo "Tech Tutorials is a website" > TechTutorial
```

**18. echo prints one more extra character**

Recently observed is that when you echo two character statement using echo command, when you count using wc is shows three characters example is below

```
$ echo 12 |wc -c
3
```

Why echo character count is more.?

because when you echo a statement by default echo adds new line character that’s why always echo characters are added by one more extra character. How to avoid adding new line character on echo? use -n option which prevents adding new line character in echo command.

```
$ echo -n 12 |wc -c
2
```

Along with ‘-e’ option we can use below options

- **\\\\** backslash
- **\\a** alert (BEL)
- **\\b** backspace
- **\\c** produce no further output
- **\\e** escape
- **\\f** form feed
- **\\n** new line
- **\\r** carriage return
- **\\\\** backslash
- **\\a** alert (BEL)
- **\\b** backspace
- **\\c** produce no further output
- **\\e** escape
- **\\f** form feed
- **\\n** new line
- **\\r** carriage return
- **\\t** horizontal tab
- **\\v** vertical tab
- **\\0NNN** byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)
- **\\xHH** byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits)
- **\\t** horizontal tab
- **\\v** vertical tab
- **\\0NNN** byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)
- **\\xHH** byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits)

**Please provide your valuable comments …**

## Related Articles

[Monitoring Real time CPU Usage and Get alert Script](https://arkit.co.in/real-time-cpu-monitoring-shell-script-get-alert-cpu-utilization/)

[Complete shell Scripting Training Online course Content](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-training-hyderabad/)

[Generate Nagios configuration Files using shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/generate-nagios-configuration-using-shell-script/)

[shell Script building blocks](https://arkit.co.in/shell-script-building-blocks-maths-addition-numbers/)

[Video Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/Techarkit)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** echo command, echo command in Linux, echo command vertical tab

---

### [chattr command to protect files and directories](https://arkit.co.in/chattr-command-to-protect-files-and-directories/)

**Published:** January 17, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Change file attributes on a Linux file system using, chattr command to protect files and directories. This is an amazing option to protect your files and directories. chattr attribute is used to stop accidentally delete of files and folder. You cannot delete the files secured via chattr attribute even though you have full permission over files. This is very use full in system files like shadow and passwd files which contains all user information and passwords.

## chattr command syntax

```
# chattr [operator] [switch] [file name]
```

## Protect file using chattr command apply attribute ‘+i’

In this practical example we are going to create an file and directory and provide full permission to created file and directory and apply attributes using chattr command try to delete.

  ```
]# touch file1
]# chmod 777 file1
]# ls -l
total 0
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 0 Jan 17 17:11 file1
]# chattr +i file1
]# rm -rf file1
rm: cannot remove ‘file1’: Operation not permitted
]# cat >> file1
-bash: file1: Permission denied
```

**List applied attributes**

In order to list the applied attributes, we have to use ‘lsattr’ command

```
]# lsattr  file1
----i----------- file1
```

## Apply attributes and append the file

As we see above example when we apply an attribute ‘+i’ we can’t append, modify and delete file. Apply attribute ‘+a’ then we can append the file but we can’t delete the file.

Lets see the example

```
]# chattr +a file1

]# lsattr file1
-----a---------- file1

]# cat >> file1
Tech Tutorials chattr attribute testing

CTRL+C
```

## chattr attributes to the directory

We can also assign attributes to the directory, in order to apply attribute to the directory user -R operator along with +i option

```
# chattr -R +i testdir/

# rm -rf testdir/
rm: cannot remove ‘testdir/’: Operation not permitted

# touch test
touch: cannot touch ‘test’: Permission denied
```

List applied attributes of directory

To list applied attributes of a directory we have to use ‘lsattr’ command with option ‘-d’

```
# lsattr -d testdir/
 ----i----------- testdir/
```

## Remove applied attributes from file and directory

```
# lsattr file1
-----a---------- file1

# lsattr -d testdir/
----i----------- testdir/

# chattr -a file1

# lsattr file1
---------------- file1

# chattr -R -i testdir/
# lsattr -d testdir/
---------------- testdir/
```

Lets see an above example how to remove an applied attributes

if you applied an attribute ‘+i‘ then use ‘-i‘ to remove

Apply an attribute ‘+a‘ then use ‘-a‘ to remove the attribute

You can apply ‘+i‘ and it will not remove when you use ‘-a‘.

## Conclusion:

chattr command to protect the files and directories, if you have full permission to user:group:others still you can’t delete file and directory when applied with chattr attributes.

Please write your valuable articles

## Related Articles

[awl scripting explained](https://arkit.co.in/awk-scripting-explained/)

[100 Linux Commands Video Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VG-MMju9RhQ&list=PLHyfPDPl-JDX_dfDEpsvglu4x3h1RjPkz)

[chattr linux command pdf](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/chattr-linux-command-pdf.pdf)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** chattr command

---

### [configuration files have been rolled back to their last known good checkpoint - Nagios XI](https://arkit.co.in/configuration-files-have-been-rolled-back-to-their-last-known-good-checkpoint/)

**Published:** January 19, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

configuration files have been rolled back to their last known good checkpoint. We recently come across this below error in Nagios XI after restoring an old backup set.

“An error occurred while attempting to apply your configuration to Nagios Core. Monitoring engine configuration files have been rolled back to their last known good checkpoint.“

  ## Configuration files have been rolled back to their last known good checkpoint

Scenario is our Nagios server file system got corrupted, after server restart we did not able to bring back the server to normal state.

In abnormal situation we had revert back server with old snapshot (since it is a VM)

After that we applied an Nagios previous good known backup set to [restore](https://assets.nagios.com/downloads/nagiosxi/docs/Backing-Up-And-Restoring-Nagios-XI.pdf) all the configuration settings

After successful restoration we are able to see the hosts, services and contacts contact group and everything, but we are not able to modify anything applying configuration is not taking in place its throwing an error as mentioned above

## :: Solution ::

## Sections

- System Timezone
- PHP Timezone
- Date/time
- NTP

## Preparation

An occasional oddity has been noticed with some CentOS/RHEL installs. The path /etc/localtime should be a file, but has been

reported and confirmed that it occasionally is a directory. Check the file type with:

```
file /etc/localtime
```

The expected output should include “timezone data”, if it is reported as a directory, run the following to prepare for the rest

```
rm /etc/localtime
```

You should be prompted to remove a symbolic link.

**Notice** the lack of a trailing slash in the above command. Once completed, you are ready to proceed with the rest of the document.

## Setting the System Timezone

Default timezone files are located at:

```
ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/
```

The time zones are listed by country/city and include daylight savings time adjustments. We will use “America/Los\_Angeles” for this time, but be mindful that you must substitute your actual country/city. The current and working system’s time zone file is located at /etc/localtime and must be replaced with your zoneinfo.

```
cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles /etc/localtime
```

You could symlink the file instead, but symbolic links between /usr and /etc are generally frowned upon by POSIX purists. Not to mention some environments mount /usr at a separate point in the system init than /etc.

You will also need to set the “ZONE” directive in /etc/sysconfig/clock:

```
vim /etc/sysconfig/clock
```

Change or add the following line within your timezone

```
ZONE=”America/Los_Angeles”
```

Save out.

## PHP Timezone

Next, you need to configure /etc/php.ini for your timezone set above:

```
vim /etc/php.ini
```

Change the “date.timezone =” line to:

```
date.timezone = America/Los_Angeles
```

Save out and restart apache

```
service httpd restart
```

```
service mysqld restart
```

```
/etc/init.d/nagios restart
```

login to nagios user and create below directory

Create an directory under /usr/local/nagios/var/spool/ path

```
mkdir checkresults
```

then verify your Nagios settings

```
/usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
```

Now go to your web console and modify apply your configuration. Done.!! you will not see error again.

Thanks, Please provide your valuable comments..!!

[NSP Sorry Dave Error Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/nsp-sorry-dave-cant-let-error-nagiosxi-solution/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** An error occurred while attempting to apply your configuration to Nagios Core. Monitoring engine configuration files have been rolled back to their last known good checkpoint., configuration files have been rolled back to their last known good checkpoint

---

### [20 useful tar and zip commands to compress and extract files](https://arkit.co.in/20-useful-tar-and-zip-commands/)

**Published:** January 25, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

20 useful tar and zip commands It is useful to store a group of files in one file for easy backup, for transfer to another directory, or for transfer to another computer. It is also useful to compress large files; compressed files take up less disk space and download faster via the Internet.

It is important to understand the distinction between an archive file and a compressed file. An archive file is a collection of files and directories stored in one file. The archive file is not compressed — it uses the same amount of disk space as all the individual files and directories combined. A compressed file is a collection of files and directories that are stored in one file and stored in a way that uses less disk space than all the individual files and directories combined. If disk space is a concern, compress rarely-used files, or place all such files in a single archive file and compress it.

  Note: tar file is not a compressed file, but compressed file is archived file

As we so many extensions to compress the files using tar command, as we take few examples in this article. All the extensions will work to compress the files and directories but there compression ratio is different compare to each other. Based extension compression ratio we can use different options.

1\. gzip

2\. bzip

3\. zip

**Syntax:** *tar <File Name.tar> <directory / file path>*

# 20 useful tar and zip commands

## **1. Archiving files using tar command**

Archiving is not an compression of files and directories it’s an kind of group all the files and directories together in single file, instead of multiple files. After creating an archive file, we can’t see size difference in between actual file system size and archive file.

Let’s see an example below

```
[root@TechTutorial tar]# du -h *.txt

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** 20 useful tar and zip commands, delete single file from zip, extract single file from archive, how to archive files &amp; directories, tar commands, update archive with new files, zip commands

---

### [password less SSH connection to Clustered Data ONTAP using Key](https://arkit.co.in/password-less-ssh-connection-to-clustered-data-ontap-using-key/)

**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Basically ” password less SSH connection to Clustered Data ONTAP using Key ” means without typing username and password we have to login to the remote machine using SSH protocol. Now we think is it not a security thread? when SSH is login to remote machine with credentials, No it is not a security thread it is feature instead of using credential (username and password) we are using key bits to login remote machine.

This key based authentication is more useful when we run a script an remote machine, always you have to type a remote machine password in order to execute the script an remote machine, but if a script is scheduled using any automated task scheduler then you may not available yet that point of time script will not execute. In order to overcome this issue we will generate an ssh public-key and attach same key to remote machine, it will not ask you credential until you have not changed your key.

  **Note:** Generated ssh key file should be in restricted mode.

## Password less SSH connection to Clustered Data ONTAP using Key

## STEP 1 :-

Let’s see how to generate an SSH key in Linux / UNIX machine.

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa    
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
8e:c3:89:36:5d:75:b4:3f:53:04:cc:44:3a:eb:e0:b4 root@arkit71
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| .=+..|
| . oo. |
| . = .|
| . . + . |
| S o . + |
| + = o + o |
| + * . E . |
| . . . |
| |
+-----------------+
```

After generating the key the default key path is ~.ssh/id\_rsa.pub is the file.

in order to see your key

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDPjUlxj742pPHBKcyD8CtZWAez9o90OA62Xie2gNnlHXu0XRD3Rp59KJPElVx32UMm3InSL0UKOFwnTFtDFzQ690FwocD24da9wzeI2cQP4jDB7IIeUCXtvHzzhY10FeztRBm0bd5U43n5mHXDLYy02lf8BhFs3ptJi699kWlwa+2KylU5KGiKv3v0DWYT0e6A/Rhs9TsIVvLcUVed1Ckzuz7lrimyOZNwgN83cln2Sfnv+ALCQ4U2UyStIgkRyuXA9wshFR26hDZpCltwCSlWq1mBvaJ0+sz6aUQ944ojtgVjpfinAeeD2QElcC8p2V7O357BXuS6tapqee/+BiNv root@arkit71
```

Now we have generated the key, the same key we are going to use for authentication

## STEP 2 :-

Connect to Netapp using your SSH protocol

create user with authentication type is publickey

```
cDOT::> security login create -user-or-group-name ravi -authmethod publickey -application ssh -role admin -vserver cDOT
Warnning: To use public-key authentication, you must create a public key for user "ravi".

cDOT::> security login publickey create -username ravi -index 0 -publickey "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDPjUlxj742pPHBKcyD8CtZWAez9o90OA62Xie2gNnlHXu0XRD3Rp59KJPElVx32UMm3InSL0UKOFwnTFtDFzQ690FwocD24da9wzeI2cQP4jDB7IIeUCXtvHzzhY10FeztRBm0bd5U43n5mHXDLYy02lf8BhFs3ptJi699kWlwa+2KylU5KGiKv3v0DWYT0e6A/Rhs9TsIVvLcUVed1Ckzuz7lrimyOZNwgN83cln2Sfnv+ALCQ4U2UyStIgkRyuXA9wshFR26hDZpCltwCSlWq1mBvaJ0+sz6aUQ944ojtgVjpfinAeeD2QElcC8p2V7O357BXuS6tapqee/+BiNv root@arkit71"
```

As per your environment change -vserver <name> and <User Name>

## STEP 3 :-

Check the status of your public key attached to user ravi, in order to check the status use below command

```
cDOT::> security login publickey show -username ravi

Vserver: cDOT
UserName: ravi   Index: 0
Public Key:
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDPjUlxj742pPHBKcyD8CtZWAez9o90OA62Xie2gNnlHXu0XRD3Rp59KJPElVx32UMm3InSL0UKOFwnTFtDFzQ690FwocD24da9wzeI2cQP4jDB7IIeUCXtvHzzhY10FeztRBm0bd5U43n5mHXDLYy02lf8BhFs3ptJi699kWlwa+2KylU5KGiKv3v0DWYT0e6A/Rhs9TsIVvLcUVed1Ckzuz7lrimyOZNwgN83cln2Sfnv+ALCQ4U2UyStIgkRyuXA9wshFR26hDZpCltwCSlWq1mBvaJ0+sz6aUQ944ojtgVjpfinAeeD2QElcC8p2V7O357BXuS6tapqee/+BiNv root@arkit71
Fingerprint:
a9:b8:10:22:55:i0:99
Bubbleabble Fingerprint:
Comment:
```

above is the sample output

## STEP 4 :-

Verify by connecting the Netapp Filer from your Linux machine which will not ask username and password

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# ssh ravi@192.168.91.11

cDOT::>
```

That’s it..!!

##### Your publickey authentication is created using key. [For 7-Mode Click Here](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/08/password-less-authentication-netapp.html)

Please write your feedback…

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** clustered data ontap, key based authentication netapp clustered data ontap, password less SSH connection to Clustered Data ONTAP using Key

---

### [Generating Linux audit reports](https://arkit.co.in/generating-linux-audit-reports/)

**Published:** January 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## Generating Linux audit reports

Generating Linux audit reports Audit reports are very crucial whenever we want to catch / track an incident and user activity on Linux machine. All the audit logs are going to save in */var/log/audit/* directory, when we see them directly we may understand them in correct way and in required fashion in order read all the logs and generate an beautiful reports using *aureport* utility allows you to generate summary and columnar reports on the events recorded in audit log files. Generating Linux audit reports

- Summary report of all the activities
- Executable files report
- Terminal activity reports
- Authentication report
- Commands run report
- Config change report
- Crypto report
- Remote Host name report
- Integrity event report
- Login report
- Modification to accounts report
- Mandatory Access Control (MAC) report
- Pid report
- Syscall report
- Log time range report
- Report about tty keystrokes
- Virtualization report
- AVC Audit Events – These are generated by the AVC subsystem as a result of access denials, or where specific events have requested an audit message (i.e. where an auditallow rule has been used in the policy).

**1. Summary audit report of given range**

  To generate a report fro logged events in the fast 10 days excluding the current example day, use the following command as mentioned in below

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport --start 01/04/2016 00:00:00 --end 01/28/2016 00:00:00

Summary Report
======================
Range of time in logs: 01/08/2016 22:47:49.346 - 01/27/2016 17:30:01.670
Selected time for report: 01/04/2016 00:00:00 - 01/28/2016 00:00:00
Number of changes in configuration: 6942
Number of changes to accounts, groups, or roles: 18
Number of logins: 36
Number of failed logins: 14
Number of authentications: 111
Number of failed authentications: 17
Number of users: 4
Number of terminals: 12
Number of host names: 4
Number of executables: 14
Number of commands: 68
Number of files: 1
Number of AVC's: 1
Number of MAC events: 36
Number of failed syscalls: 0
Number of anomaly events: 1
Number of responses to anomaly events: 0
Number of crypto events: 745
Number of integrity events: 0
Number of virt events: 0
Number of keys: 0
Number of process IDs: 1866
Number of events: 17019
```

in above command range is starting from Jan/4th/2016 ends with Jan/28th/2016

**2. Executable file events**

To generate a report of all executable file events, use the below command as shown

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport -x

Executable Report
====================================
# date time exe term host auid event
====================================
1. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 6
2. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-update-utmp ? ? -1 7
3. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 8
4. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 9
5. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 10
6. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 11
7. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 12
8. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 13
9. 01/08/2016 22:47:50 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 14
10. 01/08/2016 22:47:50 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd ? ? -1 15
```

**3. Executable file events summary report**

As we see in above 2 step we can get all the executable file events the same if you want to see in summarized format use below command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport -x --summary

Executable Summary Report
=================================
total  file
=================================
6992  /usr/sbin/xtables-multi
4932  /usr/sbin/crond
3267  /usr/lib/systemd/systemd
1129  /usr/sbin/sshd
240  /usr/bin/kmod
165  /usr/libexec/gdm-session-worker
73  /usr/bin/su
65  /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-update-utmp
16  /usr/bin/passwd
10  /usr/sbin/useradd
9  /usr/bin/sudo
3  /usr/sbin/usermod
2  /usr/bin/crontab
2  /usr/sbin/groupadd
```

**4. Failed User Summary Report**

To generate a summary report of failed events for all users, use the following command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport -u --failed --summary -i

Failed User Summary Report
===========================
total  auid
===========================
68  unset
25  rankam
3  root
```

**5. Failed login attempts report per each system user**

Generate a summary of all failed login attempts per each system user, use the below command as shown in example

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport --login --summary -i
Login Summary Report
============================
total  auid
============================
176  root
12  unset
6  ravi
2  aavi
```

**6. Search all file access events for particular user**

generate a report from an *ausearch* query that searches all file access events for user 0 (root), use the following command as shown below

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# ausearch --start today --loginuid 0 --raw | aureport -f --summary

File Summary Report
===========================
total  file
===========================

```

**7. Log time range report**

In order to know your current log available range use following command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport -t

Log Time Range Report
=====================
/var/log/audit/audit.log: 01/08/2016 22:47:49.346 - 01/28/2016 17:20:01.265
```

**8. Modifications to accounts report**

This below command will give us the report about modified user accounts

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport -m

Account Modifications Report
=================================================
# date time auid addr term exe acct success event
=================================================
1. 01/09/2016 17:31:20 0 ? pts/1 /usr/sbin/useradd ravi yes 570
2. 01/09/2016 17:31:20 0 ? pts/1 /usr/sbin/useradd ? yes 571
3. 01/09/2016 17:31:20 0 ? pts/1 /usr/sbin/useradd ? yes 572
4. 01/09/2016 17:31:28 0 ? pts/1 /usr/bin/passwd ravi yes 573
5. 01/09/2016 17:31:28 0 ? pts/1 /usr/bin/passwd ? yes 574
6. 01/13/2016 15:13:02 0 ? pts/0 /usr/sbin/groupadd ? yes 443
7. 01/13/2016 15:13:02 0 ? pts/0 /usr/sbin/groupadd ? yes 444
8. 01/13/2016 15:14:41 0 ? pts/0 /usr/sbin/useradd ? yes 445
9. 01/13/2016 15:14:41 0 ? pts/0 /usr/sbin/useradd ? yes 446
10. 01/14/2016 14:38:36 0 ? pts/0 /usr/sbin/useradd ? yes 536
```

**9. Reports about process ID’s**

below report will gives you the date and time when the process has been run

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport --pid

Process ID Report
======================================
# date time pid exe syscall auid event
======================================
1. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 614 ? 0 -1 6513
2. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 6
3. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 638 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-update-utmp 0 -1 7
4. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 8
5. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 9
6. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 10
7. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 11
8. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 12
9. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 13
10. 01/08/2016 22:47:50 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd 0 -1 14
```

**10. Host report**

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport -h |less

Host Report
===================================
# date time host syscall auid event
===================================
1. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 6
2. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 7
3. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 8
4. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 9
5. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 10
6. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 11
7. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 12
8. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 ? 0 -1 13
9. 01/08/2016 22:47:50 ? 0 -1 14
10. 01/08/2016 22:47:50 ? 0 -1 15
```

**11. Reports about configuration changes**

if you want to track your system wide configuration changes you can go ahead and generate below type of report

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport --config 

Config Change Report
===================================
# date time type auid success event
===================================
1. 01/08/2016 22:47:49 CONFIG_CHANGE -1 yes 5
2. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 35
3. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 36
4. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 37
5. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 38
6. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 40
7. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 41
8. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 42
9. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 43
10. 01/08/2016 23:05:02 NETFILTER_CFG -1 yes 44
```

**12. Keystroke report**

The audit.log file contains all keystrokes entered by the specified user, including backspaces, delete and return keys, the control key and others. Although the contents of audit.log are human-readable it might be easier to use the aureport utility, which provides a TTY report in a format which is easy to read. You can use the following command as root:

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# aureport --tty

TTY Report
===============================================
# date time event auid term sess comm data
===============================================

```

We can generate lot many reports using this aureport command below are the options Generating Linux audit reports Generating Linux audit reports Generating Linux audit reports

 -a,–avc Avc report -au,–auth Authentication report –comm Commands run report -c,–config Config change report -cr,–crypto Crypto report -e,–event Event report -f,–file File name report –failed only failed events in report -h,–host Remote Host name report –help help -i,–interpret Interpretive mode -if,–input <Input File name> use this file as input –input-logs Use the logs even if stdin is a pipe –integrity Integrity event report -l,–login Login report -k,–key Key report -m,–mods Modification to accounts report -ma,–mac Mandatory Access Control (MAC) report -n,–anomaly anomaly report -nc,–no-config Don’t include config events –node <node name> Only events from a specific node -p,–pid PID report -r,–response Response to anomaly report -s,–syscall Syscall report –success only success events in report –summary sorted totals for main object in report -t,–log Log time range report -te,–end \[end date\] \[end time\] ending date & time for reports -tm,–terminal Terminal name report -ts,–start \[start date\] \[start time\] starting data & time for reports –tty Report about tty keystrokes -u,–user User name report -v,–version Version –virt Virtualization report -x,–executable executable name report If no report is given, the summary report will be displayed[Please provide your valuable feedback…](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** audit report, aureport command in Linux, Generating Linux audit reports, how to generate audit reports in linux

---

### [date command with 9 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/date-command-with-9-practical-examples/)

**Published:** February 2, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In This article we are going to see Linux date command with examples, basic Linux command.

## date command is used to print or set the system date and time.

**SYNOPSIS**

  ```
date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
```

**Summary**

- Using date command we can print date along with time
- Display date & time from a given string
- Read date from a file
- Display Universal time
- Set system date and time using date command

**1. Display date & time from a given string**

date command will take an input and it will display the given string using –date option. As shown in below example $date –date=”Month/Date/Year”.

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# date --date="1/31/2016"
Sun Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2016

[root@arkit71 ~]# date --date="31 Jan 2016"
Sun Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2016

[root@arkit71 ~]# date --date="Jan 2 2016"
Sat Jan 2 00:00:00 EST 2016
```

**2. Read date from a file using –file option**

we can execute multiple lines if input from a file to date command.

Create a file and write few date formats in that and execute date command with –file option

```
# touch dateinfile

[root@arkit71 ~]# cat dateinfile
Jan 31 2016
31 Jan 2016

[root@arkit71 ~]# date --file=dateinfile
Sun Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2016
Sun Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2016
```

**3. Display epoch time with difference of 1970-01-01 UTC**

**epoch time:** Unix time (also known as POSIX time or Epoch time) is a system for describing instants in time, defined as the number of seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), Thursday, 1 January 1970, not counting leap seconds.

It is used widely in Unix-like and many other operating systems and file formats. Because it does not handle leap seconds, it is neither a linear representation of time nor a true representation of UTC. Unix time may be checked on most Unix systems by typing *date +%s* on the command line.

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# date --date=@10
Wed Dec 31 19:00:10 EST 1969
[root@arkit71 ~]# date
Sun Jan 31 10:35:16 EST 2016
[root@arkit71 ~]# date --date=@60
Wed Dec 31 19:01:00 EST 1969
[root@arkit71 ~]# date --date=@120
Wed Dec 31 19:02:00 EST 1969
```

**4. Convert actual date & time to epoch and epoch to actual date & time (human readable)**

using +%s option we can print current actual date & time to epoch time format. Logs will store in log files with epoch time format because its very compact format compare to actual date & time

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# date
Sun Jan 31 10:45:22 EST 2016

[root@arkit71 ~]# date +%s

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** date command

---

### [cal command in Linux with 8 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/cal-command-in-linux-with-8-practical-examples/)

**Published:** February 6, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

cal command displays a calendar, let’s see how to display a calendar in different ways using cal command

## cal command

## 1. Print Current month calendar

using cal command we can print current month calendar

  ```
# cal

# cal -1
```

## 2. Display previous/current/next month calendar using single command

We can print previous, current and next month calendar using ‘-3’ option along with ‘cal’ command

```
# cal -3
```

## 3. Display specified year calendar

we can also print an specified year calendar by providing the year number along with the cal command

```
# cal -y

# cal 2016
```

## 4. Display particular month of the year calendar

We can also print the month of the year in calendar

```
# cal 9 2017

# cal 8 2016
```

## 5. Print number of days in year using -j option

When we would like to print an days of the year we can use ‘-j’ along with cal command to see number of days in a year

```
# cal -j

# cal -j -3
```

**6. Display Monday as the first day of the week.**

using ‘-m’ option we can display the calendar week start with Monday

```
# cal -m
```

**7. Display Sunday as the first day of the week**

using ‘-s’ along with cal command we can display the calendar start with Sunday as first week of the day

```
# cal -s
```

**8. Display the version of cal command**

We can check the ‘cal’ command version using ‘–version’ & ‘-V’ option

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cal -V
cal from util-linux 2.23.2
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cal --version
cal from util-linux 2.23.2
```

That’s it about the cal command.

### Please provide your valuable comments

## Related Articles

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[25 commonly used commands in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** cal command

---

### [how to setup host name in Linux version 7 RHEL 7/Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-setup-host-name-in-linux-version-7/)

**Published:** February 17, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 and version 6 we have to edit file located in /etc/sysconfig/network but in Redhat Enterprise Linux 7 and Centos 7 no need to edit that config file we can directly change hostname using below commands how to setup host name in Linux version 7

1. hostnamectl
2. nmtui
3. nmcli

in Redhat Enterprise Linux 7 there are three types of names we can assign, they are below

  **pretty** – pretty option is used to set the name which may contain limited special characters

**transient** – this name we can use as temporary name whenever we exit from the session this name will go off

**static** – Static name is the permanent name for the host

Note that the pretty hostname has little restrictions on the characters used, while the static and transient host names are limited to the usually accepted characters of Internet domain names.

## How to setup an hostname using hostnamectl command

```
[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# hostnamectl status
 Static hostname: Arkit-SRV1
 Icon name: computer
 Chassis: n/a
 Machine ID: 41384f19fc57477680b0c7942ff29eb3
 Boot ID: 11a7b1d4fd7f44f9b486e3ea0119e49d
 Virtualization: vmware
 Operating System: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 7.1 (Maipo)
 CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7.1:GA:server
 Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64
 Architecture: x86_64

[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname "This is ARKTI's website" --pretty

[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# hostnamectl status
 Static hostname: Arkit-SRV1
 Pretty hostname: This is ARKTI's website
 Icon name: computer
 Chassis: n/a
 Machine ID: 41384f19fc57477680b0c7942ff29eb3
 Boot ID: 11a7b1d4fd7f44f9b486e3ea0119e49d
 Virtualization: vmware
 Operating System: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 7.1 (Maipo)
 CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7.1:GA:server
 Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64
 Architecture: x86_64
```

as you can see above screen pretty name is changed

```
[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname arkit-server --static
[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# hostname
arkit-server
```

see the above example hostname has been changed as mentioned as static

Static name can also be changed using config file

```
[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# cat /etc/hostname
arkit-server
```

edit /etc/hostname file and write your hostname which will be permanent and static name for your server

```
[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname arkit-temphostname --transient
[root@Arkit-SRV1 ~]# hostnamectl
 Static hostname: arkit-server
 Pretty hostname: This is ARKTI's website
Transient hostname: arkit-temphostname

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** hostnamectl, hostnamectl command, how to setup host name in Linux version 7

---

### [identify and compare wired and wireless networking](https://arkit.co.in/identify-and-compare-wired-and-wireless-networking/)

**Published:** February 19, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

# identify and compare wired and wireless networking

In this lesson you will learn below topics. identify and compare wired and wireless networking

  - Identify wireless networking
- Compare wireless and wired network
- Explain the different wireless standards
- List the components required for wireless networking
- Discuss the various applications of wireless networking
- Troubleshoot wireless network problems

After completion of video session you learnt that

- Peer-to-peer and access point LAN’s are types of wireless networks
- 802.11 standard defines all aspects of Radid frequency wireless networking
- Wireless network Security methods: Wired equivalent privacy, Wifi protected Access
- Access is secured by SSID, MAC address filtering and Port Based Access Control
- Microwave and Radio Frequency are the medium for wireless networking
- Hardware and Software access points are two of access points
- Wireless bridge is used to connect two or more wireless or wired networks
- Antennas are used to increase the range of the wireless network
- Wireless adapter card helps to connect a computer to wireless network
- Devices that can connect to wireless network are called wireless stations
- Wireless server is the main server connected to the wired network

Please provide your valuable feedback on this article.

**Related Articles**

[Describing various protocols NAT DHCP DNS Proxy Server and TCP IP](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/describing-various-protocols/)

[Troubleshooting Networking devices and testing using tools](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/troubleshooting-networking-devices-testing/)

[Network Security and protocols explained in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/network-security-and-protocols/)

[Installing the computer networking cables](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/installing-the-network-cabling/)

[InterNetworking Devices – Networking CCNA Basics](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/internetworking-devices/)

[IP Addressing – Networking](https://arkit.co.in/hardware-and-networking/ip-addressing-networking/)

## **[Free E-Book Download](http://arkit-it.tradepub.com/free-offer/open-networks--when-users-create-a-network/w_free05?sr=hicat&_t=hicat:1090)**

This 53 Page eBook explores the different aspects of open technologies that are at the foundations of modern computer networks.

The term “Open Network” can have different meanings in different environments. In this eBook an Open Network is a network that can include any user and that any user can join as they wish; in this context, “open” means the opposite of “private”. Open does not necessarily mean free and users may charge a fee for making their resources available to others. One key social component of Open Networks is solidarity, as each user makes his or her unused resources available to the rest of the community.

Communities are enabled by open network design and innovation emerges. That is the foundation of P2P production and distribution models, IP telephony and multimedia streaming technologies.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** identify and compare wired and wireless networking, wireless networking

---

### [Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

**Published:** February 21, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Now a Days no need to buy/maintain multiple systems/computers/servers to run multiple machines, Simply use VMWare Workstation if it is for Home purpose more than enough. Setting Up Linux Lab – Installing VMWare Workstation Software Step by Step Guide

## VMware Workstation 12 PRO Features :

- Ready for the Latest Hardware.
- Enhanced Connectivity.
- Build Virtual Networks.
- Built for Microsoft Windows 10 and More.
- Display Powerful 3D Graphics.
- Ready for High Resolution Displays.
- Create Powerful Virtual Machines.
- Leverage the Power of vSphere and vCloud Air.
- Take Productivity to the Next Level.
- Awesome User Interface.
- Protect Your Work and Save Time.
- Run Restricted Virtual Machines.
- Expiring Virtual Machines.
- Virtual Machine Cross Compatibility.

Best way to use virtualization software’s to setup home lab for practice. So many software’s are there for virtualization out of all we have good features in vmware work station. In this series of articles we will discuss how to setup Linux Lab using vmware workstation.

  ## :: To setup a Lab below are the steps ::

1. Installation of VMware workstation software
2. Configuring the VM Network
3. Creating Virtual machines
4. Installing and configuring Linux Operating system
5. Configuring the Network in Linux
6. Updating all the packages using ‘yum update’ command
7. Installing and configuring DNS, LDAP, kerberos and YUM server
8. Adding remaining servers as LDAP clients using kerberos

## Setting up Linux Lab – Installing VMware workstation Software

This lab environment is very flexible to reset again back to fresh client if you mess up configuration while practice.

Lets see how to install VMware workstation software which is the first step Setting up Linux Lab – Installing VMware workstation Software

### **Download VMware Workstation** 

[![Vmware Workstation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-Vmware-Workstation-300x86.jpg "1-Vmware Workstation - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-Vmware-Workstation.jpg)

Double click on setup file, then click on **Run**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-Vmware-installation-Step-1-300x231.jpg "2-Vmware installation Step 1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-Vmware-installation-Step-1.jpg)

Click **Next**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-Vmware-Installation-Step-2-300x231.jpg "3-Vmware Installation Step 2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-Vmware-Installation-Step-2.jpg)

Select accept license agreement and click **Next**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-Vmware-Installation-Step-3-300x231.jpg "4-Vmware Installation Step 3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-Vmware-Installation-Step-3.jpg)

Select **Enhance** option and click **Next**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-Vmware-Installation-Step-4-300x231.jpg "5-Vmware Installation Step 4 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-Vmware-Installation-Step-4.jpg)

un-select the options of **Check update and Help** and Click **Next**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/6-Vmware-Installation-Step-5-300x231.jpg "6-Vmware Installation Step 5 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/6-Vmware-Installation-Step-5.jpg)

Select above options and **Click Next**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/7-Vmware-Installation-Step-6-300x232.jpg "7-Vmware Installation Step 6 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/7-Vmware-Installation-Step-6.jpg)

Click **Next**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VMware workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/8-Vmware-Installation-Step-7-300x231.jpg "8-Vmware Installation Step 7 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/8-Vmware-Installation-Step-7.jpg)

Click on License button if you License key add then Click **Finish**

Thanks for the read, Please write your valuable feedback

[For Video tutorial Click Here](https://www.youtube.com/techarkit)

## Related Articles

[Simple Steps to Install ESX Server 6.1](https://arkit.co.in/vmware-esxi-6-0-installation/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux Lab yet home, Preparing Linux Lab yet home, setting up Linux Lab

---

### [Setting up Linux Lab - Installing VirtualBox for Virtual Environment](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-virtualbox-for-virtual-environment/)

**Published:** February 22, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

To install virtualbox software Virtualization Technology is not required to enable. Simply Installing VirtualBox in your computer,

- Required RAM – 4GB
- CPU – 4 Cores for better performance

Oracle VM VirtualBox is a hypervisor for x86 computers from Oracle Corporation. Developed initially by Innotek GmbH, it was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2008 which was in turn acquired by Oracle in 2010. Setting up Linux Lab – Installing VirtualBox for Virtual Environment

  VirtualBox may be installed on a number of host operating systems, including: Linux, OS X, Windows, Solaris, and OpenSolaris. There are also ports to FreeBSD and Genode.

It supports the creation and management of guest virtual machines running versions and derivations of Windows, Linux, BSD, OS/2, Solaris, Haiku, OSx86 and others, and limited virtualization of OS X guests on Apple hardware.

## Setting up Linux Lab – Installing VirtualBox for Virtual Environment

## Feature Set

- 64-bit guests (hardware virtualization support is required)
- Snapshots
- Seamless mode – the ability to run virtualized applications side by side with normal desktop applications
- Shared clipboard
- Shared folders
- Special drivers and utilities to facilitate switching between systems
- Command line interaction (in addition to the GUI)
- Public API to control VM configuration and execution
- Nested paging for AMD-V and Intel VT (only for processors supporting SLAT and with SLAT enabled)
- Limited support for 3D graphics acceleration 3.0 and Direct3D 9.0c via Wine’s Direct3D to OpenGL translation
- SMP support (up to 32 virtual CPUs per virtual machine), since version 3.0
- Teleportation
- 2D video output acceleration, since version 3.1

## Storage emulation features

- NCQ support for SATA, SCSI and SAS raw disks and partitions
- SATA disks hotplugging
- Pass-through mode for solid-state drives
- Pass-through mode for CD/DVD/BD disks – allows to play audio CDs, burn optical disks, play encrypted DVD disks
- Can disable host OS I/O cache
- Allows to limit IO bandwidth
- PATA, SATA, SCSI, SAS, iSCSI, floppy disk controllers
- VM disk image encryption using AES128/AES256

## Storage support

- Raw hard disk access – allows physical hard disk partitions on the host system to appear in the guest system
- VMware Virtual Machine Disk format support – allows VirtualBox to exchange disk images with VMware
- Microsoft VHD support
- QEMU qed and qcow disks
- HDD format disks used by Parallels virtualization products

### Download the VirtualBox Software

[![VirtualBox Installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-1.jpg "1-VirtualBox Installation Step 1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-1.jpg)

Double click on the setup file

[![2-VirtualBox Installation Step 2](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-2-1-300x235.jpg "2-VirtualBox Installation Step 2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-2-1.jpg)

Click on **Next**

[![3-VirtualBox Installation Step 3](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-3-300x234.jpg "3-VirtualBox Installation Step 3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-3.jpg)

Select all the features and Click **Next**

[![4-VirtualBox Installation Step 4](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-4-300x235.jpg "4-VirtualBox Installation Step 4 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-4.jpg)

Create a shortcut on the Desktop and click **Next**

[![5-VirtualBox Installation Step 5](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-5-300x234.jpg "5-VirtualBox Installation Step 5 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-5.jpg)

Click **Yes** This step will create new virtual network adapter

[![6-VirtualBox Installation Step 6](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/6-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-6-300x235.jpg "6-VirtualBox Installation Step 6 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/6-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-6.jpg)

Click **Install**

[![7-VirtualBox Installation Step 7](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/7-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-7-300x138.jpg "7-VirtualBox Installation Step 7 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/7-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-7.jpg)

Click **Install** button which will install the Serial bus drivers

[![8-VirtualBox Installation Step 8](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/8-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-8-300x234.jpg "8-VirtualBox Installation Step 8 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/8-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-8.jpg)

Click **Finish**

[![9-VirtualBox Installation Step 9](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/9-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-9-300x226.jpg "9-VirtualBox Installation Step 9 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/9-VirtualBox-Installation-Step-9.jpg)

Final look of the VirtualBox Software. Virtual Box Installation is successful and ready to create Virtual Machines and work on it.

## [For Video Tutorial Click Here](https://www.youtube.com/user/redhatark)

Please Provide your valuable feedback.

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, virtualbox

**Tags:** VirtualBox, VirtualBox Installation

---

### [your organization's policies are preventing us from completing this action for you. outlook error](https://arkit.co.in/your-organizations/)

**Published:** February 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## your organization’s policies are preventing us from completing this action for you. outlook error

All of the sudden when we click on the outlook hyper link it is not working. It through an pop-up with error message. your organization

[![your organization's policies are preventing us from completing this action for you](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/your-organizations-policies-are-preventing-us-from-completing-this-action-for-you-300x47.png "your organization's policies are preventing us from completing this action for you - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/your-organizations-policies-are-preventing-us-from-completing-this-action-for-you.png)

  after little bit of research I got the solution. we would like to share this below is the solution.

Go to ***Run*** –> type ***regedit***

it will open registry editor. Now go to below mentioned path

HKEY\_CLASSES\_ROOT\\.html

Then Replace the value of (Default) registry key to htmlfile

[![registry key htmlfile](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/registry-key-htmlfile-300x74.png "registry key htmlfile - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/registry-key-htmlfile.png)

as shown in above screenshot

Now reboot your machine.

Now try to open the hyperlinks It will work.

### [For more detailed info go here](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/310049)

Please provide your valuable feedback if this solution works for you…

your organization’s policies are preventing us from completing this action for you. outlook error

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, windows

**Tags:** outlook error, your organization's policies are preventing us from completing this action for you

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### [Setting up Linux Lab - Creating Virtual Machine in VirtualBox](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-virtual-machine-in-virtualbox/)

**Published:** February 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We have seen how to [install an VirtualBox software](http://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-virtualbox-for-virtual-environment/) in base machine. In this article we are going to see how to create an virtual machine using virtualbox software. Setting up Linux Lab – Creating Virtual Machine in VirtualBox.

## Setting up Linux Lab – Creating Virtual Machine in VirtualBox

To create a new virtual machine, you need to start VirtualBox. On the host where you installed Oracle VDI and VirtualBox, select the **Applications** menu on the desktop, then the **System Tools** menu, and then **Oracle VM VirtualBox**. Alternatively, you can run the **VirtualBox** command in a terminal. The Oracle VM VirtualBox Manager is displayed, as shown in below screenshot.

  [![1-Creating VM](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-Creating-VM-300x221.jpg "1-Creating VM - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-Creating-VM.jpg)

Provide VM name, Select OS type and version then Click on **Next**

[![Select Memory Size](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-Select-Memory-Size-300x280.jpg "2-Select Memory Size - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-Select-Memory-Size.jpg)

Select Memory Size (RAM) for our virtual machine

Basically 2GB is minimum so select 3GB is good for any operation

[![Create Virtual Hard disk](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-Create-Virtual-Hard-disk-300x275.jpg "3-Create Virtual Hard disk - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-Create-Virtual-Hard-disk.jpg)

If you have previously created virtual machine disk then you can select “Use an existing virtual hard disk file”.

As we don’t have previously created virtual disk file select “Create a virtual hard disk now”

then Click on **Create**

[![Select virtual disk type](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-Select-virtual-disk-type-300x264.jpg "4-Select virtual disk type - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-Select-virtual-disk-type.jpg)

As shown in above screenshot select VMDK file because it will be very handy if you want to move the VM to Vmware workstation.

then click **Next**

[![Disk allocation type](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-Disk-allocation-type-300x265.jpg "5-Disk allocation type - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-Disk-allocation-type.jpg)

Select “Dynamically allocated” because immediately we don’t want allocate all the space to the virtual machine disk, As much as we utilize it should be used

then Click on **Next**

[![VM Disk Size](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/6-VM-Disk-Size-300x267.jpg "6-VM Disk Size - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/6-VM-Disk-Size.jpg)

For our regular practice 20GB disk space is plenty

Increase disk size to 20GB and Click **Create**

[![VM Created Successfully](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/7-VM-Created-Successfully-300x68.jpg "7-VM Created Successfully - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/7-VM-Created-Successfully.jpg)

Virtual Machine is created successfully.

That’s about Setting up Linux Lab – Creating Virtual Machine in VirtualBox, which may helps you to run multiple systems in single physical machine.

### For Video Tutorial Click Here

Please Comment your feedback

## Related Articles

[Creating and modifying VM Network As per the Requirement](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)

[Installing and configuring VMware workstation Steps](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

[Installing Oracle-Virtual Box Software](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-virtualbox-for-virtual-environment/)

[Website](https://www.virtualbox.org/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7, virtualbox

**Tags:** creating virtual machine, virtualbox vm creation, VM create, vm creation in virtualbox

---

### [Setting up Linux Lab - Creating and modifying VM Network](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)

**Published:** February 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In order to setup the Linux Lab we have to setup the separate network to communicate virtual machines each other. Setting up Linux Lab – Creating and modifying VM Network

## Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.

  Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or workstations. Servers are generally not used by humans directly, but rather run continuously to provide “services” to the other computers (and their human users) on the network. Services provided can include printing and faxing, software hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete access control (security) for the network’s resources, and many others.

Workstations are called such because they typically do have a human user which interacts with the network through them. Workstations were traditionally considered a desktop, consisting of a computer, keyboard, display, and mouse, or a laptop, with with integrated keyboard, display, and touchpad. With the advent of the tablet computer, and the touch screen devices such as iPad and iPhone, our definition of workstation is quickly evolving to include those devices, because of their ability to interact with the network and utilize network services.

## Setting up Linux Lab – Creating and modifying VM Network

Servers tend to be more powerful than workstations, although configurations are guided by needs. For example, a group of servers might be located in a secure area, away from humans, and only accessed through the network. In such cases, it would be common for the servers to operate without a dedicated display or keyboard. However, the size and speed of the server’s processor(s), hard drive, and main memory might add dramatically to the cost of the system. On the other hand, a workstation might not need as much storage or working memory, but might require an expensive display to accommodate the needs of its user. Every computer on a network should be appropriately configured for its use.

On a single LAN, computers and servers may be connected by cables or wirelessly. Wireless access to a wired network is made possible by wireless access points (WAPs). These WAP devices provide a bridge between computers and networks. A typical WAP might have the theoretical capacity to connect hundreds or even thousands of wireless users to a network, although practical capacity might be far less.

Nearly always servers will be connected by cables to the network, because the cable connections remain the fastest. Workstations which are stationary (desktops) are also usually connected by a cable to the network, although the cost of wireless adapters has dropped to the point that, when installing workstations in an existing facility with inadequate wiring, it can be easier and less expensive to use wireless for a desktop.

Start you vmware workstation software and click on Edit > Virtual Network Editor (As shown in below Screenshot)

[![1 - Virtual Network Editor](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-Virtual-Network-Editor.jpg "1 - Virtual Network Editor - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-Virtual-Network-Editor.jpg)

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Creating and modifying VM Network](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-Add-VM-network-300x267.jpg "2 - Add VM network - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2-Add-VM-network.jpg)

Click “Add Network” to add separate virtual network for Lab VM’s

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Creating and modifying VM Network](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-Add-a-virtual-network-300x267.jpg "3 - Add a virtual network - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/3-Add-a-virtual-network.jpg)

Select a network to add “VMNet2” if you already have VMNet1 set

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Creating and modifying VM Network](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-DHCP-Settings-customization-300x267.jpg "4 - DHCP Settings customization - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/4-DHCP-Settings-customization.jpg)

Provide your range of IP address range starting from ending IP Address

Then Click **OK**

[![Setting up Linux Lab - Creating and modifying VM Network](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-DHCP-Settings-completed-300x267.jpg "5 - DHCP Settings completed - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/5-DHCP-Settings-completed.jpg)

“**Use local DHCP service to distribute to IP addresses to VM’s**” click **OK**

That’s about setting up the Virtual Machines Network.

[For Video Tutorial Click Here](http://bit.ly/1otzsaC)

Please do comment your feedback.

## Related Articles

[Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-redhat-enterprise-linux-7/)

[VMware Work Station Pro 12 Installation](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7, virtualbox

**Tags:** Creating and modifying VM Network, Virtual network setup

---

### [Netapp Certified Storage Associate - practice exam](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-certified-storage-associate-practice-exam/)

**Published:** February 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## Netapp Certified Storage Associate – practice exam

## 1.Which statement is NOT true about solid-state drives (SSDs) and hard disk drives (HDDs).?

- Solid-state drives are flash media-based storage devices with electronic components. Hard disks are mechanical devices.
- Solid-State drive data placement management relocates cold data to distribute writes over the entire media, but with hard disks, cold data rarely moves.
- Solid-state drives provide higher overall performance than hard disks.
- Solid-state drives currently cost less than hard disks.

## 2.Which cloud services refer to infrastructure or applications hosted by service providers and are offered as services to enterprises.?

- Commercial
- Hybrid
- Private
- **Public**

## 3.Which two technologies can Data ONTAP support simultaneously.?

- NAS and SAN
- NAS and UNIX
- SAN and SANtricity
- DAS and SAN
- DAS and NAS

## 4.Acme Company is a storage provider that provides localized file sharing in environments with few servers that do not need to share information over long distances or across an enterprise. Which storage technology is the best choice.?

- Storage Virtualization
- NAS
- DAS
- SAN

## 5.Which two NetApp products positively impact storage utilization.?

- SnapDrive
- FlexVol
- MetroCluster
- SnapManager
- Deduplication

## 6.Which NetApp products incorporate NetApp Snapshot technology.? (Choos four.)

- FlexClone
- OnCommand Insight
- FlexCache
- SnapVault
- SnapMirror
- SnapRestore

## 7.Which two NetApp technologies, when combined, optimize storage efficiency.?

- Thin Provisioning and deduplication
- RAID-DP technology and deduplication
- SATA Drives and Flash Cache
- Data compression and deduplication

## 8.Which GUI-based interface do you use to manager a cluster?

- Device Manager
- FilerView
- Cluster Bench
- Node Studio
- System Manager

## 9.What is the default shell for accessing clustered Data ONTAP.?

- **Cluster Shell**
- system
- D-blade CLI
- Node Shell

## 10.Several vendors provide separate high-end, mid-range, low-end, and virtualization storage products. NetApp is unique as it provides these solutions\_\_\_\_\_\_.

- Across a variety of different protocols
- Across multiple architechctures
- within an ILM architecture
- within a unified architecture

## Netapp Certified Storage Associate – practice exam paper

## 11.In the parent volume, NAS clients see junctions as what.?

- Nodes
- **Directories**
- Sub-volumes
- Vservers

## 12.Which UNIX-based file system protocol enables networked computers to share files.?

- Hummingrid
- iSCSI
- HTTP
- NFS

## 13.Data ONTAP supports which RAID types.?

- RAID 0, RAID 4, and RAID-DP
- RAID 4 and RAID-DP
- RAID 0, RAID 4, RAID 5, and RAID 6
- RAID 1, RAID 4, RAID 5, and RAID-DP

## 14.Which two protocols does a NetApp file services solution support.? (Choose two.)

- NFS
- iSCSI
- FCIP
- CIFS
- iFCP

## 15.Which RAID type protects against a double-disk failure.?

- RAID 0
- RAID 4
- RAID-EX
- **RAID-DP**

## 16.Which set of NetApp technologies instantly backs up and restores data.?

- SnapRestore technology and deduplication
- Snapshot copies and deduplication
- Snapshot copies and SnapRestore technology
- Snapshot copies and SnapMirror software
- SnapMirror and SnapVault software

## 17.Which term indicates a storage administrator can add more than two storage systems to a cluster.?

- Scale horizontal
- Scale vertical
- Scale up
- Scale out

## 18.Which three NFS resources can you export.? (Choose three)

- Subnet
- Volume
- Directory
- Qtrees

## 19.What is the purpose of RAID.?

- RAID groups disks in a single enclosure
- RAID uses a scheme that divides and replicates data among multiple physical disk drives.
- RAID protects disk data by creating a Snapshot copy of the data, which is then stored on a parity disk.
- RAID combines multiple disk drives into an array of disk drives that performs better than a single large disk drive and provides fault tolerance.

## 20.Which secure multi-tenancy feature is unique to Data ONTAP operating in Cluster-Mode.?

- Vserver
- HA Pairs
- vFiler
- Multi protocol support

## 21.In clustered Data ONTAP, which object exposes data to clients.?

- A cluster
- A high-availability pair of storage systems
- **A virtual server**
- A virtual filer

## 22.When does a consistency point occur.?

- **Every 10 seconds**
- On demand
- After the data is written to disk
- Every 30 seconds
- Every 20 seconds

## 23.Which function can you perform with NetApp FlexVol technology.?

- Only move to a new aggregate
- Both add physical disk drives and move to a new aggregate
- **Both increase and decrease the size of volume**
- Only add physical disk drives
- Only increase the size of a volume
- Only decrease the size of a volume

## 24.What are three characteristics of NetApp NAS systems.?(Choose three.)

- NAS systems support CIFs, NFS, or a combination of both (multiprotocol).
- NAS systems support FS, FCOE, or iSCSI protocols.
- NAS data is accessed at the block level.
- NAS data is accessed at the file level
- NAS systems provide flexible provisioning, reliable backups, and archiving.

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** NCSA Exam practice paper, Netapp certified Storage Associate, Netapp exam paper

---

### [Setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation/)

**Published:** March 5, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

To setup up Linux Lab we have to start installing an Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2 is a latest version, for our lab we does not required to install GUI in main server, we just install minimal installation.

## setting up Linux Lab – Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation

Before going to install an OS let’s see few improvements in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2

  - Cross channel package dependancy improvements
- Yum has been enhanced to prompt the end user to search disabled package repositories
- RELRO protection now properly applied when requested. Relocation read only (RELRO)
- More diagnostic information and a renamed plug-in for sosreport
- Enable virtio network device renaming
- Support for DIF/DIX (T10 PI) on specified hardware
- Identity Management sets up a one-way trust by default
- Openldap rebase to version 2.4.40
- Cache authentication in SSSD
- SSSD enables UID and GID mapping on individual clients
- SSSD can now deny SSH access to locked accounts
- The sudo utility now capable of verifying command checksum
- SSSD smart card support
- Support for multiple certificate profiles and user certificates
- Password Vault
- Kerberos HTTPS proxy in Identity Management
- Background refresh of cached entries
- Caching for initgroups operations
- Automated migration from WinSync to trusts now supported
- Multi-step prompting for one-time and long-term passwords
- Multiple CPU support in kdump on AMD64 and Intel 64 systems
- Dynamic kernel updates with kpatch
- SELinux policy for Red Hat Gluster Storage has been added
- GSSAPI key-exchange algorithms can now be selectively disabled
- Btrfs file system

The Btrfs (B-Tree) file system is supported as a Technology Preview in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2. This file system offers advanced management, reliability, and scalability features. It enables users to create snapshots, it enables compression and integrated device management.

Let’s begin the installation process.

## Step 1: Boot from CD/DVD (installation media)

after booting from CD/DVD you can see the below screen as shown below

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 1](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-1-300x126.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-1.jpg)

## Step 2: Select Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2 

select install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2 and hit enter

## Step 3: Select system Language

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-2-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-2.jpg)

as shown in above screen select your own system language, in my this case selected English as my system language setting up Linux Lab – Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation

then **Click Continue**

## Step 4: Set Date & Time

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-3-set-date-and-time-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 3 set date and time - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-3-set-date-and-time.jpg)

as shown in above screen click on Date & Time and you will redirected to different screen as shown in below

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-4-set-date-and-time-300x212.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 4 set date and time - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-4-set-date-and-time.jpg)

Now select your own time zone and **Click on Done**

## Step 5: Install Extra language as your requirement

Click on Language Support (As shown screen in Step 4) you will redirected to below screen

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-5-select-languages-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 5 select languages - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-5-select-languages.jpg)

Select the languages you want to install, After installation you can language

## Step 6: KEYBOARD language

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-6-Keyboard-layout-300x224.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 6 Keyboard layout - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-6-Keyboard-layout.jpg)

keyboard language add your keyboard languages to type, after installation

## Step 7: Software Selection 

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-7-Minimal-installation-300x190.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 7 Minimal installation - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-7-Minimal-installation.jpg)

in this step we have to select the packages what you wanted to install while installing Operating system. Select Minimal Install and **Click on Done**

**Note:** Do not install GUI we only require *“Minimal Install”* for our server setup

## Step 8: Installation Destination

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-8-Manual-partitioning-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 8 Manual partitioning - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-8-Manual-partitioning.jpg)

Click on INSTALLATION DESTINATION (as shown screen in Step 4) you will be redirected to above shown screen

Select *“I will configure partitioning”* then Select the Disk Click on **Done**

Now you will again redirect to another screen as shown in below

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-9-Create-partition-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 9 Create partition - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-9-Create-partition.jpg)

Now select the partition type *“Standard Partition” “Btrfs” “LVM” “LVM Thinprovisioned”*

In this case we need *“LVM”* type partitions because it is very flexible to increase and decrease partition sizes

click on “+” symbol to create partitions

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-10-Boot-mount-point-300x214.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 10 Boot mount point - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-10-Boot-mount-point.jpg)

Select Mount point “/boot” provide size 200 MB as default it will take size in MB’s if you want to allocate space in GB’s then add ‘G’ after the value. if you want to add size in TB’s then add ‘T’ after the value

click on *“Add mount point”*

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-10-Root-mount-point-300x213.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 10 Root mount point - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-10-Root-mount-point.jpg)

Select Mount point as “/” then provide the size (As per your requirements) in this case provided 10GB

Click on *“Add mount point”*

in the same as like above steps create swap partition and click on mount point then it looks like below screen, after adding all the partitions

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-12-all-partitions-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 12 all partitions - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-12-all-partitions.jpg)

***Click on Done*** then it will ask you for the confirmation as show in below screen

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-13-Accept-Changes-300x207.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 13 Accept Changes - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-13-Accept-Changes.jpg)

***Click on Accept Changes***

## Step 9: KDUMP Selection

Kdump is a kernel crash dumping mechanism and is very reliable because the crash dump is captured from the context of a freshly booted kernel and not from the context of the crashed kernel. Kdump uses kexec to boot into a second kernel whenever system crashes.

[![setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-14-Kdump-300x106.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 14 Kdump - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-14-Kdump.jpg)

Click on KDUMP (as shown in screen @ Step 4)

if you want to enable KDUMP then ***click on Enable kdump***

***Click on Done***

## Step 10: Configure your Network 

**click on NETWORK & HOST NAME**

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 15 Host name](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-15-Host-name-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 15 Host name - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-15-Host-name.jpg)

As shown in above screen type your Host Name with fully qualified domain name. Click on ON button.

**Click on Configure** button you will be redirected to different screen as shown below

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 16 Manual IP Address](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-16-Manual-IP-Address-300x255.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 16 Manual IP Address - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-16-Manual-IP-Address.jpg)

Now go to IPV4 Settings and **select Method Manual**

Add IP Address, Gateway, Subnet Mask and DNS Server IP Address then **Click on Save**

then **Click on Done**

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 17 Begin Installation](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-17-Begin-Installation-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 17 Begin Installation - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-17-Begin-Installation.jpg)

Now **Click on Begin Installation**

## Step 11: Set root user password and Create another Administrator user

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 19 Installation progress](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-19-Installation-progress-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 19 Installation progress - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-19-Installation-progress.jpg)

Click on ROOT PASSWORD

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 18 root password](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-18-root-password-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 18 root password - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-18-root-password.jpg)

Here set your root user password then **click on Done**

Password must be 8 characters, One Capital letter, one Special character and one number, combination of all this become a strong password.

If you give an weak password you have to **click on Done** two times

click on User Creation you will see below screen

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 19 Create user administrator](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-19-Create-user-administrator-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 19 Create user administrator - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-19-Create-user-administrator.jpg)

please provide the details as shown in above screen then **click Done**

Wait for the installation to complete (it will take 30 to 45 minutes based on your package selection).

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 20 Finished](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-20-Finished-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 20 Finished - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-20-Finished.jpg)

click on **Finish Configuration**

## Step 12: Reboot after completion of installation

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 21 reboot](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-21-reboot-300x225.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 21 reboot - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-21-reboot.jpg)

After completion of installation it will prompt you to reboot, click on reboot

[![red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 22 completed](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-22-completed-300x108.jpg "red hat enterprise linux 7 installation - 22 completed - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation-22-completed.jpg)

congratulations you have successfully installed Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2

[For Video Tutorial Click Here](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-redhat-enterprise-linux-7/)

### Setting up Linux Lab Related Posts

1. [Installing VMWare workstation Software](http://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)
2. [Creating Virtual Machines](http://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-virtual-machine-in-virtualbox/)
3. [Setting up Virtual Network environment](http://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)
4. [Red Hat Linux Installation](http://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux 7 installation, Linux installation from DVD, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Installation, RHEL 7 installation, setting up Linux Lab - Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installation

---

### [setup Linux Lab yet home - installing and configuring IPA server](https://arkit.co.in/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

**Published:** March 6, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

After completion of [part-4 setup](http://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation/) You can follow this steps to setup your own Linux lab at Home, using either vmware workstation or Oracle Virtual box Or KVM virtualization Or RHEV. In this method i have used Vmware work stations and Virtual box o setup Linux Lab at home. IPA is the best option to practice LDAP, Kerberos authentication for RHCE Lab.

run *\# yum update* once and take the snapshot of that VM

  right click on VM –> Snapshot –> Take Snapshot

[![create snapshot of VM](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/create-snapshot-of-VM-300x128.jpg "create snapshot of VM - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/create-snapshot-of-VM.jpg)

provide the snapshot name and click on *Take Snapshot*

[![snapshot name](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Snapshot-name-300x190.jpg "Snapshot name - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Snapshot-name.jpg)

## Setup Linux Lab at home – installing and configuring IPA server

setup Linux Lab at home – installing and configuring IPA server . In order to build the lab server we have to install and configure below server roles.

1. YUM Server
2. DNS Server
3. Web Server
4. NTP Server
5. LDAP Server
6. Kerberos Server
7. 389 Directory Server

before creating all the above mentioned servers, we have to assign static IP address and hostname to the server. in this case we will use nmcli utility to set static IP address.

```
Adding New connection
#nmcli connection add type ethernet con-name eth0 ifname ens01677
Assign IP address
#nmcli connection modify eht0 ipv4.address 192.168.4.13/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.4.2 ipv4.dns 192.168.4.13 +ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8
Set to Manual IP address method
#nmcli connection modify eth0 ipv4.method manual
Bring down the connection
#nmcli connection down eth0
Brind UP the connection
#nmcli connection up eth0
```

### [To setup hostname refer this link](http://arkit.co.in/linux/how-to-setup-host-name-in-linux-version-7/)

# YUM Server setup

Yellowdog updater, modified required to manage your RPM packages. YUM server will automatically resolve dependencies of rpm packages while installing them. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 will not provide YUM, without subscription. Always installing the packages without YUM is very difficult, so we will setup our local repository using installation media packages (RHEL 7 DVD).

## Step 1: Mount DVD to temp directory

Mount your ISO file to your virtual machine, then mount to any directory using mount command as mentioned below. in this example i used /rpms for mounting.

```
#mount /dev/sr0 /rpms
```

## Step 2: Install FTP and CREATEREPO packages 

while installing the createrepo package it may ask you for the dependencies to install, delrarpm and python-deltarpm.

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# rpm -ivh /rpms/Packages/createrepo-0.9.9-23.el7.noarch.rpm

[root@arkit-server ~]# rpm -ivh /rpms/Packages/deltarpm-3.6-3.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@arkit-server ~]# rpm -ivh /rpms/Packages/python-deltarpm-3.6-3.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@arkit-server ~]# rpm -ivh /rpms/Packages/createrepo-0.9.9-23.el7.noarch.rpm

[root@arkit-server ~]# rpm -ivh /rpms/Packages/vsftpd-3.0.2-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
```

## Step 3: Enable and Start the FTP service

FTP: File transfer protocol, it uses port number 20 and 21 to download and upload files.

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# systemctl enable vsftpd.service

[root@arkit-server ~]# systemctl start vsftpd.service;

[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ftp
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# systemctl restart vsftpd.service
```

verify that in /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf file anonymous\_enable=YES string is enabled or not.

set the SELinux policy enabled.

```
#getsebool -a |grep ftp
#setsebool -P ftpd_full_access on
```

## Step 4: Copy the packages to /var/ftp/pub/ and create repository

We have to share the YUM repository to our client machines via FTP.

create repository using installation DVD repomod.xml file.

```
# createrepo -vg /var/ftp/pub/repodata/repomd.xml /var/ftp/pub/
```

create new yum configuration file and add the entries as mentioned below.

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/ftp.repo
[ARKIT-YUM]
name=yumserver
baseurl=ftp://192.168.4.13/pub/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
```

Now test the yum is working..

That’s about yum server setup.

# DNS Server, NTP Server, LDAP Server, Kerberos Server and 389 Directory Server

Instead of installing all DNS, LDAP, Kerberos and 389 director server, We can also install an IPA server which includes all of the above.

First enable the firewall rules to install

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ldap
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ldaps
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=kerberos
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=dns
success
[root@arkit-server ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# yum install ipa-server bind nds-ldap bind-dyndb-ldap
```

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# ipa-server-install --setup-dns
The log file for this installation can be found in /var/log/ipaserver-install.log
==============================================================================
This program will set up the IPA Server.
This includes:
 * Configure a stand-alone CA (dogtag) for certificate management
 * Configure the Network Time Daemon (ntpd)
 * Create and configure an instance of Directory Server
 * Create and configure a Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC)
 * Configure Apache (httpd)
 * Configure DNS (bind)
To accept the default shown in brackets, press the Enter key.
Existing BIND configuration detected, overwrite? [no]: yes
Enter the fully qualified domain name of the computer
on which you're setting up server software. Using the form
.
Example: master.example.com.
Server host name [arkit-server.lab.local]:
Warning: skipping DNS resolution of host arkit-server.lab.local
The domain name has been determined based on the host name.
Please confirm the domain name [lab.local]:
Enter the IP address to use, or press Enter to finish.
Please provide the IP address to be used for this host name: 192.168.4.13
Please provide the IP address to be used for this host name:
Adding [192.168.4.13 arkit-server.lab.local] to your /etc/hosts file
The kerberos protocol requires a Realm name to be defined.
This is typically the domain name converted to uppercase.
Enter the IP address to use, or press Enter to finish.
Please provide the IP address to be used for this host name: 192.168.4.13
Please provide the IP address to be used for this host name:
Adding [192.168.4.13 arkit-server.lab.local] to your /etc/hosts file
The kerberos protocol requires a Realm name to be defined.
This is typically the domain name converted to uppercase.
Please provide a realm name [LAB.LOCAL]:
Certain directory server operations require an administrative user.
This user is referred to as the Directory Manager and has full access
to the Directory for system management tasks and will be added to the
instance of directory server created for IPA.
The password must be at least 8 characters long.
Directer Password: PASSWORD
Confirm Password: CONFIRM-PASSWORD
The IPA server requires an administrative user, named 'admin'.
This user is a regular system account used for IPA server administration.
IPA admin password: PASSWORD
Password (confirm): CONFIRM-PASSWORD
Do you want to configure DNS forwarders? [yes]:
Enter the IP address of DNS forwarder to use, or press Enter to finish.
Enter IP address for a DNS forwarder: 8.8.8.8
DNS forwarder 8.8.8.8 added
Enter IP address for a DNS forwarder:
Checking forwarders, please wait ...
Do you want to configure the reverse zone? [yes]:
Please specify the reverse zone name [4.168.192.in-addr.arpa.]:
Using reverse zone(s) 4.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
The IPA Master Server will be configured with:
Hostname: arkit-server.lab.local
IP address(es): 192.168.4.13
Domain name: lab.local
Realm name: LAB.LOCAL
BIND DNS server will be configured to serve IPA domain with:
Forwarders: 8.8.8.8
Reverse zone(s): 4.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
Continue to configure the system with these values? [no]: yes
The following operations may take some minutes to complete.
Please wait until the prompt is returned.
Configuring NTP daemon (ntpd)
 [1/4]: stopping ntpd
 [2/4]: writing configuration
 [3/4]: configuring ntpd to start on boot
 [4/4]: starting ntpd
Done configuring NTP daemon (ntpd).
Configuring directory server (dirsrv): Estimated time 1 minute
```

[![firewall-cmd enable services](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/firewall-cmd-enable-services-300x199.jpg "firewall-cmd enable services - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/firewall-cmd-enable-services.jpg)

since we already enabled the fire ports we no need to enable now. setup Linux Lab yet home – installing and configuring IPA server

Now verify the kerberos and ldap user is able to login or not

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# klist
Ticket cache: KEYRING:persistent:0:0
Default principal: admin@LAB.LOCAL
Valid starting Expires Service principal
03/06/2016 21:46:37 03/07/2016 21:46:31 krbtgt/LAB.LOCAL@LAB.LOCAL
[root@arkit-server ~]# ipa user-find admin
--------------
1 user matched
--------------
 User login: admin
 Last name: Administrator
 Home directory: /home/admin
 Login shell: /bin/bash
 UID: 823800000
 GID: 823800000
 Account disabled: False
 Password: True
 Kerberos keys available: True
----------------------------
Number of entries returned 1
----------------------------
[root@arkit-server ~]# ipactl status
Directory Service: RUNNING
krb5kdc Service: RUNNING
kadmin Service: RUNNING
named Service: RUNNING
ipa_memcached Service: RUNNING
httpd Service: RUNNING
pki-tomcatd Service: RUNNING
ipa-otpd Service: RUNNING
ipa: INFO: The ipactl command was successful
```

Create one more user in ipa server to test from client

```
[root@arkit-server ~]# ipa user-add
First name: Ravi
Last name: Kumar
User login [rkumar]:
-------------------
Added user "rkumar"
-------------------
 User login: rkumar
 First name: Ravi
 Last name: Kumar
 Full name: Ravi Kumar
 Display name: Ravi Kumar
 Initials: RK
 Home directory: /home/rkumar
 GECOS: Ravi Kumar
 Login shell: /bin/sh
 Kerberos principal: rkumar@LAB.LOCAL
 Email address: rkumar@lab.local
 UID: 823800001
 GID: 823800001
 Password: False
 Member of groups: ipausers
 Kerberos keys available: False
[root@arkit-server ~]# ipa passwd rkumar
New Password:
Enter New Password again to verify:
---------------------------------------
Changed password for "rkumar@LAB.LOCAL"
---------------------------------------
```

# Client Side Configuration

Assign the hostname to client

add yum repo to client

```
# scp /etc/yum.repos.d/ftp.repo root@ipaclient:/etc/yum.repos.d/
```

Add DNS server IP address to /etc/resolve.conf

```
[root@ravikumar ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
search lab.local
nameserver 192.168.4.10
```

```
# yum install nss-pam-ldapd pam_krb5 ipa-client
```

```
[root@ravikumar yum.repos.d]# ipa-client-install
Discovery was successful!
Client hostname: ipaclient.lab.local
Realm: LAB.LOCAL
DNS Domain: lab.local
IPA Server: arkit-server.lab.local
BaseDN: dc=lab,dc=local
Continue to configure the system with these values? [no]: yes
Synchronizing time with KDC...
Attempting to sync time using ntpd. Will timeout after 15 seconds
Attempting to sync time using ntpd. Will timeout after 15 seconds
Unable to sync time with NTP server, assuming the time is in sync. Please check that 123 UDP port is opened.
User authorized to enroll computers: admin
Password for admin@LAB.LOCAL: 
Successfully retrieved CA cert
 Subject: CN=Certificate Authority,O=LAB.LOCAL
 Issuer: CN=Certificate Authority,O=LAB.LOCAL
 Valid From: Sun Mar 06 16:03:04 2016 UTC
 Valid Until: Thu Mar 06 16:03:04 2036 UTC
Enrolled in IPA realm LAB.LOCAL
Created /etc/ipa/default.conf
New SSSD config will be created
Configured sudoers in /etc/nsswitch.conf
Configured /etc/sssd/sssd.conf
trying https://arkit-server.lab.local/ipa/json
Forwarding 'ping' to json server 'https://arkit-server.lab.local/ipa/json'
Forwarding 'ca_is_enabled' to json server 'https://arkit-server.lab.local/ipa/json'
Systemwide CA database updated.
Added CA certificates to the default NSS database.
Hostname (ipaclient.lab.local) does not have A/AAAA record.
Missing reverse record(s) for address(es): 192.168.4.12.
Adding SSH public key from /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
Forwarding 'host_mod' to json server 'https://arkit-server.lab.local/ipa/json'
SSSD enabled
Configured /etc/openldap/ldap.conf
NTP enabled
Configured /etc/ssh/ssh_config
Configured /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Configuring lab.local as NIS domain.
Client configuration complete.
```

Now your client is added successfully to IPA server

## Verify IPA Client with IPA Server Connection Status

```
[root@ravikumar ~]# getent passwd rkumar
rkumar:*:823800001:823800001:Ravi Kumar:/home/rkumar:/bin/sh
[root@ravikumar ~]# 
[root@ravikumar ~]# su - admin
Last login: Sun Mar 6 22:50:42 IST 2016 on pts/0
su: warning: cannot change directory to /home/admin: No such file or directory
-bash-4.2$ id
uid=823800000(admin) gid=823800000(admins) groups=823800000(admins) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
-bash-4.2$ exit
logout
[root@ravikumar ~]# su - rkumar
su: warning: cannot change directory to /home/rkumar: No such file or directory
```

when you login from client you will not get home directory

to get home directory add below line to mentioned file setup Linux Lab yet home – installing and configuring IPA server

```
# vi /etc/pam.d/password-auth
# session    required    pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel/ umask=0022
```

login again you will get it.

We can also login to IPA server using web UI

[![ipa-server web gui](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ipa-server-web-gui-300x276.jpg "ipa-server web gui - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ipa-server-web-gui.jpg)

[![ipa-server web hosts](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ipa-server-web-hosts-300x93.jpg "ipa-server web hosts - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ipa-server-web-hosts.jpg)

That’s about setting up an Linux Lab yet home using virtualization softwares such as vmware & virtualbox setup Linux Lab yet home – installing and configuring IPA server

Thanks for the read. setup Linux Lab yet home – installing and configuring IPA server

Please write your valuable feedback.

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** 389 directory server installation, dns server, http server instalation, kerberos server installation, ldap server, ntp server installation, setup linux lab yet home, web server installation, YUM server installation

---

### [Red Hat Linux Certification Course for Free | Arkit](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

**Published:** March 12, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Are you trying to learn Linux, If YES you have to start by doing RHCSA and RHCE Certification which certifications designed in such way the basic learners can be turned as Linux Administrators. By completing this two International certifications you will get an decent idea about Linux and its environment. RHCE Certification Guide.

**Note:** Earning RHCSA and RHCE Certifications may not give you job but having certifications will add more value to your profile.

  This is an course offered by the Red Hat organisation, it is not an objective exam, it is an practical exam which we have to do it practically in exam centre.

[Red Hat Enterprise Linux Administrator](https://www.redhat.com/en/services/certification/rhcsa) (RHCSA) Course which will cover RH124 and RH134 books. In New version book EX200. RHCSA Exam will be 3.5 Hours and total marks for the exam is 300. Out of 300, pass marks are 210.

[Red Hat Certified Engineer Exam](https://www.redhat.com/en/services/training/ex200-red-hat-certified-system-administrator-rhcsa-exam?percmp=7015Y0000048OFsQAM) is also practical exam and the duration is 3.5 Hours. Total marks 300. Pass marks are 210.

## RHCSA and RHCE Certification Content in Detailed – Study Guide

Below table of content which guide you to earn RHCSA and RHCE certification. Follow one by one topic you can complete this within 30Days by your own.

S.NoTopic Description1[Introduction to course outline and certification](https://arkit.co.in/linux/introduction-to-linux/)2[Linux Architecture](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/02/architecture-linuxarchitecture-kernel.html)3[Linux Vs Windows](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/02/windows-vs-linux.html)4[Linux Directory Structure](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/08/linux-directory-structure.html)5[Installing VMWare work Station](https://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)6[Configuring virtual Network communication](https://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)7[Installing Linux Operating system using Installation media (DVD)](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-redhat-enterprise-linux-7/)8[Installing and configuring Lab Main Server / DNS / LDAP / Kerberos, Certificate Authority and 389 Directory Server](https://arkit.co.in/linux/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)9[Bash shell features](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/08/bash-features.html)10Managing files & directories11[Basic Commands ls, cp, mkdir, cat, rm and rmdir](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)12[Getting help from using command line (whatis, whereis, man, help, info, –help and pinfo)](https://arkit.co.in/getting-help-5-command-line-tools/)13[Editing Viewing of text files using nano](https://arkit.co.in/editing-viewing-text-files-using-nano-text-editor/)14[Linux Directory Structure](https://arkit.co.in/linux-directory-structure-changed-rhel7-fhs/)15Using visual editor & visual editor modified to edit files16[User Administration Creating, Modifying and Deleting](https://arkit.co.in/user-administration-creating-modifying-and-deleting-rhel-7/)17[Controlling services & daemons](https://arkit.co.in/centos/systemctl-command/)18[IPv4 Networking](https://arkit.co.in/nmcli-command-network-manager-command-line-tool-rhel-7/)19Installing and configuring SSH Server & Client20[Listing and managing processes](https://arkit.co.in/know-youre-ps-command-linux-right-way/)21Prioritise process22Analyse & storing logs23[Syslog Server & Client configuration](https://arkit.co.in/rsyslog-server/)24[Compressing files & directories (tar and zip)](https://arkit.co.in/linux/20-useful-tar-and-zip-commands/)25[Copying files & directories to remote servers](https://arkit.co.in/centos/15-scp-commands-securely-copy-files/)26Red Hat Package Manager27Installing and configuring Local Yellodog Updater, Modified28Installing and configuring FTP / HTTP Yellowdog Updater, Modified29[Managing network interfaces using nmcli utility](https://arkit.co.in/nmcli-command-network-manager-command-line-tool-rhel-7/)30[Searching files and directories](https://arkit.co.in/find-command-practical-examples-can-improve-skills/)31File & Directory links (Soft Links and Hard Links)32[Managing of physical storage – Creating Standard Partitions](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-file-system-successful/)33[Creating and Managing Logical Volume Manager](https://arkit.co.in/linux/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/)34XFS quota management35[Access Control List (ACL)](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/posix-access-control-list-acl/)36[Scheduling of future Linux tasks using at & Crontab](https://arkit.co.in/scheduling-cronjobs/)37[SeLinux Overview](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/selinux-security-enhance-linux/)38SeLinux Policy types, Listing policies and applying policies39[NFS Server and Client configuration](https://arkit.co.in/linux/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)40[Firewalld – configuring and managing rules](https://arkit.co.in/linux/firewalld-installation-configuration-rhel-7/)41[Securing the NFS using kerberos](https://arkit.co.in/linux/kerberized-nfs-server-linux/)42[Adding server as LDAP client](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/ldap-client-configuration/)43[Setting up LDAP users home directory](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/ldap-client-configuration/)44[Accessing the network storage using (CIFS) samba](https://arkit.co.in/linux/simple-way-create-manage-samba/)45[Samba Multi-user Access](https://arkit.co.in/linux/samba-share-multi-user-access/)46Using Virtualized systems47Creating virtual Machines48[Automated installation of Redhat Linux](https://arkit.co.in/linux/pxe-boot-server-configuration/)49Automated Installation using Kick start50[Explaining Linux booting process](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/)51[Recovering forgotten root password](https://arkit.co.in/linux/reset-root-user-password-rhel7/)52[Recovering forgotten root password method-2](https://arkit.co.in/linux/root-user-password-reset-rhel7/)53Fixing Partition Errors – using emergency mode54[Managing daemons and services](https://arkit.co.in/centos/systemctl-command/)55[MariaDB Installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)56[Using regular expressions with grep](https://arkit.co.in/linux/practical-grep-command-tricks/)57[Installation & configuration of DHCP Server – reserving IP address](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-mac-binding/)58[DNS master server zones installation & configuration](https://arkit.co.in/linux/master-dns-configuration/)59[Installing and Configuring the Web / Httpd/ Apache Server](https://arkit.co.in/linux/web-server-installation/)60Configuring virtual web server61[Making secure web server (https) ssl enabled web server](https://arkit.co.in/linux/secure-web-server/)62WSGI script enabled web server63Networking IPv6 assigning IPv6 Address64[Time synchronising using NTP server and client](https://arkit.co.in/linux/configure-ntp/)65Configure a system to forward all email to a central mail server66[Install and configure MariaDB](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)67Backup and restore a database68Create a simple database schema69Perform simple SQL queries against a database70[Configure a system as either an iSCSI target or initiator that persistently mounts an iSCSI target](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2016/03/providing-remote-block-storage-rhel-7.html)71[Use network teaming or bonding to configure aggregated network links between two Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhel7-how-to-configure-nic-teaming/)

RHCSA and RHCE Certification RHCSA and RHCE Certification

[Please comment your valuable feedback.](http://bit.ly/1otzsaC)

RHCSA and RHCE Certification RHCSA and RHCE Certification RHCSA and RHCE Certification RHCSA and RHCE Certification

**Related Articles**

[RHCSA Certification Complete Road Map](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-certification-complete-road-map/)

[25 Basic Linux Commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** RHCE, RHCE course content, RHCE online training, RHCE syllabus, RHCSA, RHCSA course content, RHCSA online training, RHCSA syllabus, RHEL7 Course

---

### [RHEL7 how to configure NIC Teaming as Active Backup (Failover)](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7-how-to-configure-nic-teaming/)

**Published:** March 18, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

The Linux NIC teaming driver provides a method for aggregating multiple network interfaces into a single “Team” interface. The behavior of the team interfaces depends upon the runner configuration. Generally teaming supports below methods.

## NIC Teaming will support

1. Round robin NIC Teaming
2. Load balancing NIC Teaming
3. Fail-over NIC Teaming
4. Broadcast NIC Teaming

Naming convention of Red Hat Enterprise Linux as, On board LAN card naming em0, em1…..etc. Additional LAN card naming if it is a 4 port NIC card p1p1, p1p2, p1p3 and p1p4 (p1 = Slot1 p1-4=Port)

  The key reasons why you might want to use teaming rather than bonding are

- Teaming has a small kernel module which implements fast handling of packets flowing through your teamed interfaces
- support for IPv6 (NS/NA) link monitoring
- Capable of working with D-Bus and Unix Domain Sockets (the default)
- It provides an extensible and scale-able solution for your teaming requirements
- load balancing for LACP support
- It makes use of NetworkManager and its associates tools (the modern way) to manage your network connections

This article will provide a guide to configure NIC teaming in RHEL7.

NIC Teaming as Active Backup will provide you redundancy in case of any one of NIC is failed still end user can access services from server. We also call it has Fail-Over mechanism.

[![RHEL7 how to configure NIC Teaming as Active Backup (Failover)](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Nic-Teaming-Example-300x191.png "Nic Teaming Example - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Nic-Teaming-Example.png)

Required two NIC cards to configure NIC teaming.

Devices status as mentioned below

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection show
NAME  UUID  TYPE  DEVICE 
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli device status 
DEVICE  TYPE      STATE         CONNECTION 
ens33   ethernet  disconnected  --         
ens36   ethernet  disconnected  --6
```

## Creating teaming virtual interface

First we will create an master virtual teaming interface the we have to add other NIC cards as a slaves to teaming master. nmcli is the utility we have to use.

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection add type team con-name team0 ifname team0 config '{"runner": {"name": "activebackup"}}'
Connection 'team0' (28a9e70b-8a8f-4354-a4ec-5cfac6577589) successfully added.
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection show 
NAME   UUID                                  TYPE  DEVICE 
team0  28a9e70b-8a8f-4354-a4ec-5cfac6577589  team  team0
```

## Provide IP address to team0 virtual interface

Now we have to configure an IP address, Gateway and DNS to team0 interface to communicate and add slave interface to team0

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection modify team0 ipv4.addresses 192.168.4.50/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.4.2 ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8 connection.autoconnect yes ipv4.method manual
```

## Add slave interfaces to Master team interface

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection add type team-slave con-name team0-port1 ifname ens33 master team0 
Connection 'team0-port1' (8ca9c28b-bbbc-458f-94fa-56b2f607864f) successfully added.
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection add type team-slave con-name team0-port2 ifname ens36 master team0 
Connection 'team0-port2' (6e57d69e-44d3-4d12-8e6d-dc6e70189800) successfully added
```

team0 master interface is created and added slave interfaces to master.

## Verifying Master and Slave interfaces

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection show 
NAME         UUID                                  TYPE            DEVICE 
team0-port2  6e57d69e-44d3-4d12-8e6d-dc6e70189800  802-3-ethernet  ens36  
team0-port1  8ca9c28b-bbbc-458f-94fa-56b2f607864f  802-3-ethernet  ens33  
team0        28a9e70b-8a8f-4354-a4ec-5cfac6577589  team            team0  
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli device status
DEVICE  TYPE      STATE         CONNECTION  
ens33   ethernet  connected     team0-port1 
ens36   ethernet  connected     team0-port2 
team0   team      connected     team0
```

## Activate teaming interface

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection down team0
Connection 'team0' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0)

[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli connection up team0
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)
```

## Check functionality of Active-Backup Teaming

We can check active and backup teaming functionality using below command. NIC Teaming

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# teamdctl team0 state
setup:
  runner: activebackup
ports:
  ens33
    link watches:
      link summary: up
      instance[link_watch_0]:
        name: ethtool
        link: up
  ens36
    link watches:
      link summary: up
      instance[link_watch_0]:
        name: ethtool
        link: up
runner:
  active port: ens33
```

as shown above active port is ens33. Now bring down the ens33 and see

```
[root@Techtutorial ~]# nmcli device disconnect ens33
Device 'ens33' successfully disconnected.
[root@Techtutorial ~]# teamdctl team0 state
setup:
  runner: activebackup
ports:
  ens36
    link watches:
      link summary: up
      instance[link_watch_0]:
        name: ethtool
        link: up
runner:
  active port: ens36
```

as soon as we disconnect / bring down one NIC card other backup NIC will activate automatically with in Milli seconds.

That’s it..!! NIC Teaming with active backup runner configured and working.

Please provide your review on the same.

## Related Articles

[tmpwatch Command Linux](https://arkit.co.in/tmpwatch-tool-is-analyze-and-recursively-delete-files/)

[Recover Deleted Files RHEL 6](https://arkit.co.in/recover-deleted-files-in-rhel-6/)

[Linux Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/linux-interview-questions-and-answers/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** bonding in RHEL7, NIC Teaming, RHCE, RHEL7 NIC Teaming, Teaming configuration in RHEL7

---

### [Howto add LUN to Linux server from NetApp | ArkIT](https://arkit.co.in/add-lun-to-linux-server-from-netapp/)

**Published:** February 23, 2026
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article your going to learn how to add new LUN in Linux from Netapp storage to increase/extend existing volume group space and logical volume space. Assuming you already created a volume and LUN in Netapp Cluster mode and mapped to Linux host using igroup with FC WWN.

## Check Existing Disk space

Existing disk space for /d02 mount point is mentioned below, Your going to increase this disk space by 50GB

  ```
[user1@oracle-production ~]$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VGD2-D02 394G 337G 38G 90% /d02
```

## Detect New LUNs in Linux

Check the status before you echo scan for new LUN in linux. As per command output you could see one lun which is 400GB exists with multiple paths. sanlun lun show command only works with Netapp utility

```
[user1@oracle-production ~]$ sudo -s
[root@oracle-production ~]# sanlun lun show
controller(7mode)/ device host lun
vserver(Cmode) lun-pathname filename adapter protocol size mode
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdf host7 FCP 400.0g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdk host7 FCP 400.0g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdp host8 FCP 400.0g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdu host8 FCP 400.0g C
```

## Scan Linux for New LUNs

Using below command you can scan for newly added FC Luns

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/ | while read host ; do echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/$host/scan ; done
[root@oracle-production ~]# sanlun lun show
controller(7mode)/ device host lun
vserver(Cmode) lun-pathname filename adapter protocol size mode
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02_1 /dev/sdy host7 FCP 100g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02_1 /dev/sdz host7 FCP 100g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02_1 /dev/sdab host8 FCP 100g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02_1 /dev/sdaa host8 FCP 100g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdf host7 FCP 400.0g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdk host7 FCP 400.0g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdp host8 FCP 400.0g C
SVM_NETAPP /vol/ORACLE_PRODUCTION/VG_D02 /dev/sdu host8 FCP 400.0g C
```

Let’s check multipath WW ID for configuring friendly name for paths

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# multipath -ll

mpath14 (4600a09803840357a545b483562736631) dm-21 NETAPP,LUN C-Mode
[size=100G][features=3 queue_if_no_path pg_init_retries 50][hwhandler=0][rw]
\_ round-robin 0 [prio=4][active]
\_ 7:0:3:4 sdz 65:144 [active][ready]
\_ 8:0:1:4 sdab 65:176 [active][ready]
\_ round-robin 0 [prio=1][enabled]
\_ 7:0:2:4 sdy 65:128 [active][ready]
\_ 8:0:0:4 sdaa 65:160 [active][ready]
```

Edit /etc/multipath.conf file and add mpath definition (Example: below)

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# vi /etc/multipath.conf

multipath {
wwid 4600a09803840357a545b483562736631
alias NETAPP-DB02-1
path_grouping_policy failover
}
:wq
```

Check modification of friendly name took effect

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# multipath -v2
4600a09803840357a545b483562736631: rename mpath14 to NETAPP-DB02-1
: NETAPP-DB02-1 (4600a09803840357a545b483562736631) NETAPP,LUN C-Mode
[size=100G][features=3 queue_if_no_path pg_init_retries 50][hwhandler=0][n/a]

...Output Truncated
```

Verify device mapper path, you could able to see new path

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# ls -al /dev/mapper/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 500 Mar 5 23:35 .
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 5840 Mar 5 23:35 ..
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 21 Mar 5 23:26 NETAPP-DB02-1
```

## How to Add New LUN in Linux – Create Partition using mpath

You can now go ahead and create new partition inside new LUN using fdisk. If LUN size is more than 2 TB Guide here

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# fdisk /dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x512b0d88

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-13054, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-13054, default 13054):
Using default value 13054

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x512b0d88

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1p1 1 13054 104856223+ 83 Linux

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x512b0d88

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1p1 1 13054 104856223+ 8e Linux LVM

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
```

Add partition information to Kernel update

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# kpartx -a /dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1
```

Create Physical Volume, Expand volume group and extend Logical volume

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# ls -al /dev/mapper/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 520 Mar 5 23:37 .
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 5860 Mar 5 23:37 ..
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 22 Mar 5 23:37 NETAPP-DB02-1p1
```

Creating PV and extend VG

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VGD2 1 1 0 wz--n- 400.02G 0
VG00 1 6 0 wz--n- 278.38G 160.97G

[root@oracle-production ~]# pvcreate /dev/mapper/NETAPP-DB02-1p1
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/mpath/NETAPP-DB02-1p1"
Physical volume "/dev/mpath/NETAPP-DB02-1p1" successfully created

[root@oracle-production ~]# vgextend VGD2 /dev/mpath/NETAPP-DB02-1p1
Volume group "VGD2" successfully extended

[root@oracle-production ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VGD2 2 1 0 wz--n- 500.01G 100.00G
VG00 1 6 0 wz--n- 278.38G 160.97G
```

Increase file system size and check final step. Syntax: lvextend -L SIZE LV-PATH

```
[root@oracle-production ~]# lvextend -L +50g /dev/VGD2/D02
Extending logical volume D02 to 450.02 GB
Logical volume D02 successfully resized

[root@oracle-production ~]# resize2fs /dev/VGD2/D02
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/VGD2/D02 is mounted on /d02; on-line resizing required
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/VGD2/D02 to 117968896 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/VGD2/D02 is now 117968896 blocks long.

[root@oracle-production ~]# df -h /d02
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VGD2-D02 443G 337G 85G 80% /d02
```

That’s it. Add New LUN in Linux and extend File system size

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** lun

---

### [openLDAP server installation and configuration step by step - RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/openldap-server-installation-configuration/)

**Published:** March 19, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

openLDAP directory service is based on a client-server model. LDAP transferred ***“Lightweight directory access protocol”*** is a directory service protocol that runs on a layer above the TCP/IP stack. It provides a mechanism used to connect to, search, and modify Internet directories. The LDAP directory service is based on a client-server model. OpenLDAP Server installation

openLDAP is used to facilitate centralized user management. It eliminates users creation on each and every server, instead of creating users and there profile in all the servers we can create them in LDAP server and access from all the LDAP client machines.

  ## Few advantages of openLDAP

- Global naming model ensures unique entries
- Allows for multiple independent directories
- Extensible to meet future/local requirements
- Runs directly over TCP/IP and SSL
- Has broad industry support
- Based on existing deployed technologies
- Schema definitions
- Schema publication
- Security features
- Extended operation framework
- Dynamic and pages search extensions

This tutorial will explain how to install and configure openLDAP server and it’s configuration with user home directory auto mount using NFS autofs

Please observe step by step and modify your requirements accordingly

Let’s start the configuration

Requirements – RHEL7/Centos 7 with minimal installation OR GUI installation is enough

Tested Centos7, RHEL7, RHEL7.1 and RHEL7.2 versions

## Server Profile :-

- **Packages :** openldap, migrationtools
- **Port Number:** 389, 636

## Step 1: Installing LDAP packages using yum

```
[root@ark-ldapserver ~]# yum -y install *openldap* migrationtools

```

generating LDAP admin password

```
[root@ark-ldapserver ~]# slappasswd
New password: 
Re-enter new password: 
{SSHA}KczPx+72Gz5W4Tv58EgT8beoPsuxkekO
```

as shown in above ***slappasswd*** command will generate an password with encryption, please copy above encrypted password and keep it safe this password we are going to use in further configuration

add the generated password to below file and change ***olcSuffix*** olcRootDN olcRootPW and add key file location as shown in below (**bold ones have to modify**)

```
[root@ark-ldapserver ~]# cd /etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn\=config/
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# vi olcDatabase\=\{2\}hdb.ldif 
# AUTO-GENERATED FILE - DO NOT EDIT!! Use ldapmodify.
# CRC32 5514a54b
dn: olcDatabase={2}hdb
objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig
objectClass: olcHdbConfig
olcDatabase: {2}hdb
olcDbDirectory: /var/lib/ldap
olcSuffix: dc=arkit,dc=co.in
olcRootDN: cn=Manager,dc=arkit,dc=co.in
olcDbIndex: objectClass eq,pres
olcDbIndex: ou,cn,mail,surname,givenname eq,pres,sub
structuralObjectClass: olcHdbConfig
entryUUID: 7ffd78be-8216-1035-9daa-e3230d8ea492
creatorsName: cn=config
createTimestamp: 20160319120438Z
entryCSN: 20160319120438.887404Z#000000#000#000000
modifiersName: cn=config
modifyTimestamp: 20160319120438Z
olcRootPW: {SSHA}KczPx+72Gz5W4Tv58EgT8beoPsuxkekO
olcTLSCertificateFile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/arkitldap.pem
olcTLSCertificateKeyFile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/arkitkey.pem
```

Now edit the file monitor.ldif and add modify dc=my-domain,dc=com to your domain as shown in below

```
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# vi olcDatabase\=\{1\}monitor.ldif 
# AUTO-GENERATED FILE - DO NOT EDIT!! Use ldapmodify.
# CRC32 3eb2863a
dn: olcDatabase={1}monitor
objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig
olcDatabase: {1}monitor
olcAccess: {0}to * by dn.base="gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external
 ,cn=auth" read by dn.base="cn=Manager,dc=arkit,dc=co.in" read by * none
structuralObjectClass: olcDatabaseConfig
entryUUID: 7ffd68a6-8216-1035-9da9-e3230d8ea492
creatorsName: cn=config
createTimestamp: 20160319120438Z
entryCSN: 20160319120438.886990Z#000000#000#000000
modifiersName: cn=config
modifyTimestamp: 20160319120438Z
```

Test your LDAP configuration using below command, you may see few checksum errors no problem don’t bother

```
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# slaptest -u
56ed4143 ldif_read_file: checksum error on "/etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config/olcDatabase={1}monitor.ldif"
56ed4143 ldif_read_file: checksum error on "/etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config/olcDatabase={2}hdb.ldif"
config file testing succeeded
```

## Step 2: Start LDAP server slapd.service

use below command to start and enable the service to start after the server reboot

```
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# systemctl enable slapd.service
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/slapd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/slapd.service'

[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# systemctl start slapd.service

[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# netstat -lt |grep ldap
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ldap 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ldap [::]:* LISTEN
```

## Step 3: Generate certificate

generating x509 certificate for 365 days

```
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/arkitldap.pem -keyout /etc/pki/tls/certs/arkitkey.pem -days 365
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
..................+++
.................................................................................................................................+++
writing new private key to '/etc/pki/tls/certs/arkitkey.pem'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:IN
State or Province Name (full name) []:Telangana
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Hyderabad
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:arkit
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:IT
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ark-ldapserver
Email Address []:
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]#
```

as mentioned above you can give the details are else just hit enter in all the fields. verify your certificate files by listing directory, key file names should match exactly with Step 1 configuration

```
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# ll /etc/pki/tls/certs/
total 20
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1704 Mar 19 17:42 arkitkey.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1330 Mar 19 17:42 arkitldap.pem
```

## Step 4: Change migration config

Go to directory path as mentioned below and edit the file ***migrate\_common.ph*** file add few entries as shown in below screen

```
[root@ark-ldapserver cn=config]# cd /usr/share/migrationtools/
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# vi migrete_common.ph 

$DEFAULT_MAIL_DOMAIN = "arkit.co.in";
$DEFAULT_BASE = "dc=arkit,dc=co.in";
$EXTENDED_SCHEMA = 1;
```

## Step 5: Creating openLDAP database file

Now we just create an openLDAP database with file extension as .ldif

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# touch /root/base.ldif

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# cat /root/base.ldif
dn: dc=arkit,dc=co.in
objectClass: top
objectClass: dcObject
objectclass: organization
o: arkit co.in
dc: arkit

dn: cn=Manager,dc=arkit,dc=co.in
objectClass: organizationalRole
cn: Manager
description: Directory Manager

dn: ou=People,dc=arkit,dc=co.in
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: People

dn: ou=Group,dc=arkit,dc=co.in
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: Group
```

## Step 6: Creating users and groups

Create normal Linux users along with there primary groups

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# useradd ldapuser1
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# useradd ldapuser2
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# useradd ldapuser3
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# passwd ldapuser1
Changing password for user ldapuser1.
New password: 
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# passwd ldapuser2
Changing password for user ldapuser2.
New password: 
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# passwd ldapuser3
Changing password for user ldapuser3.
New password: 
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
```

now gather all the users and groups information to separate files

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ldapuser > /root/password
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# cat /root/password
ldapuser1:x:1001:1001::/home/ldapuser1:/bin/bash
ldapuser2:x:1002:1002::/home/ldapuser2:/bin/bash
ldapuser3:x:1003:1003::/home/ldapuser3:/bin/bash

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# cat /etc/group |grep ldapuser > /root/groups
```

after that migrate your local users as openLDAP users

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# ./migrate_passwd.pl /root/password /root/users.ldif
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# ./migrate_group.pl /root/groups /root/groups.ldif
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# ldapadd -x -W -D "cn=Manager,dc=arkit,dc=co.in" -f /root/base.ldif 
Enter LDAP Password: 
adding new entry "dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
adding new entry "cn=Manager,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
adding new entry "ou=People,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
adding new entry "ou=Group,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# ldapadd -x -W -D "cn=Manager,dc=arkit,dc=co.in" -f /root/users.ldif 
Enter LDAP Password: 
adding new entry "uid=ldapuser1,ou=People,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
adding new entry "uid=ldapuser2,ou=People,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
adding new entry "uid=ldapuser3,ou=People,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# ldapadd -x -W -D "cn=Manager,dc=arkit,dc=co.in" -f /root/groups.ldif 
Enter LDAP Password: 
adding new entry "cn=ldapuser1,ou=Group,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
adding new entry "cn=ldapuser2,ou=Group,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
adding new entry "cn=ldapuser3,ou=Group,dc=arkit,dc=co.in"
```

Verify the users using below command

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# ldapsearch -x cn=ldapuser3 -b dc=arkit,dc=co.in
```

## Step 7: Allow firewall ports

we have to allow ldap and ldaps port numbers

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ldap
success
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ldaps
success
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# firewall-cmd --reload 
success
```

That’s about openLDAP server configuration now we will see how to export LDAP users home directories

## Step 8: Install NFS util packages

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# yum -y install rpcbind nfs-utils
```

Enable and start the NFS service

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# systemctl enable nfs-server.service 
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nfs-server.service'

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# systemctl start nfs-server.service
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# systemctl enable rpcbind

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# systemctl start rpcbind
```

configure NFS export

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# vi /etc/exports
/home *(rw,sync)

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# systemctl restart nfs-server.service 
```

Enable NFS and it’s supported Firewall ports

```
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=nfs
success
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=rpc-bind
success
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=mountd
success
[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# firewall-cmd --reload
success

[root@ark-ldapserver migrationtools]# showmount -e localhost
Export list for localhost:
/home *.arkit.co.in
 
[root@ark-ldapserver ~]# chmod 777 /home
[root@ark-ldapserver ~]# systemctl restart slapd.service

[root@ark-ldapserver ~]# systemctl status slapd.service
```

That’s it about openLDAP server configuration OpenLDAP Server installation OpenLDAP Server installation OpenLDAP Server installation OpenLDAP Server installation OpenLDAP Server installation OpenLDAP Server installation OpenLDAP Server installation

## [See Client side configuration](http://arkit.co.in/linux/ldap-client-configuration/)

Please write your valuable feedback about this article..

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** LDAP server installation, LDAP server installation and configuration, openLDAP RHEL7

---

### [LDAP client configuration with autofs home directories](https://arkit.co.in/ldap-client-configuration/)

**Published:** March 19, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

[openLDAP Server installation and configuration step by step guide](http://arkit.co.in/linux/openldap-server-installation-configuration/) LDAP client. Autofs is an excellent feature/service to mount to remote NFS shares automatically without running mount command, even from normal users who do not require to have mount command permissions.

## LDAP Client configuration

first, install required packages, in this article we will see how to configure LDAP client using CLI interface and GUI Interface

  ```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# yum install -y openldap-clients nss-pam-ldapd sssd authconfig-gtk
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# yum install nfs-utils rpcbind autofs
```

## Using GUI mode

install above packages then enter the command “***system-config-authentication***“

[![ldap client](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ldap-client-300x291.jpg "ldap client - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ldap-client.jpg)

## Using CLI mode

type command “***authconfig-tui***“

[![ldap client](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ldap-client-CLI-1-300x135.jpg "ldap client CLI 1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ldap-client-CLI-1.jpg)

Select \[\*\] Use LDAP

select \[\*\] Use LDAP Authentication

click **Next**

[![ldap client](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ldap-client-CLI-2-300x113.jpg "ldap client CLI 2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ldap-client-CLI-2.jpg)

provide the ldap server details as shown above and click ok

verify the ldap user information using below command

```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# getent passwd ldapuser1
ldapuser1:*:1001:1001:ldapuser1:/home/ldapuser1:/bin/bash
```

as you see below there is no home directory for ldapuser1

```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# su - ldapuser1
su: warning: cannot change directory to /home/ldapuser1: No such file or directory
-bash-4.2$
```

Now mount user home directory using autofs

edit autofs master configuration file add entry

```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# vim /etc/auto.master
#
# Sample auto.master file
# This is a 'master' automounter map and it has the following format:
# mount-point [map-type[,format]:]map [options]
# For details of the format look at auto.master(5).
#
/misc /etc/auto.misc
/home /etc/auto.ldapuser
```

now create /etc/auto.ldapuser file and add the entry for autofs mount

```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# cat /etc/auto.ldapuser
* -rw 192.168.4.15:/home/&
```

Now restart autofs service

```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# systemctl restart autofs
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# systemctl enable autofs
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/autofs.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/autofs.service'
```

login using ldapuser then verify you should get ldapuser home directory automatically

```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# su - ldapuser1
Last login: Sun Mar 20 00:02:00 IST 2016 on pts/0
[ldapuser1@ldapclient1 ~]$
```

That’s it your LDAP client is configured successfully with autofs home directory mount

Please provide your valuable feedback

**KeyWords:** LDAP client configuration, LDAP client home directories using autofs, autofs LDAP client home, LDAP client home directories using autofs, Linux LDAP client, RHEL7 LDAP client

[Configure LDAP Server](https://arkit.co.in/openldap-server-installation-configuration/)

[Wiki](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/4/html/System_Administration_Guide/Mounting_NFS_File_Systems-Mounting_NFS_File_Systems_using_autofs.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** LDAP client, RHEL7 LDAP client

---

### [PXE Boot server configuration step by step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/pxe-boot-server-configuration/)

**Published:** March 20, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**Preboot execution Environment** (PXE Boot, sometimes pronounced as pixie) specification describes a standardized client-server environment that boots a software assembly, retrieved from a network, on PXE-enabled clients. On the client side it requires only a PXE-capable network interface controller (NIC), and uses a small set of industry-standard network protocols such as DHCP and TFTP.

The concept behind the PXE originated in the early days of protocols like BOOTP/DHCP/TFTP, and as of 2015 it forms part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard. Given fast and reliable local area networks (LANs), PXE is the most frequent choice for operating system booting, installation and deployment.

  Assume if there is no PXE Boot server we have to have more OS CD/DVD’s to install multiple clients and require manual intervention to configure partitions, software packages users creation so an.

PXE Boot is very useful when we looking to re-image / install more clients yet a time.

Server OS – RHEL 7 / Centos 7

**Note:** Observe carefully and do not miss even single character of config files, which may result un-successful PXE Boot Server.

## PXE Boot Advantages :

1. No need to carry Installation media all the times
2. Less manual intervention required
3. No need to monitor installation process

Let’s see the procedure how to configure PXE Boot server

## Step 1: Assign static IP address to PXE Boot Server

using below command we can assign static IP address to server in RHEL7 / Centos 7

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# nmcli connection modify eno16777736 ipv4.addresses 192.168.4.13/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.4.2 ipv4.dns 192.168.4.12 ipv4.method manual connection.autoconnect yes
```

Bring down and bring up interface connection to reflect changes OR restart network service ***systemctl restart network.service***

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# nmcli connection show
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
eno16777736 c3d606c9-1e71-4c62-8280-7b2380d11b97 802-3-ethernet eno16777736

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# nmcli connection down eno16777736
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# ip a
```

## Step 2: Install FTP server and copy OS CD / DVD content to FTP path

mount the installation media to your server and copy the total content to FTP path

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /run/media/root/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# rpm -ivh /run/media/root/RHEL-7.1\ Server.x86_64/Packages/vsftpd-3.0.2-9.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cd /run/media/root/RHEL-7.1\ Server.x86_64/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cp -Rvf * /var/ftp/pub/

Now create an YUM server using copied packages

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# vim localyum.repo
[localyum]
name=local yum server
baseurl=file:///var/ftp/pub/
enable=1
gpgcheck=0

:wq  (Save & Exit)
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cd /var/ftp/pub/repodata/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cp 527a8b3063d516bd9d4cf33ebf5f8c5a0e83fecb48babbb9e84c7c573004b3f4-comps-Server.x86_64.xml /var/ftp/pub/comps-Server.x86_64.xml
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# rpm -ivh /var/ftp/pub/Packages/createrepo-0.9.9-23.el7.noarch.rpm
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# createrepo -vg /var/ftp/pub/comps-Server.x86_64.xml /var/ftp/pub/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# yum grouplist
```

## Step 3: Install and configure httpd / Apache / Web server

Install required packages and point the copied packages to web server default location. Permit SeLinux.

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# yum install httpd system-config-kickstart -y
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# ln -s /var/ftp/pub/ /var/www/html/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl restart vsftpd.service
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl status vsftpd.service
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl enable vsftpd.service
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl restart httpd.service
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl status httpd.service
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl enable httpd.service

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# restorecon -Rvf /var/www/html/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# restorecon -Rvf /var/ftp/pub/

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl restart vsftpd.service 
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl restart httpd.service
```

## Step 4: Generate unattended configuration file

To generate un-attended configuration file we have to use kickstart config tool

Required GUI to launch this tool

Login to your server using GUI support and run below command

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# system-config-kickstart
```

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/0-kickstart-configuration-0-300x248.jpg "0 kickstart configuration 0 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/0-kickstart-configuration-0.jpg)

as shown in above screen select system language, keyboard language and root password

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1-kickstart-configuration_installation-method-300x249.jpg "1 kickstart configuration_installation method - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1-kickstart-configuration_installation-method.jpg)

provide IP address and location of your DVD content path

[![PXE Boot](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2-kickstart-configuration_boot-loader-options-2-300x248.jpg "2 kickstart configuration_boot loader options 2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2-kickstart-configuration_boot-loader-options-2.jpg)

Select install new boot loader

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/3-kickstart-configuration_partition-Information-3-300x247.jpg "3 kickstart configuration_partition Information 3 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/3-kickstart-configuration_partition-Information-3.jpg)

Select **Clear Master boot Record** and Click on **Add**

[![PXE Boot server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/4-kickstart-configuration_create-partition-4-223x300.jpg "4 kickstart configuration_create partition 4 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/4-kickstart-configuration_create-partition-4.jpg)

Add paritions ” /, /boot and swap” by repeating Add button

[![PXE Boot Server network](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/5-kickstart-configuration_network-5-300x249.jpg "5 kickstart configuration_network 5 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/5-kickstart-configuration_network-5.jpg)

Click on **Add Network Device** and provide Network device name and Type

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/6-kickstart-configuration_authetication-6-300x247.jpg "6 kickstart configuration_authetication 6 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/6-kickstart-configuration_authetication-6.jpg)

Authentication tab no need select anything leave it as it is

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/7-kickstart-configuration_Firewall-7-300x246.jpg "7 kickstart configuration_Firewall 7 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/7-kickstart-configuration_Firewall-7.jpg)

Select the option if you want enable Firewall configuration after the client installation

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/8-Kick-Start-Display-configuration-300x180.jpg "8 Kick Start Display configuration - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/8-Kick-Start-Display-configuration.jpg)

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/9-Kick-Start-Package-Selection-300x182.jpg "9 Kick Start Package Selection - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/9-Kick-Start-Package-Selection.jpg)

in this GUI tool there is no option to include packages, we have to add them by manually

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/10-KickStart-Post-installation-Script-300x178.jpg "10 KickStart Post installation Script - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/10-KickStart-Post-installation-Script.jpg)

in Post installation Script if you want to execute any script after the installation you can include them

Save the file to /var/ftp/pub/ location

Now edit the configuration file and add packages list to that config file

we can make use of anaconda-ks.cfg file add blod characters to your ***/var/ftp/pub/auto.cfg*** file

```
[root@ldapclient1 pub]# vim /var/ftp/pub/auto.cfg

#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
#version=DEVEL
# Install OS instead of upgrade
install
# Keyboard layouts
keyboard 'us'# Reboot after installation
reboot
# Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $1$AWgTZ0t6$q/EdV2HgySO.sNxekJdEb.
# System timezone
timezone Asia/Kolkata
# Use network installation
url --url="http://192.168.4.13/pub"
# System language
lang en_US
# Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
# Network information
network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0
# System authorization information
auth --useshadow --passalgo=sha512
# Use graphical install
graphical
firstboot --disable
# SELinux configuration
selinux --enforcing

# System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
# Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all
# Disk partitioning information
part /boot --fstype="xfs" --size=200
part / --fstype="xfs" --size=10000
part swap --fstype="swap" --size=2000

%packages
@base
@compat-libraries
@core
@desktop-debugging
@dial-up
@fonts
@gnome-desktop
@guest-agents
@guest-desktop-agents
@input-methods
@internet-browser
@multimedia
@print-client
@x11
chrony
kexec-tools
kexec-tools

%end

%post
useradd ravi
echo "ravi" |passwd --studin redhat
%end
```

## Step 5: Install and configure tftp Server and DHCP server

Xinetd listens for incoming requests over a network and launches the appropriate service for that request

DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – to assign automatic IP address to PXE Boot client

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple, lockstep, File Transfer Protocol which allows a client to get from or put a file onto a remote host. One of its primary uses is in the early stages of nodes booting from a local area network. TFTP has been used for this application because it is very simple to implement

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# yum install syslinux xinetd tftp-server dhcp -y
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/
```

Enable TFTP service to run under the xinetd service

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cat /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
# default: off
# description: The tftp server serves files using the trivial file transfer \
# protocol. The tftp protocol is often used to boot diskless \
# workstations, download configuration files to network-aware printers, \
# and to start the installation process for some operating systems.
service tftp
{
 socket_type = dgram
 protocol = udp
 wait = yes
 user = root
 server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
 server_args = -s /var/lib/tftpboot
 disable = no
 per_source = 11
 cps = 100 2
 flags = IPv4
}

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl restart xinetd.service
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl enable xinetd.service
```

Configure the DHCP server, below mentioned configuration we have to modify in dhcp configuration file. (block and Bold characters)

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
cp: overwrite ‘/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf’? y

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
################################ DHCP SERVER CONFIG START ############################
# dhcpd.conf
#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
#
Allow booting;
Allow bootp;
authoritative;
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;

# Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
#ddns-update-style none;
# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;
# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;
# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.
subnet 10.152.187.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
}
# This is a very basic subnet declaration.
subnet 192.168.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 range 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.50;
 option routers 192.168.4.13;
 default-lease-time 21600;
 max-lease-time 43200;
}
# This declaration allows BOOTP clients to get dynamic addresses,
# which we don't really recommend.
subnet 192.168.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 range dynamic-bootp 192.168.4.101 192.168.4.200;
 option broadcast-address 192.168.4.255;
 option routers 192.168.4.13;
 option domain-name "arkit.co.in";
 option domain-name-servers 192.168.4.12;
 default-lease-time 21600;
 max-lease-time 43200;
 filename "pxelinux.0";
 next-server 192.168.4.13;
}
###################### DHCP SERVER CONFIG FILE ############################
```

Verify the dhcp configuration and restart the service

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# dhcpd configtest
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl restart dhcpd.service
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# systemctl status dhcpd.service
```

## Step 6: Configure boot menu and image for remote PXE Boot client

Configure and design the boot menu, this menu is visible yet the client side

```
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer ~]# cd /var/ftp/pub/images/pxeboot/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer pxeboot]# cp initrd.img vmlinuz /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer pxeboot]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/menu.c32 /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer isolinux]# cd /var/ftp/pub/isolinux/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer isolinux]# cp -rvf * /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer isolinux]# vim /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer isolinux]# cat /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
default vesamenu.c32
timeout 600
display boot.msg

menu background splash.jpg
menu title Welcome to the RHEL 7 PXE Installation!
label local

menu label boot from ^local drive
menu default
localboot 0xffff

label ws
menu label Unattend Installation of RHEL7
kernel vmlinuz
append biosdevname=0 ksdevice=link load_ramdisk=1 initrd=initrd.img network ks=http://192.168.4.13/pub/auto.cfg noipv6

label si
menu label RHEL 7 ^Standard Installation
kernel vmlinuz
append biosdevname=0 ksdevice=link load_ramdisk=1 initrd=initrd.img

[root@Ark-PXEBootServer isolinux]# systemctl restart xinetd
[root@Ark-PXEBootServer isolinux] systemctl status xinetd
```

## Step 7: Enable firewall ports

Enable ftp, dhcp, http, nfs and 4011 port from firewall

```
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ftp
success
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=tftp
success
[root@ldapclient1 ~]$ firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=dhcp
success
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=nfs
success
[root@ldapclient1 ~]$ firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=4011/tcp
success
[root@ldapclient1 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

That’s it. PXE Boot server is configured successfully

Go to Client and and boot the client using PXE

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Client-Side-DHCP-300x56.jpg "Client Side DHCP - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Client-Side-DHCP.jpg)

Client is getting the IP address from DHCP server

[![PXE Boot Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Client-side-Boot-menu-300x180.jpg "Client side Boot menu - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Client-side-Boot-menu.jpg)

Boot menu. Select the appropriate option and hit enter

Please write your valuable feedback

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** PXE Boot Server, PXE Boot Server configuration, RHEL7

---

### [Master DNS Configuration Linux Step by Step](https://arkit.co.in/master-dns-configuration-linux/)

**Published:** March 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

master DNS, Domain name system. DNS major role is to convert human readable domain names to machine known numbers (IP Address). World resource connected to the internet or a private network by decentralized naming system. Master DNS configuration Linux Step by Step Guide.

The Domain Name System delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to Internet resources by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Network administrators may delegate authority over sub-domains of their allocated name space to other name servers. This mechanism provides distributed and fault tolerant service and was designed to avoid a single large central database.

  Based on working method types of DNS are there, few are mentioned below

1. Primary / Master DNS
2. Slave DNS
3. Forwarding DNS
4. Caching DNS
5. Authoritative-Only DNS

## Primary / master DNS and Slave DNS Servers

Given the importance of DNS in making services and entire networks accessible, most DNS servers that are authoritative for a zone will have built-in redundancy. There are various terms for the relationships between these servers, but generally, a server can either be a master or a slave in its configuration.

Both master and slave servers are authoritative for the zones they handle. The master does not have any more power over the zones than the slave. The only differentiating factor between a master and a slave server is where they read their zone files from.

A master server reads its zone files from files on the system’s disk. These are usually where the zone administrator adds, edits, or transfers the original zone files.

The slave server receives the zones that it is authoritative for through a zone transfer from one of the master servers for the zone. Once it has these zones, it places them in a cache. If it has to restart, it first checks its cache to see if the zones inside are up-to-date. If not, it requests the updated information from the master server.

## Forwarding DNS Server

This approach adds an additional link in the chain of DNS resolution by implementing a forwarding server that simply passes all requests to another DNS server with recursive capabilities (such as a caching DNS server).

The advantage of this system is that it can give you the advantage of a locally accessible cache while not having to do the recursive work (which can result in additional network traffic and can take up substantial resources on high traffic servers). This can also lead to some interesting flexibility in splitting your private and public traffic by forwarding to different servers.

## Caching DNS Server

A caching DNS server is a server that handles recursive requests from clients. Almost every DNS server that the operating system’s stub resolver will contact will be a caching DNS server.

Caching servers have the advantage of answering recursive requests from clients. While authoritative-only servers may be ideal for serving specific zone information, caching DNS servers are more broadly useful from a client’s perspective. They make the DNS system of the world accessible to rather dumb client interfaces.

## Authoritative-Only DNS Server

An authoritative-only DNS server is a server that only concerns itself with answering the queries for the zones that it is responsible for. Since it does not help resolve queries for outside zones, it is generally very fast and can handle many requests efficiently.

## A Few DNS Records Master DNS Server RHEL 7

**A** = Address record
 **PTR** = Pointer record
 **NS** = Name service / server
 **MX** = Mail Exchanger
 **SOA** = State of Authority
 **CNAME** = Canonical name / Alias Name

## Master DNS Server Profile

- **Packages Required**  : bind\*
- **Version** : 9
- **Daemon** : named
- **Config File** : /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf /var/named/chroot/etc/named.rfc1912.zone
- **Default zone files location** : /var/named/chroot/var/named/
- **Port Number** : 53

```
# yum install bind* -y
```

First start named-chroot before named.service because it will generate config files

```
# systemctl start named-chroot.service
# systemctl start named.service
```

```
# vim /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf

options {
        listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; 192.168.4.128; };
        listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
        directory       "/var/named";
        dump-file       "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
        statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
        memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
        allow-query     { localhost; 192.168.4.0/24; };
```

(Default line number is 10-17) As shown above enter your DNS server IP address (which is your server address) and network address which network you want to provide DNS service.

Now edit zones configuration file

```
# vim /var/named/chroot/etc/named.rfc1912.zones

zone "arkit.com" IN {
        type master;
        file "arkit.for.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};

zone "4.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "arkit.rev.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};
```

as shown above copy the zone configuration lines (Default line numbers from 19 to 23) and paste there itself. copy the Reverse zone configuration line (Default line number 31 to 35) and paste there itself. Now modify the copied lines as per your requirement ( which are in pink color).

*zone “arkit.com” IN {* in this line whatever the domain name you would like to configure mention that

*file “arkit.for.zone”;* file name whatever the file name you want you can give

*zone “4.168.192.in-addr.arpa” IN {* in this line write your IP address in reverse way

*file “arkit.rev.zone”;* file name whatever the file name you would like.

Save configuration file and Exit

## Creating Zone files

Forward lookup zone – forward lookup zone will convert host name name to IP address

Reverse lookup zone – reverse lookup zone will convert IP address to host name

change directory path to /var/named/chroot/var/named/

copy the files as per the file names which we have mentioned in above zones configuration file

in this example

named.local –> arkit.for.zone

named.loopback –> arkit.rev.zone

```
# cd /var/named/chroot/var/named
# cp named.localhost arkit.for.zone
# cp named.loopback arkit.rev.zone
# vim arkit.for.zone 
$TTL 1D
@    IN SOA    techtutorial.arkit.com. root.techtutorial.arkit.com. (
                    0    ; serial
                    1D    ; refresh
                    1H    ; retry
                    1W    ; expire
                    3H )    ; minimum
```

```
 ;DNS Server Name Records
@       IN      NS      techtutorial.arkit.com.
@       IN      NS      slave.arkit.com.

  ;Name Servers Host name to IP
@       IN      A       192.168.4.128
@       IN      A       192.168.4.129

  ;Hosts in this domain records
@       IN      A       192.168.4.128
@       IN      A       192.168.4.129
techtutorial  IN      A       192.168.4.128
slave   IN      A       192.168.4.129
```

As shown in above configuration server.t*echtutorial.arkit.com.* – DNS Server Name and domain name

add NS record as DNS Server name and domain name (do not forgot to add (dot) yet end)

First A record will be your domain name and DNS server IP address

```
[root@Techtutorial named]# vim arkit.rev.zone 
$TTL 1D
@       IN SOA  techarkit.arkit.com root.techarkit.arkit.com. (
                                        0       ; serial
                                        1D      ; refresh
                                        1H      ; retry
                                        1W      ; expire
                                        3H )    ; minimum
  ;Name Servers
@       IN NS   techarkit.arkit.com.
@       IN NS   slave.arkit.com.
@       IN PTR  arkit.com.
  ;Name Servers Hostname to IP Address
@       IN      A       192.168.4.128
@       IN      A       192.168.4.129
  ;Domain records
128      PTR     techarkit.arkit.com.
129      PTR     slave.arkit.com.
```

**Note:** Even do not miss single (dot) which will not start your named service

## Master DNS configuration Linux Step by Step Guide

i have shown single host record as a example if you want to add more records add them

Now change the ownership of created files to named group

```
# chown root:named arkit.for.zone 
# chown root:named arkit.rev.zone
```

Add firewall rule to communicate DNS port out

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=dns
# firewall-cmd --reload
```

Now restart your named service.

```
# systemctl restart named.service 
# systemctl status named.service
```

Now go to client side and add DNS server IP to /etc/resolve.conf

```
[root@Techtutorial named]# vim /etc/resolve.conf
search arkit.com
domain arkit.com
nameserver 192.168.4.128
```

verify master dns server

```
# nslookup arkit.com
#dig arkit.com
#host 192.168.4.128
#dig -x 192.168.4.128
```

That’s about installing and configuring the master DNS server.

### Please comment your valuable feedback

## Related Topics

**[Network Manager Command Line Interface nmcli](https://arkit.co.in/nmcli-command-network-manager-command-line-tool-rhel-7/)**

**[15 Scp commands to securely copy files from one Server to another Server](https://arkit.co.in/15-scp-commands-securely-copy-files/)**

**[SELinux Security](https://arkit.co.in/selinux-security-enhance-linux/)**

**[Linux Boot Process RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** dns configuration rhel7, master dns rhel7

---

### [DHCP server installation and configuration Linux](https://arkit.co.in/dhcp-server-rhel7/)

**Published:** March 24, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

DHCP server : Dynamic host configuration protocol is a Client/Server protocol which will automatically provide IP address to the requested client. Not only IP address along with IP it will also provide subnet mask, default gateway and [DNS](http://arkit.co.in/linux/master-dns-configuration/) IP address.

Every device on a TCP/IP-based network must have a unique unicast IP address to access the network and its resources. Without DHCP, IP addresses for new computers or computers that are moved from one subnet to another must be configured manually; IP addresses for computers that are removed from the network must be manually reclaimed.
 With DHCP, this entire process is automated and managed centrally. The DHCP server maintains a pool of IP addresses and leases an address to any DHCP-enabled client when it starts up on the network. Because the IP addresses are dynamic (leased) rather than static (permanently assigned), addresses no longer in use are automatically returned to the pool for reallocation.

  Server will provide a automatic IP address using DORA process which means, D=Discovery, O=Offer, R-REquest and A=Ackowledgement see detailed explanation about each one.

**Discovery**
 The client broadcasts messages on the network subnet using the destination address 255.255.255.255 or the specific subnet broadcast address. A DHCP client may also request its last-known IP address. If the client remains connected to the same network, the server may grant the request. Otherwise, it depends whether the server is set up as authoritative or not.

**Offer**
DHCP server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message from a client, which is an IP address lease request, the server reserves an IP address for the client and makes a lease offer by sending a DHCPOFFER message to the client. This message contains the client’s MAC address, the IP address that the server is offering, the subnet mask, the lease duration, and the IP address of the DHCP server making the offer.

**Request**
 In response to the DHCP offer, the client replies with a DHCP request, broadcast to the server, requesting the offered address. A client can receive DHCP offers from multiple servers, but it will accept only one DHCP offer. Based on required server identification option in the request and broadcast messaging, servers are informed whose offer the client has accepted. When other DHCP servers receive this message, they withdraw any offers that they might have made to the client and return the offered address to the pool of available addresses.

**Acknowledgement**
 When the DHCP server receives the DHCPREQUEST message from the client, the configuration process enters its final phase. The acknowledgement phase involves sending a DHCPACK packet to the client. This packet includes the lease duration and any other configuration information that the client might have requested. At this point, the IP configuration process is completed.

> 

while providing the permanent IP address to the DHCP client it will collect its MAC address. Provided IP address will not changed until DHCP server lease time expires.

## **DHCP Server Profile**

Packages : dhcp\*
 Service : dhcpd.service
 Config file : /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
 Port Number: 67

Installing DHCP server required packages using yum

```
[root@mail ~]# yum install dhcp*
[root@mail ~]# systemctl enable dhcpd.service
[root@mail ~]# systemctl start dhcpd.service
Job for dhcpd.service failed. See 'systemctl status dhcpd.service' and 'journalctl -xn' for details.
```

you may receive above error some times don’t worry after we set and DHCP server configuration restart service will work normally

```
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=dhcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

Copy the sample configuration file to main configuration file. Default DHCP server configuration will not contain anything (empty)

```
[root@mail ~]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf 
cp: overwrite ‘/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf’? y
```

Now edit the config file /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

```
[root@mail ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
Default Line number 48
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 range 192.168.4.10 192.168.4.254;
 option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
 option domain-name "arkit.co.in";
 option routers 192.168.4.2;
 option broadcast-address 192.168.4.255;
 default-lease-time 600;
 max-lease-time 7200;
}
```

As shown in above we have to change subnet IP netmask IP add your domain name, routers IP (default gateway) broadcast IP address.

After that restart the dhcpd service

```
[root@mail ~]# systemctl restart dhcpd.service 
[root@mail ~]# systemctl status dhcpd.service 
dhcpd.service - DHCPv4 Server Daemon
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service; disabled)
 Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-03-24 23:39:19 IST; 5s ago
```

dhcp server configuration verification we can verify the config file using below command, will tell you where is the configuration went wrong

```
[root@mail ~]# dhcpd configtest
```

that’s for server side.

Go to client and test whether your getting same series IP address.

Stay tune for mac binding / reserving static IP to particular server

[Please provide your valuable feedback](http://bit.ly/1otzsaC)

# :: Related Topics ::

[PXE Boot server configuration](http://arkit.co.in/linux/pxe-boot-server-configuration/)

[DNS Server installation and configuration](http://arkit.co.in/linux/master-dns-configuration/)

[LDAP Server installation and configuration](http://arkit.co.in/linux/openldap-server-installation-configuration/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** DHCP server, DHCP server in RHEL7

---

### [Configuring MAC binding in DHCP Server](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-mac-binding/)

**Published:** March 25, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

configuring MAC binding in DHCP server means permanently assigning static Internet protocol (IP) to the DHCP client using client MAC address.

We don’t want to give automatic IP address to servers, which are service providers. As a example if a NFS or Samba Server IP got changed automatically after a reboot are Network restart then all client who are acessing NFS and Samba shares can’t be accessible using old IP address each and every time we have to intimate to the employees if server IP address changed. Not only about accessing the NFS and Samba shares some of the shares maybe used for hosting of application. Hot coded links in HTML/PHP intranets all things get effected due an single IP address change.

  Our goal is to set static IP address to DHCP client (server) using DHCP server configuration, which is called as ***configuring MAC binding***

first step is to configure DHCP server, please refer below link

## [DHCP server installation and configuration Step by Step Guide](http://arkit.co.in/linux/dhcp-server-rhel7/)

## Configuring MAC binding

after configuring the DHCP server restart the service and verify status

```
[root@mail ~]# systemctl restart dhcpd.service 
[root@mail ~]# systemctl status dhcpd.service
```

collect client machine MAC address simple trick, ping to all the clients which you want configure MAC binding then run *\# arp -a* command

```
[root@mail ~]# ping 192.168.4.12
PING 192.168.4.12 (192.168.4.12) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.4.12: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.290 ms
^C
--- 192.168.4.12 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1000ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.290/0.323/0.356/0.033 ms
[root@mail ~]# arp -a
? (192.168.4.2) at 00:50e:56:ee:4e:e2 [ether] on eno16777736
```

Edit the configuration and change as required

```
[root@mail ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

host nfsserver {
 hardware ethernet 00:50e:56:ee:4e:e2;
 fixed-address 192.168.4.12;
}
```

as shown above we have to add host short name MAC address and host IP address.

If you want to configure MAC binding for 50 servers then copy the same line and paste below 50 times and change there MAC address, hostname and IP address accordingly.

test configuration file before restarting DHCP server

```
[root@mail ~]# dhcpd configtest
Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Server 4.2.5
Copyright 2004-2013 Internet Systems Consortium.
All rights reserved.
```

restart DHCP service

```
[root@mail ~]# systemctl restart dhcpd.service 
[root@mail ~]# systemctl status dhcpd.service
```

That’s it restart network services in client and verify specified IP address it will get. If you restart 100 times also you will get same IP address from DHCP lease.

### Please provide your valuable comments

## Related Articles

[DHCP Server Installation and configuration RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/dhcp-server-rhel7/)

[PXE Boot Server Installation RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/pxe-boot-server-configuration/)

[Linux Lab at Home](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)

[Linux Video Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnizxsO2VXYmO9I2YwRTzQ)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** assigning permanent IP address to DHCP client, MAC binding

---

### [Zimbra mail server installation and configuration RHEL7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/zimbra-mail-server-installation-rhel7/)

**Published:** March 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Zimbra mail server is an free email server for open source users, which will provide calendar and collaboration solution. Zimbra mail server has GUI interface to manage administrator console.

The Zimbra Collaboration includes the Zimbra MTA, the Zimbra LDAP server, and the Zimbra mailbox server. In a single-server installation, all components are installed on one server and require no additional manual configuration. This installation guide is a quick start guide that describes the basic steps needed to install and configure Zimbra Collaboration in a direct network connect environment. In this environment, the Zimbra server is assigned a domain for which it receives mail, and a direct network connection to the Internet. When Zimbra Collaboration is installed, you will be able to log on to the Zimbra administration console to manage the domain and provision accounts.

  In this tutorial / article we will explain how to install and configure zimbra mail server in RHEL 7.x / Centos 7.x. Before going to install we have to complete prerequisites as mentioned below.

1. Stop sendmail and postfix
2. Add MX record in DNS
3. Add A (Authoritative Record) in Forward and reverse lookup zones
4. Add entry in /etc/hosts
5. Enable ports in zimbra mail server

## Stop sendmail and postfix services to stop port conflict with zimbra

Stop postfix and sendmail services to avoid port conflicts. Mask the service so that if anybody unfortunately try to start also service will not start.

```
[root@mail ~]# systemctl stop postfix.service
[root@mail ~]# systemctl stop sendmail
[root@mail ~]# systemctl mask postfix.service
[root@mail ~]# systemctl mask sendmail
```

## Adding MX Record in IPA Server DNS

```
[root@ipaserver ~]# kinit admin
[root@ipaserver ~]# ipa dnsrecord-add arkit.co.in @ --mx-rec="9 mail.arkit.co.in."
[root@ipaserver ~]# dig mail.arkit.co.in MX
```

## [Adding A and PTR records in DNS](http://arkit.co.in/master-dns-configuration/)

Edit your DNS zone configuration files and add entry like mentioned below

```
1w MX 9 mail.arkit.co.in.
```

## Adding /etc/hosts entry

```
[root@mail ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
192.168.4.29 mail.arkit.co.in mail
```

## Enabling Firewall ports for zimbra mail server communication

- Zimbra Port Mapping Port
- Remote Queue Manager 22
- Postfix 25
- HTTP 80
- POP3 110
- IMAP 143
- LDAP 389
- HTTPS 443
- Mailboxd IMAP SSL 993
- Mailboxd POP SSL 995
- Mailboxd LMTP 7025

```
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ldap
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=22/tcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=25/tcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=110/tcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=143/tcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=993/tcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=995/tcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=7025/tcp
success
[root@mail ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

## Now let’s install required packages by zimbra mail server

```
[root@mail ~]# yum install nc*
[root@mail ~]# yum install wget* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install nano* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install make* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install sudo* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install sysstat* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install libtool* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install glibc* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install perl* -y
[root@mail ~]# yum install ntp* -y
```

## [Download](https://www.zimbra.com/product/download/) zimbra mail server installation package

## Installation process….

```
[root@mail ~]# tar -xvf zcs-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64.20141215151110.tgz 
[root@mail ~]# cd zcs-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64.20141215151110/
[root@mail zcs-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64.20141215151110]# ./install.sh 
Operations logged to /tmp/install.log.44195
Checking for existing installation...
 zimbra-ldap...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-logger...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-mta...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-dnscache...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-snmp...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-store...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-apache...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-spell...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-convertd...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-memcached...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-proxy...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-archiving...NOT FOUND
 zimbra-core...NOT FOUND

Do you agree with the terms of the software license agreement? [N] y

Checking for prerequisites...
 FOUND: NPTL
 FOUND: nmap-ncat-6.40-4
 FOUND: sudo-1.8.6p7-13
 FOUND: libidn-1.28-3
 FOUND: gmp-6.0.0-11
 FOUND: libaio-0.3.109-12
 FOUND: libstdc++-4.8.3-9
 FOUND: unzip-6.0-13
 FOUND: perl-core-5.16.3-285

Checking for suggested prerequisites...
 FOUND: perl-5.16.3
 FOUND: sysstat
 FOUND: sqlite
Prerequisite check complete.

Checking for installable packages

Found zimbra-core
Found zimbra-ldap
Found zimbra-logger
Found zimbra-mta
Found zimbra-dnscache
Found zimbra-snmp
Found zimbra-store
Found zimbra-apache
Found zimbra-spell
Found zimbra-memcached
Found zimbra-proxy

Select the packages to install

Install zimbra-ldap [Y] Hit return
Install zimbra-logger [Y] Hit Return
Install zimbra-mta [Y] Hit Return
Install zimbra-dnscache [Y] Hit Return
Install zimbra-snmp [Y] Hit Return
Install zimbra-store [Y] Hit Return
Install zimbra-apache [Y] Hit Return
Install zimbra-spell [Y] Hit Return
Install zimbra-memcached [Y]  Hit Return
Install zimbra-proxy [Y] Hit Return
Checking required space for zimbra-core
Checking space for zimbra-store
Checking required packages for zimbra-store
zimbra-store package check complete.

Installing:
 zimbra-core
 zimbra-ldap
 zimbra-logger
 zimbra-mta
 zimbra-dnscache
 zimbra-snmp
 zimbra-store
 zimbra-apache
 zimbra-spell
 zimbra-memcached
 zimbra-proxy

The system will be modified. Continue? [N] y

Removing /opt/zimbra
Removing zimbra crontab entry...done.
Cleaning up zimbra init scripts...done.
Cleaning up /etc/ld.so.conf...done.
Cleaning up /etc/security/limits.conf...done.
Finished removing Zimbra Collaboration Server.
Installing packages
zimbra-core......zimbra-core-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-ldap......zimbra-ldap-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-logger......zimbra-logger-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-mta......zimbra-mta-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-dnscache......zimbra-dnscache-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-snmp......zimbra-snmp-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-store......zimbra-store-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-apache......zimbra-apache-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-spell......zimbra-spell-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-memcached......zimbra-memcached-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
 zimbra-proxy......zimbra-proxy-8.6.0_GA_1153.RHEL7_64-20141215151110.x86_64.rpm...done
Attempting to create directory /opt/zimbra/perl5
mkdir /opt/zimbra/perl5: Permission denied at /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl/local/lib.pm line 269.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted.
Attempting to create directory /opt/zimbra/perl5
mkdir /opt/zimbra/perl5: Permission denied at /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl/local/lib.pm line 269.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted.
Operations logged to /tmp/zmsetup03262016-181743.log
Installing LDAP configuration database...done.
Setting defaults...Attempting to create directory /opt/zimbra/perl5
mkdir /opt/zimbra/perl5: Permission denied at /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl/local/lib.pm line 269.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted.

DNS ERROR resolving MX for mail.arkit.co.in
It is suggested that the domain name have an MX record configured in DNS
Change domain name? [Yes] 
Create domain: [mail.arkit.co.in] arkit.co.in
 MX: mail.arkit.co.in (192.168.4.29)

Interface: 127.0.0.1
 Interface: ::1
 Interface: 192.168.4.29
done.
Checking for port conflicts
Main menu
 1) Common Configuration: 
 2) zimbra-ldap: Enabled 
 3) zimbra-logger: Enabled 
 4) zimbra-mta: Enabled 
 5) zimbra-dnscache: Enabled 
 6) zimbra-snmp: Enabled 
 7) zimbra-store: Enabled 
 +Create Admin User: yes 
 +Admin user to create: admin@arkit.co.in 
******* +Admin Password UNSET 
 +Anti-virus quarantine user: virus-quarantine.xkteesr1z@arkit.co.in
 +Enable automated spam training: yes 
 +Spam training user: spam.abtuvxsc@arkit.co.in 
 +Non-spam(Ham) training user: ham.asemkheuax@arkit.co.in 
 +SMTP host: mail.arkit.co.in 
 +Web server HTTP port: 8080 
 +Web server HTTPS port: 8443 
 +Web server mode: https 
 +IMAP server port: 7143 
 +IMAP server SSL port: 7993 
 +POP server port: 7110 
 +POP server SSL port: 7995 
 +Use spell check server: yes 
 +Spell server URL: http://mail.arkit.co.in:7780/aspell.php
 +Enable version update checks: TRUE 
 +Enable version update notifications: TRUE 
 +Version update notification email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Version update source email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Install mailstore (service webapp): yes 
 +Install UI (zimbra,zimbraAdmin webapps): yes
 8) zimbra-spell: Enabled 
 9) zimbra-proxy: Enabled 
 10) Default Class of Service Configuration: 
 s) Save config to file 
 x) Expand menu 
 q) Quit
Address unconfigured (**) items (? - help) r
Invalid selection! - press any key to continue
Main menu
1) Common Configuration: 
 2) zimbra-ldap: Enabled 
 3) zimbra-logger: Enabled 
 4) zimbra-mta: Enabled 
 5) zimbra-dnscache: Enabled 
 6) zimbra-snmp: Enabled 
 7) zimbra-store: Enabled 
 +Create Admin User: yes 
 +Admin user to create: admin@arkit.co.in 
******* +Admin Password UNSET 
 +Anti-virus quarantine user: virus-quarantine.xkteesr1z@arkit.co.in
 +Enable automated spam training: yes 
 +Spam training user: spam.abtuvxsc@arkit.co.in 
 +Non-spam(Ham) training user: ham.asemkheuax@arkit.co.in 
 +SMTP host: mail.arkit.co.in 
 +Web server HTTP port: 8080 
 +Web server HTTPS port: 8443 
 +Web server mode: https 
 +IMAP server port: 7143 
 +IMAP server SSL port: 7993 
 +POP server port: 7110 
 +POP server SSL port: 7995 
 +Use spell check server: yes 
 +Spell server URL: http://mail.arkit.co.in:7780/aspell.php
 +Enable version update checks: TRUE 
 +Enable version update notifications: TRUE 
 +Version update notification email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Version update source email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Install mailstore (service webapp): yes 
 +Install UI (zimbra,zimbraAdmin webapps): yes
 8) zimbra-spell: Enabled 
 9) zimbra-proxy: Enabled 
 10) Default Class of Service Configuration: 
 s) Save config to file 
 x) Expand menu 
 q) Quit
Address unconfigured (**) items (? - help) s
Save config in file: [/opt/zimbra/config.38019] 
Saving config in /opt/zimbra/config.38019...done.
Main menu
 1) Common Configuration: 
 2) zimbra-ldap: Enabled 
 3) zimbra-logger: Enabled 
 4) zimbra-mta: Enabled 
 5) zimbra-dnscache: Enabled 
 6) zimbra-snmp: Enabled 
 7) zimbra-store: Enabled 
 +Create Admin User: yes 
 +Admin user to create: admin@arkit.co.in 
******* +Admin Password UNSET 
 +Anti-virus quarantine user: virus-quarantine.xkteesr1z@arkit.co.in
 +Enable automated spam training: yes 
 +Spam training user: spam.abtuvxsc@arkit.co.in 
 +Non-spam(Ham) training user: ham.asemkheuax@arkit.co.in 
 +SMTP host: mail.arkit.co.in 
 +Web server HTTP port: 8080 
 +Web server HTTPS port: 8443 
 +Web server mode: https 
 +IMAP server port: 7143 
 +IMAP server SSL port: 7993 
 +POP server port: 7110 
 +POP server SSL port: 7995 
 +Use spell check server: yes 
 +Spell server URL: http://mail.arkit.co.in:7780/aspell.php
 +Enable version update checks: TRUE 
 +Enable version update notifications: TRUE 
 +Version update notification email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Version update source email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Install mailstore (service webapp): yes 
 +Install UI (zimbra,zimbraAdmin webapps): yes
 8) zimbra-spell: Enabled 
 9) zimbra-proxy: Enabled 
 10) Default Class of Service Configuration: 
 s) Save config to file 
 x) Expand menu 
 q) Quit
Address unconfigured (**) items (? - help) 7

Store configuration
 1) Status: Enabled 
 2) Create Admin User: yes 
 3) Admin user to create: admin@arkit.co.in 
** 4) Admin Password UNSET 
 5) Anti-virus quarantine user: virus-quarantine.xkteesr1z@arkit.co.in
 6) Enable automated spam training: yes 
 7) Spam training user: spam.abtuvxsc@arkit.co.in 
 8) Non-spam(Ham) training user: ham.asemkheuax@arkit.co.in 
 9) SMTP host: mail.arkit.co.in 
 10) Web server HTTP port: 8080 
 11) Web server HTTPS port: 8443 
 12) Web server mode: https 
 13) IMAP server port: 7143 
 14) IMAP server SSL port: 7993 
 15) POP server port: 7110 
 16) POP server SSL port: 7995 
 17) Use spell check server: yes 
 18) Spell server URL: http://mail.arkit.co.in:7780/aspell.php
 19) Enable version update checks: TRUE 
 20) Enable version update notifications: TRUE 
 21) Version update notification email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 22) Version update source email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 23) Install mailstore (service webapp): yes 
 24) Install UI (zimbra,zimbraAdmin webapps): yes
Select, or 'r' for previous menu [r] 4
Password for admin@arkit.co.in (min 6 characters): [bPfLiyMX] Admin@1234
Store configuration
 1) Status: Enabled 
 2) Create Admin User: yes 
 3) Admin user to create: admin@arkit.co.in 
 4) Admin Password set 
 5) Anti-virus quarantine user: virus-quarantine.xkteesr1z@arkit.co.in
 6) Enable automated spam training: yes 
 7) Spam training user: spam.abtuvxsc@arkit.co.in 
 8) Non-spam(Ham) training user: ham.asemkheuax@arkit.co.in 
 9) SMTP host: mail.arkit.co.in 
 10) Web server HTTP port: 8080 
 11) Web server HTTPS port: 8443 
 12) Web server mode: https 
 13) IMAP server port: 7143 
 14) IMAP server SSL port: 7993 
 15) POP server port: 7110 
 16) POP server SSL port: 7995 
 17) Use spell check server: yes 
 18) Spell server URL: http://mail.arkit.co.in:7780/aspell.php
 19) Enable version update checks: TRUE 
 20) Enable version update notifications: TRUE 
 21) Version update notification email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 22) Version update source email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 23) Install mailstore (service webapp): yes 
 24) Install UI (zimbra,zimbraAdmin webapps): yes
Select, or 'r' for previous menu [r] Hit Return

Main menu
1) Common Configuration: 
 +Hostname: mail.arkit.co.in 
 +Ldap master host: mail.arkit.co.in 
 +Ldap port: 389 
 +Ldap Admin password: set 
 +Secure interprocess communications: yes 
 +TimeZone: Asia/Colombo 
 +IP Mode: ipv4 
 +Default SSL digest: sha256
2) zimbra-ldap: Enabled 
 +Create Domain: yes 
 +Domain to create: arkit.co.in 
 +Ldap root password: set 
 +Ldap replication password: set 
 +Ldap postfix password: set 
 +Ldap amavis password: set 
 +Ldap nginx password: set 
 +Ldap Bes Searcher password: set
 3) zimbra-logger: Enabled 
 4) zimbra-mta: Enabled 
 +Enable Spamassassin: yes 
 +Enable Clam AV: yes 
 +Enable OpenDKIM: yes 
 +Notification address for AV alerts: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Bind password for postfix ldap user: set 
 +Bind password for amavis ldap user: set
5) zimbra-dnscache: Enabled 
 +Master DNS IP address(es): 192.168.4.12 
 +Enable DNS lookups over TCP: yes 
 +Enable DNS lookups over UDP: yes 
 +Only allow TCP to communicate with Master DNS: no
6) zimbra-snmp: Enabled 
 +Enable SNMP notifications: yes 
 +SNMP Trap hostname: mail.arkit.co.in 
 +Enable SMTP notifications: yes 
 +SMTP Source email address: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +SMTP Destination email address: admin@arkit.co.in
7) zimbra-store: Enabled 
 +Create Admin User: yes 
 +Admin user to create: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Admin Password set 
 +Anti-virus quarantine user: virus-quarantine.xkteesr1z@arkit.co.in
 +Enable automated spam training: yes 
 +Spam training user: spam.abtuvxsc@arkit.co.in 
 +Non-spam(Ham) training user: ham.asemkheuax@arkit.co.in 
 +SMTP host: mail.arkit.co.in 
 +Web server HTTP port: 8080 
 +Web server HTTPS port: 8443 
 +Web server mode: https 
 +IMAP server port: 7143 
 +IMAP server SSL port: 7993 
 +POP server port: 7110 
 +POP server SSL port: 7995 
 +Use spell check server: yes 
 +Spell server URL: http://mail.arkit.co.in:7780/aspell.php
 +Enable version update checks: TRUE 
 +Enable version update notifications: TRUE 
 +Version update notification email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Version update source email: admin@arkit.co.in 
 +Install mailstore (service webapp): yes 
 +Install UI (zimbra,zimbraAdmin webapps): yes
8) zimbra-spell: Enabled 
 9) zimbra-proxy: Enabled 
 +Enable POP/IMAP Proxy: TRUE 
 +IMAP proxy port: 143 
 +IMAP SSL proxy port: 993 
 +POP proxy port: 110 
 +POP SSL proxy port: 995 
 +Bind password for nginx ldap user: set 
 +Enable HTTP[S] Proxy: TRUE 
 +HTTP proxy port: 80 
 +HTTPS proxy port: 443 
 +Proxy server mode: https
10) Default Class of Service Configuration: 
 +Enable Tasks Feature: Enabled
 c) Collapse menu 
 s) Save config to file 
 q) Quit
*** CONFIGURATION COMPLETE - press 'a' to apply
Select from menu, or press 'a' to apply config (? - help) a

Save configuration data to a file? [Yes] 
Save config in file: [/opt/zimbra/config.38019] 
Saving config in /opt/zimbra/config.38019...done.
The system will be modified - continue? [No] yes
Operations logged to /tmp/zmsetup03262016-192032.log
Setting local config values...done.
Initializing core config...Setting up CA...done.
Deploying CA to /opt/zimbra/conf/ca ...done.
Creating SSL zimbra-store certificate...done.
Creating new zimbra-ldap SSL certificate...done.
Creating new zimbra-mta SSL certificate...done.
Creating new zimbra-proxy SSL certificate...done.
Installing mailboxd SSL certificates...done.
Installing MTA SSL certificates...done.
Installing LDAP SSL certificate...done.
Installing Proxy SSL certificate...done.
Initializing ldap...done.
Setting replication password...done.
Setting Postfix password...done.
Setting amavis password...done.
Setting nginx password...done.
Setting BES searcher password...done.
Creating server entry for mail.arkit.co.in...done.
Setting Zimbra IP Mode...done.
Saving CA in ldap ...done.
Saving SSL Certificate in ldap ...done.
Setting spell check URL...done.
Setting service ports on mail.arkit.co.in...done.
Setting zimbraFeatureTasksEnabled=TRUE...done.
Setting zimbraFeatureBriefcasesEnabled=TRUE...done.
Setting Master DNS IP address(es)...done.
Setting DNS cache tcp lookup preference...done.
Setting DNS cache udp lookup preference...done.
Setting DNS tcp upstream preference...done.
Setting TimeZone Preference...done.
Initializing mta config...done.
Setting services on mail.arkit.co.in...done.
Adding mail.arkit.co.in to zimbraMailHostPool in default COS...done.
Creating domain arkit.co.in...done.
Setting default domain name...done.
Creating domain arkit.co.in...already exists.
Creating admin account admin@arkit.co.in...done.
Creating root alias...done.
Creating postmaster alias...done.
Creating user spam.abtuvxsc@arkit.co.in...done.
Creating user ham.asemkheuax@arkit.co.in...done.
Creating user virus-quarantine.xkteesr1z@arkit.co.in...done.
Setting spam training and Anti-virus quarantine accounts...done.
Initializing store sql database...done.
Setting zimbraSmtpHostname for mail.arkit.co.in...done.
Configuring SNMP...done.
Setting up syslog.conf...done.
Starting servers...Attempting to create directory /opt/zimbra/perl5
mkdir /opt/zimbra/perl5: Permission denied at /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl/local/lib.pm line 269.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted.
done.
Installing common zimlets...
 com_zimbra_adminversioncheck...done.
 com_zimbra_attachcontacts...done.
 com_zimbra_attachmail...done.
 com_zimbra_bulkprovision...done.
 com_zimbra_cert_manager...done.
 com_zimbra_clientuploader...done.
 com_zimbra_date...done.
 com_zimbra_email...done.
 com_zimbra_mailarchive...done.
 com_zimbra_phone...done.
 com_zimbra_proxy_config...done.
 com_zimbra_srchhighlighter...done.
 com_zimbra_tooltip...done.
 com_zimbra_url...done.
 com_zimbra_viewmail...done.
 com_zimbra_webex...done.
 com_zimbra_ymemoticons...done.
Finished installing common zimlets.
Restarting mailboxd...done.
Creating galsync account for default domain...done.

You have the option of notifying Zimbra of your installation.
This helps us to track the uptake of the Zimbra Collaboration Server.
The only information that will be transmitted is:
 The VERSION of zcs installed (8.6.0_GA_1153_RHEL7_64)
 The ADMIN EMAIL ADDRESS created (admin@arkit.co.in)
Notify Zimbra of your installation? [Yes] no
Notification skipped
Setting up zimbra crontab...done.

Moving /tmp/zmsetup03262016-192032.log to /opt/zimbra/log

Configuration complete - press return to exit Hit Return
```

## Starting and restarting zimbra mail service

```
[root@mail ~]# systemctl status zimbra.service
[root@mail ~]# systemctl restart zimbra.service
[root@mail ~]# systemctl stop zimbra.service
[root@mail ~]# systemctl start zimbra.service
```

zimbra server installation completed successfully.

Now open the zimbra mail server administrator console

https://mail.arkit.co.in:7071

Administrator console screenshot below

[![install zimbra collabration zimbra mail server](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/zimbra_mail_server_01-300x165.jpg "zimbra_mail_server_01 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/zimbra_mail_server_01.jpg)Zimbra Mail server first screen

Zimbra services status

[![zimbra mail server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/zimbra_mail_server_02-300x180.jpg "zimbra_mail_server_02 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/zimbra_mail_server_02.jpg)

Mail box console

[![zimbra mail box](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/zimbra-mail-box-300x166.jpg "zimbra mail box - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/zimbra-mail-box.jpg)

That’s about zimbra mail server zimbra mail server zimbra mail server zimbra mail server zimbra mail server zimbra mail server zimbra mail server zimbra mail server

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[Switch on remote Server](https://arkit.co.in/switch-on-your-remote-server-still-you-did-not-have-an-physical-access/)

[Linux Commands Can be used in Daily activities](https://arkit.co.in/linux-commands-day-day-activities/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

---

### [crontab Linux / Unix with examples](https://arkit.co.in/crontab-linux-unix/)

**Published:** April 3, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

The crontab is a list of commands that you want to run on a regular schedule, and also the name of the command used to manage that list. Crontab stands for “cron table,” because it uses the job scheduler cron to execute tasks.

First, basic terminology

  - cron(8) is the daemon that executes scheduled commands.
- crontab(1) is the program used to modify user crontab(5) files.
- crontab(5) is a per user file that contains instructions for cron(8).

Every user on a system may have their own crontab file. The location of the root and user crontab files are system dependant but they are generally in /var/spool/cron/ directory.

## System-wide crontab file

/etc/crontab file, the /etc/cron.d/ directory may contain crontab fragments which are also read and actioned by cron.

Linux distributions also have /etc/cron.\* directory, scripts in this location will be executed by root privileges

- /etc/cron.hourly/ — scripts which are placed in that directory will be executed by hourly
- /etc/cron.daily/ — Scripts which are placed in this path will be executed by daily
- /etc/cron.monthly/ — Scripts will be executed by monthly
- /etc/cron.weekly/ — Scripts will be executed by weekly

root can always use the crontab command to list, edit and remove cronjobs

## Start, Stop and Restart crond service

We have to start the crond service to execute scheduled cronjobs, if crond service in stopped status cronjobs will not be executed.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl status crond.service
crond.service - Command Scheduler
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/crond.service; enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-04-03 10:22:12 IST; 6h ago
 Main PID: 1717 (crond)
 CGroup: /system.slice/crond.service
 └─1717 /usr/sbin/crond -n

Apr 03 10:22:12 server.arkit.co.in systemd[1]: Started Command Scheduler.
Apr 03 10:22:12 server.arkit.co.in crond[1717]: (CRON) INFO (RANDOM_DELAY will be scaled with factor 47% if used.)
Apr 03 10:22:13 server.arkit.co.in crond[1717]: (CRON) INFO (running with inotify support)
[root@server ~]# systemctl start crond.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl restart crond.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl stop crond.service
```

## See Scheduled cronjobs

we can list the cronjobs using ***crontab*** command

```
[root@server ~]# crontab -l
15 11 * * * sh /scripts/logsync.sh
```

## Edit crontab entries using below command

To write / edit cron table entries we have to use

```
[root@server ~]# crontab -e
15 11 * * * sh /scripts/logsync.sh
```

## Deleting cron table entries

To delete / remove cron table entries we have to use crontab command

```
[root@server ~]# crontab -l
15 11 * * * sh /scripts/logsync.sh
[root@server ~]# crontab -r
[root@server ~]# crontab -l
no crontab for root
```

## Cron table entry format

To see the example for each entry values

```
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed
```

cron table contains 5 entries

- First entry – Minutes ( 0 – 59 )
- Second entry – Hour ( 0 – 23 )
- Third Entry – Day of the month ( 1 – 31 )
- Fourth Entry – Month name ( 1 – 12 ) Jan,feb.mar,…..dec
- Fifth Entry – Day of week ( 0 – 6 ) Sunday=0, Mon=1, Tue=2, Wed=3, Thu=4, Fri=5,Sat=6

all the above entries separated by spaces or tabs

## Deny user not to execute cronjobs

To deny user not to execute cronjob for particular user. Edit the file /etc/cron.deny

```
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/cron.deny
ravi
```

```
[root@server ~]# su - ravi
[ravi@server ~]$ crontab -e
You (ravi) are not allowed to use this program (crontab)
See crontab(1) for more information
```

by default all the users will have a access to schedule cronjobs

A crontab command is represented by a single line. You cannot use \\ to extend a command over multiple lines. The hash (#) sign represents a comment which means anything on that line is ignored by cron. Leading white space and blank lines are ignored.

Be VERY careful when using the percent (%) sign in your command. Unless they are escaped \\% they are converted into newlines and everything after the first non-escaped % is passed to your command on stdin.

## How to schedule cronjobs

- A comma (,) is used to specify a list e.g 1,4,6,8 which means run at 1,4,6,8.
- Ranges are specified with a dash (-) and may be combined with lists e.g. 1-3,9-12 which means between 1 and 3 then between 9 and 12.
- The / character can be used to introduce a step e.g. 2/5 which means starting at 2 then every 5 (2,7,12,17,22…). They do not wrap past the end.
- An asterisk (\*) in a field signifies the entire range for that field (e.g. 0-59 for the minute field).
- Ranges and steps can be combined e.g. \*/5 signifies starting at 0 then every 5.

## Debugging cron commands

To debug the cron commands we have to redirect STUDOUT and STUDERR to log file

capturing output

```
[root@server ~]# crontab -l
15 11 * * * sh /scripts/synclog.sh &> /var/log/command.log
```

above command will send studout and studerr to /var/log/command.log file

That’s about crontab. Please do comment your feedback.

[We will see how to schedule an cronjobs in next schedule…](http://bit.ly/1otzsaC)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** cronjob, crontab

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### [Scheduling Cronjobs with Multiple Examples](https://arkit.co.in/scheduling-cronjobs/)

**Published:** April 6, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

The software utility crontab will help in scheduling cronjobs for maintenance activities, automating regular boring stuff by scheduling shell scripts. We can also achieve regular periodic checks. It typically automates system maintenance or administration—though its general-purpose nature makes it useful for things like downloading files from the Internet and downloading email at regular intervals.

cronjob scheduling is possible using [crontab](http://arkit.co.in/linux/crontab-linux-unix/) command and each and every user crontab is separate

  ```
# crontab -e   = To edit cronjob schedule
# crontab -l = To list scheduled cronjobs
# crontab -r = To remove all cronjobs in single attempt
```

whenever you schedule a cronjob with particular user the same cronjob will run using same user, ensure user is having execution permission to the user.

## Know crontab fields and its values

```
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/crontab
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root

# For details see man 4 crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed
```

## 1. Scheduling cronjobs to run @every minute

To run cronjob yet every one minute first field is minutes, first field we can right with separated by comma. below three examples we can use to schedule a cronjob to run every minute.

```
# crontab -e

* * * * * sh /scripts/everyminute.sh
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10......60 * * * * sh /scripts/everyminute.sh
*/1 * * * * sh /scripts/everyoneminute.sh
```

## 2. Scheduling cronjobs to run @every 5 minutes

below two examples to schedule cronjob for every 5 minutes, again we have to make use of first field to run script @every 5 minutes because first field is minutes

```
*/5 * * * * sh /scripts/testscript.sh
5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,0 * * * * sh /scripts/testscript.sh
```

## 3. Scheduling cronjobs to run @every 30 minutes

if we want monitoring our file system @every 30 minutes using [shell script](http://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/) you can do using below

```
*/30 * * * * sh /scripts/FS-Monitoring.sh
```

OR

```
0,30 * * * * sh /scripts/FS-Monitoring.sh
```

## 4. Scheduling cronjobs to run @every hour

To schedule a cronjob to run @every hour we can make use of first field either second field.

```
0 * * * * sh /scripts/everyhour.sh
```

OR we can also make use of special schedule

```
@hourly sh /scripts/everyhour.sh
```

## 5. Scheduling cronjobs to run @Every 3 Hours OR 5 Hours

below examples for every 3 hours schedule

```
0 */3 * * * sh /scripts/cronjob-every-3hours.sh
```

OR

```
* 0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21 * * * sh /scripts/cronjob-every-3hours.sh
```

## 6. Scheduling cronjobs to run @every day Or once in a day

we would like to schedule an cronjob to send daily reports once in a day. examples are below

```
59 23 * * * sh /scripts/daily-report.sh
```

OR

we can also make use of special schedule

```
@daily sh /scripts/daily-report.sh
```

## 7. Schedule cronjobs to run every alternate day 

Every alternate day means in between three days middle day job will not run

```
0 * * * 0,2,4,6 sh /scripts/every-alternate-day.sh
```

## 8. Run cronjob first and Second Saturday of the month

it means that cronjob should run first Saturday of the month and Second Saturday of the month, remaining Saturdays cron should not run. Detailed explanation of below example is yet any cose first Saturday will fall from 1-7 it means range from 1st date to 7th date. Second Saturday may fall from 15th to 21st Dates.

```
0 1 1-7,15-21 6 /scripts/every-first-second-sat.sh
```

## 9. Cronjob for every week

to schedule a cronjob to run @every week we can make use of week of the day 5th field in crontab

```
0 0 * * 0 sh /scripts/every-week.sh
```

OR

we can also make use of special schedule

```
@weekly sh /scripts/every-week.sh
```

## 10. Run cronjob @every month 1st date

Here we have to use day of the month, field 3

```
0 0 1 * * sh /scripts/every-mont-1st.sh
```

OR

```
@monthly sh /scripts/every-month.sh
```

## 11. Schedule cronjob to run once in a year

I would like to schedule an cronjob to say happy new year to all the employees on midnight of every year 31st Dec.

```
59 23 31 12 *  echo "Happy New Year to All"
```

OR

```
@yearly echo "Happy New Year"
```

## 12. I want to run a cronjob @every server reboot

every time whenever server is rebooted i would like to get notification. We can make use of special schedule

```
@reboot echo Server Rebooted | mail -s "Server Rebooted `hostname`"
```

That’s all about scheduling cronjobs in different timings.

**Thanks for reading, Please provide your valuable comments on the same**

[Linux Video Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/techarkit)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** automating tasks, cronjobs, crontab, scheduling jobs

---

### [Authentication token is no longer valid new one required](https://arkit.co.in/authentication-token-is-no-longer-valid-new-one-required/)

**Published:** April 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## Authentication token is no longer valid new one required

whenever we type crontab -l command suddenly which through error message Authentication token is no longer valid new one required to troubleshoot this error follow below steps. Authentication token is no longer valid new one required

This error will come whenever your root password expired and your trying to list the cronjobs using crontab -l command.

  ```
[root@arkit71 ~]# crontab -l
Authentication token is no longer valid; new one required
You (root) are not allowed to access to (crontab) because of pam configuration.
```

```
[aravi@arkit71 nagiosxi]$ sudo chage -l root
Last password change : password must be changed
Password expires : never
Password inactive : never
Account expires : never
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 90
Number of days of warning before password expires : 14
```

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# passwd
Changing password for user root.
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
```

```
[root@arkit71 ~]# chage -l root
Last password change : Feb 03, 2016
Password expires : May 03, 2016
Password inactive : never
Account expires : never
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 90
Number of days of warning before password expires : 14
```

That’s it your error message will go off.

Authentication token is no longer valid; new one required
 You (root) are not allowed to access to (crontab) because of pam configuration.

Thanks. Authentication token is no longer valid new one required

## Related Articles
[Schedule cronjobs using best examples](https://arkit.co.in/scheduling-cronjobs/)

[crontab linux](https://arkit.co.in/crontab-linux-unix/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** Authentication token is no longer valid new one required, crontab error

---

### [Network Security and protocols explained in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/network-security-and-protocols/)

**Published:** April 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Network Security and Protocols Explained in detailed in this video session.

## Network Security and protocols explained in detailed

- There are two types of threats internal and external
- Cryptography involves encrypton and decryption to safeguard data
- Digital signatures involve the use of private and public keys
- Authentication involves verification before starting communication
- Encryption refers to conversion of plain text into cipher text
- Decryption means converting the cipher text back to plain text
- Firewall blocks unwanted and unathorized access to system resources
- Demilitarized zone is usally present between the firewall and internet
- VLAN is a switched network logically segmented on an organizational basis
- RAID uses different techniques of using multiple drives for data protection
- Network Attached Storage is used to implement a file sharing server
- SAN is used to transfer data between storage devices and computers
- Tape backup is essential in case of hrdware or server crash
- SSL is designed to provide security and compression services to data
- IPSEC provides security to a packet at the network level
- PPTP allows secure data transfer from a remote client to a private server
- Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is used for point to access
- SLIP is used to send IP datagrams between serially connected devices

An application layer solution. It is a connection-oriented service and thus uses TCP ONLY. SSH is primarily used for shell based solutions and ideally won’t be used to protect web browsing sessions and other application services (though it can via port forwarding)
 Uses public key cryptography to prove the authenticity of the remote user. SSH can generate an RSA key pair (I believe Diffie-Hellman can also be used). It uses what’s known as a fingerprint which is a snapshot of an individual host’s actual public key (for instance the RSA public portion). The fingerprints are usually 128 bits in length. It is what the user can use to verify that a public key is that of an individual or host. SSH will maintain a list of trusted hosts. The actual data communication is secured using symmetric cryptography such as AES or 3DES, IDEA
 The public portion of the key is transmitted to the remote endpoint/server via an out-of-band mechanism. Also a lack of key management

SSH does provide some extensible features. Two of these are port forwarding and secure tunneling. With port forwarding, you can tell the SSH daemon to listen to data communication on a particular port and forward this communication to the encrypted SSH session. This allows you to protect other services as well. In Linux, X11 forwarding takes advantage of this. X11 is used for graphical display of a remote system on your localhost. With port forwarding, SSH can be used to provide an encrypted session for X11 Network Security

## Related Articles

[Describe Various Protocols](https://arkit.co.in/describing-various-protocols/)

[Introduction to Computer Networking](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-computer-networking/)

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**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** computer Networking course, Network Security, network security and protocols, networking

---

### [Hard Vs Soft SAN Zoning Explained](https://arkit.co.in/hard-vs-soft-zoning/)

**Published:** April 15, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## SAN Switch Zoning Hard Vs Soft

Before going granular into the differences between Hard vs Soft zones, I would like to explain the concept of zoning to you in a materialistic way. Think of a zone as a bottle of water. You can either have a full bottle of water or an empty bottle of water. It doesn’t do anyone good to have an empty bottle of water, unless more water was added inside, right? You would probably throw it away or recycle it with your plastics. You may fill it with your favorite drink or iced tea. There are countless possibilities of how an empty bottle of water could be used. Zoning SAN equipment is pretty much done the same way.

Unlike the water bottle, zones are logical. You cannot physically walk up to a zone and see it with your natural eye. A zone is a restriction, a limitation, or an access gateway. It’s like trying to pass the security gate without a badge or key. Why are zones needed? What’s the big idea? The whole purpose of a zone is for a server to connect and communicate with its storage devices without having any outside interference from other servers; unless the two servers are clustered in some sort of fashion. Back to the bottle of water now — you need water and a bottle cap in order to have a full glass of water, right? Same here. You need an HBA (host-bus adapter) and storage array port to zone together. An HBA, in simple terms, is a NIC for a server that is plugged into a storage switch and when the port is enabled, it goes from a normal G-port to an F-port (Fabric-attached).

  Without the use of zones, a server cannot see storage devices on an array. Yes, the array is connected to the switch and HBA is plugged into the switch. Yet, they still need a way to communicate with each other. This is where hard zoning and soft zoning comes into play. Throughout my experience, I have seen more soft zoning than hard zoning, but there are certain circumstances that calls for it. Back to the water bottle! What will happen if you were to fill up a water bottle, not put the cap on it, and keep filling it up? It would overflow! If you wanted to take some water out of the water bottle and you left the cap on, would you be able to do this? No; unless you poked a hole in the bottle.

[![hard vs soft zoning](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SAN-Zoning-300x173.jpg "SAN Zoning - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SAN-Zoning.jpg)

In a nutshell, hard zoning is simply saying — whatever switch port the HBA is plugged into, you MUST use that switch port as a zone member. Soft zoning gives you more flexibility. I could get a server administrator to plug a port into fc2/3 on a Cisco switch and have the HBA turned online. Under soft zoning, I could zone to another port on the switch and the HBA on that switch as well as the one on port fc2/3 would be able to talk to one another. Under hard zoning, I can only zone to fc2/3 port. Why does it matter? Here’s why?

Let’s say the switch port failed and the vendor came back to state that the HBA needs to be moved because the port is no longer in good working condition. If the HBA is removed and placed into another port, the host won’t be able to access their storage. Another example would be a field engineer placing the wrong HBA in a switch port. The host defined by that HBA would be able to access the storage of the zoned server. Many corporations fear hard zoning, but depending on the security of storage and business needs, it’s much safer and protected than soft zoning.

Hope I explained the two logical SAN concepts well. Hard Vs Soft Hard Vs Soft Hard Vs Soft Hard Vs Soft Hard Vs Soft

[How to do Zoning in Brocade SAN Switch See Here](http://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/brocade-san-switch-zoning.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 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**Categories:** SAN&amp;NAS

**Tags:** fabric zoning, hard vs soft zoning, SAN Zoning

---

### [Squid Proxy Server Installation RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/squid-proxy-server/)

**Published:** April 17, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

squid proxy server is used to filter web traffic and reducing and fine tuning internet bandwidth.

Squid was originally developed as the Harvest object cache, part of the Harvest project at the University of Colorado Boulder. Further work on the program was completed at the University of California, San Diego and funded via two grants from the National Science Foundation. Duane Wessels forked the “last pre-commercial version of Harvest” and renamed it to Squid to avoid confusion with the commercial fork called Cached 2.0, which became NetCache. Squid version 1.0.0 was released in July 1996.

  Squid is now developed almost exclusively through volunteer efforts.

## Squid Proxy Server

- **Packages :** squid\*
- **Service Name:** squid
- **Default port :** 3128
- **Config File :** /etc/squid/squid.conf
- **Log file Path:** /var/log/squid
- **Environment :** RHEL 7, Centos 7 and RHEL 6

**Installation Required packages**

```
# yum install squid*
```

## Enable and start the Service

```
# systemctl enable squid
# systemctl start squid
```

**Allow firewall port of squid**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3128/tcp
success
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

Default port of squid proxy is 3128 that’s why we have to allow port 3128.

## Access Control List 

Open the configuration file and write the ACL as per requirement in ACL we can do so many things

1. Restricting un-wanted (BAD) URL’s
2. Restrict access to internet based on time period
3. Control Downloads
4. Restrict file type downloads
5. Allow Networks to enable Internet access
6. Download speed control

```
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/squid/squid.conf
```

To allow Network we have to write below ACL lines

```
acl localnet src 192.168.4.0/24 
http_access allow localnet
```

To allow ports using ACL

```
acl Safe_ports port 80 # http
acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp
acl Safe_ports port 443 # https
acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher
acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais
acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports
acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt
acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http
acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker
acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http

http_access deny !Safe_ports
```

Block bad sites

```
acl badsites url_regex "/etc/squid/badsites"
http_access deny badsites
```

write the bad sites in the file

```
# cat /etc/squid/badsites
.facebook.com
.twitter.com
.youtube.com
.linkedin
.msn.com
.myspace.com
.flickr.com
.google
```

Block File downloads

```
acl blockfiles urlpath_regex "/etc/squid/blockfiles.acl"
http_access deny blockfiles
```

Block file type downloads, below is the example file to deny mp3, mp4, flv avi, 3gp, mpg and mpeg.

```
# cat /etc/squid/blockfiles.acl
\.torrent$
\.mp3.*$
\.mp4.*$
\.3gp.*$
\.[Aa][Vv][Ii]$
\.[Mm][Pp][Gg]$
\.[Mm][Pp][Ee][Gg]$
\.[Mm][Pp]3$
\.[Ff][Ll][Vv].*$
```

Time based access, which deny internet access from morning 10 Hours to 19 Hours

```
acl work_hours time 10:00-19:00 
http_access deny work_hours
```

restricting download speed ACL

```
acl speedcontrol src 192.168.4.0/24
delay_pools 1
delay_class 1 2
delay_parameters 1 524288/524288 52428/52428
delay_access 1 allow speedcontrol
```

## Go to Client Side

Change the proxy address in your browser then try to access the website
 **IE Settings** > **Internet options** > **Connections** > **Lan Settings** >

[![download](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/download-300x277.png "download - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/download.png)

provide IP address and port number

Now see the logs watch the squid logs
 /var/log/squid/ log file directory

The logs are a valuable source of information about Squid workloads and performance. The logs record not only access information, but also system configuration errors and resource consumption (eg, memory, disk space). There are several log file maintained by Squid. Some have to be explicitly activated during compile time, others can safely be deactivated during.

- **/var/log/squid/access.log :** Most log file analysis program are based on the entries in access.log. You can use this file to find out who is using squid server and what they are doing etc
- **/var/log/squid/cache.log :** The cache.log file contains the debug and error messages that Squid generates. If you start your Squid using the default RunCache script, or start it with the -s command line option, a copy of certain messages will go into your syslog facilities. It is a matter of personal preferences to use a separate file for the squid log data.
- **/var/log/squid/store.log :** The store.log file covers the objects currently kept on disk or removed ones. As a kind of transaction log it is ususally used for debugging purposes. A definitive statement, whether an object resides on your disks is only possible after analysing the complete log file. The release (deletion) of an object may be logged at a later time than the swap out (save to disk).

## HOW DO I VIEW SQUID LOG FILES / LOGS?

You can use standard UNIX / Linux command such as grep / tail to view log files. You must login as root or sudo command to view log files.

Display log files in real time

**Use tail command as follows:**

```
~]# tail -f /var/log/squid/access.log

OR

~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/squid/access.log
```

**Search log files**
Use grep command as follows:

```
~]#grep 'string-to-search' /var/log/squid/access.log
```

[That’s about](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTokWGbaUuvKl9a6NUgTrUg?sub_confirmation=1) squid proxy server installation and configuration

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** proxy server, proxy server rhel7, squid in rhel7, squid proxy server

---

### [Mastering the art of troubleshooting book download](https://arkit.co.in/mastering-the-art-of-troubleshooting/)

**Published:** April 21, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## Mastering the art of troubleshooting book download

Book content Mastering the art of troubleshooting

Preface
Chapter 1: Best Practices and Initial Investigation
Chapter 2: strace and System Call Tracing Explained
Chapter 3: The /proc Filesystem
Chapter 4: Compiling
Chapter 5: The Stack
Chapter 6: The GNU Debugger (GDB)
Chapter 7: Linux System Crashes and Hangs
Chapter 8: Kernel Debugging with KDB
Chapter 9: ELF: Executable and Linking Format
A: The Toolbox
B: Data Collection Script
Index
Contents
Preface xvii
1 Best Practices and Initial Investigation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Getting Your System(s) Ready for Effective Problem
Determination 2
1.3 The Four Phases of Investigation 3
1.3.1 Phase #1: Initial Investigation Using Your Own Skills 5
1.3.2 Phase #2: Searching the Internet Effectively 9
1.3.3 Phase #3: Begin Deeper Investigation (Good Problem
Investigation Practices) 12
1.3.4 Phase #4: Getting Help or New Ideas 21
1.4 Technical Investigation 28
1.4.1 Symptom Versus Cause 28
1.5 Troubleshooting Commercial Products 38
1.6 Conclusion 39
2 strace and System Call Tracing Explained 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 What Is strace? 41
2.2.1 More Information from the Kernel Side 45
2.2.2 When to Use It 48
2.2.3 Simple Example 49
2.2.4 Same Program Built Statically 53
2.3 Important strace Options 54
2.3.1 Following Child Processes 54
2.3.2 Timing System Call Activity 55&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;
2.3.3 Verbose Mode 57
2.3.4 Tracing a Running Process 59
2.4 Effects and Issues of Using strace 60
2.4.1 strace and EINTR 61
2.5 Real Debugging Examples 62
2.5.1 Reducing Start Up Time by Fixing
LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH 62
2.5.2 The PATH Environment Variable 65
2.5.3 stracing inetd or xinetd (the Super Server) 66
2.5.4 Communication Errors 68
2.5.5 Investigating a Hang Using strace 69
2.5.6 Reverse Engineering (How the strace Tool Itself Works) 71
2.6 System Call Tracing Examples 74
2.6.1 Sample Code 75
2.6.2 The System Call Tracing Code Explained 87
2.7 Conclusion 88
3 The /proc Filesystem 89
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Process Information 90
3.2.1 /proc/self 90
3.2.2 /proc/<pid> in More Detail 91
3.2.3 /proc/<pid>/cmdline 107
3.2.4 /proc/<pid>/environ 107
3.2.5 /proc/<pid>/mem 107
3.2.6 /proc/<pid>/fd 108
3.2.7 /proc/<pid>/mapped base 108
3.3 Kernel Information and Manipulation 109
3.3.1 /proc/cmdline 109
3.3.2 /proc/config.gz or /proc/sys/config.gz 109
3.3.3 /proc/cpufreq 109
3.3.4 /proc/cpuinfo 110
3.3.5 /proc/devices 110
3.3.6 /proc/kcore 111
3.3.7 /proc/locks 111
3.3.8 /proc/meminfo 111
3.3.9 /proc/mm 111
3.3.10 /proc/modules 112
3.3.11 /proc/net 112
3.3.12 /proc/partitions 112
3.3.13 /proc/pci 113
3.3.14 /proc/slabinfo 113
x Contents&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;&#129;
3.4 System Information and Manipulation 113
3.4.1 /proc/sys/fs 113
3.4.2 /proc/sys/kernel 115
3.4.3 /proc/sys/vm 120
3.5 Conclusion 120
4 Compiling 121
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 The GNU Compiler Collection 121
4.2.1 A Brief History of GCC 121
4.2.2 GCC Version Compatibility 122
4.3 Other Compilers 122
4.4 Compiling the Linux Kernel 123
4.4.1 Obtaining the Kernel Source 123
4.4.2 Architecture Specific Source 124
4.4.3 Working with Kernel Source Compile Errors 124
4.4.4 General Compilation Problems 128
4.5 Assembly Listings 133
4.5.1 Purpose of Assembly Listings 134
4.5.2 Generating Assembly Listings 135
4.5.3 Reading and Understanding an Assembly Listing 136
4.6 Compiler Optimizations 140
4.7 Conclusion 149
5 The Stack 151
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 A Real-World Analogy 152
5.3 Stacks in x86 and x86-64 Architectures 153
5.4 What Is a Stack Frame? 157
5.5 How Does the Stack Work? 159
5.5.1 The BP and SP Registers 159
5.5.2 Function Calling Conventions 162
5.6 Referencing and Modifying Data on the Stack 171
5.7 Viewing the Raw Stack in a Debugger 173
5.8 Examining the Raw Stack in Detail 176
5.8.1 Homegrown Stack Traceback Function 180
5.9 Conclusion 191
6 The GNU Debugger (GDB) 193
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 When to Use a Debugger 194
6.3 Command Line Editing 195
Contents xi
6.4 Controlling a Process with GDB 196
6.4.1 Running a Program Off the Command Line with GDB 197
6.4.2 Attaching to a Running Process 199
6.4.3 Use a Core File 200
6.5 Examining Data, Memory, and Registers 204
6.5.1 Memory Map 204
6.5.2 Stack 206
6.5.3 Examining Memory and Variables 210
6.5.4 Register Dump 217
6.6 Execution 220
6.6.1 The Basic Commands 221
6.6.2 Settings for Execution Control Commands 223
6.6.3 Breakpoints 228
6.6.4 Watchpoints 230
6.6.5 Display Expression on Stop 234
6.6.6 Working with Shared Libraries 235
6.7 Source Code 238
6.8 Assembly Language 240
6.9 Tips and Tricks 241
6.9.1 Attaching to a Process.Revisited 241
6.9.2 Finding the Address of Variables and Functions 244
6.9.3 Viewing Structures in Executables without Debug
Symbols 246
6.9.4 Understanding and Dealing with Endian-ness 250
6.10 Working with C++ 252
6.10.1 Global Constructors and Destructors 252
6.10.2 Inline Functions 256
6.10.3 Exceptions 257
6.11 Threads 260
6.11.1 Running Out of Stack Space 265
6.12 Data Display Debugger (DDD) 266
6.12.1 The Data Display Window 268
6.12.2 Source Code Window 272
6.12.3 Machine Language Window 273
6.12.4 GDB Console Window 274
6.13 Conclusion 274
7 Linux System Crashes and Hangs 275
7.1 Introduction 275
7.2 Gathering Information 275
7.2.1 Syslog Explained 276
7.2.2 Setting up a Serial Console 277
xii Contents
7.2.3 Connecting the Serial Null-Modem Cable 278
7.2.4 Enabling the Serial Console at Startup 279
7.2.5 Using SysRq Kernel Magic 281
7.2.6 Oops Reports 281
7.2.7 Adding a Manual Kernel Trap 281
7.2.8 Examining an Oops Report 284
7.2.9 Determining the Failing Line of Code 289
7.2.10 Kernel Oopses and Hardware 293
7.2.11 Setting up cscope to Index Kernel Sources 294
7.3 Conclusion 295

8 Kernel Debugging with KDB 297
8.1 Introduction 297
8.2 Enabling KDB 297
8.3 Using KDB 299
8.3.1 Activating KDB 299
8.3.2 Resuming Normal Execution 300
8.3.3 Basic Commands 300
8.4 Conclusion 305
9 ELF: Executable and Linking Format 307
9.1 Introduction 307
9.2 Concepts and Definitions 309
9.2.1 Symbol 309
9.2.2 Object Files, Shared Libraries, Executables, and Core
Files 311
9.2.3 Linking 314
9.2.4 Run Time Linking 318
9.2.5 Program Interpreter / Run Time Linker 318
9.3 ELF Header 318
9.4 Overview of Segments and Sections 324
9.5 Segments and the Program Header Table 325
9.5.1 Text and Data Segments 329
9.6 Sections and the Section Header Table 331
9.6.1 String Table Format 335
9.6.2 Symbol Table Format 335
9.6.3 Section Names and Types 338
9.7 Relocation and Position Independent Code (PIC) 362
9.7.1 PIC vs. non-PIC 363
9.7.2 Relocation and Position Independent Code 366
9.7.3 Relocation and Linking 367
9.8 Stripping an ELF Object 371
Contents xiii
9.9 Program Interpreter 372
9.9.1 Link Map 376
9.10 Symbol Resolution 377
9.11 Use of Weak Symbols for Problem Investigations 382
9.12 Advanced Interception Using Global Offset Table 386
9.13 Source Files 390
9.14 ELF APIs 392
9.15 Other Information 392
9.16 Conclusion 392
A The Toolbox 393
A.1 Introduction 393
A.2 Process Information and Debugging 393
A.2.1 Tool: GDB 393
A.2.2 Tool: ps 393
A.2.3 Tool: strace (system call tracer) 394
A.2.4 Tool: /proc filesystem 394
A.2.5 Tool: DDD (Data Display Debugger) 394
A.2.6 Tool: lsof (List Open Files) 394
A.2.7 Tool: ltrace (library call tracer) 395
A.2.8 Tool: time 395
A.2.9 Tool: top 395
A.2.10 Tool: pstree 396
A.3 Network 396
A.3.1 Tool: traceroute 396
A.3.2 File: /etc/hosts 396
A.3.3 File: /etc/services 396
A.3.4 Tool: netstat 397
A.3.5 Tool: ping 397
A.3.6 Tool: telnet 397
A.3.7 Tool: host/nslookup 397
A.3.8 Tool: ethtool 398
A.3.9 Tool: ethereal 398
A.3.10 File: /etc/nsswitch.conf 398
A.3.11 File: /etc/resolv.conf 398
A.4 System Information 399
A.4.1 Tool: vmstat 399
A.4.2 Tool: iostat 399
A.4.3 Tool: nfsstat 399
A.4.4 Tool: sar 400
A.4.5 Tool: syslogd 400
A.4.6 Tool: dmesg 400
xiv Contents
A.4.7 Tool: mpstat 400
A.4.8 Tool: procinfo 401
A.4.9 Tool: xosview 401
A.5 Files and Object Files 401
A.5.1 Tool: file 401
A.5.2 Tool: ldd 401
A.5.3 Tool: nm 402
A.5.4 Tool: objdump 402
A.5.5 Tool: od 402
A.5.6 Tool: stat 402
A.5.7 Tool: readelf 403
A.5.8 Tool: strings 403
A.6 Kernel 403
A.6.1 Tool: KDB 403
A.6.2 Tool: KGDB 403
A.6.3 Tool: ksymoops 404
A.7 Miscellaneous 404
A.7.1 Tool: VMWare Workstation 404
A.7.2 Tool: VNC Server 405
A.7.3 Tool: VNC Viewer 405
B Data Collection Script 407
B.1 Overview 407
B.1.1 -thorough 409
B.1.2 -perf, -hang <pid>, -trap, -error <cmd> 409
B.2 Running the Script 410
B.3 The Script Source 410
B.4 Disclaimer 419

[Download Here](http://www.tradepub.com/free/w_infk03/prgm.cgi?a=1)

   Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting Mastering the art of troubleshooting

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Books, Linux

**Tags:** free book download, Linux Books, mastering the art of troubleshooting

---

### [Troubleshooting Networking devices and testing using tools](https://arkit.co.in/troubleshooting-networking-devices-testing/)

**Published:** April 22, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Troubleshooting Networking Data transmitted within a network travels through various physical devices and finally reaches the intended destination. If any device in the transmission path is not working, the data will not be transmitted. Various testing and troubleshooting tools are available to keep the network functioning.

## Troubleshooting Networking devices and testing using tools

In this troubleshooting Networking devices lesson you learn

1. Identify the tools used for troubleshooting physical networks
2. Perform loop back test
3. Explain the various diagnostic utilities
4. Troubleshooting TCP/IP connections

Network Monitor

- Tool used to view and detect problems on local area and networks
- Gives information related to traffic that is flowing back and forth from the network adapter
- Allows gathering of relevant data by setting filters to capture only specific type of information
- Allows modifying the way the information is displayed on the screen for simplifying analysis of the information

## LAN Testers

LAN testers are used to verify 10, 100 and 1000 Base-T network. They also allow you to test and replar the network. A LAN tester consists of two units, the main unit and the Remote probe. The main unit performs the task of identifying the LAN device type i.e. whether it is a hub, switch or a PC. It also determines the speed of the LAN and the type of transmission mode. The remote probe helps in locating cable locations where a fault is present.

## Cable Testers

Cable Testers are used to verify the electrical connections. They consist of a source of electrical current, a voltmeter, a switching matrix that connects the current source and the voltmeter to all of the contact points in a cable. In addition, it may also consist of a micro-controller, which automates the testing process and displays the result.

In this Troubleshooting Networking lesson you learn that

- Loopback test is used to test if the ports are functioning properly
- Faults in cables can be located using time-domain reflectometer
- Network monitor provides information related to network traffic
- Protocol analyzers interpret the contents of the intercepted packets
- Netstat is used to check the ports that are active on your system
- ipconfig provides information related to TCP/IP connection
- Ipconfig is used for Windows 2000 or later versions
- Winipcfg is used for Windows 98 or other Win9x versions

## Related Articles

[Introduction on Computer Networking](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-computer-networking/)

[Keyboard and Mouse](https://arkit.co.in/keyboard-and-mouse/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** computer networking, computer Networking course, troubleshooting networking

---

### [rsyslog Server Installation and Configuration In RHEL 7 and Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/rsyslog-server/)

**Published:** April 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

rsyslog server is used to collaborate all server logs to centralized place. System administrator no need to login each and every device to collect logs, just install and configure rsyslog server and watch all server logs using single command. Linux labels (auth, cron, ftp, lpr, authpriv, news, mail, syslog, etc ,..) the log messages to indicate the type of software that generated the messages with severity (Alert, critical, Warning, Notice, info, etc ,..).

## What is syslog server

In computing, syslog is a standard for message logging. It permits separation of the software that generates messages, the system that stores them, and the software that reports and analyzes them. Each message is labeled with a facility code, indicating the software type generating the message, and assigned a severity label.

  ## Required Hardware and Software

rsyslog server should have at-least 4GB of RAM. 2CPU cores. 1Giga byte Network card. Installed with RHEL 7 (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, 7.1, 7.2 OR Centos 7).

## Server Profile 

- **Packages:** rsyslog\*
- **Service / Daemon Name:** rsyslog.service
- **Port number**: 514
- **Config File:** /etc/rsyslog.conf

In this article we are using Server IP: 192.168.4.20 Client IP: 192.168.4.21 for demonstrate

# **rsyslog Server side configuration**

```
[root@server ~]# hostname
server.arkit.co.in
```

Installing rsyslog packages

```
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum install rsyslog*

Dependency Installed:
 librelp.x86_64 0:1.2.0-3.el7 postgresql-libs.x86_64 0:9.2.7-1.el7

Complete!
```

## Enable and start the services

We have to enable the service first because whenever you restart the rsyslog server it should automatically start after the reboot. If you did not enable the service it will not start we have to start service manually.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl enable rsyslog.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl start rsyslog.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl status rsyslog.service
```

## Edit config file 

Before enabling the config

```
[root@server ~]# vi /etc/rsyslog.conf
# rsyslog configuration file

# Provides UDP syslog reception
#$ModLoad imudp
#$UDPServerRun 514

# Provides TCP syslog reception
#$ModLoad imtcp
#$InputTCPServerRun 514
```

After the Change

```
# Provides UDP syslog reception
$ModLoad imudp
$UDPServerRun 514

# Provides TCP syslog reception
$ModLoad imtcp
$InputTCPServerRun 514

:wq! (Save & Exit)
```

Restart the service to effect the change

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl restart rsyslog.service
```

## Allow firewall ports from server

Default port number for syslog is 514

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=514/tcp
success
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=514/udp
success
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

Verify Service is listening

```
[root@server ~]# netstat -antup | grep 514
```

# **Client Side**

ping to server and verify server is reachable from client

```
[root@desktop ~]# hostname
desktop.arkit.co.in

[root@desktop ~]# ping 192.168.4.20
PING 192.168.4.20 (192.168.4.20) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.4.20: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.481 ms
```

Edit the config file

```
[root@desktop ~]# vi /etc/rsyslog.conf

*.* @@192.168.4.20:514

:wq! (Save & Exit)
```

As shown above we have to point the client to send logs. *.* means all the logs. if would like to specify only particular logs then do not specify *.* in client config.

```
# Log anything (except mail) of level info or higher.
# Don't log private authentication messages!
*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages

# The authpriv file has restricted access.
authpriv.* /var/log/secure

# Log all the mail messages in one place.
mail.* -/var/log/maillog

# Log cron stuff
cron.* /var/log/cron

# Everybody gets emergency messages
*.emerg :omusrmsg:*

# Save news errors of level crit and higher in a special file.
uucp,news.crit /var/log/spooler
```

Restart the service

```
[root@desktop ~]# systemctl restart rsyslog.service
[root@desktop ~]# systemctl status rsyslog.service
```

# **Test logs**

open log file in server and switch the users in client machine

```
[root@server log]# tail -f /var/log/secure
Apr 23 16:16:02 desktop su: pam_unix(su-l:session): session closed for user atkit
```

That’s about rsyslog server configuration.

**Please provide your valuable feedback on the same**

## Related Articles

[HowTo Install GNOME Desktop in Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/install-gnome-desktop-centos-7/)

[Configuring MAC Binding in DHCP Server](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-mac-binding/)

[DHCP Server installation and configuration Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/dhcp-server-rhel7/)

[**Video Tutorial**](https://www.youtube.com/Techarkit)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** rsyslog server, syslog server rhel7

---

### [Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools](https://arkit.co.in/top-5-enterprise-opensource-monitoring-tools/)

**Published:** April 24, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Top 5 Enterprise Opensource Monitoring Tools

  Most of the organizations works an servers to develop code, generate productivity so on. If suddenly Server goes down OR Network device goes Down there is a big question mark for all System Administrators, Managers and Engineers. Get ride of unknown server down. No need ping the servers to see whether servers are running. Just install and configure any of these monitoring tools that’s it, they will monitor all servers, services and network devices whenever any device / service stopped they will send us an alert via Email OR SMS.

## In this article we are going to see most popular Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools

# 1. Nagios

Nagios project is started in 1999. Nagios Enterprise monitoring tool will monitor your entire IT infrastructure to ensure systems, applications, services and business process are functioning properly. Which has two types of Software’s one is Nagios Core which is fully free (opensource) we have to configure everything by our own. Another one is Nagios XI which has beautiful GUI interface it is very easy to configure monitoring.

Nagios monitors your entire IT infrastructure to ensure systems, applications, services, and business processes are functioning properly. In the event of a failure, Nagios can alert technical staff of the problem, allowing them to begin remediation processes before outages affect business processes, end-users, or customers. With Nagios you’ll never be left having to explain why an unseen infrastructure outage hurt your organization’s bottom line.

## Few Advantages using Nagios Core

1. Monitor your entire IT infrastructure
2. Spot problems before they occur
3. Know immediately when problems arise
4. Share Available data with stakeholders
5. Detect security breaches
6. Plan and budget for IT upgrades
7. Schedule Planed down times

## [Download Nagios Core](https://www.nagios.org/downloads/nagios-core/)

[Nagios Core Installation and configuration Guide](http://arkit.co.in/nagios/nagios-core-4-1-1-installation-in-rhel7-centos-7/)

[![nagios core](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/nagios-4-1-install2-300x149.png "nagios-4-1-install2 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/nagios-4-1-install2.png)

[![Nagios Webconsole - Tech Tutorials](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Nagios-Webconsole-Tech-Tutorials-300x98.jpg "Nagios Webconsole - Tech Tutorials - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Nagios-Webconsole-Tech-Tutorials.jpg)

# 2. Icinga

Monitoring Servers and networking devices with icinga2 is very easy. You can download and add plugins as many as like. No need to make set-up or maintenance of the monitoring system itself any more complex. That’s why Icinga 2 features a new configuration format that is intuitive to write, efficient to execute and even adjusts to the changing conditions of your environment at run-time.

Clear-cut, object-based configuration
Icinga 2 introduces a new object-based, rule-driven configuration format, which offers user-friendly features such as apply rules for dynamic object generation.
Taking inspiration from Puppet formats, Icinga 2 offers clear, “one best way” configuration rules. This allows Icinga 2 to depart from Nagios(TM)’s multiple configuration formats (e.g. defining host/service dependencies and parent/child relationships for hosts) – the cause of much user confusion.

The Icinga 2 configuration format is currently set as text files, in preparation for later transition to configuration via API, or GUI and CLI. A configuration migration script that translates existing Icinga 1 / Nagios configurations into the new Icinga 2 format also makes migration easier.
Apply & assign attributes
Keep configuration work to a minimum by defining templates to ”apply” to configuration objects. Apply services and notifications to hosts, or downtimes and dependencies to services.

Clever commands & runtime macros
Commands in Icinga 2 are smarter than their Nagios™-style cousins. To begin with, Icinga 2 offers three distinct command types: Check, notification and event commands. They can be given default values, custom attributes, runtime macros and conditional behaviours. Each additional option can be given precedence over the other, so that your configuration intelligently adapts at runtime to changing monitoring conditions.

Logical Dependencies
Say goodbye to confusing parent/child relationships. Dependencies in Icinga 2 are straightforward; they can be defined as host-host, service-service or mixed (host-service and service-host) and all work in the same manner.

Dynamic Notifications
Similar to Icinga 1, event handlers and notifications are supported. Thanks to the new dynamic configuration format, users can adjust notification settings at runtime (e.g. in order to implement on-call rotation).
For example, new notification objects replace notification-specific attributes for services, while user and user groups replace contact and contact groups. This new format allows notifications to be defined more precisely and intuitively. On top of this, escalations in Icinga 2 are configured as notifications with a defined beginning and end, as are recurring downtimes.

## [Download Icinga](https://github.com/Icinga/icinga2/releases)

[![Icinga](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Icinga-300x162.png "Icinga - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Icinga.png)

# 3. OpenNMS

OpenNMS is the world’s first Enterprise opensource monitoring tool. Which is capable of monitoring Servers and Networking devices using SNMP protocol. OpenNMS has more and more features such as

1. Automated and Directed discovery and provisioning
2. Event and Notification Management
3. Service Assurance
4. Performance Measurement

**Open Source:** OpenNMS is 100% Free and Open Source software, with no license fees, software subscriptions or special “enterprise” versions.

## [Download OpenNMS](http://www.opennms.org/get-opennms/)

[![openNMS monitoring tool](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/openNMS-monitoring-tool-1-300x154.jpg "openNMS monitoring tool 1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/openNMS-monitoring-tool-1.jpg)

[![openNMS monitoring tool](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/openNMS-monitoring-tool-300x124.jpg "openNMS monitoring tool - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/openNMS-monitoring-tool.jpg)

# 4. zabbix

Using zabbix enterprise level monitoring tool, we can monitorr real time thousands of servers, networking devices, virtual machines simultaneously. Along with storing the data, visualization features are available (overviews, maps, graphs, screens, etc), as well as very flexible ways of analyzing the data for the purpose of alerting. Zabbix offers great performance for dat gathering and can be scaled to very large environments.

## Features

1. Monitor Everything
2. Enterprise Ready
3. Proactive Monitoring
4. Capacity Planning
5. True Open Source
6. Business Solutions

## [Download Zabbix](http://www.zabbix.com/download.php)

[![zabbix arkit](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/zabbix-arkit-300x254.png "zabbix arkit - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/zabbix-arkit.png)

[![Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/zabbix-tutorial-300x235.png "zabbix tutorial - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/zabbix-tutorial.png)

# 5. cacti

Cacti mainly used for Network device monitoring. We can create templates. Download performance data as CSV and we can do whatever we want. User Management and graphs. Cacti makes use of [RRDTool](http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/) to generate graphs and collect data from Networking devices. The frontend is completely PHP driven. Along with being able to maintain Graphs, Data Sources, and Round Robin Archives in a database, cacti handles the data gathering. There is also SNMP support for those used to creating traffic graphs with MRTG.

## Features

1. Graphs
2. Datasources
3. Data Gathering
4. Template creation
5. Graph Display
6. User Management
7. Graph templates enable common graphs to be grouped together by templating. Every field for a normal graph can be templated or specified on a per-graph basis.
8. Data source templates enable common data source types to be grouped together by templating. Every field for a normal data source can be templated or specified on a per-data source basis.
9. Host templates are a group of graph and data source templates that allow you to define common host types. Upon the creation of a host, it will automatically take on the properties of its template.
10. The tree view allows users to create “graph hierarchies” and place graphs on the tree. This is an easy way to manage/organize a large number of graphs.
11. The list view lists the title of each graph in one large list which links the user to the actual graph.
12. The preview view displays all of the graphs in one large list format. This is similar to the default view for the 14all cgi script for RRDTool/MRTG.

## [Download Cacti](http://www.cacti.net/download_cacti.php)

[![Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/cacti-arkit-300x223.png "cacti arkit - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/cacti-arkit.png)

That’s About Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools

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Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools Top 5 Enterprise opensource monitoring tools

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** Cacti Network Monitoring Tool, Icinga Monitoring Tool, nagios monitoring tool, OpenNMS Monitoring Tool, Zabbix Monitoring Tool

---

### [Gather server information within a second](https://arkit.co.in/gather-server-information-within-second/)

**Published:** April 25, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Gather server information within a second. If we have lot many servers and we would like to collect the asset inventory of each and every server then it is very difficult to run various commands we have to run in order to collect / gather entire information about each server. If we manually run all the commands in each server it may require 5 minutes of time for each server where using below script which may reduce your time to 2 minutes for 100 Servers wow..!!.

## Gather server information within a second

Lets see how we can achieve this task using shell script.

  **Note: We do not recommend to run this script in any production servers, we strictly suggest you to run this in test or home environment only. This script will come either no WARRANTY with NO support.**

Create a file called systeminfo.sh

```
# touch systeminfo.sh
```

copy the below code to above created file

```
#!/bin/bash

## Purpose: Collecting system Information Gather server information within a second
## Author Name: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## Date: 25th Apr 2016
## Website: http://arkit.co.in

MAILIST=aravikumar48@gmail.com
DOMAIN=domain
TEMP=/tmp/temp
FILE=/tmp/asset/info.txt
USERID=`id -g`
if [ $USERID == 0 ]; then
echo "Script is Running ..."
else
echo "Please run the script using root user"
exit
fi
mkdir /tmp/asset
touch /tmp/temp
touch /tmp/asset/info.txt
echo -e "\n" > $FILE
echo "Collecting System Information" >> $FILE
echo -e "\n" >> $FILE
echo "collecting information...."
echo "Date: `date`" >> $FILE
echo "HostName: `hostname`" >> $FILE
echo "Installed OS Version: `cat /etc/issue |head -1`" >> $FILE
echo "`/sbin/ifconfig -a |grep "inet addr" | awk 'BEGIN { FS = ":" } ; { print $2 }'`" > $TEMP
echo "IP Address : `egrep '^10' $TEMP |awk '{ print $1}'`" >> $FILE

## Identifying Hardware Platform ##
HF=`uname -i`
if [ $HF == i386 ]; then
echo "Hardware Platform: 32Bit" >> $FILE
else if [ $HF == x86_64 ]; then
echo "Hardware Platform: 64Bit" >> $FILE
else
echo "Hardware Not Matched" >> $FILE
fi
fi

## Colleting Hardware Details ##
echo " " >> $FILE
echo "## Hardware Information" >> $FILE
echo " " >> $FILE
echo "Serial Number     : `lshal |grep system.hardware.serial`" >> $FILE
echo "Serial Number     : `/usr/sbin/dmidecode -s system-serial-number`" >> $FILE
echo "Model Number      : `lshal |grep system.hardware.product`" >> $FILE
echo "Model Number      : `/usr/sbin/dmidecode |grep "SKU Number"`" >> $FILE
echo "Hardware Vendor   : `lshal |grep system.hardware.vendor`" >> $FILE
echo "Hardware Info     : `dmesg |grep DMI`" >> $FILE

## Redhat Version ##
echo " " >> $FILE
echo "## OS Version" >> $FILE
head -n1 /etc/issue >> $FILE
echo -en '\n' >> $FILE
uname -a >> $FILE

## CPU Info ##
echo " " >> $FILE
echo " " >> $FILE
echo "## CPU Information" >> $FILE
grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo >> $FILE

## RAM/MEMORY Info ##
echo " " >> $FILE
echo " " >> $FILE
echo "## Memory Information" >> $FILE
grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo >> $FILE
y=`grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo |awk '{ print $2 }'`
mb="$(( $y / 1024 ))"
gb="$(( $mb / 1024 ))"
echo "RAM : $gb GB" >> $FILE

## Verify the machine is using NIS ##
echo -e '\n' >> $FILE
cat /etc/yp.conf |grep $DOMAIN > /tmp/yptemp.txt
count=`cat /tmp/yptemp.txt | wc -l`
if [ $count -gt 0 ];
then
echo "`hostname` is part of NIS Domain" >> $FILE
cat /etc/yp.conf |grep finnis >> $FILE
else
echo "`hostname` is not part of NIS" >> $FILE
fi
echo -e '\n' >> $FILE
cat /etc/yp.conf |grep domain >> $FILE

echo -e '\n' >> $FILE
echo "Hard Disk Info" >> $FILE
fdisk -l 2>&1 | grep Disk | grep -v "identifier" | grep -v "valid partition" | awk '{print $2,$3,$4}' >> $FILE

echo -e '\n' >> $FILE
echo "Running Services" >> $FILE
service --status-all |grep running. |awk '{ print $1,$5}' >> $FILE

/bin/mail -s "Linux Asset Inventory `hostname`" $MAILIST < $FILE
```

run the shell script file using below command

```
# sh systeminfo.sh
```

if you would like to run the same an multiple servers we have to c**[reate password less authentication first See Guide Here](http://arkit.co.in/linux/password-less-authentication-for-running-remote-server-scripts/)**

then use below to run in multiple server

Write list of server in one file example say /tmp/hostlist.txt

## Collect Multiple Servers Information

now create script file and execute

```
touch multiservers.sh
```

Copy below code to above created file

```
#!/bin/bash
## Date: 25th April 2016
## Purpose: Collecting Multiple Servers information yet a time Gather server information within a second
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## WebSite: http://www.arkit.co.in/

if [ "$#" = 0 ]; then
 echo "Usage: sh multiserver.sh file"
else if [ -f "$1" ]; then
 for i in `cat $1`; do scp systeminfo.sh root@$i:/root/; done
 for i in `cat $1`; do ssh root@$i sh /root/systeminfo.sh; done
else
echo "$1 not found"
fi
fi
```

Now execute file using below command Gather server information within a second

```
# sh multiservers.sh
```

That’s It you will receive an number of Emails to your mail box. Enjoy..!!

## If this script is useful to you then please do comment your feedback.

## Related Articles

[Introduction To Shell SCripting](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-linux-shell-scripting/)

[history command inside shell script](https://arkit.co.in/history-command-inside-shell-script/)

[Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** collect server info, Gather server information within a second

---

### [use systemctl to start, restart and shutdown rhel 7 and centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/use-systemctl/)

**Published:** April 26, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

use systemctl to start, restart and shutdown rhel 7 and centos 7

In this article we are going to learn how to restart, shutdown and change **run Levels = Targets** in RHEL 7. This article is useful for the guys who are preparing for the RHCSA and RHCE examination.

  ## Using operating systems

- Start, restart and shutdown a system normally
- Start systems manually in different destinations
- Interrupting the boot process in order to gain access to a system
- Identify the processes that make heavy use of the CPU and memory, adjust the priority of processes renice and kill processes
- Locate and interpret system log files and newspapers
- Access the console of a virtual machine
- Start and stop virtual machines
- Transfer files between different systems securely

These objectives, though trivial for an experienced Linux administrator, presented a new challenge, since in this version of the system has been incorporated Redcap systemd, adding many more features and a little complexity.

We’ll break briefly the first 3 points in this post
Start, restart and shutdown a system normally

This statement may tempt us to think ‘shutdown’, ‘reboot’ and ‘init’ are the commands needed to handle the issue. While it is true, it is not less, now the whole process startup, shutdown and restart is managed by systemd, therefore, we need to incorporate into our repertoire systemd command.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl reboot
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl halt
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl poweroff
```

Anyway we can continue you to use the old classic commands also

## How to restart server

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# reboot
[root@TechTutorial ~]# shutdown -r now
[root@TechTutorial ~]# init 6
```

## Turning off server

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# halt
[root@TechTutorial ~]# shutdown -h now
[root@TechTutorial ~]# init 0
```

## Off ACPI ( ACPI stands for Advanced configuration and power interface )

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# poweroff
```

## use systemctl to suspend and hibernate

On the other hand, we can manage with systemd suspend / hibernate from the same using systemctl commands

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl suspend
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl hibernate
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl hybrid-sleep
```

Start systems manually in different destinations

Also, with systemctl we can manage what was formerly known as ‘run levels’, now systemd introduces the concept of ‘targets’ greatly improving dependencies to move from a ‘target’ to another.
Known to all, the run levels are: use systemctl use systemctl

 **init 0: halt**
 **init 1: single: Single user or maintenance**
 **init 2: no network** 
 **init 3: multi user without GUI**
 **init 5: multi user with GUI**
 **init 6: reboot**

And we could go from one to another with the unit command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# init 1
```

And to know current run level we can use the following command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# runlevel
N 5
[root@TechTutorial ~]# who -r
         run-level 5  2016-04-26 14:06
```

Systemd is compatible with all of these commands, but the use of systemctl command is recommended, the use of which are briefly described below

Single user with local mounted file system

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl rescue
```

Single user without local mounted file systems (only / )

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl emergency
```

Multi user without GUI

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl isolate multi-user.target
```

Multi User with GUI

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl isolate graphical.target
```

We can also set default target, without editing any files. Set default target using below command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl set-default multi-user.target
```

To know default run level you have to below command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl get-default
```

## Conclusion

Run levels are obsolete now they called targets in RHEL 7 and up coming versions. As of now in RHEL 7 version old commands also works but make a good practice to use systemctl always.

That’s about this article. **[Your feedback is valuable to us.](http://bit.ly/1otzsaC)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** run levels, targets, use systemctl

---

### [paste command with 10 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/paste-command-linux/)

**Published:** April 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

linux paste command is used to merge lines of files. In this paste command we have two options along with paste command -d and -s

-d = delimiters

  -s = serial

Syntax

```
paste [options] files
```

Now are going to see how to make use of -d and -s options to combine different file output.

In this article we are going to use below two files for demonstrate purpose.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cat arkitfile1
Tech
Tututorial
Arkit
WebServer
paste
command
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cat file2arkit
Tutorial
Tech
Linux
server
command
```

## Joining multiple files using paste command

To join the file content side by side just we have to below command

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# paste arkitfile1 file2arkit
Tech    Tutorial
Tututorial      Tech
Arkit   Linux
WebServer       server
paste   command
command
```

## Joining multiple files separated by specified delimiter

In this example we are going to use comma(,) as delimiter

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# paste -d, arkitfile1 file2arkit
Tech,Tutorial
Tututorial,Tech
Arkit,Linux
WebServer,server
paste,command
command,
```

## Merging multiple files sequentially

To merge multiple files in sequentially we have to use -s option along with command as shown in below example

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# paste -s arkitfile1 file2arkit
Tech    Tututorial      Arkit   WebServer       paste   command
Tutorial        Tech    Linux   server  command
```

## Separate file data as 2 columns

Straight line of data will be shown as two separate columns example shown below

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cat arkitfile1

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7, Ubuntu

**Tags:** paste command

---

### [systemctl command with all possible options rhel7 and centos7](https://arkit.co.in/systemctl-command/)

**Published:** April 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

systemctl is a command available in new version of Linux. Systemctl is used to control the systemd and service manager. To control services we have to use lot many options along with systemctl command. It is changed dramatically in new version of Linux. In this article we are going to explore as many possible ways as to use systemctl command in Linux.

Let’s start with checking the service status.

  ## 1. Service Status Check and show service units

below is the command used to verify the service status

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl status network.service
network.service - LSB: Bring up/down networking
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/network)
   Active: active (exited) since Thu 2016-04-28 13:39:38 IST; 32min ago
  Process: 5239 ExecReload=/etc/rc.d/init.d/network reload (code=killed, signal=TERM)
  Process: 5313 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/network start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
```

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl show crond.service
Id=crond.service
Names=crond.service
Requires=basic.target
Wants=system.slice
Conflicts=shutdown.target
Before=shutdown.target
```

## 2. Verify service is active and enabled

If service is active it means service is running without any issues. As a example we verify web service is running OR not.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl is-active httpd.service
active
```

Enabling service means we are ensuring that service should start when server is rebooted. In older versions chkconfig command.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl enable crond.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl is-enabled crond.service
enabled
```

## [![systemctl is-enabled](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/is-enabled-300x213.jpg "is-enabled - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/is-enabled.jpg)

## 3. Start and restart service using systemctl

As simple as starting the services and restarting the services is very easy, Here we have little more than that in New version.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl start crond.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl restart crond.service
```

as we say it is more than start and restart we have **systemctl try-restart** now your thinking about what is the difference between restart and try-restart..?

**option restart** will restart the service if it is in stopped state also.

**option try-restart** Restart one or more units specified on the command line if the units are running. This does nothing if units are not running. Note that, for compatibility with Red Hat init scripts, condrestart is equivalent to this command.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl try-restart crond.service
```

## 4. Listing dependencies, jobs, sockets, unit-files and Units

Listing dependencies means what are the services we have to start before starting this required service this before version this feature was not there.

Shows required and wanted units of the specified unit. If no unit is specified, default.target is implied. Target units are recursively expanded. When –all is passed, all other units are recursively expanded as well

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl list-dependencies crond.service
crond.service
├─system.slice
└─basic.target
 ├─alsa-restore.service
 ├─alsa-state.service
 ├─firewalld.service
 ├─microcode.service
 ├─rhel-autorelabel-mark.service
 ├─rhel-autorelabel.service
 ├─rhel-configure.service
 ├─rhel-dmesg.service
 ├─rhel-loadmodules.service
 ├─paths.target
 ├─slices.target
```

list-jobs will show what are jobs running currently in background

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl list-jobs
No jobs running.
```

Listing installed unit files

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl list-unit-files |grep sshd
anaconda-sshd.service static
sshd-keygen.service static
sshd.service enabled
sshd@.service static
sshd.socket disabled
```

List all available sockets

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl list-sockets
LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
/dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
/dev/log systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service
/run/dmeventd-client dm-event.socket dm-event.service
/run/dmeventd-server dm-event.socket dm-event.service
/run/lvm/lvmetad.socket lvm2-lvmetad.socket lvm2-lvmetad.service
/run/systemd/journal/socket systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service
/run/systemd/journal/stdout systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service
/run/systemd/shutdownd systemd-shutdownd.socket systemd-shutdownd.service
/run/udev/control systemd-udevd-control.socket systemd-udevd.service
/var/run/avahi-daemon/socket avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
/var/run/cups/cups.sock cups.socket cups.service
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket dbus.socket dbus.service
/var/run/rpcbind.sock rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service
@ISCSIADM_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE iscsid.socket iscsid.service
@ISCSID_UIP_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE iscsiuio.socket iscsiuio.service
kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service

16 sockets listed.
Pass --all to see loaded but inactive sockets, too.
```

**Note:** because the addresses might contains spaces, this output is not suitable for programmatic consumption.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl list-sockets --show-types
LISTEN TYPE UNIT ACTIVATES
/dev/initctl FIFO systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
/dev/log Datagram systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service
/run/dmeventd-client FIFO dm-event.socket dm-event.service
/run/dmeventd-server FIFO dm-event.socket dm-event.service
/run/lvm/lvmetad.socket Stream lvm2-lvmetad.socket lvm2-lvmetad.service
/run/systemd/journal/socket Datagram systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service
/run/systemd/journal/stdout Stream systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service
/run/systemd/shutdownd Datagram systemd-shutdownd.socket systemd-shutdownd.service
/run/udev/control SequentialPacket systemd-udevd-control.socket systemd-udevd.service
/var/run/avahi-daemon/socket Stream avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
/var/run/cups/cups.sock Stream cups.socket cups.service
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket Stream dbus.socket dbus.service
/var/run/rpcbind.sock Stream rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service
@ISCSIADM_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE Stream iscsid.socket iscsid.service
@ISCSID_UIP_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE Stream iscsiuio.socket iscsiuio.service
kobject-uevent 1 Netlink systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service

16 sockets listed.
Pass --all to see loaded but inactive sockets, too.

[root@server ~]# systemctl list-sockets --failed
0 sockets listed.
Pass --all to see loaded but inactive sockets, too.
```

## 5. Setting up default target (Older version Run Level) and getting default target

We have to use set-default to set default run level and we can see default run level using get-default option as shown below example

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl set-default multi-user.target
rm '/etc/systemd/system/default.target'
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target' '/etc/systemd/system/default.target'

[root@server ~]# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target
```

## 6. Masking service ans unmasking service

What is mean by masking service, there is situation that company will have multiple administrators working together still there are times one administrator will stop the service which is not required but another administrator will start the same service unfortunately Or unknowingly , will lead to lot of problems to avoid this types of situations. We have to disable, stop the service and mask it, when other administrator try to start also the service will never start until unless explicitly unmask.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl disable crond.service
rm '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/crond.service'
[root@server ~]# systemctl stop crond.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl mask crond.service
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/crond.service'
[root@server ~]# systemctl status crond.service
crond.service
 Loaded: masked (/dev/null)
 Active: inactive (dead)
```

As shown in above command examples we have stopped the service, disabled the service and masked the service. Now try to start the service.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl start crond.service
Failed to issue method call: Unit crond.service is masked.
```

now unmask the service and start it will start

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl unmask crond.service
rm '/etc/systemd/system/crond.service'
[root@server ~]# systemctl start crond.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl status crond.service
crond.service - Command Scheduler
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/crond.service; disabled)
 Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-04-28 22:45:12 IST; 9s ago
 Main PID: 7521 (crond)
 CGroup: /system.slice/crond.service
 └─7521 /usr/sbin/crond -n
```

## 7. Reload and reset service status

Most of the administrator will still have an question that what is the difference between service reload and restart.

Service reload is used whenever we changed something to the service and we would like to push the changes to the service without interrupting the connected users. Reloading the service will never change existing PID (Process Identity)

Service restart is used to restart the service which means stop and start the service, whenever we run restart existing users will disconnect and new PID will be created. It required little downtime to the service changes.

Before reloading the service status

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl status sshd.service
sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-04-28 05:56:52 IST; 16h ago
 Process: 7228 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1601 (sshd)
 CGroup: /system.slice/sshd.service
 └─1601 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
```

After reloading the service

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl reload sshd.service
[root@server ~]# systemctl status sshd.service
sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-04-28 05:56:52 IST; 16h ago
 Process: 7243 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1601 (sshd)
 CGroup: /system.slice/sshd.service
 └─1601 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
```

if observe correctly PID before and after reload not changed.

Reset the “failed” state of the specified units

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl reset-failed sshd.service
```

## 8. Daemon reload option

After deleting the file or directory, you should reload the systemd process so that it no longer attempts to reference these files and reverts back to using the system copies. You can do this by typing:

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
```

## 9. Isolating Targets using systemctl command

It is possible to start all of the units associated with a target and stop all units that are not part of the dependency tree. The command that we need to do this is called, appropriately, isolate. This is similar to changing the runlevel in other init systems.

For instance, if you are operating in a graphical environment with graphical.target active, you can shut down the graphical system and put the system into a multi-user command line state by isolating the multi-user.target. Since graphical.target depends on multi-user.target but not the other way around, all of the graphical units will be stopped.

You may wish to take a look at the dependencies of the target you are isolating before performing this procedure to ensure that you are not stopping vital services:

```
systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target
```

When you are satisfied with the units that will be kept alive, you can isolate the target by typing:

```
systemctl isolate multi-user.target
```

## 10. Create service snapshot and delete

Create a snapshot. If a snapshot name is specified, the new snapshot will be named after it. If none is specified, an automatic snapshot name is generated. In either case, the snapshot name used is printed to STDOUT, unless –quiet is specified.

A snapshot refers to a saved state of the systemd manager. It is implemented itself as a unit that is generated dynamically with this command and has dependencies on all units active at the time. At a later time, the user may return to this state by using the isolate command on the snapshot unit.

Snapshots are only useful for saving and restoring which units are running or are stopped, they do not save/restore any other state. Snapshots are dynamic and lost on reboot.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl snapshot sshd.service
sshd.service.snapshot
```

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl status sshd.service.snapshot
sshd.service.snapshot
 Loaded: loaded
 Active: inactive (dead)

[root@server ~]# systemctl delete sshd.service.snapshot
[root@server ~]# systemctl status sshd.service.snapshot
sshd.service.snapshot
 Loaded: not-found (Reason: No such file or directory)
 Active: inactive (dead)
```

## [Using Shortcuts for Important Events](http://arkit.co.in/linux/use-systemctl/)

## Conclusion

Now you know how to use some of the systemctl commands to start, stop, restart, mask , unmask and enable systemd services.

## We are waiting for your valuable comments dear, Don’t wait write your feedback.

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** systemctl, systemctl command in linux

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### [awk scripting explained with practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/awk-scripting-explained/)

**Published:** May 4, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Awk command / tool is used to manipulate text rows and columns in a file. Awk has built in string functions and associative arrays. Awk supports most of the operators, conditional blocks and available in C language. awk scripting

  ## awk scripting

One of the good thing is we can use awk command along with other commands to achieve the required output. We can also convert awk script to perl.

Basic systax of awk: ‘BEGIN {start\_action} {action} END {stop\_action}’ file\_name

Here are the actions

- Begin block is performed before the file
- End block block is performed after processing the file
- Rest of the actions are performed while processing the file

**Examples:** Create a file with name test below data in it

```
[root@TechTutorial awk]# cat test
```

From above data, you can observe that file has rows and columns separated by space and rows are new lines. To explain this article we are going to use test file for few examples.

# 1.Print required columns using print string

**Command Syntax:** awk ‘{print $3}’ test

Here $3 has a meaning print 3rd columns out of all the columns from test file. In the way of you would like to print multiple columns mention the column names separated by comma $1,$2,$3….. below is the output which as 3rd column in all the rows

```
[root@TechTutorial awk]# awk '{ print $3 }' test
root

[root@TechTutorial awk]# awk '{ print $1,$3,$6 }' test
-rw-r--r--. root Apr
```

To print the 4th and 6th columns in a file use awk ‘{print $4,$6}’ test

Here the begin and end blocks are not used in awk. So, the print command will be executed for each row it reads from the file. In the next example we will see how to use begin and end blocks.

# 2. Print sum of the column value

**Command Syntax:**  awk ‘BEGIN {sum=0} {sum=sum+$7} END {print sum}’ test

The above example will prints the sum of the value in the 7th column. In the begin block the variable sum is assigned with value 0. In the next block the value of 7th column is added to the sum variable. This addition of the 7th column to the sum variable repeats for every row it processed. When all the rows are processed the sum variable will hold the sum of the values in the 7th column. This value is printed in the End block as shown in below:

```
[root@TechTutorial awk]# awk 'BEGIN {sum=0} {sum=sum+$7} END {print sum}' test
300
```

# 3. Sum of column value using awk script

In 2nd example we saw that how to SUM the column 7th value, in same way instead of writing in one line statement we write as script. Create a file sumofcolumn and paste below script in that file

```
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {sum=0} 
{sum=sum+$7} 
END {print sum}
```

Now execute the script using awk command as shown below

```
[root@TechTutorial awk]# awk -f sumofcolumn test
300
```

This will run the script in sumofcolumn file and displays the sum of the 7th column in the test.

# 4. Find string and print matched line

**Command Syntax:** awk ‘{if($9 == “arkit”) print $0;}’ test

above example will checks for the string “arkit” in the 3rd column and if it finds a match then it will print entire line. The output of this awk command is below

```
[root@TechTutorial awk]# awk '{ if($3 == "arkit") print $0;}' test
```

# 5. For loop with multiplication of mentioned value incremented by +1

**Command Syntax:** awk ‘BEGIN { for(i=1;i<=10;i++) print “Multiplied value of”, i, “is”,i\*i; }’

Above command will print the multiplied of first numbers from 1 to 10. i++ will add +1 to the number so that it will keep increase up to 10. The output of the command is below

```
[root@TechTutorial awk]# awk 'BEGIN { for(i=1;i

**Categories:** awk scripting, Linux

**Tags:** awk, awk scripting

---

### [10 easy ways to restore your Linux system Book](https://arkit.co.in/10-easy-ways-restore-linux-system-book/)

**Published:** May 5, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

## 10 easy ways to restore your Linux system Book

10 easy ways to restore your Linux system

## Table of contents

1. How Does System Restore Work in Windows?
2. How Does System Restore Work on Linux?
3. What’s the Difference Between System Snapshots and Backups?
4. TimeShift
5. How it Works
6. Cronopete
7. How it Works
8. Back In Time
9. How it Works
10. Systemback
11. How it Works
12. Snapper
13. How it Works
14. How to Backup and Restore Installed Applications
15. Advanced System Rollback Solutions
16. Rsnapshot
17. Obnam
18. LVM Snapshots

## How Does System Restore Work on Linux?

It doesn’t — at least not under that name. You won’t find the feature called “System Restore

”in your distro’s menus. You’ll have to find an approach that suits you and install the necessary

applications. Most of them are based on the same principle as System Restore on Windows.

They create snapshots of your system at specified intervals and let you roll back to a selected

  point in time.

Before diving into the apps, let’s briefly explain what system snapshots are.

## What’s the Difference Between System Snapshots and Backups?

Semantics may vary, but generally speaking, backups are copies of files kept in a location separate from the files themselves. Backups rarely include everything on a disk; when they do, they’re called disk images or disk clones . This type of backup “ mirrors ” the entire disk,

# [Download Book Here](http://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_make272/prgm.cgi)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Books

**Tags:** 10 Easy ways to Restore your Linux system

---

### [25 most commonly used Linux commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

**Published:** May 7, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

25 most commonly used Linux commands in real time. we have to use these commands without this commands Linux administrator job will not complete a day. We have to use this commands for reading files, checking present working directory, moving files, check who logged in to system, check disk space, check cpu utilization, kill unwanted processes, change files, directories ownership and permissions. Copy files and directories to remote host.

[Linux Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/one-linux-tutorial/)

  # 1.Creating files, Reading files and Updating file content 

To create file very first command in Linux we use is ‘`cat' lets see how to create files using cat command`

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# cat > firstfile
This is a first file created using cat command
```

As mentioned in above ‘>’ redirect symbol we have to use along with cat command to create file with content. Whenever you type cat > FILENAME hit enter, than it will just show blank screen below the command now type some data and press CTRL+d first will save and exit.

To read file content below is the command example

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# cat firstfile
This is a first file created using cat command
```

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# cat >> firstfile
Second line of this file

[root@ArkIT ~]# cat firstfile
This is a first file created using cat command
Second line of this file
```

To append the file content ‘>>’ double grater than we have to use. Type data and press CTRL+d to save.

# 2. List files and directories

To list files and directories in Linux we have to use **[ls command](http://arkit.co.in/linux/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)**

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop Documents Downloads file firstfile initial-setup-ks.cfg linux Music Pictures Public rhce Templates Videos
```

long list with detailed information show. ls -l command will show detailed list of files and directories.

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# ls -l
total 24
-rw-------. 1 root root 1968 Mar 18 02:26 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 17 20:59 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 17 20:59 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 17 20:59 Downloads
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1084 Apr 28 08:16 file
```

list and sort files based on created date

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# ls -ltr
total 24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2016 Mar 17 20:58 initial-setup-ks.cfg
-rw-------. 1 root root 1968 Mar 18 02:26 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1812 Apr 28 05:59 rhce
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1227 Apr 28 06:02 linux
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1084 Apr 28 08:16 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 72 May 6 22:45 firstfile
```

ls -ltr means l = long list, t = time, r = recursively

# 3. Let you know current working directory

To show in which directory your currently working use pwd commnad

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# pwd
/root
```

# 4. more – file perusal filter for crt viewing

more command is used to filter for paging through text one screen full at a time.

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# cat anaconda-ks.cfg |more
[root@ArkIT ~]# more -d anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@ArkIT ~]# more anaconda-ks.cfg
```

# 5. copy files and directories from source to destination

To copy the files and directories from one location to other location we have to use cp command

To copy only files use below command. If you use same command for directories will not work, have to use -r option along with cp command

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# cp firstfile /opt/
```

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# cp Music/ /opt/
cp: omitting directory ‘Music/’

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** 25 most commonly used Linux commands

---

### [awk command explained with practical examples part -2](https://arkit.co.in/awk-command-explained/)

**Published:** May 11, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Awk command is powerful tool as we learned few awk command / scripting methods in **[Previous article](http://arkit.co.in/linux/awk-scripting-explained/)**, in this article i am going to explain few more. Let’s see what are they

## 1. How to replace Nth occurrence of matched pattern using awk command

For this example we are going to use below mentioned file content. We are going to replace 3rd occurrence of ‘SSSS’ with ‘YYYY’.

  ```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cat replace.txt
1. RRRR1
SSSS
TTTT1
WWWW1
2.RRRR1
SSSS
TTTT1
WWWW1
3. RRRR1
SSSS  
TTTT1
WWWW1
4. RRRR1
SSSS
TTTT1
WWWW1
5. RRRR1
SSSS
TTTT1
WWWW1
```

As i said above 3rd occurrence will be replaced with YYYY in the file. Let’s see how the output will be

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# awk 'BEGIN {count=0}
 {
  if($1 == "SSSS")
  {
   count++
  }
  if(count == 3)
  {
   sub("SSSS","YYYY",$1)
  }
 }
 {
  print $0
 }' replace.txt
1. RRRR1
SSSS
TTTT1
WWWW1
2.RRRR1
SSSS
TTTT1
WWWW1
3. RRRR1
YYYY

**Categories:** awk scripting, Linux

**Tags:** awk command, awk scripting

---

### [Download Quick Fix Notebook - Free 696 Page eBook](https://arkit.co.in/download-quick-fix-notebook/)

**Published:** May 12, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Download Quick Fix Notebook

  ## Download Quick Fix Notebook Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxxi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xl
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xli

## Part 1 The Linux File Server Project

## 1 Why Host Your Own Site? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Our Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Alternatives to In-House Web Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Virtual Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Dedicated Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Factors to Consider Before Hosting Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Is In-House Hosting Preferred? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
How to Migrate From an External Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
In-House Server Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

## 2 Introduction to Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
The OSI Networking Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
An Introduction to TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
TCP Is a Connection-Oriented Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
How TCP Establishes a Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
UDP, TCP’s “Connectionless” Cousin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
TCP and UDP Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
The TCP/IP Time to Live Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
The ICMP Protocol and Its Relationship to TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
How IP Addresses Are Used to Access Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Private IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
The localhost IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Network Address Translation (NAT) Makes Private IPs Public . . . . . . . .18
Port Forwarding with NAT Facilitates Home-Based Web Sites . . . . . . . .19
DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
How DNS Links Your IP Address to Your Web Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
IP Version 6 (IPv6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
How Subnet Masks Group IP Addresses into Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Calculating the Number of Addresses Assigned to a Subnet . . . . . . . . . . .22
Calculating the Range of Addresses on Your Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Subnet Masks for the Typical Business DSL Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
The Physical and Link Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Networking Equipment Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Network Interface Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
The Two Broad Types of Networking Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Connectivity Using Hubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Using Switches as a Faster Alternative to Hubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Local Area Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
How Routers Interconnect LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
How Simple Routing Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Default Gateways, the Routers of Last Resort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Firewalls Help Provide a Secure Routing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Additional Introductory Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
The File Transfer Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Linux Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

## 3 Linux Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
How to Configure Your NIC’s IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Determining Your IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Changing Your IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Multiple IP Addresses on a Single NIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
IP Address Assignment for a Direct DSL Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
IP Address Assignment for a Cable Modem Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
How to Activate/Shut Down Your NIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
How to View Your Current Routing Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
How to Change Your Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
How to Configure Two Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Adding Routes from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Adding Routes with /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ Files . . . . . . . . . . .48
How to Delete a Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Changing NIC Speed and Duplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Using mii-tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Using ethtool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
How to Convert Your Linux Server into a Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Configuring IP Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Configuring Proxy ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Configuring Your /etc/hosts File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
The loopback Interface’s localhost Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

## 4 Simple Network Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Sources of Network Slowness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Sources of a Lack of Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Doing Basic Cable and Link Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Testing Your NIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Viewing Your Activated Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Viewing All Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Testing Link Status from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Viewing NIC Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
How to See MAC Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Using ping to Test Network Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Using telnet to Test Network Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Linux telnet Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Successful Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Connection Refused Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
telnet Timeout or Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
telnet Troubleshooting Using Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Screen Goes Blank—Successful Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Connect Failed Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
telnet Timeout or Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Testing Web Sites with the curl and wget Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Using curl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Using wget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
The netstat Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
The Linux iptables Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Determining Whether iptables Is Running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
How to Stop iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
How to Configure iptables Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Using traceroute to Test Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Sample traceroute Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Possible traceroute Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
traceroute Time Exceeded False Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
traceroute Internet Slowness False Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
traceroute Dies at the Router Just Before the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Always Get a Bidirectional traceroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
ping and traceroute Troubleshooting Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
tracerouteWeb Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Possible Reasons for a Failed traceroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Using MTR to Detect Network Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Viewing Packet Flows with tcpdump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Analyzing tcpdump files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Common Problems with tcpdump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Viewing Packet Flows with tethereal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Basic DNS Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Using nslookup to Test DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Using the host Command to Test DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Using nmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Determining the Source of an Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Who Has Used My System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
The last Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
The who Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

## 5 Troubleshooting Linux with syslog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
syslog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
The /etc/syslog.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Activating Changes to the syslog Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
How to View New Log Entries as They Happen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Logging syslog Messages to a Remote Linux Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
syslog Configuration and Cisco Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
syslog and Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
logrotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
The /etc/logrotate.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Sample Contents of /etc/logrotate.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
The /etc/logrotate.d Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Activating logrotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Compressing Your Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

## 6 Installing RPM Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Where to Get Commonly Used RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
RPMs on Your Installation CDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
RPMs Downloaded from Fedora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
RPMs Downloaded from rpmfind.net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Getting RPMs Using Web-Based FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Using the Fedora Web site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Using the rpmfindWeb site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Getting RPMs Using Command-Line Anonymous FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Getting RPMs Using wget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Automatic Updates with yum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Configuring yum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Creating Your Own yum Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Before You Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Keeping Your System Current with yum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Example of a yum Package Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
How to Install RPMs Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Using Downloaded Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Using CD-ROMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
How to Install Source RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
RPM Installation Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Failed Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Signature Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
How to List Installed RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Listing Files Associated with RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Listing Files for Already Installed RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Listing Files in RPM Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Listing the RPM to Which a File Belongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Uninstalling RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Which RPMs Start at Boot Time? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Installing Software Using tar Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

## 7 The Linux Boot Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
The Fedora Boot Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Determining the Default Boot runlevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Getting a GUI Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Get a Basic Text Terminal Without Exiting the GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Using a GUI Terminal Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Using Virtual Consoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
System Shutdown and Rebooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Halt/Shut Down the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Reboot the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Entering Single-user Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
How to Set Programs to Run at Each runlevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
chkconfig Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Using chkconfig to Improve Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Final Tips on chkconfig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

## 8 Configuring the DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Download and Install the DHCP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
The /etc/dhcpd.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
How to Get DHCP Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
DHCP Servers with Multiple NICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Temporary Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Permanent Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Configuring Linux Clients to Use DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Configuring Windows Clients to Use DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Simple DHCP Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
DHCP Clients Obtaining 169.254.0.0 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

## 9 Linux Users and sudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Adding Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Who Is the Super User? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
How to Add Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
How to Change Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
How to Delete Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
How to Tell the Groups to Which a User Belongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
How to Change the Ownership of a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Using sudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Example of a User Using sudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Downloading and Installing the sudo Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Simple /etc/sudoers Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

## 10 Windows, Linux, and Samba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Download and Install Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
How to Get Samba Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
The Samba Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
How SWAT Makes Samba Simpler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Basic SWAT Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Controlling SWAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Encrypting SWAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
How to Make SWAT Changes Immediate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Creating a Starter Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
The \[global\] Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
The \[homes\] Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
The \[netlogon\] and \[profiles\] Share Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
The \[printers\] Share Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Shares for Specific Groups of Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Samba Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
How to Create a Samba PDC Administrator User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Home Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Corporate Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
How to Add Workstations to Your Samba Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Create Samba Trust Accounts for Each Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Make Your PC Clients Aware of Your Samba PDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
How to Add Users to Your Samba Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Adding the Users in Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Mapping the Linux Users to an smbpassword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Mapping a Private Windows Drive Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Domain Groups and Samba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
How to Delete Users from Your Samba Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
How to Modify Samba Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

## 11 Sharing Resources Using Samba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Adding a Printer to a Samba PDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Adding the Printer to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Make Samba Aware of the Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Configure the Printer Driver on the Workstations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Creating Group Shares in Samba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Create the Directory and User Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Configure the Share in SWAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Map the Directory Using My Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Sharing Windows Drives Using a Linux Samba Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Windows Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Test Your Windows Client Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Create a CD-ROM Drive Mount Point on Your Samba Server . . . . . . . .177
Automating Mounting with Linux Samba Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

## 12 Samba Security and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Testing the smb.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Samba and Firewall Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Linux iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Windows-based Zone Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
The Windows XP Built-In Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Testing Basic Client/Server Network Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Testing Samba Client/Server Network Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Checking the Samba Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Samba Network Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Basic Samba Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

## 13 Linux Wireless Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Wireless Linux-Compatible NICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Common Wireless Networking Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Wireless Access Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Extended Service Set ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Encryption Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Networking with Linux Wireless Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Using iwconfig for Wireless Tools Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Permanent Wireless Tools Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Wireless Tools Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Networking with Linux-WLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Linux-WLAN Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Identifying the Correct RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Installing the RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Linux-WLAN Post Installation Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
Start Linux-WLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Testing Linux-WLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Linux-WLAN Encryption for Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Troubleshooting Your Wireless LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Check the NIC Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Check for Interrupt Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Kernel Log Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Can’t Ping Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Unknown Device Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
A Common Problem with Linux-WLAN and Fedora Core 1 . . . . . . . . . .204
Wireless Networks In Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206

# Part 2 The Linux Web Site Project

## 14 Linux Firewalls Using iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
What Is iptables? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Download and Install the iptables Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
How to Start iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Determining the Status of iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Packet Processing in iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Targets and Jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Important iptables Command Switch Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Using User-Defined Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
Saving Your iptables Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Fedora’s iptables Rule Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Recovering from a Lost Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Loading Kernel Modules Needed by iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Sample iptables Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Basic Operating System Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Basic iptables Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Advanced iptables Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Allowing DNS Access to Your Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Allowing WWW and SSH Access to Your Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Allowing Your Firewall to Access the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
Allow Your Home Network to Access the Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
Masquerading (Many to One NAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
Port Forwarding Type NAT (DHCP DSL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
Static NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Troubleshooting iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Checking the Firewall Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
iptablesWon’t Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236

## 15 Linux FTP Server Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
FTP Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Types of FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
Problems with FTP and Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Client Protected by a Firewall Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Server Protected by a Firewall Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
How to Download and Install VSFTPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
How to Get VSFTPD Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Testing the Status of VSFTPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
The vsftpd.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Other vsftpd.conf Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
FTP Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
The /etc/vsftpd.ftpusers File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Anonymous Upload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
FTP Greeting Banner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
Using SCP as Secure Alternative to FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
Troubleshooting FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
FTP Users with Read-Only Access to a Shared Directory . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Sample Login Session to Test Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

## 16 Telnet, TFTP, and xinetd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Managing xinetd Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Controlling xinetd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Controlling xinetd-Managed Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
TELNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Using The TELNET Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Installing the TELNET Server Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Setting Up a TELNET Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
Stopping a TELNET Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
Basic TELNET Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
TFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Installing the TFTP Server Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Configuring the TFTP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Saving Cisco Configurations to the TFTP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
Uploading Cisco Configurations from the TFTP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Using TFTP to Restore Your Router Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262

## 17 Secure Remote Logins and File Copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
A Quick Introduction to SSH Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Starting OpenSSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
Testing the Status of SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
The /etc/ssh/sshd\_config File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
SSH Versions 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
Change the TCP Port on Which SSH Listens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
Using SSH to Log Into a Remote Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
What to Expect with Your First Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
SSH Failures Due to Linux Reinstallations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Deactivating TELNET After Installing SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Executing Remote Commands on Demand with SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
SCP: A Secure Alternative to FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Copying Files to the Local Linux Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Copying Files to the Remote Linux Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
SFTP: Another Secure Alternative to FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Using SSH and SCP Without a Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Configuration: Client Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
Configuration: Server Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273

## 18 Configuring DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Introduction to DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
DNS Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
BIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
DNS Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Authoritative DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
How DNS Servers Find Your Site Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
When to Use a DNS Caching Name Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
When to Use a Static DNS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
When To Use A Dynamic DNS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
How to Get Your Own Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Basic DNS Testing of DNS Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Downloading and Installing the BIND Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Starting BIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
The /etc/resolv.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Configuring a Caching Name Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
Important File Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
Configuring a Regular Name Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Configuring resolv.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Configuring named.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Configuring the Zone Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
Sample Forward Zone File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
Sample Reverse Zone File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
What You Need to Know About NAT and DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Loading Your New Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
Make Sure Your /etc/hosts File is Correctly Updated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
Configure Your Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
Fix Your Domain Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
Troubleshooting BIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
General Troubleshooting Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Migrating Your Web Site In-House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
DHCP Considerations for DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
Simple DNS Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Zone Transfer Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Naming Convention Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

## 19 Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
Dynamic DNS Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
Testing ISP Connectivity for Your Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
Registering DDNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Install a DDNS Client on Your Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Dynamic DNS and NAT Router/Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
DDNS Client Software: SOHO Router/Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
DDNS Client Software: Linux DDclient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
The /etc/ddclient.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
How to Get DDclient Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
Finding DDclient Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
Testing Your Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

## 20 The Apache Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
Downloading and Installing the Apache Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
Starting Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
Configuring DNS for Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
DHCP and Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
General Configuration Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
Where to Put Your Web Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
Named Virtual Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
IP-Based Virtual Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Virtual Hosting and SSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
Configuration: Multiple Sites and IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Testing Your Web Site Before DNS Is Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
Disabling Directory Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
Handling Missing Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
Using Data Compression on Web Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
Compression Configuration Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328
Apache Running on a Server Behind a NAT Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Step 1: Configure Virtual Hosting on Multiple IPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Step 2: Configure DNS Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Protecting Web Page Directories with Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330
The /etc/httpd/conf.d Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
Troubleshooting Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Testing Basic HTTP Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Browser 403 Forbidden Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Only the Default Apache Page Appears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Incompatible /etc/httpd/conf/http.conf Files When Upgrading . . . . . .333
Server Name Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
The Apache Status Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
The Apache Error Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

## 21 Configuring Linux Mail Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Configuring sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
How sendmailWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Installing sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
Starting sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
How to Restart sendmail After Editing Your Configuration Files . . . . . .340
The /etc/mail/sendmail.mc File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Configuring DNS for sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
How to Configure Linux sendmail Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
Converting From a Mail Client to a Mail Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
The /etc/mail/relay-domains File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
The /etc/mail/access File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
The /etc/mail/local-host-names File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Which User Should Really Receive the Mail? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
sendmail Masquerading Explained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Using sendmail to Change the Sender’s E-mail Address . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
Troubleshooting sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
Fighting Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Using Public Spam Blacklists with sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
spamassassin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
A Simple PERL Script to Help Stop Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
Configuring Your POP Mail Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
Installing Your POP Mail Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
Starting Your POP Mail Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
How to Configure Your Windows Mail Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Configuring Secure POP Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
How to Handle Overlapping E-mail Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Troubleshooting POP Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364

## 22 Monitoring Server Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
SNMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
OIDs and MIBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
SNMP Community Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
SNMP Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
Doing SNMP Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Basic SNMP Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
Simple SNMP Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
MRTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
MRTG Download and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
Configuring MRTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
Getting MRTG to Poll Multiple Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Configuring Apache to Work with MRTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
How to View the MRTG Graphs in Your Web Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Using MRTG to Monitor Other Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Troubleshooting MRTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Webalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
How to View Your Webalizer Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
The Webalizer Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
The top Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
The vmstat Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
The free Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383

## 23 Advanced MRTG for Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
Locating and Viewing the Contents of Linux MIBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
Testing Your MIB Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
Differences in MIB and MRTG Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
The CPU and the Memory Monitoring MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
The TCP/IP Monitoring MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
Manually Configuring Your MRTG File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Parameter Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Legend Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390
Options Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390
Title Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Scaling Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Defining The MIB Target Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Defining Global Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
Implementing Advanced Server Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
A Complete Sample Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
Testing the Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
Creating a New MRTG Index Page to Include this File . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Configuring CRON to Use the New MRTG File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Monitoring Non-Linux MIB Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Find the OIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
Testing The OIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

## 24 The NTP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
Download and Install the NTP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
The /etc/ntp.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
How to Get NTP Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Testing and Troubleshooting NTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Verifying NTP is Running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Doing an Initial Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Determining If NTP Is Synchronized Properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Your Linux NTP Clients Cannot Synchronize Properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
Fedora Core 2 File Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Configuring Cisco Devices to Use an NTP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Cisco IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
CAT OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Firewalls and NTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Configuring a Windows NTP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

# Part 3 Advanced Topics

## 25 Network-Based Linux Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
Setting Up the Installation Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Basic Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Set Up Your Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414
Set Up Your FTP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414
Create a Special FTP User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415
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Set Up Your NFS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415
Configure Your DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
Creating a Boot CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
The Network Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
Troubleshooting the Network Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417
Differences Between Fedora and Red Hat Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417
Automating Installation with Kickstart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417
How to Create New Kickstart Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418
How to Run a Kickstart Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
Booting With Your Kickstart Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420

## 26 Linux Software RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
RAID Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
Linear Mode RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
RAID 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
RAID 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
RAID 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
RAID 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
Before You Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
IDE Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
Serial ATA Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425
SCSI Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425
Should I Use Software RAID Partitions or Entire Disks? . . . . . . . . . . . .426
Back up Your System First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
Configure RAID in Single-User Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
Configuring Software RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
RAID Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Edit the RAID Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
Create the RAID Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
Confirm RAID Is Correctly Initialized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
Format the New RAID Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
Load the RAID Driver for the New RAID Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
Create a Mount Point for the RAID Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
Edit the /etc/fstab File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
Start the New RAID Set’s Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
Mount the New RAID Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
Check the Status of the New RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434

## 27 Expanding Disk Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
Adding Disks to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
Determining the Disk Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
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Preparing Partitions on New Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
Verifying Your New Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Putting a Directory Structure on Your New Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Migrating Data to Your New Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
Expanding Partitions with LVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
LVM Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
Configuring LVM Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

## 28 Managing Disk Usage with Quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451
Setting Up Quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451
Enter Single-User Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451
Edit Your /etc/fstab File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
Remount the Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
Get Out of Single-User Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
Create the Partition Quota Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
Initialize the Quota Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
Edit the User’s Quota Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
Other Quota Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
Editing Grace Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
Editing Group Quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
Getting Quota Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455

## 29 Remote Disk Access With NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
NFS Operation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
General NFS Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458
Key NFS Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458
Important NFS Daemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460
Installing nfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462
Configuring NFS on the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462
The /etc/exports File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462
Starting NFS on the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
Configuring NFS on the Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
Starting NFS on the Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464
NFS and DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464
Making NFS Mounting Permanent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
Activating Modifications to the /etc/exports File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
New Exports File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
Adding a Shared Directory To An Existing Exports File . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
Deleting, Moving, or Modifying a Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
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The NFS automounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
automounter Map Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
The Structure of Direct and Indirect Map Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Wildcards in Map Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
Starting automounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
automounter Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
Troubleshooting NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
The showmount Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
The df Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
The nfsstat Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
Other NFS Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
NFS Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
File Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Nesting Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Limiting root Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Restricting Access to the NFS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
File Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477

## 30 Centralized Logins Using NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480
Configuring the NFS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480
Configuring the NFS Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Configuring the NIS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Edit Your /etc/sysconfig/network File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Edit Your /etc/yp.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Start the Key NIS Server-Related Daemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
Initialize Your NIS Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
Start the ypbind and ypxfrd Daemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
Make Sure the Daemons Are Running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
Adding New NIS Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
Configuring the NIS Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
Run authconfig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
Start the NIS Client-Related Daemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
Verify Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
Test NIS Access to the NIS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
Test Logins via the NIS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490
NIS Slave Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
Configuring NIS Slave Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
Configuring NIS Clients with Slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Changing Your NIS Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
When There Is Only an NIS Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
When There Is a NIS Master and Slave Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
Possible Password Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
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Considerations for a Non-NFS Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
NIS Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498

## 31 Centralized Logins Using LDAP and RADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
The LDAP Directory Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500
Downloading and Installing the LDAP Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Required LDAP Server RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Required LDAP Client RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Configuring the LDAP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Create a Database Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Create an LDAP Root Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
Edit the slapd.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
Start the ldap Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
Convert the /etc/passwd File to LDIF Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503
Modify the LDIF Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504
Import the LDIF Files into the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505
Test the LDAP Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505
Configuring the LDAP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505
Edit the ldap.conf Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506
Edit the /etc/nsswitch File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506
Create Home Directories on the LDAP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507
Configuring Encrypted LDAP Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508
Configuring the stunnel LDAP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508
Configuring the stunnel LDAP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509
Troubleshooting LDAP Logins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511
Test Using ldapsearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511
Use SSH or the Linux Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Use the tcpdump Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Test Basic Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
LDAP Works But Is Not Using LDAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
stunnel Doesn’t Appear to Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
LDAP bind Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Possible stunnel Errors in Fedora Core 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Common LDAP Administrative Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514
Starting and Stopping LDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514
LDAP Users Changing Their Own Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514
Modifying LDAP Users by User root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
Adding New LDAP Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
Deleting LDAP Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
LDAP Web Management Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
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Configuring RADIUS for LDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
Download and Install the FreeRADIUS Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Starting and Stopping FreeRADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Configuring the /etc/raddb/radiusd.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Configuring the /etc/raddb/users File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519
Configuring the /etc/raddb/clients.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520
Troubleshooting and Testing RADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

## 32 Controlling Web Access with Squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523
Download and Install the Squid Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524
Starting Squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524
The /etc/squid/squid.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524
The Visible Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524
Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525
Restricting Web Access by Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525
Restricting Web Access by IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526
Password Authentication Using NCSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526
Forcing Users to Use Your Squid Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
Making Your Squid Server Transparent to Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
Manually Configuring Web Browsers to Use Your Squid Server . . . . . .529
Squid Disk Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
Troubleshooting Squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531

## 33 Modifying the Linux Kernel to Improve Performance . . . . . . . . . . .533

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
The Pros and Cons of Kernel Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534
Download and Install the Kernel Sources Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534
Kernel Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Reasons for Kernel Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
How Kernel Modules Load When Booting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536
Loading Kernel Modules on Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537
Creating a Custom Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
Make Sure Your Source Files Are in Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
The .config File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
Customizing the .config File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540
Configure Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542
Edit the Makefile to Give the Kernel a Unique Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542
Compile a New Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542
Build the Kernel’s Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542
Install the Kernel Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
Copy the New Kernel to the /boot Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
Contents xxvii
00Harrison\_FM.qxd 2/25/05 12:39 PM Page xxvii
Updating GRUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
Kernel Crash Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
How to Create a Boot CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
Updating the Kernel Using RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546

## 34 Basic MySQL Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547
Preparing MySQL for Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
Installing MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
Starting MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
The /etc/my.cnf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
The Location of MySQL Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
Creating a MySQL Root Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
Accessing the MySQL Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550
Creating and Deleting MySQL Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550
Granting Privileges to Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
Running MySQL Scripts to Create Data Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552
Viewing Your New MySQL Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552
Listing the Data Tables in Your MySQL Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553
Viewing Your MySQL Database’s Table Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553
Viewing the Contents of a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554
Configuring Your Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554
Recovering and Changing Your MySQL Root Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554
MySQL Database Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555
MySQL Database Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556
Very Basic MySQL Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556
Basic MySQL Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557
Connectivity Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557
Test Database Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557
A Common Fedora Core 1 MySQL Startup Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558

## 35 Configuring Linux VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559

In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559
VPN Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Download and Install the Openswan Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561
How to Get Openswan Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561
Get the Status of the Openswan Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562
How to Fix Common Status Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562
VPN Configuration Steps Using RSA Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
The /etc/ipsec.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
Obtaining RSA Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564
Edit the /etc/ipsec.conf Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
Restart Openswan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566
xxviii Contents
00Harrison\_FM.qxd 2/25/05 12:39 PM Page xxviii
Initialize the New Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566
Testing the New Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567
Possible Changes to IP Tables NAT/Masquerade Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567
How to Ensure Openswan Starts When Rebooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
Using Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
Troubleshooting Openswan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Determine the Tunnel Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Testing VPN Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570
Check the Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
Using tcpdump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
Check syslog Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572
Invalid Key Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573
Appendix I Miscellaneous Linux Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575
Fedora Core 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575
Linux Security with TCP Wrappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576
The TCP Wrappers File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576
Determining the TCP Daemon’s Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577
Adjusting Kernel Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577
Running Linux Without a Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
Preparing to Go Headless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
Configuration Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580
Make Your Linux Box Emulate a VT100 Dumb Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581
Configuration Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581
VPN Terms and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583
Authentication and Encryption Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
IKE’s Role in Creating Security Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585
VPN Security and Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586
VPN User Authentication Methods for Temporary Connections . . . . . . .586
TCP/IP Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587
ICMP Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588
Appendix II Codes, Scripts, and Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591
Apache File Permissions Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591
sendmail Spam Filter Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592
The mail-filter.accept File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593
The mail-filter.reject File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593
The mail-filter Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593
iptables Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598
FTP Client Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598
FTP Server Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599
NTP Server Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600
Home/Small Office Protection Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600
Contents xxix
00Harrison\_FM.qxd 2/25/05 12:39 PM Page xxix
Sample DNS Zone Files: Using BIND Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .609
The /etc/named.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .609
Zone File for my-web-site.org (External View) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611
Zone File for my-web-site.org (Internal View) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611
Reverse Zone File for a Home Network Using NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612
sendmail Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613
Sample /etc/mail/access File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613
Sample /etc/mail/local-host-names File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613
Sample /etc/mail/sendmail.mc File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613
Sample /etc/mail/virtusertable File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .615
Appendix III Fedora Version Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617
FTP Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617
DHCP Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618
DNS Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618
Routing Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619
iptables Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619
Software Installation Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619
Wireless Networking Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620
Linux-WLAN File Locations Using Red Hat 8.0 RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620
MRTG Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621
File Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621
indexmaker MRTG\_LIB Errors with Red Hat 9 and 8.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621
Precedence Bitwise Error with Red Hat 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622
Webalizer Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622
Appendix IV syslog Configuration and Cisco Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
Cisco Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
Catalyst CAT Switches Running CATOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
Cisco Local Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624
Cisco PIX Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624
Cisco CSS11000 (Arrowpoints) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625
The Sample Cisco syslog.conf File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627

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**Categories:** Books

**Tags:** Download Quick Fix Notebook

---

### [Automatic NRPE Installation Shell Script | Arkit](https://arkit.co.in/automatic-nrpe-installation/)

**Published:** February 23, 2026
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Installing NRPE manually in Centos 7 Or RHEL 7 is easy however if NRPE is not working then troubleshooting and tweaking all the settings going to be an TDS job. Here is the simple Nagios Client Installation Shell Script Centos 7.

## Nagios Client Installation NRPE Centos 7

Its very easy and simple to install just running one command will do below steps for you

  - Installs required packages using yum
- Creates users and groups for Nagios
- Defines services for xinetd
- Installs NRPE Agent and required Nagios Plugins
- Allow firewall ports for client server communication
- Configure the agent to send data

Which process will work in multiple operating systems such as Centos 5-7, RHEL 6 & 7, Debain, Ubuntu, SLES & OpenSUSE and Fedora

## NRPE Installation script

```
yum install wget -y
```

wget is required for downloading the TAR package

Download it in temp location after installation you can delete the entire directory

```
# cd /tmp# wget http://assets.nagios.com/downloads/nagiosxi/agents/linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz
```

then unzip the package using below command

```
# tar -xvf linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz
# cd linux-nrpe-agent
# ./fullinstall
```

After script execution it will ask you for the confirmation as below

```
Your system $PATH does not include /sbin and /usr/sbin. This is usually the result of installing GNOME rather than creating a clean system.
Adding /sbin and /usr/sbin to $PATH.
============================
Nagios Linux Agent Installer
============================

This script will install the Nagios Linux Agent by executing all necessary
sub-scripts.

IMPORTANT: This script should only be used on a clean installed system:

RedHat Enterprise, CentOS, Fedora, Cloud Linux or Oracle
OpenSUSE or SUSE Enterprise
Ubuntu or Debian

Do NOT use this on a system running any other distro or that
does not allow additional package installation.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
```

Say yes it will automatically download EPEL repository and configured Nagios client for you

![nrpe](https://www.server-computer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/nrpe-300x152.png "- ARKIT")nrpe

That’s it Now go back to Nagios Server and configure your service monitoring.

## Related Articles

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

---

### [reset root user password RHEL7 Or Centos 7 Without Rebuilding OS](https://arkit.co.in/reset-root-user-password-rhel7/)

**Published:** May 12, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

reset root user password rhel7 and centos 7. Sometimes if you forgot root user password, you can’t reset root user password from any other user since Linux is not allowed to reset the root user password from other Normal / Administrator user. Maybe you have to rebuild entire host, using this below method if you have physical access to server you can recover root password.

If your going to write RHCSA ([Red hat Certified System Administrator](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BskRmjvWG5Y&list=PL8cE5Nxf6M6ZHEt4-CgdvbMyJ3hRAoth3)) and RHCE (Red hat Certified Engineer) certifications this is the first step you have to resolve.

  ## reset root user password RHEL7

[![Authentication Failure](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Authentication-Failure-300x157.png "Authentication Failure - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Authentication-Failure.png)

When you type wrong password above authentication failure screen will appear. Then in the top right corner there is a power button will appear as shown in below screenshot, click on power button then click restart

[![restart server click on power button](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/restart-server-click-on-power-button-300x153.png "restart server click on power button - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/restart-server-click-on-power-button.png)

Click Restart

Server will restart.

[![press e to edit arkit](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/press-e-to-edit-arkit-300x167.png "press e to edit arkit - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/press-e-to-edit-arkit.png)

When server is loading boot menu then press any key (Arrow Key / Space Bar) to stop the boot menu, then press ‘e’ to edit the kernel line. Whenever kernel lines are edited below screen will appear

[![ctrl s](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ctrl-s-300x167.png "ctrl s - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ctrl-s.png)

in kernel line where you see “linux16” word go to end of that line and type rd.break console=tty1 then press CTRL+X

server will continue to boot in single user mode. File system in this mode will be in Read Only mode. So we have to remount the file system as Read / Write then only we can able to make a change in configuration files. when we change an Password of root user encrypted password will be stored in /etc/shadow.

[![remount as read write file system](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/remount-as-read-write-file-system-300x110.png "remount as read write file system - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/remount-as-read-write-file-system.png)

```
switch_root# mount -o remount,rw /sysroot
```

above command will mount an file system as read-write

```
switch_root# chroot /sysroot
```

above command will change as actual root

```
sh-4.2# passwd
```

above command will change the password of root user

Now root password is changed.

Note: In RHEL7 by default SELinux is in enforcing state so we have to relabel the SELinux then only server will boot properly when you reboot to do that follow the below steps

**sh-4.2#** touch /.autorelabel

Above mentioned command will create an hidden file under the slash which means SELinux will auto matically relabel the SELinux policy when server is booting.

That’s it After the successful boot of server use new password to login.

Please provide your valuable comments on the same

## Keywords:

reset root user password rhel7, reset root user password centos 7, changing root user password rhel7, how to reset root user password in linux

## Related Articles

[Linux Learners Guide Book](https://arkit.co.in/linux-learners-guide-book-written-by-ankam-ravi-kumar/)

[RHCSA and RHCE Certification Guide](https://arkit.co.in/one-linux-tutorial/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** How to reset root user password

---

### [Describing various protocols NAT DHCP DNS Proxy Server and TCP IP](https://arkit.co.in/describing-various-protocols/)

**Published:** May 14, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Describing various protocols NAT DHCP DNS Proxy Server and TCP IP. Internet is an interconnected system of networks that connects computers around the world. Mostly, it uses TCP/IP protocol for communicating between the computers. A web browser called Firefox, explorer is used to view the web contents using internet.

## Describing various protocols NAS, DHCP, DNS, Proxy Server and TCP/IP.

1. Describe Router
2. Explain Network Address Translation (NAT)
3. Explain Proxy Servers
4. Configure TCP/IP
5. Configure Internet Explorer
6. Configure MS Outlook and Outlook Express
7. Configure DHCP and [DNS](https://arkit.co.in/linux/master-dns-configuration/)
8. Explain [proxy](https://arkit.co.in/linux/squid-proxy-server/) servers
9. Configure NetBIOS
10. Troubleshoot DHCP and DNS
11. Explain the applications internet

Router is an inter networking device used to link two different networks. It determines the rote through which the information will travel from source to destination in the form of data packets. There are two types of routers. Static and Dynamic.

  NAT – Network address translation (NAT) is a method in which a system’s IP address is changed into a different IP address before it is sent out to an external network (Internet). In the figure, there is a NAT server. It is connected to a local intranet on one side and to the internet on the other.

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Computer, Networking

**Tags:** Describing various protocols

---

### [web server installation and configuration step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/web-server-installation/)

**Published:** May 15, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Apache web server installation and configuration step by step guide in RHEL7 and Centos 7. web server is used to host websites using httpd service.

# Why Apache name chosen for this software?

This software is chosen a name called APACHE because its firstly group of patches included and used as a software to run we server from native American nations group. Native American people called as Apache men. As shown in figure below he is an Apache men from native American group of people.

  [![why apache name chosen](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/why-apache-name-chosen-239x300.jpg "why apache name chosen - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/why-apache-name-chosen.jpg)

Now if you observe carefully above picture he is wearing an CAP with below shown picture that’s where Apache name is confirmed for this software

[![web server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/apache-logo-300x106-300x106.png "apache-logo--300x106 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/apache-logo-300x106.png)

## Prerequisites

1. Create [DNS entry](http://arkit.co.in/linux/master-dns-configuration/) to resolve you web server name
2. Web browser to access the web server

## Server profile

- **Package Name:** httpd\*
- **Daemon Name:** httpd
- **Config File:** /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf, /etc/httpd/conf.d/ANYNAME.conf
- **Port Numbers:** 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTPS)

## Web server installation process

```
# yum install httpd*
```

required to install httpd and its dependencies

## Enable and Start the Service

```
# systemctl enable httpd.service
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service'
# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl status httpd.service
```

- **service enable** – which means whenever you restart server, service should automatically enable
- **service start** – Normally starting service

As per the above commands web server is installed and started

## Allow firewall ports to communicate with clients

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
success
# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

web server ports are 80 and 143 default for HTTP and HTTPS

in RHEL 7 and Centos 7 version instead of port numbers we can directly mention the service which will automatically take its related default port

if you would like to mention the port use below commands

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=443/tcp
success
# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

## Configuring the web server

create a file with any name extension should be .conf under /etc/httpd/conf.d/\*.conf

in this case I am going to use main.conf is the configuration file

[![apache web server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Apache-web-server-300x123.png "Apache web server - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Apache-web-server.png)

```
# cat /etc/httpd/conf.d/main.conf

 ServerAdmin root@arkit.co.in
 ServerName server1.arkit.co.in
 DocumentRoot /var/www/html/

 AllowOverride none
 Require all granted

```

```
# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/main.conf
# systemctl restart httpd.service
# systemctl status httpd.service
```

## Check configuration if you run with any problems

```
# apachectl configtest
Syntax OK
```

## Create HTML file for test

Go to path /var/www/html/ and create index.html file and write some HTML code or some text test your website

```
# cat /var/www/html/index.html
Web Server Test File
```

# Client side

Web server testing, as you created above test file with some text in it. Now go to client machine and type server IP / Name to test your web server is working or not

[![web server test](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/web-server-test.png "web server test - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/web-server-test.png)

That’s it about Apache / HTTP service installation and configuration.

Please provide your valuable feedback on the same

# Web server installation and configuration

[Securing Web Server by adding SSL certificate](https://arkit.co.in/linux/secure-web-server/)

[Creating Secret Website Installation and configuration Guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux/creating-secret-website/)

[Linux video tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/Techarkit?sub_confirmation=1)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** apache, web server in RHEL 7

---

### [SAN Switch basic concepts - Fabric Switch](https://arkit.co.in/san-switch-basic/)

**Published:** May 16, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

# SAN Switch basic concepts

SAN Switch basic concepts – SAN environment provides block-oriented I/O between the computer systems and the target disk systems. The SAN may use Fiber Channel or Ethernet (iSCSI) to provide connectivity between hosts and storage. In either case, the storage is physically decoupled from the hosts. The storage devices and the hosts now become peers attached to a common SAN fabric that provides high bandwidth, longer reach distance, the ability to share resources, enhanced availability, and other benefits of consolidated storage.

SAN is created by using the Fiber Channel to link peripheral devices such as disk storage and tape libraries
A SAN (Storage Area Network) Switch is device that connects the sever and shared pools of the storage devices and is dedicated to moving storage Traffic. It is shown as below

  [![San Switch](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/San-Switch-300x63.jpg "San Switch - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/San-Switch.jpg)**Picture:** SAN Switch

Basic Connectivity Diagram between Servers, SAN Storage, SAN Switch and Tape Library.

[![SAN Switch Connectivity](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SAN-Switch-Connectivity-300x226.png "SAN Switch Connectivity - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SAN-Switch-Connectivity.png)**Picture:** Basic Connectivity Diagram

## SAN Switch will contain below physical parts

1. One / Two Hot Swap-able Power supply units
2. SFP (Small Form Factor pluggable) Ports
3. Out Band Management Port (RJ45)
4. Console Port
5. USB ports
6. FC ports (count is depend up on the model)

[![SAN Switch Parts](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SAN-Switch-Parts-300x93.png "SAN Switch Parts - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SAN-Switch-Parts.png)Switch Back View

[![San Switch Front View](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/San-Switch-Front-View-300x146.png "San Switch Front View - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/San-Switch-Front-View.png)Front View

**Hot Swappable Power supply Units:** Hot swapping and hot plugging are terms used to describe the functions of replacing computer system components without shutting down the system. If we use 2 Power supply units it will be helpful for redundancy purpose. One unit will connect to PDU1 in a rack and another unit will connect to another PDU 2 in a rack.

**SFP:** (Small Form-factor Pluggable) A small transceiver that plugs into the SFP port of a network switch and connects to Fibre Channel and Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) optical fibre cables at the other end. SFP is a hot-swappable input/output device that plugs into a switch port, allowing multiple options for connectivity superseding the GBIC transceiver, SFP modules are also called “mini-GBIC” due to their smaller size.

[![SFP](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SFP-300x300.jpg "SFP - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SFP.jpg) [![LC connector](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/LC-connector.png "LC connector - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/LC-connector.png)

The Fiber cables are used to connect between Storage and Server as well as Storage and Tape Library. The Fiber cable is as shown below.

[![fibre optic Cable](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/fibre-optic-Cable-300x300.jpg "fibre optic Cable - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/fibre-optic-Cable.jpg)FC Cable

**Fiber cable:** A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines: Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables.

Ethernet Port: **out-of-band management** involves the use of a dedicated channel for managing network devices. This allows the network operator to establish trust boundaries in accessing the management function to apply it to network resources. It also can be used to ensure management connectivity (including the ability to determine the status of any network component) independent of the status of other in-band network components. A complete remote management system allows remote reboot, shut-down, powering on; hardware sensor monitoring (fan speed, power voltages, chassis intrusion, etc.); Out band Management ports is also called as Ethernet Management port (RJ45).

[![Ehternet Port](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Console-Port-300x120.png "Console Port - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Console-Port.png)

**Console:** Switch console ports are meant to allow root access to the switch via a dumb terminal interface, regardless of the state of the switch (unless it is completely dead). By connecting to the console port you can get remote access to the root level of a switch without using the network that the switch is connected to. This creates a secondary path to the switch outside the bandwidth of the network which needs to be secured without relying on the primary network.

[![Console Port](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Console-Port-1-300x158.gif "Console Port 1 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Console-Port-1.gif)

This allows a technician sitting in a Network Operations Center thousands of miles away the ability to restore a switch or perform an initialization configuration securely over a standard telephone line even if the primary network is in failure. Without a connection to the console port, a technician would have to visit the site to perform repairs or initialization.

## Login to SAN Switch.

[![putty](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/putty-300x290.png "putty - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/putty.png)

**Putty:** A free telnet and SSH terminal software for Windows and Unix platforms that enables users to remotely access computers over the Internet.

By typing the Switch IP Address in putty configuration we will login to SAN Switch (CLI).

We can also login to the SAN switch GUI console using web browser, open web browser and type the IP address / SAN Switch Name in the address bar

[![SAN Switch GUI console login](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SAN-Switch-GUI-console-login-300x215.png "SAN Switch GUI console login - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SAN-Switch-GUI-console-login.png)

# Understanding Port Management. Port Types and Definitions

E\_Port: This is an expansion port. A port is designated an E\_Port when it is used as an inter switch expansion port (ISL) to connect to the E\_Port of another switch, to enlarge the switch fabric.
 F\_Port: This is a fabric port that is not loop capable. It is used to connect an N\_Port point-to-point to a switch.
 FL\_Port: This is a fabric port that is loop capable. It is used to connect NL\_Ports to the switch in a public loop configuration (in switched fabric env.).
 G\_Port: This is a generic port that can operate as either an E\_Port or an F\_Port. A port is defined as a G\_Port after it is connected but has not received response to loop initialization or has not yet completed the link initialization procedure with the adjacent Fiber Channel device.
 L\_Port: This is a loop capable node or switch port.
 U\_Port: This is a universal port. A more generic switch port than a G\_Port. It can operate as either an E\_Port, F\_Port, or FL\_Port. A port is defined as an U\_Port when it is not connected or has not yet assumed a specific function in the fabric.
 VE\_Port – A virtual E\_Port that terminates at the switch and does not propagate fabric services or routing topology information from one edge fabric to the other
 EX\_Port – An E\_Port from a router to an edge fabric; the router terminates EX\_Ports preventing fabric merges
 VEX\_Port – A virtual E\_Port that terminates at the switch and does not propagate fabric services or routing topology information from one edge fabric to the other, when an FCIP connection is involved

# Target Device (Device ports)

 N\_Port: This is a node port that is not loop capable. It is used to connect an equipment port to the fabric.
 NL\_Port: This is a node port that is loop capable. It is used to connect an equipment port to the fabric in a loop configuration through an L\_Port or FL\_Port.
 T\_Port: This was used previously by CNT (INRANGE) as a mechanism of connecting directors together. This has been largely replaced by the E\_Port
 No\_Light: it indicates the port is free.

### [Please do comment your feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** EMC, IBM, SAN&amp;NAS

**Tags:** SAN Switch basic

---

### [vmware ESXi 6.0 Installation process step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/vmware-esxi-6-0-installation/)

**Published:** May 17, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

# vmware ESXi 6.0 installation process step by step guide

Before going to talk about vmware ESXi installation process, we have to know what is ESX = “Elastic Sky X” which ESX is run on bare metal (without OS installation) we can directly install ESX on Hardware. Before going to install the VM ware ESXi 6.0 server, you have to make sure your hardware necessary system requirements.

## Hardware Requirements

1. 64Bit (x86) processor with VT-x or AMD-V (Enabled in the BIOS level)
2. Dual core processor
3. RAM minimum 4GB (Only for Basic installation)
4. 10GB space of local storage (Only for Installation) For Creating Virtual machine you have to add more space as required
5. NX/XD bit must be enabled fro the CPU in the BIOS

# Step 1: Downloading vSphere Hypervisor 

open the browser and type www.vmware.com →Click Downloads→Select Vmware vSphere hypervisor ESXi 6.0→ Click License and Download (TAB) and login OR Create an account for VMware ESXi 6.0 ISO Image download with license version.

  Now you will receive an Activation link from VMware. Open you email account and click on that link to activate VMware account.

[![vmware ESXi 6.0](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/vSphere-Download-300x145.png "vSphere Download - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/vSphere-Download.png)

The following page will be displayed when you have successfully logged into the VMware download center

[![vmware download center](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/vmware-download-center-300x242.png "vmware download center - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/vmware-download-center.png)

- Click the download link for VMware vSphere Hypervisor 6.0 – Binaries ESXi ISO Image to install ESXi 6.0 and download the VMware vSphere Client 6.0 also.
- The VMware vSphere Client 6.0 software is the client software that allows us to connect and manage the ESXi 6.0 server.
- You can Use the Download Manager or Manually Download button.

# Step 2: Installing VMware vSphere hypervisior 6.0 (ESXi 6.0)

Now take one empty CD / DVD then write the downloaded ISO Image. You can attach the virtual CD-ROM drive in server to the VMware-Hypervisior-ISO Image, If you have an option to attach using iDRAC or Console access, In that case no need to write the ISO to CD / DVD

As soon as you attach the CD / DVD / ISO image to physical machine then power on the server

Change boot option if required to first boot device as CD-ROM

As soon as you boot with the CD-ROM you will see below shown screen

[![First Screen boot with cd rom](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/First-Screen-boot-with-cd-rom-300x165.jpg "First Screen boot with cd rom - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/First-Screen-boot-with-cd-rom.jpg)

The default option is to boot ESXi 6.0 Standard Installer then click Enter, Any key to pause the boot process

[![1- installation first screen](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-installation-first-screen-300x224.jpg "1- installation first screen - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-installation-first-screen.jpg)

ISO image is loading setup.

[![2 - Ener to continue](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Ener-to-continue-300x225.png "2 - Ener to continue - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Ener-to-continue.png)

WelCome to the VMware ESXi 6.0 installation screen Hit Enter to Continue

[![Accept terms and conditions](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Accept-terms-and-conditions-300x225.png "Accept terms and conditions - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Accept-terms-and-conditions.png)

Press F11 to Accept Terms and Conditions

- ESXi can be installed on a SD card or USB flash drive attached to the computer, local SATA, local RAID Array, or FC (Fibre Channel) or iSCSI LUN.
- All these are supported options. As the footprint for ESXi is very small only 1GB is required for the ESXi OS installation.
- When prompted select a disk to install ESXi on, in the following example, we have two disks connected to this computer, a single 1GB disk, and a 120GB disk.
- Here going to use the small disk for the OS. The larger 120GB disk will be used later for the storage of virtual machines (VMs).

[![Enter-to-continue](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Enter-to-continue-300x225.png "Enter-to-continue - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Enter-to-continue.png)

Select Disk in which one you would like to install. Enter to continue the installation

[![Keyboard-US](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Keyboard-US-300x225.png "Keyboard-US - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Keyboard-US.png)

Select Keyboard language Enter to continue Installation

[![vmware ESXi 6.0](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Enter-Password-300x225.png "Enter-Password - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Enter-Password.png)

Set Root user password (which is very high privileged user )

[![F11 to Install](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/F11-to-Install-300x225.png "F11 to Install - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/F11-to-Install.png)

F11 to cofirm that Install ESXi software. Now Confirm the Installation on the selected disk and press F11 (Install).after this stage 
All data will be erase, as the disk will be repartitioned.

After installation process completes 100% then it will prompt to restart server

[![Enter to Reboot](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Enter-to-REboot-300x284.jpg "Enter to REboot - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Enter-to-REboot.jpg)

Installation of ESxi 6.0 is Completed successfully. Now we will see how to assign static IP address to access the VMware vSphere from vSphere client

# Assigning IP address to Vmware vSphere ESXi 6.0 from console

[![configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/configuration-300x223.jpg "configuration - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/configuration.jpg)

Vmware console will look exact like above screen, If you would like to edit configuration then press F2 key

After that it will ask for the root user password (Note: If you did not have root credentials then you can’t modify anything from console)

[![Configuration Ntework](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Configuration-Ntework-300x225.jpg "Configuration Ntework - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Configuration-Ntework.jpg)

As shown in above screen you can see lot of options

- Here you can Change User password.
- configure / Assign IP Address and DNS IP Address
- Hostname Change
- Configure Keyboard Option such as Language settings
- Viewing the logs for any error
- Any Issues you can troubleshoot from here
- You can also reset entire host configuration one go

As of now we are not going to see all the above option right now we see how to change IP address of ESXi host

Select Configure Management Network Hit Enter

[![Network Adapter](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Network-Adapter-300x225.jpg "Network Adapter - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Network-Adapter.jpg)

Select Network Adapters and Hit Enter

[![VLAN ID](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/VLAN-ID-300x106.jpg "VLAN ID - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/VLAN-ID.jpg)

Provide VLAN ID and Hit Enter

[![IPv4 -Address](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/IPv4-Address-300x148.jpg "IPv4 -Address - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/IPv4-Address.jpg)

Provide IP address for VMware vSphere Management, Gateway and Subnet Mask Hit Enter

if you would like to disable IPv6 then select disable IPv6 by pressing space bar

[![Disable IPv6](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Disable-IPv6-300x164.jpg "Disable IPv6 - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Disable-IPv6.jpg)

Add DNS configuration to resolve the Host Name from other hosts

[![Optain DNS IP Address](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Optain-DNS-IP-Address-300x132.jpg "Optain DNS IP Address - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Optain-DNS-IP-Address.jpg)

Type DNS IP address and Hit Enter

[![Custom DNS Suffixes](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Custom-DNS-Suffixes-300x116.jpg "Custom DNS Suffixes - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Custom-DNS-Suffixes.jpg)

In this Configure Management Network screen, press button “Escape” to exit and accept changes. Restart the machine.

To Access this vSphere to create and manage Virtual Machines, Downloa and Install VMware vSphere client.

That’s about Installation and Configuration of vmware ESXi 6.0.

[Thanks for the read. Please do comment your feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

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 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** vmware

**Tags:** VMware ESXi installation process

---

### [EPEL repository for RHEL 7.x/6.x/5.x and Centos 7.x/6.x/5.x](https://arkit.co.in/epel-repository/)

**Published:** May 19, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

EPEL repository for RHEL 7 / RHEL 6/ RHEL 5 and Centos 7/ Centos 6/ Centos 5. EPEL repository (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) EPEL is a open source package building project which is owned and maintained by fedora. All the packages created by EPEL project is highly qualified and tested. Manual installation of packages in Linux it’s time taking process and we have to download all the packages and it’s dependencies one by one by using EPEL repo we can just install a packages using in yum command.

# Why we have to use EPEL repository

1. To resolve dependencies and install them automatically
2. Extra packages will be available trough EPEL which may not available with inbuilt subscriptions
3. Just install EPEL RPM it will automatically configures YUM for you
4. Required Internet access to install packages
5. It does not provide duplicate core packages

## Requirements to install and configure EPEL repository

- Internet access required to download EPEL RPM
- Internet access required to install packages through YUM
- wget and rpm commands should be available
- root user credential to install and enable EPEL repo

**Installation and Configuration process**

  RHEL 7 64 bit EPEL repository is below. EPEL Repository RHEL 7 / Centos 7

**Note:** EPEL repository for RHEL 7 32bit is not available

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# cd /tmp/
[root@TechTutorial tmp]# wget https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm

100%[===================================================================================================================================>] 14,432      56.0KB/s   in 0.3s

2016-05-19 11:19:15 (56.0 KB/s) - ‘epel-release-7-7.noarch.rpm’ saved [14432/14432]

[root@TechTutorial tmp]# rpm -ivh epel-release-7-7.noarch.rpm
```

**EPEL Repository RHEL 6 / Centos 6 64 Bit**

```
[root@TechTutorial]# cd /tmp
[root@TechTutorial tmp]# wget https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-6.noarch.rpm
[root@TechTutorial tmp]# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
```

**EPEL Repository RHEL 6 /Centos 6 32 Bit**

```
[root@TechTutorial]# cd /tmp
[root@TechTutorial]# wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
[root@TechTutorial]# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
```

**EPEL Repository RHEL 5/ Centos 5 32 bit**

```
[root@TechTutorial ]# cd /tmp
[root@TechTutorial tmp]# wget https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-5.noarch.rpm
[root@TechTutorial tmp]# rpm -ivh epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm
```

**RHEL 5/ Centos 5 64 bit**

```
[root@TechTutorial ]# cd /tmp
[root@TechTutorial tmp]# wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/x86_64/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm
[root@TechTutorial tmp]# rpm -ivh epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm
```

As soon as you installed an EPEL RPM it will create an YUM configuration file the content of config file will below as shown below, from that if you see enabled=1 it means your repository is enabled.

```
[root@TechTutorial /etc/yum.repos.d]# cat epel.repo
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/$basearch
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7

[epel-debuginfo]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Debug
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/$basearch/debug
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-debug-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=1

[epel-source]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Source
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/SRPMS
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-source-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=1
```

## Verify the repository is working.?

```
[root@TechTutorial yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
epel/x86_64/metalink                                                                                                                                 | 3.3 kB  00:00:00
epel                                                                                                                                                 | 4.3 kB  00:00:00
(1/3): epel/x86_64/group_gz                                                                                                                          | 170 kB  00:00:01
(2/3): epel/x86_64/updateinfo                                                                                                                        | 555 kB  00:00:05
(3/3): epel/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                        | 4.1 MB  00:00:10
repo id                                                             repo name                                                                                         status
epel/x86_64                                                         Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64                                                    10,087
repolist: 10,087
```

as shown above EPEL repo is enabled and working fine. If you want to list all the packages of EPEL repository the use below command

```
# yum list all
```

## How do i Install Packages using EPEL repository

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# yum --enablerepo=epel install nagios
```

Above command will list out all the packages required to install Nagios, then it will ask you for the confirmation to install If you type Y then it will download packages and install.

That’s it your EPEL repository is ready to use enjoy.

Please do comment your feedback.

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** EPEL repository

---

### [Simple way to create and manage samba shares in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/simple-way-create-manage-samba/)

**Published:** May 20, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Simple way to Create and Manage Samba Shares in RHEL 7. We can also call this as CIFS (Common Internet File System) shares, Sharing the directories / Folders across the corporate network. Sharing the Directories / Folders from Linux to Windows and Windows to Linux wise versa we have to use SMB (samba) protocol. Samba is not only used for sharing directories, we can also use it for sharing printing services (printing server). I will explain you in detailed simple way to create and manage samba shares in RHEL 7.

## Samba Server Profile

- **Packages Required:** samba\*
- **Port Number:** 445
- **Daemon Name:** smb
- **Config File Location:** /etc/samba/smb.conf

## Advantages

- Accessing CIFS shares across the multiple environments
- Sharing Printer using SMB
- Mount windows CIFS shares to Linux
- Fully Secured shares using user authentication

## Steps to Configure samba server

Install required Packages, Start & Enable Service, Create users and convert them as samba users, Create New Directory and Share the directory using SMB Service, Apply SELinux context and Open Firewall Ports.

  ## Installation of Samba Server in RHEL 7

```
# yum install samba*
```

## Enabling and Starting SMB services

To Enable the SMB and its dependant service NMB, we have to use below command

```
# systemctl enable smb
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/smb.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/smb.service'
# systemctl enable nmb
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/nmb.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nmb.service'
```

Starting SMB and NMB services, use below mentioned commands to start required services

```
# systemctl start nmb
# systemctl start smb
# systemctl status smb
```

## Create Directory and apply SELinux Policy

If your SELinux is in enforcing mode then in RHEL 7 SELinux will allow any content to be access from other servers / clients. We have to apply SELinux context or keep SELinux in disabled / permissive mode.

before applying SELinux context

```
[root@desktop ~]# ls -ldZ /arkit_share
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0 /arkit_share
```

After Applied SELinux context

```
# mkdir /arkit_share
# semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "/arkit_share(/.*)?"
# restorecon -vRF /arkit_share
# ls -ldZ /arkit_share
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 /arkit_share
```

As shown above when you applied an SELinux context to particular directory you can see using ls -ldZ command. Change directory permissions for user

```
# ls -ld /arkit_share/
# chown arkit:root /arkit_share/
# ls -ld /arkit_share/
```

## Create users and convert them as Samba Users

```
[root@desktop ~]# useradd arkit -s /sbin/noshell
[root@desktop ~]# smbpasswd -a arkit
New SMB password:
Retype new SMB password:
Added user arkit.
```

Create an normal user with restricted shell access then convert the same user as samba user. Below is the command to verify samba user is correctly created or Not

```
# pdbedit -L -v
```

## Configuring samba / CIFS shares

Edit the configuration file to share directory using SMB / SAMBA server. /etc/samba/smb.conf

```
# vim /etc/samba/smb.conf
[CIFS_Share]
comment = CIFS share for windows clients
path = /arkit_share
browseable = yes
valid users = arkit
writable = yes
```

Save the file and Exit

- **\[CIFS\_Share\]** – Share Name
- **Path** – Directory path which directory you would like to share
- **Valid Users** – User Name which user we are providing the access
- **writable** – Providing Write permissions to share ( this permission will be overwritten by Actual Directory permissions)

## Enabling Firewall to access from Client

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=samba
success
# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

Restart the Samba service to reflect changes

```
# systemctl restart smb.service
# systemctl restart nmb.service
```

# Accessing from Client Side SMB /CIFS Share

Install required packages to access SMB share from Linux client

```
# yum install cifs-utils

Installed:
 cifs-utils.x86_64 0:6.2-7.el7

Complete!
```

Create directory for mount point

```
# mkdir /cifs
```

```
# mount -t cifs -o username=arkit //192.168.4.21/CIFS_Share /cifs/
Password for arkit@//192.168.4.21/CIFS_Share: ******
```

That’s it about simple way to create and manage samba shares in RHEL 7. We will in next article how to auto mount CIFS /SMB share and adding entry into /etc/fstab file. Simple way to create and manage samba Simple way to create and manage samba Simple way to create and manage samba Simple way to create and manage samba Simple way to create and manage samba

Please provide your valuable feedback on the same

[Linux Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/linux-online-training-course/)

[CIFS share multi user access](https://arkit.co.in/samba-share-multi-user-access/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** CIFS share in RHEL7, SMB share in rhel7

---

### [creating secret website using Apache server in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/creating-secret-website/)

**Published:** May 20, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

creating secret website means Installing and configuring Apache server and host an web site but web site would not accessible from all the hosts and its not visible even to the other hosts.

## Why we have to host such a type of web site..?

We know maintaining confidential information as confidentially is very impotent, such a type of information can’t be shared / see by others who are not authorized to see. In this cases we can host a web site which will not be accessible from any other hosts, we can allow only certain IP addresses to access the web site.

  # creating secret website using Apache server in RHEL 7 procedure

To [install and configure normal web site using Apache in RHEL 7 see this article](http://arkit.co.in/linux/web-server-installation/)

## Requirements to create secret web site

- List of IP addresses to allow access
- Httpd / Apache service should be in running state
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Version 7

Web server installation process, install required packages, enable and start the service

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# yum install httpd*
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl enable httpd.service
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl start httpd.service
[root@TechTutorial ~]# systemctl status httpd.service 
httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2016-03-08 15:39:00 IST; 6s ago
 Main PID: 6694 (httpd)
```

Create a New directory under /var/www/html/ path. In this example i am going to create directory name called ‘secret’ which may be any name as you like

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# mkdir /var/www/html/secret
```

Create a sample HTML file for testing purpose under /vat/www/html/secret directory with name Index.html, because index.html name is already by default mentioned in httpd configuration file

```
[root@TechTutorial html]# vim /var/www/html/secret/index.html 
Secret Web Server
 Just Testing
```

Save the file and Exit :wq!

Permit firewall ports to communicate with clients

```
[root@TechTutorial html]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
success
[root@TechTutorial html]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
success
[root@TechTutorial html]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

Configuring the secret web site, Create file with .conf extension under /etc/httpd/conf.d/secret.conf in this example i am using secret.conf file. Now edit the file and write below configuration in it.

```
[root@TechTutorial ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/secret.conf 

    ServerAdmin     root@localhost
    ServerName    TechTutorial.arkit.co.in
    DocumentRoot    /var/www/html

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** Creating secret website

---

### [Secure web Server using SSL certification in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/secure-web-server/)

**Published:** May 21, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Installing and configuring Secure web Server in RHEL 7. SSL Certificates are small data files that digitally bind a cryptographic key to an organization’s details. When we installed an web server with SSL (Secure Socket Later) certificate it shows an padlock in starting of the address bar and HTTPS protocol. As shown in the below figure.

[![padlock and https protocol](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/padlock-and-https-protocol-300x148.png "padlock and https protocol - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/padlock-and-https-protocol.png)

  For an standard SSL it will not show an PadLock but it will show an https protocol.

# How SSL certificate provides more security to website

1. A browser attempts to connect a web site secured with SSL. The browser requests that the we server identify itself.
2. There are two types of keys will be placed in server one is public key, Second one is private key. Public key of copy will be installed with the browser installation itself because most of CA (Certification authorities) will be listed in web browsers. When client request for an web page request first reach to DNS server it will verify the IP address details then transfer the request to Web server web server will send an SSL certificate (Public key token) client launches with HTTPS website.
3. Now server and client data will be encrypted with 2048 bit

[![SSL Flow chart](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SSL-flowchart-300x173.png "SSL-flowchart - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SSL-flowchart.png)

If you would like to see an listed Certificate authorities in **Google chrome Settings → Show Advanced Settings → HTTPS/SSL → Manage Certificates** (Screenshot is shown below)

[![Certificate from browser](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Certificate-from-browser-300x277.png "Certificate from browser - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Certificate-from-browser.png)Above listed certificates are pre-loaded when you install an browser

Now Let’s Go back our real installation and configuration of Secure web server using SSL certification in RHEL 7

First install an http packages

```
# yum install http*
# systemctl enable httpd.service
# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl status httpd.service 
```

Now create an sample html file in default web location /var/www/html/ directory

```
# vim /var/www/html/index.html 
Secure Site
 Secure Site is Opened 
```

:wq (Save & Exit)

# Permit Firewall to connect web server from client

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
# firewall-cmd --reload
```

In RHEL 7 we can mention directly the service name which will automatically enables the appropriate port number in the backend

This is purely demo purpose only (Generating an SSL Certificate)

```
# openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/pki/tls/private/apache.key -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/apache.crt
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key

Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:IN
State or Province Name (full name) []:Telangana
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Hyderabad
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:ArkIT
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:IT
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:TechTutorial.arkit.com
Email Address []:
```

After you enter the request, you will be taken to a prompt where you can enter information about your website. Before we go over that, let’s take a look at what is happening in the command we are issuing:

- **openssl:** This is the basic command line tool for creating and managing OpenSSL certificates, keys, and other files.
- **req -x509:** This specifies that we want to use X.509 certificate signing request (CSR) management. The “X.509” is a public key infrastructure standard that SSL and TLS adhere to for key and certificate management.
- **-nodes:** This tells OpenSSL to skip the option to secure our certificate with a passphrase. We need Apache to be able to read the file, without user intervention, when the server starts up. A passphrase would prevent this from happening, since we would have to enter it after every restart.
- **-days 365:** This option sets the length of time that the certificate will be considered valid. We set it for one year here.
- **-newkey rsa:2048:** This specifies that we want to generate a new certificate and a new key at the same time. We did not create the key that is required to sign the certificate in a previous step, so we need to create it along with the certificate. The rsa:2048 portion tells it to make an RSA key that is 2048 bits long.
- **-keyout:** This line tells OpenSSL where to place the generated private key file that we are creating.
- **-out:** This tells OpenSSL where to place the certificate that we are creating.

Fill out the prompts appropriately. The most important line is the one that requests the Common Name. You need to enter the domain name that you want to be associated with your server. You can enter the public IP address instead if you do not have a domain name.

# Secure web Server using SSL certification in RHEL 7

Ensure that file are generate and kept under the below directory path

/etc/pki/tls/certs/

Now Copy the ssl.conf file from /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf to any temp location (Example /tmp) then edit the file.

```
# cp /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf /opt/
```

in Default ssl.conf file delete lines from 1 to 69 until ‘SSLEngine on‘ Key word appears

below is the final configuration file for configuring the SSL certificate

```
# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/arkit.conf

 ServerAdmin root@localhost
 ServerName TechTutorial.arkit.com
 DocumentRoot /var/www/html
SSLEngine on
SSLProtocol all -SSLv2
SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNULL:!MD5
SSLHonorCipherOrder on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/arkit.com.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/arkit.com.key
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/arkit.com.csr

```

:wq (Save & Exit)

Restart the web service (http.service) to reflect the changes

# Client Side

Browse the website which should load with https://arkit.co.in

That’s it. you successfully configure secure web server with SSL certificate in RHEL 7 / Centos 7

Please do provide your valuable feedback on the same

SEO Keywords: secure web Server, What is Web Server, Web Server Installation and configuration, HTTP Service Enable.

## Related Articles

[Install and Configure HTTPD](https://arkit.co.in/web-server-installation/)

[Linux Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/Techarkit?sub_confirmation=1)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Secure web Server, securing web server with ssl certificate

---

### [vCenter server installation and configuration guide](https://arkit.co.in/vcenter-server-installation/)

**Published:** May 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

in Previous article we see how to [install and configure ESXi server](http://arkit.co.in/vmware/vmware-esxi-6-0-installation/). In this Tutorial we are going to see vCenter server installation and configuration and integrate ESXi server with vCenter server.

# Why vCenter server installation

Assume we have 10 ESXi servers installed with vmware ESXi, if you want to create a VM an ESXi one server then you have to login to ESXi one server and Create VM in the same if you want to create an VM in any one of the ESXi host then login to each box and create VM’s and manage VM’s. Think if you have an 20 to 30 ESXi hosts and more than 200 VM’s in them its very difficult to manage.

  That’s where vCenter server is very handy to manage multiple ESXi servers and It’s VM’s from one console.

## Minimum Hardware and Software Requirements

- 64-bit windows 2008 R2 server is required
- 8 GB RAM
- 20 GB of Hard Disk space on windows server
- 2 Core CPU
- One Service Account

# vCenter server installation process

[Download vCenter Server](https://my.vmware.com/web/vmware/details?productId=491&downloadGroup=VC600U1) ISO image and burn into the DVD Or Make bootable pen drive

1. Insert the DVD into DVD drive to install vCenter server 6.0
2. Right click on DVD drive then click on **“Install or Run program”** (OR) Open the DVD and run the **“autorun.exe”** file
3. After running the program vmware vCenter installer console will be opened
4. On vmware vCenter installer windows →Select the **“vCenter Server for Windows”** object under the **“vmware vCenter server”** option. Click on **“Install”** button

[![vcenter server installation and configuration guide](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-vcenter-server-for-windows-300x229.jpg "1-vcenter server for windows - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-vcenter-server-for-windows.jpg)

1. on “welcome to the vmware vCenter server 6.0 Installer” window, click on “Next” to continue

[![2-Vmware vCenter Server](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Vmware-vCenter-Server-300x233.jpg "2-Vmware vCenter Server - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Vmware-vCenter-Server.jpg)

[![3-License Agreement](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/3-License-Agreement-300x235.jpg "3-License Agreement - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/3-License-Agreement.jpg)

**Accept License agreement** and click **Next** to continue

[![4-Deployment Type](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/4-Deployment-Type-300x235.jpg "4-Deployment Type - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/4-Deployment-Type.jpg)

select **“Install vCenter Server with an embedded Platform Services Controller”**

click **Next**

[![5-System Network Name](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/5-System-Network-Name-300x233.jpg "5-System Network Name - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/5-System-Network-Name.jpg)

Enter your host name and click **Next**

[![6-Single-sign-on configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/6-Single-sign-on-configuration-300x233.jpg "6-Single-sign-on configuration - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/6-Single-sign-on-configuration.jpg)

To enable single-sign on option provide your domain name Administrator Credentials then click **Next**

[![7-vCenter Server Service Account](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/7-vCenter-Server-Service-Account-300x233.jpg "7-vCenter Server Service Account - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/7-vCenter-Server-Service-Account.jpg)

If you have an Domain service account credentials then enter the service account details. You can also use local administrator account to authenticate

[![8-Database Settings](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/8-Database-Settings-300x234.jpg "8-Database Settings - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/8-Database-Settings.jpg)

Use an Embedded Database then click **Next**

[![9-Port Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/9-Port-Configuration-300x234.jpg "9-Port Configuration - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/9-Port-Configuration.jpg)

Leave the default port numbers (Do not change any port number) click **Next**

[![10-Destination Folder](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/10-Destination-Folder-300x234.jpg "10-Destination Folder - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/10-Destination-Folder.jpg)

Select Destination Folder to install vCenter files (if you want to change / install vcenter application in other than C Drive then change location by clicking on Change button)

click **Next**

[![11-Ready to install](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/11-Ready-to-install-300x236.jpg "11-Ready to install - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/11-Ready-to-install.jpg)

Now verify all the Detail what you have selected in above steps If all correct then click **Install**

[![12-Installation Progress](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/12-Installation-Progress-300x236.jpg "12-Installation Progress - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/12-Installation-Progress.jpg)

Installation is in progress

[![13-Setup Completed](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/13-Setup-Completed-300x235.jpg "13-Setup Completed - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/13-Setup-Completed.jpg)

Click on **Launch vSphere web client** then Click Finish

[![14-Web Client Login](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/14-Web-Client-Login-300x160.jpg "14-Web Client Login - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/14-Web-Client-Login.jpg)

Provide Service Account credentials to login to web client

[![15-First look of vCenter](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/15-First-look-of-vCenter-300x145.jpg "15-First look of vCenter - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/15-First-look-of-vCenter.jpg)

After successfulll installation of vCenter web client above is the first screen which will appear

That’s it. vCenter Server installation and configuration completed

[Please do comment your feedback.](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** vmware

**Tags:** vcenter server installation

---

### [How to install WordPress in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-wordpress/)

**Published:** May 24, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

This article is for WordPress development learners and bloggers and also help for the web server administrators where to look when WordPress site is down. Let’s see how to install WordPress in Linux such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.x and 5.x and Centos 6/x and 5.x versions.

# WordPress installation Requirements

1. PHP to be installed in Linux
2. MySQL / MariaDB should be installed
3. HTTPD / Apache / LAMP should be installed to host WP website
4. Operating system RHEL 7.x/6.x/5.x and Centos 7.x/6.x and 5.x

# Download wordpress for Linux

[Click Here to Download](https://wordpress.org/plugins/tags/download)

  extract the WordPress zip file using below command

```
[root@ArkIT~]# unzip wordpress-4.5.2.zip
[root@ArkIT~]# tar -xzvf wordpress-4.5.2.tar.gz
```

# Installing required Packages

In RHEL 6.x and 5.x installing MySQL

```
[root@ArkIT~]# yum install mysql*
[root@ArkIT~]# service mysqld restart
[root@ArkIT~]# chkconfig mysqld on
[root@ArkIT~]# /usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'Set-NewPassword'
[root@ArkIT~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter Password:
mysql> create database wordpress;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
```

As shown above install MySQL database and start MySQLd service. Set the New password for MySQL instance and login to MySQL then create a database of WordPress installation

Install http / Apache server

```
[root@ArkIT~]# yum install http*
[root@ArkIT~]# service httpd start
[root@ArkIT~]# chkconfig httpd on
[root@ArkIT~]# chkconfig mysqld on
```

install php packages as PHP is the dependend for wordpress all the wordpress code is written in php

```
[root@ArkIT~]# yum install php*
```

Stop iptables / Firewall service OR write an rule to allow port 80

```
[root@ArkIT~]# service iptables stop
[root@ArkIT~]# chkconfig iptables off
```

Now copy all the extracted files to the default web server path /var/www/html

```
[root@ArkIT~]# cd wordpress
[root@ArkIT wordpress]# cp -Rv * /var/www/html/
```

Now edit the Apache main configuration file /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

```
[root@ArkIT~]# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

** Change DirectoryIndex index.html file to index.php **

Restart Httpd/Apache to reflect the changes
[root@ArkIT~]# service httpd restart
```

# How to install WordPress in RHEL 6.x/5.x and Centos 6.x and 5.x

Now to to web browser and type the IP address of the web server

[![wordpress first installation screen](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress_first_installation_screen-300x214.png "wordpress_first_installation_screen - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress_first_installation_screen.png)

whenever you access the web server from browser you will see the above screenshot click on **Let’s Go**

[![Wordpress_Database_connection](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Wordpress_Database_connection-300x213.png "Wordpress_Database_connection - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Wordpress_Database_connection.png)

As shown in above figure it will ask you for the database details provide the database name, username, password and MySQL instance name and **Click submit**

[![wp-config_php_file](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wp-config_php_file-300x234.png "wp-config_php_file - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wp-config_php_file.png)

Now it will though an error (Do not Panic) installation process will continue. Copy the code and go back to the server console and create a file wp-config.php and paste this copied code then click on **Install WordPress**

```
[root@ArkIT~]# vim /var/www/html/wp-config.php

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56

**Tags:** how to install wordpress

---

### [Creating Nagios contacts and contact groups](https://arkit.co.in/creating-nagios-contacts/)

**Published:** May 25, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

Creating Nagios contacts and contact groups is very easy steps but most of the people struggle’s to create contacts and contact groups. Adding / Creating is easy but how you have to figure out the grouping of contacts as contact group is very crucial step.

# How to Create an contact groups in Nagios Core

 Adding / Creating contact groups in Nagios there is no limit as many groups you want you can create as many contacts you want include in group you can. so now the question is about creating an appropriate groups and appropriate people in it

  Create Groups based on below metrics

1. Service related .i.e. Web Service (Responsible people for web service monitoring / Web service owners should be in this group) like wise for each service you can create one group and include appropriate people in that
2. Team wise groups .i.e. HelpDesk Team OR L1 Team. This team is responsible for first level escalations, Like wise based on escalation levels you can create an groups
3. Server Owners – Who owns the device they should get the alerts when something happens in the server
4. Customers – Customers are the heart of the business so they should get an alert when customer related services got effect / Down / Stopped

As mentioned above so many ways are there to create an group.

**Note:** Do not include people who are not responsible OR not related

# Creating Nagios contacts and Contact Groups

Now lets see how to create an contacts and contact groups in Nagios Core. If you want modify any thing in the Nagios Core application we have to edit the configuration files there is no option to create / add any configuration from Web GUI.

Default contact configuration files are located in /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects

**Note:** Above path is not applicable for customized environments

Edit the config file and add below code for adding one contact

```
[root@ArkIT~]# vim /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg
define contact{
        contact_name            ravia
        use                     generic-contact
        alias                   Storage Administrator L3
        email                   aravikumar48@gmail.com
        service_notification_commands   notify-service-by-email
        host_notification_commands      notify-host-by-email
          }

define contact{
        contact_name            ramanab
        use                     generic-contact
        alias                   Linux Administrator
        email                   ramana@gmail.com
        service_notification_commands   notify-service-by-email
        host_notification_commands      notify-host-by-email
         }
```

Two contacts has been added 1. ravia 2. ramanab

Now we are going to group them as required. First Define group name and add members to it

```
define contactgroup {
        contactgroup_name       l2admins
        alias                   Level 2 Administrators
        members                 ravia,ramanab
        }
```

Now group l2admins got created and included ravia and ramanb as group members

# How to enable alerts to group

we have created contacts and contact group, now we are going to add contact group to appropriate Hosts and Services

Define contact group in host to send an alerts. See below configuration, it will send an alert when host is down / Not reachable

```
define host{
        use                     linux-server
        host_name               arkit-webserver
        alias                   ArkIT Web Server Located in Chicago
        address                 192.168.1.15
       contact_groups       l2admins
        }
```

Same way if you want to add contact group to particular service then use below code, which will send an alert whenever web service is down

```
define service{
        use                             generic-service-storage

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** create nagios contacts and contact groups, define nagios contacts

---

### [VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/vmware-vsphere-client-installation-configuration/)

**Published:** May 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going to see how to VMware vSphere Client Installation and Configuration Step by Step Guide. In previous post i was talking about installation of [VMware vSphere Server](http://arkit.co.in/vmware/vcenter-server-installation/) after installing and VMware vSphere server we have to install VMware vSphere client to access and manage server, Deploy Virtual machines and So an…

# Let’s see How to install VMware vSphere Client installation

- vSphere client is used for connect to ESXi server or vCenter server.
- Using vCenter, vSphere client you can Create, Access and Manage Virtual Machines and Virtual Networking

vSphere Client requires prerequisites : – Microsoft .Net 3.5 Or earlier versions

  Download the ISO image of vCenter server from vmware website and burn image in DVD. Insert DVD into client machine such as Windows.

Right Click on the DVD and run the program Or auto install

On “VMware vCenter installer” window select “vSphere Client” and click on “Install” button ro install vSphere client 6.0 on windows machine

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-Install-300x230.png "1-Install - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-Install.png)

As shown in the above screenshot select **vSphere client** click on **Install**

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Language-300x126.png "2-Language - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Language.png)

Select Appropriate language and Click **OK**

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/3-Next-300x230.png "3-Next - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/3-Next.png)

click **Next** to Continue the Installation

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/4-License-Aggreement-300x231.png "4-License Aggreement - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/4-License-Aggreement.png)

**Accept the License Agreement** and click **Next**

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/5-Select-Path-300x229.png "5-Select Path - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/5-Select-Path.png)

Click **Next** to Continue

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/6-Ready-to-Install-300x229.png "6-Ready to Install - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/6-Ready-to-Install.png)

Click on **Install**

That’s it your vSphere client is installed successfully. Now try to connecting VMware server to create and manage virtual machines

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/7-Login-Console-271x300.png "7 - Login Console - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/7-Login-Console.png)

1. IP Address / Name column enter your Server IP address OR Name of your VMware vSphere server
2. Enter the user name (Default Administrator account is root)
3. Enter the Password

Click on Login to connect vCenter / vSphere server.

[![VMware VSphere Client Installation and Configuration](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/8-First-Look-of-console-300x214.png "8 - First Look of console - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/8-First-Look-of-console.png)

After Successful Login above is the first look.

That’s about this article. Please do comment your feedback by commenting.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** vmware

**Tags:** vsphere client installation

---

### [samba share multi user access](https://arkit.co.in/samba-share-multi-user-access/)

**Published:** May 29, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In previous article we discussed about creating and configuring SMB / [CIFS share with single user support ](http://arkit.co.in/linux/simple-way-create-manage-samba/)which CIFS share can’t be accessed by multiple users. In this article we are going to discuss about samba share multi user access which means SMB / CIFS share can be accessed by multiple users with in the server OR from client.

Creating SMB / CIFS share means it should be accessible from UNIX and Windows platforms. Samba Share user access must be identified with valid users and groups by checking their passwords then controls by comparing their access rights to the permissions on files and directories.

  **SMB / CIFS share features**

- Active File sharing
- Faster data transfer in low band width network
- Secure Data Transfer with user credential
- Node Fault tolerance
- Scalable

**Samba Server Profile**

- **Packages required:** samba\*
- **Port Number:** 445
- **Daemon Name:** smb
- **config File Location:** /etc/samba/smb.conf

# Let’s see how to create samba share multi user access

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# yum install samba*
```

Now Enable and Start SMB service. Enabling service which will automatically start the smb service immediate after server reboot.

```
# systemctl enable smb.service
# systemctl start smb.service
```

Make an directory to share using SMB / CIFS

```
# mkdir /arkit-multiuser
```

By default SELinux is enabled. SELinux will not allow to share directory with other network client without proper SELinux security policies

```
# semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "/arkit-multiuser(/.*)?"
# restorecon -vRF /arkit-multiuser/
# ls -ldZ /arkit-multiuser/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 /arkit-multiuser/
```

SELinux context for SMB / CIFS share is samba\_share\_t

Enabling the firewall ports to communicate with clients

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=samba
success
# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

**Adding normal users and converting them as Samba users**

```
# useradd ravi
# useradd ramana
# useradd srikanth
# smbpasswd -a ravi
New SMB password:
Retype new SMB password:
Added user ravi.
# smbpasswd -a ramana
New SMB password:
Retype new SMB password:
Added user ramana.
# smbpasswd -a srikanth
New SMB password:
Retype new SMB password:
Added user srikanth.
```

To verify Samba user

```
# pdbedit -L -v
```

Creating common group and add user to group provide access

```
# groupadd IT
# usermod -aG IT ravi
# usermod -aG IT ramana
```

Configuring the Samba share with multi user support. Edit the configuration file and add the configuration yet end of config file

```
[root@server ~]#vim /etc/samba/smb.conf

[multiuser]
 comment = Information Technology Team
 path = /arkit-multiuser
 write list = @IT
 hosts allow = 192.168.4.
```

Save and Exit

That’s about server side configuration

**Now client side configuration**

```
[root@server ~]# yum install cifs-utils
```

Now create an file in /root with username and password and restrict access to other user

```
[root@server ~]# vim /root/access
[root@server ~]# chmod 600 /root/access
[root@server ~]# ls -l /root/access
-rw-------. 1 root root 30 May 29 18:24 /root/access
[root@server ~]# cat /root/access
username=ravi
password=redhat
```

Open /etc/fstab file and mount the samba share permanently

```
[root@Client ~]#vim /etc/fstab
//192.168.4.20/multiuser /mnt/coss cifs credentials=/root/access,defaults,multiuser,sec=ntlmssp 0 0
```

Save & Exit

```
# mount -a
```

now let login to other user and check the CIFS share visibility and access

```
# cifscreds add 192.168.4.20
```

Check using df command

That’s it.

**Conclusion**

samba share multi user access SMB / CIFS has been created. Now you learned that creating and configuring samba multi user access

Please do comment your feedback

## Related Articles

[Linux Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/linux-online-training-course/)

[CIFS Share Single USer](https://arkit.co.in/simple-way-create-manage-samba/)

[Video tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/Techarkit?sub_confirmation=1)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** samba share multi user access

---

### [apodio Linux for Music Lovers Installation Guide](https://arkit.co.in/apodio-linux/)

**Published:** May 29, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

As of we see Technically supported Linux distro’s but now we are going to see Linux distro for music apodio Linux for Music Lovers Installation Guide. As expected, most apps are sound-related, but you won’t be disappointed if you’re a photographer, filmmaker, or animator. Apodio has three different desktop recorders, so you can also use it for screencasting. One of the coolest apps is Stopmotion, which can capture input directly from cameras (including your webcam) and help you create wonderful timelapse photography.

  **Apodio Linux Hardware Requirement**

1. 20 GB Minimum Hard Disk space
2. 2 GB Minimum RAM
3. 512 MB Graphic Card (For Better application experience)

# **Apodio Linux Installation Process**

First Step is to [download](https://sourceforge.net/projects/apodio/files/latest/download) apodio Linux ISO file and write into DVD.

Put the DVD into DVD drive then Start the machine

[![1- Apodio Linux for Music Lovers](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-Apodio-Linux-for-Music-Lovers-300x225.png "1- Apodio Linux for Music Lovers - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1-Apodio-Linux-for-Music-Lovers.png)

Above is the screenshot of first screen when you booting with DVD media

Select **“Install – Start the Installer directly” hit Enter**

**[![2 - Select Language](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Select-Language-300x223.png "2 - Select Language - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2-Select-Language.png)**

Select Appropriate language and Click **continue**

[![3 - Preparing to install APODIO](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/3-Preparing-to-install-APODIO-300x225.png "3 - Preparing to install APODIO - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/3-Preparing-to-install-APODIO.png)

3 step will verify the Hard Disk Space is matchining to 20GB Or not. If it is not matching required space then it will not highlight continue button

**Click Continue**

[![4 - Installation type](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/4-Installation-type-300x226.png "4 - Installation type - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/4-Installation-type.png)

As shown in above screenshot 4 options available

1. Erase Disk – Which will automatically erase total data on disk and install OS with default settings
2. Encrypt – Hard disk will fully encrypted to provide full security
3. Use LVM – Which will create default LVM’s
4. Something else – Manually create partitions as per the requirement

[![5 - Do you want create partitions](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/5-Do-you-want-create-partitions-300x90.png "5 - Do you want create partitions - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/5-Do-you-want-create-partitions.png)

Click on **Continue**

[![6 - Where are you](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/6-Where-are-you-300x226.png "6 - Where are you - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/6-Where-are-you.png)

Select Time zone then Click **Continue**

[![7 - Keyboard Layout](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/7-Keyboard-Layout-300x225.png "7 - Keyboard Layout - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/7-Keyboard-Layout.png)

Select Keyboard Language (Layout) then click **continue**

[![8 - Copying Files](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/8-Copying-Files.png "8 - Copying Files - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/8-Copying-Files.png)

Required files will be copied

[![Apodio 10 Application Menu](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Apodio-10-Application-Menu-300x225.png "Apodio 10 Application Menu - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Apodio-10-Application-Menu.png)

Apodio Linux is ready to use with so many applications installed in it.

That’s about this article

Please provide your valuable feedback on the same

## Conclusion

Apodio Linux is for Music Lovers to editing music files, video files, Compiling music audio files

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Linux-distros

**Tags:** apodio, Apodio Linux

---

### [RHCSA Certification - Book Written by Ankam Ravi Kumar](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-certification-book/)

**Published:** May 31, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

RHCSA Certification – Book written by Ankam Ravi Kumar. This PDF file will guide you to earn linux certification in Redhat linux. This guide is written with complete practical steps and screenshots, deep explanation. Even you don’t know anything about Linux, you can understand by reading this book.

This guide is prepared in keeping layman method in mind. This book has 25 topics of Redhat linux certification with 122 pages. After reading this book you will be able to perform L2 level tasks in in your job role.

  Most of the readers send an email to me by saying this is an old book will not working in RHEL 7. Most of the commands from this books will work in RHEL 7 as well but you have to install backward compatibility packages.

## RHCSA Certification – Book written by Ankam Ravi Kumar

 INDEX
 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..4-4
 2. WINDOWS VS LINUX………………………………………………………………….5-5
 3. LINUX ARCHITECTURE………………………………………………………………6-6
 4. BASIC AND COMMON COMMANDS………………………………………………….7-13
 5. OS INSTALLATION……………………………………………………………………14-34
 6. BOOTING PROCESS…………………………………………………………………..35-36
 7. BASH FEATURES……………………………………………………………………..37-40
 8. LINUX DIRECTORY STRUCTURE……………………………………………………41-41
 9. TEXT EDITORS………………………………………………………………………..42-44
 10. USER ADMINISTRATION……………………………………………………………..45-47
 11. PROFILE MANAGEMENT……………………………………………………………..48-50
 12. STRING RELATED COMMANDS…………………………….………………………..51-54
 13. FILE LINKS…………………………………………………………………………..55-55
 14. PROCESS MANAGEMENT………………………………………………….………..56-57
 15. SEARCH RELATED COMMANDS……………………………………………………..58-58
 16. TASK AUTOMATION AND TASK SCHEDULING……………………………………..59-60
 17. FILE SYSTEM………………………………………………………………………….61-70
 18. LOGICAL VOLUME MANAGER………………………………………………………..71-77
 19. RAID REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISK………………………………..78-86
 20. RED HAT PACKAGE MANAGER………………………………………………………..87-91
 21. NETWORKING…………………………………………………………………………..92-96
 22. KICK START INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION……………………………..97-100
 23. QUOTA MANAGEMENT…………………………………………………………..…..101-103
 24. REMOTE MANAGEMENT………………………………………………………..…..104-107
 25. NETWORK FILE SYSTEM (NFS) ……………………………………………….…..108-110

Enter your Email address – Download Book **[Download Link](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/RedhatLinux_Certified_professional_Step-by-Step-guide_aravikumar48@gmail.pdf)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56

**Tags:** Linux course, RHCSA Certification

---

### [NFS Server Configuration in RHEL7 Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

**Published:** June 1, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

NFS Server Configuration in RHEL 7 Step by Step guide. NFS = Network File system which is used to share directories across the Unix/Linux Operating system. Which does not support directly cross platform.

- **Network File System (NFS)**: Is a nfs server client protocol used for sharing files and directories between Linux / Unix to Unix/Linux systems vise versa. It is a popular distributed filesystem protocol that enables users to mount remote directories on their server. NFS enables you to mount a remote share locally. NFS was developed by Sun Micro Systems in the year 1984
- RHEL7 provides the support for NFS versions 3, 4.0, and 4.1(latest version)
- NFS default port number is 2049
- NFS share we can mount Manually, Automatically using AutoFS and Half manual and half automatic

## **NFS Server configuration in RHEL7**

## **Features:**

1. Centralized Management of Files
2. Everyone can access same data
3. Secured with Firewalls and Kerberos
4. Reduce Storage Cost and Easy to use

## Server Profile:

- **Packages:** nfs-utils\*
- **Daemon Name:** nfs-service
- **Port Number:** 2049
- **Config file path:** /etc/exports

# NFS server side configuration

- Install nfs packages through yum command.

```
# yum install nfs-utils
# systemctl enable nfs-server
# systemctl start nfs-server
```

**Enable Firewall ports to communicate with client**

  ```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=nfs
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=mountd
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=rpc-bind
```

Above commands will enable the firewall ports from server to client

**Create and Configure NFS share**

```
# mkdir /ravi
# chown nfsnoboddy:root /ravi
#chmod 770 /ravi
# vim /etc/exports
/ravi 192.168.4.0/24(rw)
```

Save & Exit (:wq)

```
# exportfs -avr
```

That’s it from server side configuration.

Now we may get one question in mind that do we need to write NFS SELinux context to NFS shares and Services, Not required since NFS services default use kernel\_t to run

**Client Side Configuration**

Login to client machine and try to ping to NFS server machine to confirm client is communicating with NFS server.

```
# showmount -e NFS-SERVER-IP
# showmount -r 192.168.4.20
```

To see the NFS shares, which are shared from NFS server

Manually mounting the NFS shares using mount command

```
# mount -t nfs -o sync 192.168.4.20:/ravi /mnt/nfs
# df -h
```

Now you should to see an mount point /mnt/nfs

That’s it very easy and simple way to configure nfs server

**Conclusion**

You learn that how to install and configure NFS server in Linux

Please do comment your feedback on the same

[File system Usage Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

[Reset root user password in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/reset-root-user-password-rhel7/)

[Stale File Handle Error Resolution](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-stale-file-handle-error-resolution/)

[RHCSA video tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/Techarkit)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** NFS Server, NFS Server in RHEL7

---

### [Installation and configuration FTP server in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/installation-and-configuration-ftp/)

**Published:** June 1, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a most popular way to transfer files from one machine to another machine across a network in heterogeneous environment. If you take an example of [NFS (Network File system) ](http://arkit.co.in/linux/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)it has an restriction to it can’t be access from other platform such as windows. FTP server does not have such a restriction it can be accessed from Linux OR windows OR OSx. Let’s see installation and configuration FTP server in RHEL 7.

- Whenever we install vsftpd package installed then ftp user will be created
- ftp user home directory will be set as /vat/ftp ftp’s document root path.
- Vsftpd has been very popular because it is a very fast.
- Lightweight FTP server and very easy to configure.

  **Server profile:**
 **Packages :** vsftpd
 **Daemon :** vsftpd
 **Port Numbers :** 20, 21
 **Config file path :** /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

**Features:**

1. It is very secure and fast
2. Bandwidth throttling
3. IPv6 ready
4. Encryption support through SSL integration
5. Virtual IP configurations
6. Virtual users
7. Per-user configuration
8. Per-source-IP configuration and limits

## Installation and Configuration FTP server in RHEL 7

Before going to install the vsftpd packages, ensure that the server has access to internet. If it doesn’t have, configure local YUM repository for vsftpd packages installation.

**Install vsftpd yum command**

```
[root@Tech Tutorials ~]# yum install -y vsftpd*
```

 Edit the configuration file. /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf is the main configuration file of ftp server.

```
[root@Tech Tutorials ~]# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
```

```
#Disable anonymous user Access to secure FTP server
 anonymous_enable=NO
 Allow local users to login in vsftpd.
 local_enable=YES
 Enable write access to local users.
 write_enable=YES
 Uncomment the line chroot_local_user
 chroot_local_user=YES
 Enable writable chroot.
 allow_writeable_chroot=YES

:wq
```

**Restart and enable the vsftpd service**

```
 [root@Tech Tutorials~]# systemctl restart vsftpd.service
[root@Tech Tutorials~] # systemctl enable vsftpd.service
```

**Create a rule for Firewall to allow FTP ports**
 Now need to allow default FTP port 20 and 21 through firewall.

```
[root@Tech Tutorials~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=21/tcp
[root@Tech Tutorials~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=21/tcp
[root@Tech Tutorials~]# firewall-cmd --reload
```

Apply SELinux context to ftp directory. Enable write permission on home directories.

```
[root@Tech Tutorials~]# semanage fcontext -a -t public_content_rw_t "/var/ftp/pub(/.*)?"
[root@Tech Tutorials~]# restorecon -R /var/ftp/pub
[root@Tech Tutorials~]# setsebool -P ftpd_anon_write 1 OR on
```

Edit configuration file for enable upload files.

```
[root@Tech Tutorials~]# vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
 anon_upload_enable=yes #      ls
 ftp> cd pub
 ftp> get file1
 ftp>!ls
 ftp> bye
```

For files uploading. Test the FTP server

```
[root@Client~]# ftp ftp.server.com
 ftp> cd pub
 ftp> ls
 ctp>!ls
 ftp> put file1
 ftp>bye
```

**Conclusion**

Installation and configuration FTP server is completed. FTP protocol is not an platform independent which support multiple platforms.

Please do comment your feedback

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** FTP Server, VSFTP in RHEL 7

---

### [clone virtual machine without vCenter using ESXi](https://arkit.co.in/clone-virtual-machine/)

**Published:** June 6, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

How to clone virtual machine without vCenter using ESXi base host machine, First think why we required to clone the virtual machine..? If we would like to make multiple virtual machines as same exact virtual machine.

 Connect to the vSphere Hypervisior using vSphere client and power off the source virtual machine.

  # How to clone virtual machine without vCenter using ESXi

In order to clone first take snapshot of existing virtual machine to do that, Right click on the current virtual machine –> Snapshot –> Take Snapshot. Example is shown in below screenshot

[![0 Take Snapshot](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0-Take-Snapshot-1-300x152.png "0 Take Snapshot - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0-Take-Snapshot-1.png)

Now Select the base host name and go to configuration tab –> Click on Security profile ( As shown in below screenshot )

[![1 Security Profile](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-Security-Profile-300x223.png "1 Security Profile - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-Security-Profile.png)

Select SSH and Click on Options

[![2 Remote access](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-Remote-access-262x300.png "2 Remote access - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-Remote-access.png)

Start the SSH service to connect ESXi using Command line interface ( Refer Below screenshot )

[![3 Start SSH service](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-Start-SSH-service-300x202.png "3 Start SSH service - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-Start-SSH-service.png)

Start SSH service – Click on Ok

**Note:** You have to shutdown the Virtual Machine before you run vmkfstools command

Login to the ESXi host command line interface using SSH service as root user (Below is the screenshot after login to the Command line interface)

[![4 cd datastore](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-cd-datastore-253x300.png "4 cd datastore - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-cd-datastore.png)

Go to /vmfs/volumes/ directory and type ls -la for viewing the list of volues

```
# cd /vmfs/volumes/ 
# ls -la
```

Clone the disk file. To clone disk use below command

```
# vmkfstools -i /vmfs/volumes/datastore1/DC1/DC1-00001.vmdk /vmfs/volumes/datastore1/newclone.vmdk -d thin
```

[![5 Clone Disk](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-Clone-Disk-300x175.png "5 Clone Disk - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-Clone-Disk.png)

Now lets create an New Virtual machine with cloned disk

[![6 New virtual machine](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-New-virtual-machine-300x145.png "6 New virtual machine - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-New-virtual-machine.png)

Right Click on ESXi base host machine name and Click on New virtual Machine OR press Ctrl+n (As shown in above screenshot)

[![7 configuration typical](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-configuration-typical-300x111.png "7 configuration typical - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-configuration-typical.png)

Now it will ask you which type of VM you would like to create (Next Step)

[![8 Name and location](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8-Name-and-location-300x115.png "8 Name and location - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8-Name-and-location.png)

Provide Virtual machine name

[![9 Select Storage](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9-Select-Storage-300x114.png "9 Select Storage - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9-Select-Storage.png)

Select the Datastore where you would like to store your Virtual machine files

[![10 Guest Operating system](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10-Guest-Operating-system-300x142.png "10 Guest Operating system - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10-Guest-Operating-system.png)

Select Guest Operating system (Windows, Linux Or Other)

[![11 Select VM Network](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11-Select-VM-Network-300x191.png "11 Select VM Network - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11-Select-VM-Network.png)

Now select How many NIC’s you want to create and Select the virtual machine NIC VLAN

[![12 Create Disk](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12-Create-Disk-300x128.png "12 Create Disk - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12-Create-Disk.png)

Provide Disk size and select its type of provisioning preferred is thin

[![13 Ready to complete](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/13-Ready-to-complete-300x285.png "13 Ready to complete - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/13-Ready-to-complete.png)

Check Edit the virtual machine settings and **click continue**

[![14 Remoce existing disk](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/14-Remoce-existing-disk-300x268.png "14 Remoce existing disk - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/14-Remoce-existing-disk.png)

Select curent disk–> **Click on remove**. Remove existing Disk because we do not required. Add newly cloned disk to make this virtual machine as exact its parent

[![16 Hard Disk](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-Hard-Disk-300x237.png "16 Hard Disk - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-Hard-Disk.png)

click on add button to attach new one, Select Hard Disk **Click Next**

[![17 Use an Existing Virtual Disk](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17-Use-an-Existing-Virtual-Disk-300x237.png "17 Use an Existing Virtual Disk - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17-Use-an-Existing-Virtual-Disk.png)

Select second option that is “Use an existing virtual disk” **Click Next**

[![18 Browse from Datastore](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/18-Browse-from-Datastore-300x235.png "18 Browse from Datastore - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/18-Browse-from-Datastore.png)

Browse datastore and select the new .vmdk file **Click open** then **Click Next**

[![clone virtual machine](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/19-Ready-to-complete-300x237.png "19 Ready to complete - ARKIT")](http://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/19-Ready-to-complete.png)

**Click Finish**

That’s it Virtual machine successfully cloned.

**Conclusion**

We can also clone virtual machine using ESXi.

**We would like here your feedback, is this useful for you..?**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** vmware

**Tags:** clone vitual machine

---

### [vSphere 5 vs vSphere 6 Difference between both versions](https://arkit.co.in/vsphere-5-vs-vsphere-6/)

**Published:** June 7, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

This article will guide you with the difference between the vSphere 5 vs vSphere 6 ([ESXi 6 Installation Guide](https://arkit.co.in/vmware/vmware-esxi-6-0-installation/) ). ESXi 6.0 is enhanced with new features such as (vVols) Virtual Volume creations. [NFS](https://arkit.co.in/linux/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/) Version 4.1 Support. So many new features are included lets see few of them in below table.

## vSphere 5 Vs vSphere 6

**vSphere 6.0****vSphere 5.5****VM memory per VM**4TB1 TB**virtualvolumes(Vvols)**YesN/A**VM HarwareW version**virtual hardware 11VM HW10**NFS Version support**NFS 4.1NFS 3.0**vCenter single-sing-on**SSO included as part of platform services controllerSSO with improved architecture**VSAN**VSAN 6.0VSAN 5.5**vCPU**128 vCPU’s64 CPU’s**Max CPU per Host**480320**Max Mem per Host**12 TB4TB**Max vCPU per FT vm**4 vCPU1 CPU**Cluster nodes**64 nodes32 nodes**VM’s per cluster**8,0004,000**Graphical support**WDDM 1.1 GDI graphics accelerationimproved 3D graphics support**vCSA with embedded DB**1000 hosts and 10000 VM’s300 hosts and 1,000 vM’s**content library**vSphere 6.0NA**Management**vSphere web client , vSphere clinetvSphere web client , vSphere client**vCenter type**windows, Linux (vCSA)windows, Linux (vCSA)  Please do not forgot to provide your feedback, your feedback is more important to [us.](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

vSphere 5 vs vSphere 6 Difference between both versions

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** vmware

**Tags:** ESXi 5 vs ESXi 6, vsphere 5 vs vsphere 6

---

### [Gather Contact Information Of Each Host And Service In Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/gather-contact-information-of-each-host-and-service-in-nagios/)

**Published:** June 8, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Gather contact information of each host and service in Nagios Doesn’t have to be hard. Read this tips and tricks to make your work easier.

**Scenario:** [Nagios Core](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/nagios-core-4/) / Nagios XI has installed and configured as per the requirements and alerting has been enabled for contacts and contact groups, few months later your Manager / Management team asked you to provide information about hosts and services contact information like which host alerts is going to which user ( Each and every host and service alerts and there associated contacts and contact groups).

  In above scenario if you want to collect / gather all the information about hosts /services and their associated contacts it is an hectic task. we have to go to each and every file and write host name, service name and its associated contacts and contact groups.

Assume if you have 1000 Hosts and Ten thousand services it may take 4days to collect and consolidate all the information together.

In this article i am going to explain easy way, we can collect and consolidate with in 30minutes of time

## Gather Contact Information Of Each Host And Service In Nagios

first step login to your nagios server using SSH service (Putty).

Below path is for NagiosXI version

```
[Nagios@ArkIT ~]$ cd /usr/local/nagios/etc/hosts/
[Nagios@ArkIT ~]$ cat * |grep -E "host_name|contact" > /tmp/hosts

[Nagios@Arkit ~]$ cd /usr/local/nagios/etc/services/
[Nagios@ArkIT ~]$ cat * |grep -E "host_name|service_description|contact" > /tmp/services
```

Below path is for Nagios Core ( If your environment is customized then use appropriate path )

```
[NagiosCore@ArkIT ~]$ cd /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/[NagiosCore@ArkIT ~]$ cat * |grep -E "host_name|contact" > /tmp/hosts
[NagiosCore@ArkIT ~]$ cat * |grep -E "host_name|service_description|contact" > /tmp/services
```

Now we have collected the hosts / services and associated contacts and contact groups but the data is not in a proper way, data format will be as shown below

```
       host_name                       Server1.arkit.co.in
        contacts                        aravi
        contact_groups                  DL-Linux
        host_name                       Server2.arkit.co.in
        contacts                        kumar
        contact_groups                  DL-windows
        host_name                       Server3.arkit.co.in
        contacts                        ramana,aravi
        contact_groups                  DL-Administrator,IT-Team
```

We required hosts output like below

```
Server1.arkit.co.in aravi,DL-LinuxServer2.arkit.co.in kumar,DL-windowsServer3.arkit.co.in ramana,aravi,DL-Administrator,IT-Team
```

We required services output like below

```
Server1.arkit.co.in Ping aravi,DL-LinuxServer1.arkit.co.in CPU Load aravi,DL-LinuxServer2.arkit.co.in Ping Kumar,DL-WindowsServer2.arkit.co.in Web Server DL-webteam,kumar,ramana
```

To do this i have made few scripts which will do our job in less time, to generate host contacts use below script

```
[Nagios@ArkIT tmp]$ export output=; while read line; do if [[ "$line" =~ "host_name" ]]; then export output="${output}\n"; fi; export output="${output}, $line"; done < /tmp/hosts && echo -e $output | sed 's/^, \?//' | sed '/^$/d' > /tmp/comahosts
```

To Generate Services contacts information use below script

```
[Nagios@ArkIT tmp]$ export output=; while read line; do if [[ "$line" =~ "service_description" ]]; then export output="${output}\n"; fi; export output="${output}, $line"; done < /tmp/services && echo -e $output | sed 's/^, \?//' | sed '/^$/d' > /tmp/comaservices
```

After running above scripts our data will be available in /tmp/comahosts and /tmp/comaservices files, just open them in Excel file delimiter comma separated

Replace host\_name, contacts, contact\_groups and service\_description with blank

[![find and replace](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/find-and-replace-300x135.jpg "find and replace - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/find-and-replace.jpg)

That’s your excel sheet ready with all the information.

Gather contact information of each host and service in Nagios

**conclusion**

We can easily collect Nagios hosts /services contact, contact group information using above method in quick way.

Thanks for the read please do comment your feedback on comment section

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios, Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** gather Nagios contact information

---

### [Everyone Loves Kali Linux Installation step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/kali-linux-installation/)

**Published:** June 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Everyone Loves Kali Linux Installation in this article we are going to see installation of Kali Linux in vmware. Kali Linux is very handy distribution for penetration testing.Who are working with an Information Security, Network Security and Data protection against theft Kali will help you lot

Kali 2.0 is named as Sana, This is the most advanced penetration testing platform we have ever made.

  - Kali Linux is a Debain-based Linux distribution aimed at advanced penetration testing and security auditing.
- it is developed and maintained by Offensive security.
- it is pre-installed with over 600 penetration-testing programs, such as security tasks
- it is available in 32-bit,64-bit and ARM flavors.

**New Features in Kali Linux 2.0**

1. Updated Kernel version 4.0
2. Improved HW and wireless support
3. Lots of new tools added in kali Linux 2.0
4. Desktop environments support – kde, lxde, i3wm, xfce, gnome, mate, e17

**Hardware Requirements:**

- Minimum 10 GB disk space
- Minimum 512MB RAM
- AMD64 and i386 architectures

You can download Kali Linux ISO file from below links 
[Download Kali](https://www.kali.org/downloads/) -> To download Kali Linux ISOs
[Kali Linux Download](http://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-vmware-arm-image-download/) -> VMWare & Virtual Box Images of Kali linux

## Kali Linux Installation

[![1 Kali Linux installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-Kali-Linux-installation-300x134.png "1 Kali Linux installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-Kali-Linux-installation.png)

Select Typical Type of Virtual Machine Click **Next**

[![2 Select ISO file](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-Select-ISO-file-300x161.png "2 Select ISO file - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-Select-ISO-file.png)

Select Kali Linux ISO Image

[![3 Type Linux](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-Type-Linux-300x161.png "3 Type Linux - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-Type-Linux.png)

Select Os type is Linux

[![4 Path](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-Path-300x164.png "4 Path - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-Path.png)

Provide Virtual Machine Name

[![5 required space](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-required-space-300x147.png "5 required space - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-required-space.png)

Provide the Disk Space for Basic installation 20GB is enough, but we have to install lot and lot of application in it, We may required at least 50GB

[![6 Kali Linux installation first boot](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-Kali-Linux-installation-first-boot-300x233.png "6 Kali Linux installation first boot - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-Kali-Linux-installation-first-boot.png)

Boot with Kali Linux ISO Image, After booting with ISO image we will get an above screen. Select Graphical Install then Hit Enter

[![7 Select Language Englsh](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-Select-Language-Englsh-300x217.png "7 Select Language Englsh - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-Select-Language-Englsh.png)

Select Language Basically most of the people are comfortable with English. **Click Continue**

[![8 Keyboard Language United States](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8-Keyboard-Language-United-States-300x217.png "8 Keyboard Language United States - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8-Keyboard-Language-United-States.png)

Keyboard Language and **Click Continue**

[![9 American Keyboard](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9-American-Keyboard-300x218.png "9 American Keyboard - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9-American-Keyboard.png)9 American Keyboard

**Click Continue**

[![10 Configuring NEtwork](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10-Configuring-NEtwork-300x220.png "10 Configuring NEtwork - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10-Configuring-NEtwork.png)

Configuring Virtual Machine Network **Click Continue**

[![11 Configure Network](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11-Configure-Network-300x220.png "11 Configure Network - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11-Configure-Network.png)

**Click Continue**

[![12 Setup Users](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12-Setup-Users-300x169.png "12 Setup Users - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12-Setup-Users.png)

Provide Root user password and **Click Continue**

[![13 Partitioning Disk](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/13-Partitioning-Disk-300x169.png "13 Partitioning Disk - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/13-Partitioning-Disk.png)

Here select first option whcih will automatically delete old partitions and create new partitions (Recommended for New Users). If your fimiliar with partitioning then you can also select Second or third options

[![14 Finish Partitioning](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/14-Finish-Partitioning-300x169.png "14 Finish Partitioning - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/14-Finish-Partitioning.png)

Finish Partitioning and complete partitions **Click Continue**

[![15 Kali Linux Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/15-Kali-Linux-Installation-300x169.png "15 Kali Linux Installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/15-Kali-Linux-Installation.png)

Now it will ask you for the confirmation to commit **Click Continue**

[![16 Kali Linux sana](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-Kali-Linux-sana-300x203.png "16 Kali Linux sana - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-Kali-Linux-sana.png)

Installation Status

[![17 Kali Linux Package Manager](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager-300x225.png "17 Kali Linux Package Manager - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager.png)

Select Yes and **Click Continue**

[![18 Install Grub](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/18-Install-Grub-300x169.png "18 Install Grub - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/18-Install-Grub.png)

Install GRUB **Click Continue**

[![19 Install Grub](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/19-Install-Grub-300x220.png "19 Install Grub - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/19-Install-Grub.png)

Select Installation Device and **Click Continue**

[![20 Finish Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20-Finish-Installation-300x223.png "20 Finish Installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20-Finish-Installation.png)

Last and final Installation Step **Click Continue**

[![21 First Login Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/21-First-Login-Screen-300x169.png "21 First Login Screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/21-First-Login-Screen.png)

First Login Screen

[![22 First View of Kali Linux installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/22-First-View-of-Kali-Linux-installation-300x207.png "22 First View of Kali Linux installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/22-First-View-of-Kali-Linux-installation.png)

Installation is completed. Kali Linux Installation successfully completed.

That’s about Kali Linux Installation

Please do comment your [feedback](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux-distros

**Tags:** Kali Linux installation

---

### [kerberized NFS Server Linux Simple way to setup](https://arkit.co.in/kerberized-nfs-server-linux/)

**Published:** June 13, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

NFS – Network File system is used to provide file sharing with in the Unix / Linux environments. kerberized NFS server also used for sharing the directories across the Unix / Linux Platforms. We assume that you already have an [kerberos server](https://arkit.co.in/linux/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/) in place.

## Why we have to use kerberized NFS Server

- NFS Server without kerberos is not secure
- NFS share can be accessed by multiple users from NFS client because there is no user level authentication when not using kerberos
- Wihtout Kerberos NFS Server and client communication is not encrypted
- Kerberos will provide an token based authentication
- NFS with kerberos will use Keytab file to authenticate securely
- All the communication from client to server fully encrypted

**Prerequisites**

  1. Kerberos Server for token issue authority
2. Keytab Files
3. Kerberos principles should be in place (if you want to use krb5p authentication method)
4. LDAP server for user authentication along with kerberos
5. NFS Server should be part of LDAP client and Kerberos Client
6. Both the machines NFS Server and NFS Client should be part of kerberos clients
7. DNS name resolution should be in working condition (In case of NO DNS name resolution, We will add hosts file entries) [Master DNS Setup Guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux/master-dns-configuration/)
8. NFS server and NFS client should be in sync with NTP server (Should be NTP clients)

Scenario 1: We can install DNS, Kerberos, KDC server, 365 Directory Service, Token issue authority and LDAP. We use this single server as a main server.

Scenario 2: We can install and configure One DNS server, One Kerberos Server and One LDAP Server separately. This Scenario required more hardware resource but performance will be good.

why i am explaining above two scenario’s because we are going to see the kerberized NFS with single server all services included in one.

**Environment :**

**Server 1 :** DNS, Kerberos, 365 Directory Services and LDAP service

**Server 2 :** NFS Server

**Server 3 :** NFS Client

**Main Server Side in Kerberos Server Side**

We have to generate keytab files and add NFS principles in kerberos server.

```
# kadmin
Authenticating as principal root/admin@ARKIT.CO.IN with password.
Password for root/admin@ARKIT.CO.IN: kerberos
kadmin: addprinc -randkey nfs/nfserv.arki.co.in
kadmin: addprinc -randkey nfs/nfsclient.arki.co.in
kadmin: ktadd nfs/nfserv.arki.co.in
kadmin: ktadd nfs/nfsclient.arki.co.in
kadmin: quit
[root@TechTutorials ~]# cp /etc/krb5.keytab /var/www/html/keytabs/nfserv.keytab
[root@TechTutorials ~]# cp /etc/kerb5.keytab /vat/www/html/keytabs/nfsclient.keytab
```

Keytab file should be available for download

**NFS Server Side Configuration**

```
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# yum install sssd* authconfig-gtk krb5-workstation
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# yum install nfs*
```

After installing above packages we have to run below command in GUI interface

```
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in]# system-config-authentication
```

[![Add server to Kerberos client kerberized NFS server](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Add-server-to-Kerberos-client-kerberized-NFS-server-199x300.jpg "Add server to Kerberos client kerberized NFS server - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Add-server-to-Kerberos-client-kerberized-NFS-server.jpg)

Provide the details

**User Account Database:** LDAP

**LDAP Search Base DN:** DC=arkit,DC=co.in

**LDAP Server:** ldap://ldap.arkit.co.in Or ldaps://arkit.co.in

**Use TLS encryption connections**

[![Ldap Certification Authentication](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Ldap-Certification-Authentication-300x140.jpg "Ldap Certification Authentication - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Ldap-Certification-Authentication.jpg)

**Authentication Method:** **Kerberos Password**

**KDC’s :** ldap.arkit.co.in

```
## Download keytab file
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# wget -O /etc/krb5.keytab http://ldap.arkit.co.in/pub/keytabs/nfserv.keytab
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/nfs
## Default line number 13
RPCNFSDARGS = "-V 4.2"

:wq

## Enable and Start NFS Server and NFS Secure Server
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl enable nfs-secure.service
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl start nfs-secure.service
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl enable nfs-server.service
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl start nfs-server.service
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl enable nfs-secure-server.service
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl start nfs-secure-server.service

## Create Directory to share using NFS
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# mkdir /nfssecure

## Change Directory ownership
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# chown ldapuser1 /nfssecure

## Applu SELinux Policy to Directory
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# semanage fcontext -a -t public_content_rw_t "/nfssecure(/.*)?"
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# restorecon -R /nfs
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# setsebool -P nfs_export_all_rw on
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# setsebool -P nfs_export_all_ro on
```

Now Create NFS export and export it

```
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# vim /etc/exports

/nfssecure *.arkit.co.in(rw,sec=krb5p)

:wq
```

The security option accepts four different values: 
sec=sys (no Kerberos use)
sec=krb5 (Kerberos user authentication only)
sec=krb5i (Kerberos user authentication and integrity checking)
sec=krb5p (Kerberos user authentication, integrity checking and NFS traffic encryption)
If you want to use sec=sys, you also need to run

```
# setsebool -P nfsd_anon_write 1
```

Now restart NFS services to reflect the changes

```
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl restart nfs-server.service
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl restart nfs-secure-server.service
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl restart nfs-secure.service
```

Enable Firewall ports to communicate with NFS clients

```
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=nfs
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=mountd
[root@nfserv.arkit.co.in ~]# firewallc-cmd --permanent --add-service=rpc-bind
```

In order to complete Kerberized NFS Server configuration, We are done in NFS Server we have to switch to NFS client

**NFS Client Side configuration**

Now start the NFS client side setup. We have to join NFS client also as LDAP and Kerberos Client

repeat first step from NFS server configuration

```
## Download keytab file
[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# wget -O /etc/krb5.keytab http://ldap.arkit.co.in/pub/keytabs/nfserv.keytab
[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/nfs
## Default line number 13
RPCNFSDARGS = "-V 4.2"

:wq

[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# yum install nfs-utils*
[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl enable nfs-secure.service
[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# systemctl start nfs-secure.service
[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# mkdir /mnt/nfsmount
```

Now edit fstab configuration file to mount NFS share permanently

```
[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# vim /etc/fstab
nfserv.arkit.co.in:/nfssecure /mnt/nfsmount nfs defaults,sec=kerb5p,v4.2 0 0

:wq

[root@nfsclient.arkit.co.in ~]# mount -a
```

Now login as ldapuser1 and try to access the nfssecure share it will be accessible. You can also write data to that share path.

**Conclusion**

kerberized NFS server is highly secured and encrypted communication. NFS kerberized share can’t be accessible by other users who does not have permission to NFS share within the same client.

Thanks for the read please provide your valuable comments on the same

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Kerberized NFS Server, NFS access kerberos

---

### [Install and Configure NTP server and client in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/configure-ntp/)

**Published:** June 13, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. NTP is an Internet protocol used to synchronise the clocks of computers to some time reference. Network time protocol plays an major role in various situations its very important and crucial below are few advantages of NTP. In this article we are going to see How to install and configure NTP server and Client in RHEL 7 / Centos 7.

1. Event Logging required NTP to synchronise because each and every log will be logged based on time stamp
2. Cluster Heart beat always depends on NTP (If other node in cluster is not sent and heart beat within the given seconds node will switched over)
3. Execute an cronjobs on time (defined time) crontab schedules works in time
4. NTP uses UTC for real time synchronisation

**NTP Server profile**

  **Packages :** ntp\*

**Port Number :** 123

**Daemon Name :** NTPD

## Install and Configure NTP server and client in RHEL 7

Install the NTP packeges using yum command – Server side configuration

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# yum install -y ntp*
```

Allow NTP protocol to communicate with clients

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ntp 
Success
[root@TechTutorials ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
Success

OR
```

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=123/tcp
Success
```

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
Success
```

start and enable NTP service

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl enable ntpd.service 
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/ntpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ntpd.service'
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl start ntpd.service 
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl status ntpd.service 
ntpd.service - Network Time Service
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/ntpd.service; enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Mon 2016-06-13 12:39:14 IST; 5s ago
 Process: 3738 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/ntpd -u ntp:ntp $OPTIONS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 3740 (ntpd)
 CGroup: /system.slice/ntpd.service
 └─3740 /usr/sbin/ntpd -u ntp:ntp -g
```

edit main configuration file and make changes as required to configure NTP

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# vim /etc/ntp.conf
# Default Line number 8
restrict default kod nomodify notrap noquery nopeer     -->>> allows other clients to query time server
restrict -6 default kod nomodify notrap noquery nopeer   --->> allows forces DNS resolution to IPV6 address resolution

:wq
```

noquary – dumping status data from ntpd
 nopeer – all packets attempts to start a peer association
 notrap – control message trap service
 kod – packet is sent to reduce unwanted queries
 nomodify – all ntpq queries that attempts to modification the server

Allow Only Specific Clients

To only allow systems on own network to synchronise with NTP server, add the following lines to /etc/ntp.conf file for restrict

```
restrict 192.168.4.120 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap
```

for localhost needs to have the full access to query or modify

```
restrict 127.0.0.1
```

add local time as backup

add the local clock to main configuration file in ntp.conf

```
server          # local clock
fudge   127.127.1.0 stratum 10
```

Stratum is used to synchronise the time with the server based on distance. Stratum-0 is a device which can’t be used in the network which is directly connected to NTP server. Stratum-1 will synchronise the time using GPS transmission, CDMA technology assume to be accurate or no delay associated with it. Local time update in NTP server we can make use of Stratum-0 and Stratum-1.
stratum-0 devices are used as reference clock
 stratum-1 as a primary network time standard

[![stratum-0 and stratum-1](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/stratum-0-and-stratum-1-300x70.jpg "stratum-0 and stratum-1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/stratum-0-and-stratum-1.jpg)

define ntp to generate logs which are very useful in troubleshooting methods

set the log file and the drift file location in main configuration file ntp.conf. Edit main configuration file /etc/nfp.conf and add below entries

```
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/ntp.drift
logfile /var/log/ntp.log

[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl restart ntpd
```

**NTP Client side Configuration**

configuring NTP client to synchronize with NTP server. To enable time synchronisation between server and client we can make use of GUI interface as well as CLI interface.

Adding NTP client settings

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# yum install system-config-date
[root@TechTutorials ~]# system-config-date
```

[![NTP client configuration in GUI](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/NTP-client-configuration-in-GUI-290x300.jpg "NTP client configuration in GUI - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/NTP-client-configuration-in-GUI.jpg)

When you type “system-config-date” above popup will open. As shown above please select “Synchronise Date and Time over Network”

If NTP servers exists delete them and add your NTP server by clicking on “Add” button. Select “speed up initial synchronisation” then Click OK.

That’s from GUI interface your system is now NTP client.

**From CLI mode**

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# vim /etc/chrony.conf
## Go to last line (SHIFT+G)and add below strings

server 0.rhel.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 192.168.4.120 prefer

:wq
```

**prefer:** it specified that server is preferred over other servers.

now start the ntpd service

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl start ntpd
```

now check the ntp status

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ntpq -p
```

set local time and date

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ntpdate -u 192.168.4.120
```

That’s about install and configure NTP server and client in RHEL 7

Please do comment your feedback

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** configure NTP client, install and configure ntp server

---

### [Install MariaDB 10.2 RHEL 7 / Centos 7 Complete Beginners Guide](https://arkit.co.in/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)

**Published:** June 13, 2016
**Author:** Ramana B

**Content:**

We are going to see how to install MariaDB 10.2 RHEL 7 / Centos 7 Complete Beginners Guide. Why i said Beginners guide because this is a first step installation. Why we have to use MariaDB.

## Few Features of Maria DB 

- Maria DB is an open-source relational database software.
- It is a great alternative or drop-in replacement for MySQL.
- It is free and easy to use.
- MariaDB is fast, Salable and robust, with a rich ecosystem of storage engines
- MariaDB New features include GIS and JSON support
- A non-blocking client API library
- The Aria and XtraDB storage engines with enhanced performance
- Better server status variables, and enhanced replication.
- API and ABI compatibility with MySQL

## Server Profile:

1. Packages: MariaDB,MariaDB-server,MariaDB-libs
2. Daemon Name: MariaDB
3. Port Number: 3306
4. Configuration file path: /etc/my.cnf

## Install MariaDB 10.2 RHEL 7 / Centos7

Let’s install maria DB packages using the local repository, along with installation media maria DB packages also included. So not required to add external repo packages for maria DB installation. If you want the latest version then use yum repo from maria DB

  MariaDB Repo for RHEL 7 64bit

```
[mariadb]
name = MariaDB
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.2/rhel7-amd64
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
gpgcheck=1
```

MariaDB repo for Centos 7 64bit

```
[mariadb]
name = MariaDB
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.2/centos7-amd64
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
gpgcheck=1
```

**Note:** We have to enable yum group option to install mariaDB packages

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# yum groupinstall mariadb*
Installed:
MySQL-python.x86_64 0:1.2.3-11.el7                mariadb.x86_64 1:5.5.41-2.el7_0         mariadb-server.x86_64 1:5.5.41-2.el7_0
mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64 0:5.2.5-6.el7

Dependency Installed:
perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2.x86_64 0:2.061-3.el7     perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib.x86_64 1:2.061-4.el7     perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 0:4.023-5.el7
perl-DBI.x86_64 0:1.627-4.el7                    perl-Data-Dumper.x86_64 0:2.145-3.el7           perl-IO-Compress.noarch 0:2.061-2.el7
perl-Net-Daemon.noarch 0:0.48-5.el7              perl-PlRPC.noarch 0:0.2020-14.el7               unixODBC.x86_64 0:2.3.1-10.el7

Complete!
```

## Enable and Start Maria DB Service

After Completion of MariaDB package installation, we have to enable, Start the service and verify whether itis listing on port number and status

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl enable mariadb.service
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service'

[root@server ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service 

[root@server ~]# ss -tunlp |grep mysqld
tcp    LISTEN     0      50                     *:3306                  *:*      users:(("mysqld",4188,13))

[root@server ~]# systemctl status mariadb.service
```

Allow MariaDB port from the firewall to communicate from clients

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=mysql
success
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

How you would like to configure the MariaDB instance, Networking without Networking.

Networking = Enable instance networking so that we can connect to instance from remote machine

Without Networking = We can’t connect instance from the remote machine just we can use within the server

```
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
skip-networking=1

:wq
```

Now restart maria.DB service to reflect the changes

Now to secure MariaDB, we have to set root user password for MariaDB, remove an anonymous user, disallow login remotely, remove the test database and etc.
installing the MariaDB server using below command. Hardening MariaDB.

```
[root@server ~]# mysql_secure_installation

Enter current password for root (enter for none):
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Set root password? [Y/n] y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
... Success!

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
... Success!

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y
... Success!

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
- Dropping test database...
... Success!
- Removing privileges on test database...
... Success!

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
... Success!

Cleaning up...

All done!  If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.

Thanks for using MariaDB!
```

[![install MariaDB 10.2 in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/install-MariaDB-10.2-in-RHEL-7-223x300.png "install MariaDB 10.2 in RHEL 7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/install-MariaDB-10.2-in-RHEL-7.png)Hardening MariaDB Database by creating a password

After installation of MariaDB server, database root user password is blank. So for security to reset the root password.
**Note:** Without database root password we can able to login

Now connect to Maria DB server with root password first time

```
[root@server ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
MariaDB [(none)]>
```

That’s it about Install MariaDB 10.2 in RHEL 7 / Centos 7 Complete Beginners Guide.

## Conclusion

Install of MariaDB 10.2 RHEL 7 / Centos 7 is completed. MariaDB is the replacement of Mysql in a newer version like RHEL 6 / RHEL 7 / Centos 7.

Please do comment your feedback. Stay tuned for upcoming article Database creation, Creating Tables, user creation, granting privileges, Inserting, Updating and deleting records.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4e940ade15f410b34373f4fb87a4bb527759e4e3d6d929b21eb464d4385f8419?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ramana B 

 Working as Linux Administrator. Passionate in sharing knowledge. My goal is to become Geek.  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ramana1036/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ramana1036/)

**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** How to install MariaDB, MariaDB RHEL 7

---

### [Netapp cluster setup can help you Survive a Filibuster](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-setup/)

**Published:** June 17, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Netapp SAN is a Ranking #2 storage in world. Hot core technology in the world for flash and unified storage models. After Netapp 7 mode version, Netapp is launched Netapp Cluster mode which is called C-Mode. Now we are going to see Netapp cluster setup can help you for first time. How to setup Netapp cluster mode system for the first time. Fresh Netapp cluster mode installation.

Before going to setup Netapp cluster mode filer let’s see prerequisites

  1. Cabling for cluster mode setup
2. Netapp filers should rack mounted properly
3. Network connectivity is required for both Management Network and local Network
4. Working Master Domain Naming Service server

If you would like to practice the same using Virtual Machine [Download ONTAP Simulator](https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B3d0w3V9E3HMYmxHTWdEVWNTb0U&usp=sharing)

Brand new first time it will ask you to setup cluster management IP address, if you setup that it will ask you for the username to login. OR you have to connect Netapp filer using serial console.

# **Netapp Cluster Setup start here**

First login it will not ask you for password just type user name admin hit enter

[![1 netapp cluster mode setup](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-netapp-cluster-mode-setup-300x58.png "1 netapp cluster mode setup - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-netapp-cluster-mode-setup.png)Netapp cluster mode first login screen

After login with admin user run cluster setup

[![2 how to setup netapp cluster first time](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-how-to-setup-netapp-cluster-first-time-300x152.png "2 how to setup netapp cluster first time - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-how-to-setup-netapp-cluster-first-time.png)Cluster setup

It will ask you two options

Create = Two Create first cluster type create

Join = To join to existing cluster type join

This is our first node we have to use create cluster type **create** and hit enter

Next option It will ask you whether you want to use single node or multiple nodes..? if you would like to use one node cluster then type yes. In our case we would like to use two nodes so type **no** hit enter

```
Will the cluster network be configured to use network switches? [yes]: ↵Enter
```

[![3 complete guide for netapp cluster setup](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-complete-guide-for-netapp-cluster-setup-300x103.png "3 complete guide for netapp cluster setup - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-complete-guide-for-netapp-cluster-setup.png)

```
Do you want to use these defaults? (yes, no) (yes):↵Enter
```

i would recommend you to go with Netapp defaults

[![4 cluster setup netapp provide cluster name](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-cluster-setup-netapp-provide-cluster-name-300x121.png "4 cluster setup netapp provide cluster name - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-cluster-setup-netapp-provide-cluster-name.png)Provide Cluster Name

```
Enter the cluster name: ArkIT
Enter the cluster base license key: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
```

It will below steps to configure cluster

- Network setup
- Replication Server RDB (Replication ring identical processes will run in all the nodes)
- Create Cluster
- System Startup
- Updates volume location database
- Starts cluster support services

[![5 how netapp cluster setp Enter DNS](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-how-netapp-cluster-setp-Enter-DNS-300x137.png "5 how netapp cluster setp Enter DNS - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-how-netapp-cluster-setp-Enter-DNS.png)

Just hit enter for additional license key

Enter port and IP details for Cluster Logical interfaces

```
Enter the DNS domain names: ArkITcluster.co.in
```

[![6 netapp cluster setup Enter Management IP details](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-netapp-cluster-setup-Enter-Management-IP-details-300x142.png "6 netapp cluster setup Enter Management IP details - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-netapp-cluster-setup-Enter-Management-IP-details.png)Enter Management IP Details

Enter the Management interface IP details and Hit Enter

[![7 cluster show command netapp](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-cluster-show-command-netapp-300x96.png "7 cluster show command netapp - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-cluster-show-command-netapp.png)Netapp cluster show command

That’s it about First Netapp cluster node setup. How Netapp cluster setup can help you.

## Second Node Cluster setup

Star second node and setup the IP address to communicate with first node cluster name

[![2 second node adding to cluster](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-second-node-adding-to-cluster-300x170.png "2 second node adding to cluster - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-second-node-adding-to-cluster.png)Second node adding to cluster

Here type join

it will ask for cluster name to provide then provide cluster name

[![Second Node Management Network Setup](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Second-Node-Management-Network-Setup-300x131.png "Second Node Management Network Setup - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Second-Node-Management-Network-Setup.png)Second Node Management Network Setup

[![Cluster show second node](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Cluster-show-second-node-300x132.png "Cluster show second node - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Cluster-show-second-node.png)

Congratulations your two node cluster setup completed successfully.

**Conclusion**

Cluster setup is not a HA if it is single node also. Cluster mode usage replication identical accessing information services.

Please do comment your feedback on the same.

**Netapp Related Posts**

[Creating Password less connection to cluster mode from Linux Server](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/password-less-ssh-connection-to-clustered-data-ontap-using-key/)

[NCSA Exam practice paper](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/netapp-certified-storage-associate-practice-exam/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Netapp cluster setup

---

### [Could not create NetworkPortal in configFS issue resolved](https://arkit.co.in/could-not-create-networkportal-in-configfs/)

**Published:** June 19, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

I see that there is an error while creating iscsi portal ” Could not create NetworkPortal in configFS ” in Red hat enterprise Linux 7. I have installed targetcli, started services targetcli and created block storage, LUN, iscsi internet name.

After creating all this i was trying to create an portal but it through an error ” could not create NetworkPortal in configFS “

  i find no clue after few minutes i observe that there is an default portal has been created with 0.0.0.0:3260, i thought that was not created by me and i was trying to delete default port with 0.0.0.0:3260. [See the Guide to create iscsi server](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2016/03/providing-remote-block-storage-rhel-7.html)

## could not create NetworkPortal in configFS error resolution

```
/> ls
o- / ................................................ [...]
 o- backstores ......................................... [...]
 | o- block ............................. [Storage Objects: 1]
 | | o- iscsi_storage .................. [/dev/iscsi_vg/iscsi_lv (3.0GiB) write-thru activated]
 | o- fileio ....................................... [Storage Objects: 0]
 | o- pscsi ........................................ [Storage Objects: 0]
 | o- ramdisk ......................................... [Storage Objects: 0]
 o- iscsi ........................................... [Targets: 1]
 | o- iqn.2014-09.com.example.com:server .................................. [TPGs: 1]
 | o- tpg1 ...................................... [no-gen-acls, no-auth]
 | o- acls ................................................... [ACLs: 1]
 | | o- iqn.2014-09.example.com:desktop ......................................... [Mapped LUNs: 1]
 | | o- mapped_lun0 .................................. [lun0 block/iscsi_storage (rw)]
 | o- luns ................................................ [LUNs: 1]
 | | o- lun0 ............................... [block/iscsi_storage (/dev/iscsi_vg/iscsi_lv)]
 | o- portals ...................................................... [Portals: 2]
 | o- 0.0.0.0:3260 ............................................... [OK]
 o- loopback .................................... [Targets: 0]
/> /iscsi/iqn.2014-09.com.example.com:server/tpg1/portals delete 0.0.0.0
Missing required parameter ip_port
```

Here is an solution to resolve above error

```
/> /iscsi/iqn.2014-09.com.example.com:server/tpg1/portals delete 0.0.0.0 ip_port=3260
Deleted network portal 0.0.0.1:3260
```

Now try to create portal with specified IP address

```
/> /iscsi/iqn.2014-09.com.example.com:server/tpg1/portals/ create 192.168.4.20
Using default IP port 3260
Created network portal 192.168.4.20:3260.
/> ls
o- / ....................................................... [...]
 o- backstores ......................................... [...]
 | o- block .................................... [Storage Objects: 1]
 | | o- iscsi_storage ................... [/dev/iscsi_vg/iscsi_lv (3.0GiB) write-thru activated]
 | o- fileio ......................................... [Storage Objects: 0]
 | o- pscsi ........................................... [Storage Objects: 0]
 | o- ramdisk ................................... [Storage Objects: 0]
 o- iscsi ......................................... [Targets: 1]
 | o- iqn.2014-09.com.example.com:server ................................ [TPGs: 1]
 | o- tpg1 .................................... [no-gen-acls, no-auth]
 | o- acls ...................................... [ACLs: 1]
 | | o- iqn.2014-09.example.com:desktop ............................. [Mapped LUNs: 1]
 | | o- mapped_lun0 ................................. [lun0 block/iscsi_storage (rw)]
 | o- luns ....................................... [LUNs: 1]
 | | o- lun0 ......................... [block/iscsi_storage (/dev/iscsi_vg/iscsi_lv)]
 | o- portals .......................................... [Portals: 2]
 | o- 192.168.4.20:3260 ............................................ [OK]
 | o- 192.168.4.21:3260 ................................. [OK]
 o- loopback ....................................... [Targets: 0]
/>
```

**Conclusion**

Issue occurred due to an default portal was created and it was pointing to all of the interface by default. Deleting default portal which is 0.0.0.0:3260 using ip\_port=3260 option resolve the issue.

Thanks.

Please do comment if this issue resolution helped.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** iscsi portal creation error

---

### [10 Reasons for Migrating MySQL to Mariadb](https://arkit.co.in/10-reasons-for-migrating-mysql-to-mariadb/)

**Published:** June 22, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

10 Reasons for Migrating MySQL to Mariadb. MariaDB also developed by previous mysql developers, MariaDB also supports GIS and JASON. All mysql connecters such as php, perl, ruby, python, java, MyODBC, .NET and C Connector. Even no need to change MySQL data files uninstall MySQL and install MariaDB packages and attach them work perfectly.

1. It is very easy to install and compatible to migrate
2. Speed and Better performance
3. More storage engines
4. MariaDB development is more vibrant and open
5. Quicker and more transparent security releases
6. More Cutting edge features
7. Galera active-active master clustering
8. Migration might become difficult after 2015
9. MariaDB has leapt in popularity
10. Oracle stewardship is uncertain

## 10 Reasons for Migrating MYSQL to Mariadb

Migrate MYSQL to MariaDB procedure
 Login into MYSQL with root user

  ```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# mysql -u root -p
mysql>show databases;
```

Backup existing MYSQL databases

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# mysqldump --all-databases --user=root --password --master-data > mysqlbackup.sql
```

Before uninstalling MYSQl you must take backup of my.cnf file

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# cp -rf /etc/mysql/my.cnf /opt/my.cnf.bak
```

Now unintsall mysql procedure

First you have to stop the mysql service

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl stop mysql
```

Remove mysql packages

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# yum remove mysql* mysql-server mysql-devel mysql-libs
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql
```

Installing mariadb in [RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/linux/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# yum update
```

create custom MariaDB YUM repository file . Copy and paste it into a file under /etc/yum.repos.d/

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo
[MariaDB]
name = MariaDB
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.1/rhel7-amd64
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
gpgcheck=1
```

:wq
Now install mariadb packages using yum command

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# yum install -y MariaDB-server MariaDB-client
```

Set the database root user password afrer installing mariadb

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# mysql_secure_installation
```

Enable and Start mariadb service

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
[root@TechTutorials ~]# systemctl status mariadb
```

Copy the content of old bachup file to new my.cnf file

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# cp -rf my.cnf.bak /etc/mysql/my.cnf
```

Now import databases

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# mysql -u root -p < mysqlbackup.sql
```

Import process is completed, log in into MariaDB server

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# mysql -u root -p
Password:
MariaDB> show databases;
```

You can verify mariadb version using below command

\[root@TechTutorials ~\]# mysql -V

That’s it!

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** migrating MySQL to mariadb, MySQL to MariaDB

---

### [MAC Address change in Linux Server and Reasons behind it](https://arkit.co.in/mac-address-change/)

**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

A MAC Address (**Media Access Control Address**) is very important in the field of computer networking. A MAC address is a unique twelve-hex-digit (48 bits) fingerprint/identifier for network interface cards (NICs). Basically never try to change MAC address of your server. MAC address is a UNIQ bit of code which is assigned to your NIC card, First 24bit of code is vendor bits and remaining 24bits are Serial, In this article we are going to see How MAC address Change in Linux Server and Reasons behind changing MAC Address.

MAC addresses are used by most IEEE-802-compliant networks as an address for each NIC. As now i heard that we can change only IP (Internet Protocol) of the server but now we are going to see MAC Address Change in Linux Server. Wow..!!

  MAC address may also be called a Hardware Address, Physical Address or Ethernet hardware address (EHA).

**Reasons behind changing MAC address of Linux system**

1. Privacy matters: for instance when you are connecting to WI-fi hotspot
2. To ensure interoperability : internet service providers bind their service to a specific MAC address. If user then changes N/W card to install a router, the service won’t work, when you changing the MAC address of the new interface will solve the problem.
3. Application license validation based on MAC Address – some of the application licenses works when MAC address matches.
4. Ethical Hacking practices for identification change
5. Network Testing

## **MAC address Change** 

Login with root user in Linux server

First have to find the physical MAC address of Linux system by using with below command

```
[root@ArkIt ~]# ifconfig eth0 |grep eth0
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:B3:54:EC
[root@ArkIT ~]# ifconfig eth0 down
[root@Arkit ~]# ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:0C:29:b3:54:EB
[root@Arkit ~]# ifconfig etho up
```

**View MAC Address of your Linux Server**

```
[root@ArkIt ~]# ifconfig eth0 |grep HWaddr
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:B3:54:EB
```

That’s it.

**Conclusion**

You can change your own Linux Server MAC address within a Minute of time without reboot. MAC change can be done only from direct console not from remote sessions.

Please Comment your feedback.

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[NFS Server Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

[FTP Server Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux/installation-and-configuration-ftp/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** MAC Address change in Linux Server

---

### [Fedora 24 New features and installation guide](https://arkit.co.in/fedora-24-new-features/)

**Published:** June 24, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

The most awaited and awesome fedora 24 version released on 23rd June 2016. Fedora 24 New features improved a lot in all aspects most of the inbuilt application versions came with new amendments such as

1. Manual Partitioning is enabled with multiple item selection feature
2. Inbuilt tool to provide ipcalc and ipcalculator for both ipv4 and ipv6
3. PulseAudio Volume increase and decrease option made available
4. GNOME GUI version has been updated to 3.2 which will gives you photo editing option without modifying the original one
5. QGnomePlatform for Qt application is more stable with GTK applications, they perfectly fit into GNOME desktop
6. Mozilla internet browser version 45 will come along with fedora 24
7. Alternative browser QupZilla 2 has been provided
8. Evolution 3.19.91 application is a default in fedora 24 for Email clients
9. Free LibreOffice 5.1 version available
10. TeXLive 2015 application to produce high-quality typesetting language designed
11. New NetworkManager version 1.2 will support IP tunnels, VxLANs and VPN
12. A good news for the photographers that new version of darktable is included to edit and manage RAW images
13. Python version 3.5 has been included
14. Application Mono is available with fedora 24 which will help to develop cross platform Microsoft .Net based applications
15. Ruby rails 2.3 available
16. Erlang programming language version 18 is available to build massively scalable soft real-time systems
17. BBC micro:bit application to write micro-flash utilities, which is more popular in UK for every computer student
18. Easily building fast and scalable network applications using node.js 5.10 available
19. To Explore scientific python environment you can also make use of Astronomy spin

Not only above mentioned features it also included lot many brand new features to provide flexibility for all types of users. Let’s see this amazing fedora 24 version installation steps

  [Download ISO Link](https://getfedora.org/en/workstation/download/)

## Fedora 24 New features and installation guide

After successful ISO download if it is a Physical machine then write ISO into CD/DVD as bootable media OR [USB bootable media](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2015/09/make-bootable-usb-redhat-linux-rhel-7.html). If it is a Virtual Media then map the ISO using virtual DVD drive.

[![Fedora 24 workstation first boot screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-Fedora-24-workstation-first-boot-screen-300x157.jpg "1 - Fedora 24 workstation first boot screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1-Fedora-24-workstation-first-boot-screen.jpg)Fedora 24 workstation first boot screen

Make your CD / DVD media as first bootable device then power on your machine, After booting from installation media above first screen will appear then select **“Start Fedora-WorkStation-Linux 24”** Hit **Enter**

[![Fedora Just try Using Live boot or Install to Drive](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-Fedora-Just-try-Using-Live-boot-or-Install-to-Drive-300x295.jpg "2 Fedora Just try Using Live boot or Install to Drive - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2-Fedora-Just-try-Using-Live-boot-or-Install-to-Drive.jpg)Fedora Just try Using Live boot or Install to Drive

If you want to try without installing an Fedora Operating system then Click on **“Try Fedora”**, for installing Operating System **Click** on **“Install to Hard Drive”**

[![Select Language to use](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-Select-Language-to-use-300x172.jpg "3 Select Language to use - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3-Select-Language-to-use.jpg)Select Language to use

Select language which you want, then Click on **Continue**

[![Fedora 24 New features and installation guide](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-Fedora-24-New-features-and-installation-guide-300x102.jpg "4 Fedora 24 New features and installation guide - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4-Fedora-24-New-features-and-installation-guide.jpg)Fedora 24 New features and installation guide

As shown above screenshot we can select **Keyboard Language** (which you type using keyboard) and select time zone by clicking on **“Time & Date”**

## Configuring Manual Partitioning

in order to do partitioning click on **“Installation Destination “**

[![Creating partitions manually](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-Creating-partitions-manually-300x175.jpg "5 Creating partitions manually - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5-Creating-partitions-manually.jpg)Creating partitions manually

When you click on “Installation Destination” option you will see above screen then click on **“I will configure partitioning”** Click on **Done**

[![Manual Partitioning](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-Manual-Partitioning-241x300.jpg "6 Manual Partitioning - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6-Manual-Partitioning.jpg)Manual Partitioning

Now “Manual Partitioning” screen will appear as shown above in drop down options three options available

1. Standard partitioning – Standard partitioning we can do it but later on if you want increase partition space is not possible
2. LVM partitioning – Logical Volume Manager which is very flexible and most of popular
3. LVM Thin provisioning – LVM thin provisioning is the best option to utilise the disk space in optimised way

As of now in this demonstration we are going to do partitioning “LVM Thin provisioning”

Click on + symbol to create new partition below is the screenshot where you have to select mount point and provide partition size

[![Add a new mount point](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-Add-a-new-mount-point-300x208.jpg "7 Add a new mount point - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7-Add-a-new-mount-point.jpg)Add a new mount point

Repeat above step to create all the required partitions

Required partitions are

- / (slash)
- /boot
- Swap

in reality only / (slash) partition is enough but to separate /boot and swap we have to create them

[![After adding all the required partitions click done](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8-After-adding-all-the-required-partitions-click-done-300x122.jpg "8 After adding all the required partitions click done - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8-After-adding-all-the-required-partitions-click-done.jpg)After adding all the required partitions click done

After creating required partitions Click on **Done**

[![Accept Changes to Commit partition structure](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9-Accept-Changes-to-Commit-partition-structure-300x157.jpg "9 Accept Changes to Commit partition structure - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9-Accept-Changes-to-Commit-partition-structure.jpg)Accept Changes to Commit partition structure

As soon as you click on **Done** it will ask for the confirmation to erase disk and create new partitions Click on **“Accept Changes”**

**Note:** if you want to create one more partition then click Cancel you will go back one step

[![configure Host Name and Network](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10-configure-Host-Name-and-Network-300x81.jpg "10 configure Host Name and Network - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10-configure-Host-Name-and-Network.jpg)configure Host Name and Network

To assign host name click on **“Networking & Host Name”** and assign Host name as shown above screen

[![To Customize Network IP Go here](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11-To-Customize-Network-IP-Go-here-254x300.jpg "11 To Customize Network IP Go here - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11-To-Customize-Network-IP-Go-here.jpg)To Customise Network IP Go here

To assign static IP Address Click on Network icon which is located Right above, click on **“Wired Connected”** → **“Wired Settings”**

[![Popup Network Settings](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12-Popup-Network-Settings-300x139.jpg "12 Popup Network Settings - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12-Popup-Network-Settings.jpg)Popup Network Settings

Click on settings button to assign static IP Address

[![Assign Manual IP Address](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/13-Assign-Manual-IP-Address-300x239.jpg "13 Assign Manual IP Address - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/13-Assign-Manual-IP-Address.jpg)Assign Manual IP Address

Click on IPV4 and select Manual provide

```
IP Address
GateWay
Subnet Mask
DNS
```

Click on **Apply**

[![Click on Begin Installation to start installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/14-Click-on-Begin-Installation-to-start-installation-300x94.jpg "14 Click on Begin Installation to start installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/14-Click-on-Begin-Installation-to-start-installation.jpg)Click on Begin Installation to start installation

Click on **“Begin Installation”**

[![Set Root User Password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/15-Set-Root-User-Password-300x121.jpg "15 Set Root User Password - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/15-Set-Root-User-Password.jpg)Set Root User Password

As soon as Installation Begins we have to set root password which is the highly privileged user to set root password click on **ROOT PASSWORD**

[![Set Root User password and confirm password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-Set-Root-User-password-and-confirm-password-300x62.jpg "16 Set Root User password and confirm password - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-Set-Root-User-password-and-confirm-password.jpg)Set Root User password and confirm password

Password should be 8 characters in length one Upper Case, one numeric character, small characters then click on **Done**

if you set an weak password you have to click on Done twice

[![Create New User option](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17-Create-New-User-option-300x106.jpg "17 Create New User option - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17-Create-New-User-option.jpg)Create New User option

We have to create new user for backup user Click on USER CREATION

[![New User creating options](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/18-New-User-creating-options-300x110.jpg "18 New User creating options - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/18-New-User-creating-options.jpg)New User creating options

Provide Full Name, User Name (Login Name), Password and confirm password.

when you check option **“Make this user Administrator”** user will be added to wheel group which is Administrator privileges

[![edora 24 installation completed Click Quit to reboot](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/19-Fedora-24-installation-completed-Click-Quit-to-reboot-300x178.jpg "19 Fedora 24 installation completed Click Quit to reboot - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/19-Fedora-24-installation-completed-Click-Quit-to-reboot.jpg)fedora 24 installation completed Click Quit to reboot

Click on **Quit**

[![First Look of Fedora 24 After successfull installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20-First-Look-of-Fedora-24-After-successfull-installation-300x160.jpg "20 First Look of Fedora 24 After successfull installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20-First-Look-of-Fedora-24-After-successfull-installation.jpg)First Look of Fedora 24 After successful installation

Congratulations.!! You have successfully installed Fedora 24 operating system. Above is the first look.

## **Conclusion**

Fedora 24 built with brand new and awesome features which will help all the types of users. If you want to see more about fedora 24 new features [Go here](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/24/html/Release_Notes/index.html)

Please provide your valuable feedback

[See video PlayList](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1) fedora 24 new features

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** Fedora, Linux, Linux-distros

**Tags:** fedora 24

---

### [Firewalld installation configuration RHEL 7/Centos 7/Fedora 7](https://arkit.co.in/firewalld-installation-configuration-rhel-7/)

**Published:** June 25, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We always say that Linux is more secure than other Operating Systems, in the way to provide port level security FirewallD is the best application. In Previous Linux versions we used iptables to provide port level security. Newer Linux versions firewalld is introduced with great features and enhancements. Actual background of iptables and firewalld works based on ipchains which are kernel inbuilt module. We are going to see firewalld installation configuration RHEL 7 port level security. IPtables are absolute.

## **What is mean by port level security..?**

Now a days security plays major role in protecting the servers and its data from theft. A simple way to do packet filtering using firewalld inbuilt application. Allow / Deny incoming connections by writing firewall rules. In newer version of Linux such as RHEL 7 / Centos 7 and Fedora Firewall by default disables the port communication to clients except allowed.

  1. Rich Language for specific firewall rules.
2. D-Bus API.
3. Timed firewall rules.
4. IPv4 and IPv6 NAT support.
5. Create difference Firewall zones.
6. Integration with Puppet.
7. Direct interface.
8. IP set support.
9. Simple log of denied packets.
10. Automatic loading of Linux kernel modules.
11. Lock down: White listing of applications that may modify the firewall.
12. Allow / Deny specified ports
13. Allow / Deny Specified Services (No need to remember service port number)

FirewallD is available in GUI and CLI as well, CLI tool is firewall-cmd. Using firewall we can allow particular port to particular network / IP Address, we can also deny particular port for particular network / IP address.

**Note:** Do not use default port numbers to increase the security

[![Firewalld Installation and Configuration on RHEL 7 port level security](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Firewalld-Installation-and-Configuration-on-RHEL-7-port-level-security-300x150.png "Firewalld Installation and Configuration on RHEL 7 port level security - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Firewalld-Installation-and-Configuration-on-RHEL-7-port-level-security.png)Firewalld Installation and Configuration on RHEL 7 port level security

In order to use firewalld as a default we have to disable iptables and ip6tables permanently to disable permanently do below steps, Stop services, Disable services and mask services. When you add mask to service if any other administrator tyring to start the services will not start until service need to be unmask.

**Step 1: Disable iptables & ip6tables services**

iptables are obsolete, instead of iptables we have to use firewalld in new versions of Linux such as RHEL 7 / Centos 7 and Fedora 24

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl disable iptables
[root@server ~]# systemctl disable ip6tables

```

**Step 2: Stop Iptables & ip6tables services**

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl stop ip6tables
[root@server ~]# systemctl stop iptables

```

**Step 3: Mask Iptables & ip6tables services**

Disabling service and Stopping service will help us to keep services in stop state but later if you start services will start. If we add mask to service unfortunately if you try to start the service also service will not start until service need to be unmask

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl mask ip6tables
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/ip6tables.service'

[root@server ~]# systemctl mask iptables
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/iptables.service'

[root@server ~]# systemctl status iptables
iptables.service
 Loaded: masked (/dev/null)
 Active: inactive (dead)

[root@server ~]# systemctl status ip6tables
ip6tables.service
 Loaded: masked (/dev/null)
 Active: inactive (dead)
```

## Firewalld Installation configuration RHEL 7 /Centos 7 and Fedora

Packages for firewall will be included in installation media itself no need to configure external repositories, if you want you can also configure [EPEL repository](https://arkit.co.in/linux/epel-repository/) OR Local repository

**Step 4: Install packages using yum command**

```
[root@Server ~]# yum install -y firewalld firewall-config
```

Verify the status of firewall service using below command, If it is in stop status then Enable and Start

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl status firewalld

[root@server ~]# systemctl enable firewalld.service
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service' '/etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service'
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service' '/etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service'

[root@server ~]# systemctl start firewalld.service
```

**Step 5: Check your default zone and active zone**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --get-default-zone
public
```

As per above output public is the default zone we can also set other zone as default. Using multiple zones we can mange firewall rules in very flexible way. As a Example when we change machine network we can just change default zone to other so that default zone rules will be applicable. Yet any point of time one zone should be in active. firewalld installation configuration rhel 7

**Step 6: Change Default Zone & verify active zone**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=home
success
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --get-default-zone
home
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
public
 interfaces: eno16777736

```

## Step 7: check firewall version

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --version
0.3.9
```

**Step 8: List out interfaces in zone**

check how many interfaces are associated with zone

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-interfaces
eno16777736
```

**Step 9: Add new interface to Zone**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --add-interface=eth0 --zone=public
success
```

**Step 10: Remove Interface from Zone**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --remove-interface=eth0 --zone=public
success
```

**Step 11: List out currently loaded services on firewall**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --get-services
RH-Satellite-6 amanda-client bacula bacula-client dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --get-services
```

**Step 12: To drop all incoming and out going packets**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --panic-on    [Disable incoming and out going packets]

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --panic-off   [Enable incoming out going packets]

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --query-panic  [check panic mode is enabled or disabled]
```

**Note:** Do not try above command in any production servers because it will disable all the communication

List all open ports, add/allow ports and remove/deny ports using firewalld in RHEL 7. We can add / remove ports to default zone are specified zone. After every add / remove we have to reload firewalld services to take effect.

**Step 13: List all ports and Services & List all ports from specified zone**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all  [List all open ports, services and all]
public (default, active)
 interfaces: eno16777736
 sources:
 services: dhcpv6-client mysql ssh
 ports: 5666/tcp 3306/tcp 3260/tcp 5667/tcp
 masquerade: no
 forward-ports:
 icmp-blocks:
 rich rules:

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-ports  
5666/tcp 3306/tcp 3260/tcp 5667/tcp
```

**Step 14: Add & Remove Ports to firewall rules**

```

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=22/tcp  
success

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=22/tcp 
success

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-ports  
5666/tcp 3306/tcp 3260/tcp 5667/tcp 22/tcp

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --remove-port=22/tcp  
success
```

Adding and Removing services to the firewall. By default when you add / remove service to firewall it will enable associated port in background

**Step 15: List, Add & Remove Services to firewall rules**

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --list-services 
dhcpv6-client mysql ssh

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --list-services --zone=public 
dhcpv6-client mysql ssh

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=http   
success

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https  
success

[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --list-services --zone=public 
dhcpv6-client http https mysql ssh
```

## Step 16: Firewalld configuring ports / services using XML file

Adding and removing services/ports using XML file default file path is **“/etc/firewalld/zones/public.xml”**

```
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/firewalld/zones/public.xml

 Public
 Pulic Zone Rules

```

**Step 17: Adding port forwarding**

When we connect to 2080 port which request will be forwarded to 80 port.

```
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule "rule family=ipv4 source address=192.168.4.0/24 forward-port port=2080 protocol=tcp to-port=80"
success
[root@server ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

**Conclusion**

Firewalld service will use ipchains to inject firewall rules. Firewall is used to enable port level security which will filter incoming and out going packets in newer versions of Linux such as RHEL 7 and Centos 7. In Ubuntu Linux there is no firewalld is enabled.

Thanks for reading please do comment your feedback on the same.

That’t it about Firewalld.

**Related Posts**

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** firewalld

---

### [Linux Machine performance Monitoring with VMSTAT command](https://arkit.co.in/linux-machine-performance-monitoring-vmstat/)

**Published:** June 26, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

# what is vmstat ?

vmstat is a tool that reports data about your machine’s **processor,free memory,swap,io and cpu** resource utilisation in real time. To check Linux machine performance monitoring with vmstat command is very easy. we can check and capture real time stats.

### Fields description for VM mode:

Process:

  - **r:** The processes running or waiting.
- **b:** The no.of busy processes.

Memory:

- **swapd:** The amount of Virtual memory used.
- **free:** free virtual memory.
- **buff:**Memory used as buffers.
- **cache:**The amount of memory used as cache.

Swap Segment:

- **si:** Amount of memory swapped in from disk per every second.
- **so:** Amount of memory swapped to disk per every second.

IO:

- **bi:** Blocks received from a block device per second.
- **bo:** Blocks sent to a block device for second

System:

- **in:** Interrupts per second, including the clock.
- **cs:** Context switches per second.

CPU:

- **us:** user time,including time
- **sy:** system time
- **id:** Time spent idle.
- **wa:** included in idle.
- **st:** Time stolen from a virtual machine.unknown.

## Are You Ready For VMSTAT Command?

vmstat commands output with examples:

To display active and inactive memory information status

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -a
 procs -----------memory---------- ----swap--- -----io---- --system-- ------cpu-----
 r b swpd free inact active si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
 1 0 0 560284 373736 686156 0 0 56 9 57 88 1 1 98 1 0
```

To display no. of forks since last boot

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -f
 7420 forks
```

To Display slab information

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -m
 Cache Num Total Size Pages
 isofs_inode_cache 102 102 640 51
 fuse_inode 42 42 768 42
 lio_cmd_cache 0 0 1216 26
 t10_alua_lu_gp_cache 48 48 168 48
 t10_pr_reg_cache 0 0 704 46
```

## Timestamp :

To display the timestamp along with every line.

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -t
 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu------- -----timestamp-----
 r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st IST
 1 0 0 560104 928 666184 0 0 51 9 54 85 1 1 98 1 0 2016-06-25 12:48:53
```

To display every 3 seconds for 10 lines with timestamp

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -t 3 10
 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu----- -----timestamp-----
 r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st IST
 1 0 0 560336 928 666168 0 0 50 8 54 85 1 1 98 1 0 2016-06-25 12:49:49
 0 0 0 560336 928 666168 0 0 0 0 58 104 0 0 100 0 0 2016-06-25 12:49:52
 0 0 0 560336 928 666168 0 0 0 0 62 113 0 0 100 0 0 2016-06-25 12:49:55
 0 0 0 560336 928 666168 0 0 0 0 50 92 0 0 100 0 0 2016-06-25 12:49:58
```

To check vmstat version

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -V
 vmstat from procps-ng 3.3.10
```

To display the event counter statistics in table format

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -s
 1870512 K total memory
 643092 K used memory
 686092 K active memory
 373736 K inactive memory
 560304 K free memory
 928 K buffer memory
 666188 K swap cache
 2097148 K total swap
 0 K used swap
 2097148 K free swap
 6587 non-nice user cpu ticks
 330 nice user cpu ticks
 5307 system cpu ticks
 1059668 idle cpu ticks
 5873 IO-wait cpu ticks
 0 IRQ cpu ticks
 499 softirq cpu ticks
 0 stolen cpu ticks
 516230 pages paged in
 87609 pages paged out
 0 pages swapped in
 0 pages swapped out
 573973 interrupts
 904539 CPU context switches
 1466834010 boot time
 7549 forks
```

### To do not rediplay header:-

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -n
 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap--- -----io---- --system-- ------cpu----
 r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
 1 0 0 560328 928 666188 0 0 47 8 53 83 1 1 98 1 0
```

To displays the read,I/O statistic and write of the disk statistics.

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -d
 disk- ------------reads------------ ------------writes----------- -----IO------
 total merged sectors ms total merged sectors ms cur sec
 sda 12574 826 1029293 269025 4627 397 175339 71718 0 102
 sdb 377 1 3024 361 0 0 0 0 0 0
 sr0 25 0 144 483 0 0 0 0 0 0
 dm-0 252 0 2016 2141 0 0 0 0 0 1
 dm-1 12584 0 970253 273490 4759 0 171217 93597 0 100
 dm-2 91 0 728 29 0 0 0 0 0 0
```

To display report summary statistics about disk activity

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -D
 6 disks
 3 partitions
 25903 total reads
 827 merged reads
 2005458 read sectors
 545529 milli reading
 9452 writes
 403 merged writes
 347146 written sectors
 165368 milli writing
 0 inprogress IO
 203 milli spent IO
```

To display specific partition statistics

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -p /dev/sda1 1 3
 sda1 reads read sectors writes requested writes
 338 54744 265 4122
 338 54744 265 4122
 338 54744 265 4122
```

To display reports with memory sizes reported in megabytes.you choose units (k, K, m, M) default is K (1024 bytes) in the default mode

```
[root@server ~]# vmstat -S m 3 1
 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap--- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
 r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
 1 0 0 571 0 682 0 0 33 6 46 76 0 0 99 0 0
```

## Files

> /proc/meminfo
> /proc/stat
> /proc/\*/stat

**Conclusion**

vmstat command is used to collect stats about CPU, Free memory, IO and swap.

Please Provide your Valuable feedback. Thank You!

[Other resources to know](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmstat) more about vmstat command

**Related Posts**

[25 most commonly used commands](https://arkit.co.in/linux/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[cd command in centos](https://arkit.co.in/linux/centos-7-cd-command/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** Everything You Need To Know About VMSTAT Command, examples output, Linux Machine performance monitiring, monitoring, performance, tutorial, vmstat

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### [Installing Linux NRPE Agent on RHEL 7/Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

**Published:** June 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

This document for how to installing Linux NRPE Agent on RHEL 7/Centos 7. It is for use by Nagios Administrators who want to monitor the remote Linux Servers with [Nagios core](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/nagios-core-4/) / Nagios XI.

NRPE stands for Nagios Remot plugin executor which will execute on remote Linux machine and collect the data when Nagios server send an request NRPE will send an collected stats data to Nagios Server.

  **This will automatically number of things configure for you:**

1. Modify the distro’s package manager repositories.
2. Installing the prerequisite packages
3. Creating required users and groups
4. Defining services for NRPE daemon(XINETD)
5. Compiling and installing the agents and few plugins
6. It will configuring the firewall
7. Configuring the ports in /etc/services
8. Configuring the agent.

## Installing Linux NRPE agent in RHEL 7 / Centos 7

Installing the dependencies first on remote server by using yum command

```
~]#yum install -y gcc glibc glibc-common gd gd-devel make net-snmp php perl openssl-devel 
```

Create nagios user and set password

```
~]#useradd nagios

~]#passwd nagios
```

Now have to download and install nagios plugin

```
~]#wget http://www.nagios-plugins.org/download/nagios-2.0.3.tar.gz
```

Extract the nagios plugins

```
~]#tar -xzvf nagios-2.0.3.tar.gz

~]#cd nagios-2.0.3
```

Now compile and install

```
~]#./configure
~]#make
~]#make install
```

After installation an nagios plugin, give the permissions as below shown.

```
~]# chown nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios 
~]# chown -R nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios/libexec
```

Install the nrpe daemon

```
~]#yum install -y xinetd
```

Download the Linux NRPE Agent to the /tmp directory on the remote Linux machine you wish to monitor

```
~]#wget https://assets.nagios.com/downloads/nagiosxi/agents/linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz
```

Unpack the installation archive which you have downloaded

```
~]#tar -xzvf linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz
```

```
~]#cd linux-nrpe-agent
```

Run the wrapper script (fullinstall.sh) as root credentials

[![linux nrpe agent installing 1](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-1-300x175.png "linux nrpe agent installing 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-1.png)NRPE installation process

Type **yes** and hit the Enter, Enter your Nagios Server IP Address.

[![linux nrpe agent installing 2](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-2-300x167.png "linux nrpe agent installing 2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-2.png)Provide Nagios Server IP Address

installing Linux NRPE Agent complete.

You have to goto nrpe.cfg file and add your nagios server ip address

```
~]#cd /usr/local/nagios/etc/

~]#vi nrpe.cfg
```

[![linux nrpe agent installing 4](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-4-300x176.png "linux nrpe agent installing  4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-4.png)Add Nagios Server IP to allow

Goto /etc/xinetd.d/nrpe for verify your nagios server ip address.

```
~]#vi /etc/xinted.d/nrpe
```

[![linux nrpe agent installing 3](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-3-300x137.png "linux nrpe agent installing 3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-3.png)Include Nagios Server IP

You can verify ports in /etc/services

```
~]#vi /etc/services
```

[![linux nrpe agent installing ports](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-ports-300x95.png "linux nrpe agent installing  ports - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-ports.png)Add NRPE port numbers to communicate with services

Now restart the NRPE daemon

```
~]#systemctl restart xinetd.service
```

### Check nrpe port listening or not?

[![linux nrpe agent installing 5](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-5-300x16.png "linux nrpe agent installing  5 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-nrpe-agent-installing-5.png)Verify port is listening state

Now you have successfully installed and configured Linux NRPE Agent on remote Linux machine.

**Conclusion**

Nagios Remote Plugin executor is used to monitor remote Linux server (Nagios Client). After installing Linux NRPE agent we have to allow Nagios server IP from NRPE. NRPE agent send data using 5666, 5667 and 5668 ports.

Thanks for the read. Please provide your valuable feedback via comments.

**Related Articles**

[Customise Linux Server for Nagios Server Installation](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/preparing-linux-server-for-nagios-monitoring-tool/)

[Monitoring Raid controller using Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/monitoring-raid-controller-using-nagios/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** NRPE

---

### [Linux netstat command can help you to troubleshoot network RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/linux-netstat-command/)

**Published:** June 29, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Linux Netstat command stands for Network Statistics. It is a Command-line network utility Tool. By default, netstat displays a list of open sockets. If you don’t specify any address families, then the active sockets of all configured address families will be printed

Linux netstat command is very useful tool for networking issues in Linux system.

  netstat command displays information about network (socket) connections for the **TCP,UDP,routing tables,services,ports,network interface and network protocol statistics**.

If netstat command not found in your Linux system, need to install netstat package using below yum command.

```
[root@arkit ~]# yum install -y net-tools
```

After successful installation of Linux netstat command, lets see how to use it to get the information. To see all active connection on TCP, we have to use below command arguments.

```
[root@arkit ~]# netstat --tcp
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 192.168.4.20:ssh 192.168.4.1:49913 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 64 192.168.4.20:ssh 192.168.4.1:49898 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 localhost:ssh localhost:59299 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 localhost:59299 localhost:ssh ESTABLISHED
```

To display current open connections in your machines and you can see exactly who is connected to your system thorough an incoming and outgoing connections. List all listening services / ports and established connections, if you have more users you will get lengthy output.

```
# netstat -a
```

To display only active tcp(-t) connections and the ports which are listening for TCP connection

```
# netstat -at
```

[![netstat -at command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-at-command-output-300x73.png "netstat -at command output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-at-command-output.png)

To display only active udp(-u) connections and the ports which are listening for UDP connection

```
# netstat -au
```

[![netstat -au output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-au-output-300x70.png "netstat -au output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-au-output.png)

To dispaly active tcp (-t) and udp(-u) connections, with all listening and established connections.

```
# netstat -aut
```

You dont want to see hostnames or domain names,just display only IP address

```
# netstat -autn
```

## Linux netstat command – Listening ports

List out only Listening sockets information which does not other socket information which are inactive state

```
# netstat -l
```

List out only current listening TCP ports / Sockets

```
# netstat -lnt
```

List out only which are listening UDP ports

```
# netstat -lun
```

List out only listening UNIX ports

```
# netstat -lx
```

To display summary statistics for all protocols

```
# netstat -s
```

To display statistics for only TCP and UDP ports

```
 # netstat -stu
```

You want to check particular service is running,you can see the process “master” listening on both IPV4 and IPV6 for incoming “ssh” connection.

```
# netstat -ntplu |grep ssh
```

### To get the kernel IP routing table

```
 # netstat -rn
```

[![netstat -r to find kernel routing table](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-r-to-find-kernel-routing-table-300x64.png "netstat -r to find kernel routing table - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-r-to-find-kernel-routing-table.png)

To display the multicast group information for IPv4 and IPv6 protocols.

```
# netstat -g -4
# netstat -g -6
```

[![netstat -g -4 -6 command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-g-4-6-command-output-300x118.png "netstat -g -4 -6 command output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-g-4-6-command-output.png)

Get usage information about the network connections

```
# netstat -i
```

[![netstat -i command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-i-command-output-300x30.png "netstat -i command output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/netstat-i-command-output.png)

To get extended usage information on the interfaces

```
 # netstat -ie
```

continuously see the connections information until you press an CTRL+c combination key

```
# nestat -c
```

If you want to see an timers information along with the Linux netstat command output then use option -o

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# netstat -to
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       Timer
tcp        0      0 192.168.4.129:ssh       192.168.4.1:59310       ESTABLISHED keepalive (6151.34/0/0)
tcp        0     64 192.168.4.129:ssh       192.168.4.1:55916       ESTABLISHED on (0.37/0/0)
```

Masqueraded IP: IP address which will act like a Gateway where external users can see it. Internal devices can be hide behind Masqueraded IP address but external users will receive an traffic from Masqueraded IP.

To display list of masqueraded connections, use below command

```
# netstat -M
```

## State of the Socket

- **ESTABLISHED** : The socket has an established connection.
- **SYN\_SENT** : The socket is actively attempting to establish a connection.
- **SYN\_RECV** : A connection request has been received from the network.
- **FIN\_WAIT1** : The socket is closed, and the connection is shutting down.
- **FIN\_WAIT2** : Connection is closed, and the socket is waiting for a shutdown from the remote end.
- **TIME\_WAIT** : The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network.
- **CLOSE**  : The socket is not being used.
- **CLOSE\_WAIT** :The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close.
- **LAST\_ACK** : The remote end has shut down, and the socket is closed. Waiting for acknowledgement.
- **LISTEN** : The socket is listening for incoming connections. Such sockets are not included in the output unless you specify.
- **CLOSING** : Both sockets are shut down but we still don’t have all our data sent.
- **UNKNOWN** : The state of the socket is unknown.

That’s it.

**Conclusion**

Netstat command is used to collect network statistics and troubleshoot network related issues.

**Related Articles**

[Problem Determination tools](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-problem-determination-tools/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux netstat command RHEL 7, network statistics

---

### [df Command Netapp Cluster mode  Awesome examples](https://arkit.co.in/df-command-netapp-cluster-mode-awesome-examples/)

**Published:** June 30, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

df command Netapp cluster mode displays statistics about the amount of free disk space in one or all volumes and aggregates in cluster. All sizes are reported in 1024-byte blocks, unless otherwise requested by different options.

In cluster mode df command will give more flexible to fetch the information, we can also sort

  ## Let’s Start using df command Netapp Cluster Mode (C Mode)

df command without any options will disk utilization Used space, Available Space, Used Capacity in Percentage (%), Mount Point, VServer Name and Total Space

- **Filesystem** = Full volume Path
- **kbytes** = Total volume Size in kilobytes
- **Used** = Current Data size which is used space
- **Avail** = Available space Total-Used=Avail
- **Mounted on** = Which is the mount point where the volume data can be accessible
- **VServer** = volume hosted on virtual storage

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df
Filesystem              kbytes       used      avail capacity  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/FINANCE/      1073741824    4202896 1069538928       0%  /FINANCE                  SVM1
/vol/FINANCE/.snapshot      0     661012          0       0%  /FINANCE/.snapshot        SVM1
/vol/SVM1_root/     996148        396     995752       0%  /                          SVM1
/vol/SVM1_root/.snapshot
                         52428       2008      50420       4%  //.snapshot                SVM1
```

show aggregate utilization

The following command shows the disk utilization for all aggregates including snapshot size.

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -A
Aggregate               kbytes       used      avail capacity
aggr1NA01 21055458816
                              18039816944 3015641872      86%
aggr1NA01/.snapshot 0          0          0       0%
aggr1-NA03 21055458816
                              17716967532 3338491284      84%
aggr1-NA03/.snapshot 0          0          0       0%
```

show Aggregate utilization without snapshot lines

Excluding snapshot lines from df command output and show only aggregate disk utilization. Space shows in bytes which is little bit difficult to see.

```
AtkIT-Cluster::> df -A -skip-snapshot-lines
Aggregate               kbytes       used      avail capacity
aggr1_NA01 21055458816
                              18039816872 3015641944      86%
aggr1_NA03 21055458816
                              17718328120 3337130696      84%
```

Same as above with human readable format

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -A -skip-snapshot-lines -autosize
Aggregate                total       used      avail capacity
aggr1_NA01        19TB       16TB     2875GB      86%
aggr1_NA03        19TB       16TB     3182GB      84%

ArkIT-Cluster::> df -fs-type active
Filesystem              kbytes       used      avail capacity  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/CIFS/      1073741824    4202876 1069538948       0%  /CIFS                          SVM1
/vol/CIFS1/     996148        380     995768       0%  /                                  SVM1
```

show disk utilization with custom fields

As in cluster mode DATA ONTAP we can also use custom list with custom fields along with df command. Below is the example

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -fields aggregate,filesys-name,mounted-on,vserver,volume Volume1 -skip-snapshot-lines
vserver volume                  aggregate fs-type filesys-name                  mounted-on
------- ----------------------- --------- ------- ----------------------------- ----------
SVM1 Volume1 -         active  /vol/Volume1/ ---
```

## inode information

check inode information, available inodes, used inodes and percentage

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -i
Filesystem               iused      ifree  %iused  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/CIFS1/          166802   31709887      0%  /CIFS1                  SVM1
/vol/SVM1_root/        115      31007      0%  /                          SVM1
```

sort by free inodes

Sort output by more than specified free inodes. shows all volumes with more than 10000 inodes free

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -inodes-free >10000
Filesystem              kbytes       used      avail capacity  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/CIFF1/      1073741824    4202876 1069538948       0%  /CIFS1                  SVM1
/vol/SVM1_root/     996148        372     995776       0%  /                          SVM1
```

Below is the example which shows all volumes with de-duplication savings of less than 10%, skipping snapshot lines.

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -dedupe-saved  df -vserver CIFS1
Filesystem              kbytes       used      avail capacity  Mounted on
/vol/CIFS_vol1/      1073741824    4202876 1069538948       0%  /CIFS_vol1
```

Show particular volume disk utilization

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -volume na01
Filesystem              kbytes       used      avail capacity  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/na01/          2147483648 1713742644  433741004      80%  /na01                      SVM1
/vol/na01/.snapshot          0   31025868          0       0%  /na01/.snapshot            SVM1
2 entries were displayed.

ArkIT-Cluster::> df -volume na01 -skip-snapshot-lines
Filesystem              kbytes       used      avail capacity  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/na01/          2147483648 1713742656  433740992      80%  /na01                      SVM1

ArkIT-Cluster::> df -volume na01 -skip-snapshot-lines -h
Filesystem               total       used      avail capacity  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/na01/              2048GB     1634GB      413GB      80%  /na01                      SVM1
```

Sort the volume (Disk utilization) which are more then 90% utilized. Below is the example.

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -h -percent-used-space >90%
Filesystem               total       used      avail capacity  Mounted on                 Vserver
/vol/Oracle_vol1/  100GB       90GB     9482MB      91%  ---                        ORA1
/vol/Oracle_vol2/ 1536GB     1393GB      142GB      91%  ---                        ORA1
```

## Sort by Compression

Sort output by percentage of disk space saved using compression, the command displays information only about the volumes with the specified percentage saving through compression. Acceptable values for percentage are 50, 50%, 150%, -20, -40%, <30%, > 20. df command Netapp cluster mode

We can also make use of **-compression-saved \[KB|MB|GB|TB|PB\]**

```
ArkIT-Cluster::> df -percent-compression-saved >10% -autosize
There are no entries matching your query.

ArkIT-Cluster::> df -percent-compression-saved

**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** df command netapp C mode

---

### [RHCSA certification complete road map follow get certified](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-certification-complete-road-map/)

**Published:** July 1, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

RHCSA = Red hat certified System Administrator Certification which is added advantage for the job seekers. Earning RHCSA certification may not give you job but definitely you will get more priority in candidate selection. Read this RHCSA certification complete road map, which will guide you to earn certificate. This complete course will use Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Version.

**What are the books you have to** **refer**

  - Book EX200
- Official Book content Red Hat system Administrator I RH124
- Official Book content Red Hat System Administrator II RH134

## RHCSA Certification Complete Course Content

1. Introduction to RHEL 7
2. [Managing Files & Directories](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2016/03/managing-files-and-directories-linux.html)
3. [Basic Commands](https://arkit.co.in/linux/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)
4. Getting Help Using CLI Interface & Man Pages
5. Editing, Viewing and Managing of Text files
6. [User Administration Creating, Deleting and Managing users](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/2015/08/user-administration.html)
7. [Controlling Services Using systemctl command](https://arkit.co.in/centos/systemctl-command/)
8. Process Management
9. Installing and configuring SSH service
10. Analyse and storing logs
11. [Syslog Server](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rsyslog-server/)
12. [Compressing and archiving files and directories](https://arkit.co.in/linux/20-useful-tar-and-zip-commands/)
13. Copying Files and Directories to remote servers securely
14. [Yellow Dog Update Module](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2015/09/local-yum-server-installation-and.html) (YUM Client)
15. [Red Hat Package Manager](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/p/redhat-package-manager.html) (RPM)
16. [Search files and Directories](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2016/03/searching-file-content-in-linuxunix.html) using find and locate commands
17. Files Links Soft and Hard
18. [Managing Of physical storage](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_11.html) ( Creating and removing partitions )
19. [Logical Volume Manager](https://ark-library.blogspot.in/p/logical-volume-managar-lvm.html)
20. Access Control List (ACL)
21. Understanding Process priority
22. [Scheduling cronjobs](https://arkit.co.in/linux/scheduling-cronjobs/) and at jobs
23. SELinux
24. Swap File System
25. [Network File System (NFS) installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/linux/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)
26. [Managing Firewall Rules](https://arkit.co.in/linux/firewalld-installation-configuration-rhel-7/)
27. [Securing the NFS shares using kerberos](https://arkit.co.in/linux/kerberized-nfs-server-linux/)
28. LDAP Client configuration
29. [Setting up LDAP user Home directory](https://arkit.co.in/linux/ldap-client-configuration/)
30. [NTP Server and Client installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/linux/configure-ntp/)
31. [Recovering forgot root user password ](https://arkit.co.in/linux/reset-root-user-password-rhel7/)
32. [Samba Server installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/linux/simple-way-create-manage-samba/)
33. [RHEL 7 Installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-installation/)

**How RHCSA Exam process will be**

- Completely practical exam you have install and configure our own
- Exam time duration 2.5 Hours
- Total Marks 300
- Pass Marks 210
- You have to do 20 Questions in exam to get 300 marks
- Exam results will sent to your Email Address within 3 US working days

**Certification Fee Details**

16500/- Rupees in India for single paper RHCSA (These Certification fee vary as per the Red Hat quarter performance)

In US dollars $200 – $300

## **Do’s & Don’t while writing Exam**

- Don’t look into neighbour system (He / She may have different question than you)
- Do remember to complete the exam before ten minutes
- Do reboot system after completion of exam and re-verify
- Do remember to enable services because after restart service should start while booting Linux machine
- Don’t carry any document. If examiner find such a document you will be terminated for 5 years from writing red hat exams
- Examiner will give white paper to write something related to examination. Do remember to give it back
- Do ask examiner about any question clarification
- Do read all questions clearly before executing
- Don’t be in hurry

**What is the environment required to do practice RHCSA certification complete**

- 4 GB RAM
- Minimum Dual Core processor
- 250GB HDD
- Client Machine & Server Machine is Required

**Conclusion**

If your an experienced Linux Administrator you can simply complete this RHCSA exam without taking an official training.

**Don’t Miss:** [VMWare Workstation 12 Installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

**Don’t Miss:** [Build Your Own Linux Lab](https://arkit.co.in/linux/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

Please do comment your feedback

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** RHCSA certification Guide

---

### [ipcalc command to calculate IP information host or network](https://arkit.co.in/ipcalc-command-calculate-ip-information/)

**Published:** July 2, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

ipcalc command provides a simple way to calculate IP information for host and network. Based on the options specified, it will provide IP network information in human readable format.

ipcalc command is the default command which will come along with fedora 24 operating system.

  ## ipcalc command

Run ipcalc command as shown in below example, which will verify the IP address and tell you IP address is correct or not. IP class also will be shown in result.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc 256.10.10.9/24
ipcalc: bad IPv4 address: 256.10.10.9
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc 254.10.10.9/24
Address:        254.10.10.9
Network:        254.10.10.0/24
Netmask:        255.255.255.0 = 24
Broadcast:      254.10.10.255

Address space:  Reserved
Address class:  Class E
HostMin:        254.10.10.1
HostMax:        254.10.10.254
Hosts/Net:      25
```

Below command with option -i will display generic information about given IP / Network

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -i 192.168.4.130
Address:        192.168.4.130
Network:        192.168.4.0/24
Netmask:        255.255.255.0 = 24
Broadcast:      192.168.4.255

Address space:  Private Use
Address class:  Class C
HostMin:        192.168.4.1
HostMax:        192.168.4.254
Hosts/Net:      254
```

Generate Random private IP address by providing Netmask address.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -r 255.255.255.0
Network:        172.16.229.0/24
Netmask:        255.255.255.0 = 24
Broadcast:      172.16.229.255

Address space:  Private Use
Address class:  Class B
HostMin:        172.16.229.1
HostMax:        172.16.229.254
Hosts/Net:      254
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -r 255.255.255.0
Network:        192.168.202.0/24
Netmask:        255.255.255.0 = 24
Broadcast:      192.168.202.255

Address space:  Private Use
Address class:  Class C
HostMin:        192.168.202.1
HostMax:        192.168.202.254
Hosts/Net:      254
```

Provide IP address and get its host name and in reverse way provide Host name and get IP address

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -h 192.168.4.132
HOSTNAME=TechTutorials.arkit.co.in
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc --lookup-host localhost
```

Check your Broadcast IP address using ipcalc command

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -b 192.168.4.132
BROADCAST=192.168.4.255
```

## Know IP address GEO graphical location using ipcalc command see below example

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -g 192.168.4.132
COUNTRYCODE=--
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -g 8.8.8.8
COUNTRYCODE=US
COUNTRY="United States"
```

Know Netmask value for given IP address

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -m 10.10.10.10
NETMASK=255.0.0.0
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -m 255.255.255.255
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -m 192.168.1.1
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -m 172.168.1.1
NETMASK=255.255.0.0
```

Show the Network prefix for given IP address / Mask

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -p 192.10.4.130
PREFIX=24
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc -p 1.10.4.130
PREFIX=8
```

What is the minimum IP address and Maximum IP Address we can provide in the given IP series / Network, which will also tell you how many hosts you can add to network

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc --minaddr 192.168.4.130
MINADDR=192.168.4.1
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc --maxaddr 192.168.4.130
MAXADDR=192.168.4.254
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ipcalc --addresses 192.168.4.130
ADDRESSES=254
```

**Conclusion**

ipcalc command is very helpful to understand IP subnetting and Network classes. ipcalc command will support IPV4 and IPv6. Make use in daily activities you will love to explore more.

Thanks,

Please provide your valuable feedback.

[Fedora 24 New features and Installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux/fedora-24-new-features/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Fedora, Linux

**Tags:** IP calculator, ipcalc

---

### [swap file system An Incredibly Easy Method That Works Faster](https://arkit.co.in/swap-file-system/)

**Published:** July 3, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**Swap Space** ( swap file system) in Linux is used when the amount of RAM (Physical Memory) is Full. If system needs more memory resources and the RAM (Physical Memory) full, inactive pages in memory are moved to Swap Space.

[![How swap file system works](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/How-swap-file-system-works-300x107.png "How swap file system works - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/How-swap-file-system-works.png)  Picture 1. How swap file system works best example

Swap space is a portion of a hard disk drive that is used for virtual memory. Swap space is usually a dedicated partition that is created during the installation of the OS. Such a partition is also referred to as a swap partition.
 Swap Space can also be a Special File will be used as swap file system.

## **Deep explanation about swap file system**

As shown in Picture 1, We have RAM ([Random Access Memory](https://arkit.co.in/computer-hardware/wokring-with-memory/) / Physical memory) which is full with opened applications. User is trying to open an new application without closing opened applications, in that mean time inactive application which is not used from long time will moved to Hard disk where Swap Space is created. By moving inactive application to Swap space making a free room for new applications. This process will complete within fraction of seconds.

When you re-open / Click on the application which is loaded into the Swap space will be loaded back to RAM immediately, this time other inactive application will be moved to swap space. In this way swap space is more useful to load big application with less RAM.

[![swap space arkit swap file system](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/swap-space-arkit-300x125.jpg "swap space arkit - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/swap-space-arkit.jpg)Picture 2. swap space

How much swap space we have to create, this is an basic question but always unclear in mind. Basically we always take **RAM*2=Swap Space***. Example **2GB RAM2=4GB Swap space**. But this method always not works in bigger environment. As a example if we have RAM 250GB\*2=500GB Swap this is always a wrong. If you have RAM 250GB also you can create a swap space Max 10GB – 16GB is good practice.

You can create/add swap File System two ways

## Method 1: Creating New Swap File with dd command

Determine the size of the new swap file in MB and multiply by 1024 to determine the number of blocks. For example, the block size of a 5MB swap file is 5120.

```
[root@desktop ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120
5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
5242880 bytes (5.2 MB) copied, 0.032123 s, 163 MB/s

```

- **dd**= it is used for convert and copy a file
- **if**=device in from which disk block are read
- **of**=device or file to which disk block are read
- **bs**=block size
- **count**=Number of block to copy a file

Change the permissions of the created swap file

```
[root@desktop ~]# chmod 0600 /swapfile
```

now create swap file system with mkswap command

```
[root@desktop ~]# mkswap /swapfile
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 5116 KiB
no label, UUID=b0f6b01b-9b03-46d6-8bdb-0891c4d0422f
```

To enable the swap file immediately but its not automatically enabled

```
[root@desktop ~]# swapon /swapfile
```

To enable it at boot time, edit /etc/fstab to include the following entry

```
[root@desktop ~]# vi /etc/fstab
### ARKIT.CO.IN  #####
/dev/mapper/rhel-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=faf86acf-99bb-47c4-ae0a-698006a97eca /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/rhel-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/swapfile             swap swap defaults 0 0
~
:wq
```

Now enable the swap file system

```
[root@desktop ~]# swapon -a
```

## verify it is enable?

checking the swap file system status

```
[root@desktop ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-0 partition 2097148 0 -1
/swapfile file 5116 0 -2
```

#### (or)

you can check swap file system status with below command also

```
[root@desktop ~]# cat /proc/swaps

```

To check how much swap space available on your system.

```
[root@desktop ~]# free -m
 total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1826 481 817 9 528 1156
Swap: 2052 0 2052
```

## How to disable/deactivate swap file system?

To disable the swap file system on /swapfile and check the status of swap file system.

```
[root@desktop ~]# swapoff /swapfile
[root@desktop ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-0 partition 2097148 0 -1
```

Now check swap space available on your system.

```
[root@desktop ~]# free -m
 total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1826 481 816 9 528 1156
Swap: 2047 0 2047
```

when reboot your system it will activate automatically.

## Method 2: creating swap file system using partition

List out the storage devices available in your system

```
[root@desktop ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0009b5e1

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1026048 41943039 20458496 8e Linux LVM
```

Checking for free partition on device use with parted command

```
[root@desktop ~]# parted /dev/sda print free
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
 32.3kB 1049kB 1016kB Free Space
 1 1049kB 525MB 524MB primary xfs boot
 2 525MB 21.5GB 20.9GB primary lvm
```

## create new partition and make swap file system

```
[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
 p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
 e extended
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (10487808-20971519, default 10487808): 
Using default value 10487808
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (10487808-20971519, default 20971519): +250M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 250 MiB is set

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
```

```
[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5d500a95

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 10487808 10999807 256000 83 Linux

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5d500a95

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 10487808 10999807 256000 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
```

#### Now we made an partition with 250MB and convert its type to Linux Swap

```
[root@server ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
[root@server ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 10487808 10999807 256000 82 Linux swap / Solaris

[root@server ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 255996 KiB
no label, UUID=262d1527-b3bf-415a-99a0-754a7d5dd119

[root@server ~]# free -m
 total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1826 594 670 9 561 1052
Swap: 2047 0 2047

[root@server ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2 
[root@server ~]# free -m
 total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1826 594 670 9 561 1051
Swap: 2297 0 2297
```

That’s it about Swap file system in Linux.

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**Don’t Miss:** [ls command with 25 examples](https://arkit.co.in/linux/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** swap file system linux

---

### [RHEL 7 Linux Boot Process The Millionaire Guide to understand deeply](https://arkit.co.in/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/)

**Published:** July 5, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

As a Administrator we have to know Linux boot process which help us to troubleshoot if Linux server struck up in booting. In new version of Linux like RHEL 7 / Centos 7 / Fedora 24 Linux Boot process made very faster compare to old versions. New version of Linux includes **systemd** which is replacement for Init.

Systemd is introduced as a first modification still it support init scripts as backward compatibility symbolic link from /sbin/init –> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd.

  **What’s New in Systemd**

1. Service level dependency defined to make boot process faster
2. All services / Processes will start as a control groups not by PID’s, Control groups adds an tag to all components of a service which make sure that all its components started properly
3. Systemd as a full control to restart crashed services and its components

## Let’s See Linux Boot Process in detailed

[![Linux boot process](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Linux-boot-process-275x300.png "Linux boot process - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Linux-boot-process.png)Linux boot process

## Step 1: Power ON

When you press on power on button SMPS (switch mode power supply) will get an signal to power on, immediate after it PGS (Power on boot signal) will execute to get power to all components.

## Step 2: POST 

(Power-on-Self-Test) is diagnostic testing sequence all the computer parts will diagnose there own.

## Step 3: BIOS

 (Basic Input Output System) BIOS is program which verifies all the attached components and identifies device booting order

[![Boot Device Order](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Boot-Device-Order.png "Boot Device Order - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Boot-Device-Order.png)Boot Device Order

Based on device order BIOS will first boot device, in this case we are considering as HDD as first boot device.

## Step 4: MBR

(Master Boot Record) contains **Boot Loader, Partition information and Magic Blocks**

[![MBR Size 52bytes](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/MBR-Size-52bytes-300x75.png "MBR Size 52bytes - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/MBR-Size-52bytes.png)MBR Size 52bytes

- Boot loader – contains boot loader program which is 446 bytes in size.
- 64 Bytes of partition information will be located under MBR, which will provide / redirects to actual /boot partition path to find GRUB2
- 2bytes are magic bytes to identify errors

## Step 5: GRUB

(Grand Unified Boot Loader) configuration file located in /boot/grub2/grub.cfg which actually points to **initramfs** is initial RAM disk, initial root file system will be mounted before real root file system.

Basically initramfs will load block device drivers such as SATA, RAID .. Etc. The initramfs is bound to the kernel and the kernel mounts this initramfs as part of a two-stage boot process.

## Step 6: KERNEL

GRUB2 config file will invoke boot menu when boot is processed, kernel will load. When kernel loading completes it immediately look forward to start processes / Services.

## Step 7 : Starting Systemd the first system process

After that, the systemd process takes over to initialize the system and start all the system services. How systemd will start.

As we know before systemd there is no process / service exists. Systemd will be started by a system call fork( ); fork system call have an option to specify PID, that why systemd always hold PID 1.

As there is no sequence to start processes / Services, based on **default.target** will start. If lot many services enabled in default.target boot process will become slow.

## Step 8: User Interface (UI) 

Once that’s done, the “Wants” entry tells systemd to start the **display-manager.service service** (/etc/systemd/system/display-manager.service), which runs the GNOME display manager.

Your User interface start and prompt you for credential to login.

Below are the commands to know time of booting process taken

```
[root@server ~]# systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 1.895s (kernel) + 2.622s (initrd) + 20.402s (userspace) = 24.919s

[root@server ~]# systemd-analyze blame
 6.850s firewalld.service
 5.714s mariadb.service
 5.509s tuned.service
 5.350s plymouth-quit-wait.service
```

Thanks for the Read.

Please do comment your feedback which is more important to us.

[Getting Started with systemctl](https://arkit.co.in/centos/systemctl-command/)
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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux boot process

---

### [10 Reasons htop Command Is Getting More Popular In The Past Decade](https://arkit.co.in/10-reasons-htop-command-getting-popular/)

**Published:** July 7, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Htop command is replacement for top command. 10 reasons htop command is more flexible then the top command, so you can see all the processes running on the system, along with their full command lines, as well as viewing them as a process tree, selecting multiple processes and acting on them all at once.

We have to use Arrow keys, Page down, Page Up keys to navigate processes

  ## Advantages using htop command

1. We can scroll vertically and horizontally
2. Using single key stroke we can change process nice value
3. Viewing Multiple processes yet a time and act on them
4. Tree view is possible
5. Interactive process viewer
6. Ncurses-based process viewer for Linux
7. Killing and Renice can be done on the fly with single key press

Installation of htop utility to analyse system resources. Before installing an htop utility we have to configure [EPEL repository](https://arkit.co.in/linux/epel-repository/) because htop package will not come along with installation media.

```
[root@server ~]# yum install htop*
```

[![htop installation 10 reasons htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/htop-installation-300x128.png "htop installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/htop-installation.png)htop installation

# 10 reasons htop command to use

```
[root@server ~]# htop
```

[![10 reasons htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/10-reasons-htop-command-300x77.png "10 reasons htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/10-reasons-htop-command.png)10 reasons htop command

as soon as you type htop command above screenshot is the first look how htop look like

- CPU Utilisation
- Memory Utilisation
- Swap Utilisation
- How many tasks are running
- Load Average for **5Mins 10Mins 15Mins**
- Uptime

**Change htop command output as you like**

htop command output view we change using **F2 key** or S customise accordingly. Go to the setup screen, where you can configure the meters displayed at the top of the screen, set various display options, choose among color schemes, and select which columns are displayed, in which order.

[![htop view change using f2 key](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/htop-view-change-using-f2-key-300x77.png "htop view change using f2 key - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/htop-view-change-using-f2-key.png)htop view change using f2 key

After pressing an F2 Key select **meters -> CPU (Press Space Bar)** to change view

- Text View
- LED View
- Graph View
- Bar View

We can also add available meters to existing monitoring

[![Add available meters to 10 reasons htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Add-available-meters-to-10-reasons-htop-command-300x99.png "Add available meters to 10 reasons htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Add-available-meters-to-10-reasons-htop-command.png)Add available meters

navigate to options using arrow keys \[← ↑ ↓ →\] select available meters and Hit enter navigate arrow where you want to place then Hit enter

**Change color themes and there views**

[![Black Night color 10 reasons htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Black-Night-color-300x118.png "Black Night color - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Black-Night-color.png)Black Night color

[![Black on White color scheme 10 reasons htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Black-on-White-color-scheme-10-reasons-htop-command-300x111.png "Black on White color scheme 10 reasons htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Black-on-White-color-scheme-10-reasons-htop-command.png)Black on White color scheme

[![broken gray color htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/broken-gray-color-htop-command-300x136.png "broken gray color htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/broken-gray-color-htop-command.png)broken gray color htop command

[![Color MC htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Color-MC-htop-command-300x118.png "Color MC htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Color-MC-htop-command.png)Color MC htop command

[![Light Terminal htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Light-Terminal-htop-command-300x117.png "Light Terminal htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Light-Terminal-htop-command.png)Light Terminal htop command

[![Monochromatic htop command color scheme](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Monochromatic-htop-command-color-scheme-300x106.png "Monochromatic htop command color scheme - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Monochromatic-htop-command-color-scheme.png)Monochromatic htop command color scheme

**Search processes within htop to identify required processes**

To search processes we have to use **F3 Key , / Key** them type the process name, it straight forwardly go to mentioned name

We can filter with matched process name to filter processes **F4 Key, \\ Key** then type the process name which you want filter with

[![strict filter htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/strict-filter-htop-command-300x65.png "strict filter htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/strict-filter-htop-command.png)strict filter htop command

As a example filtered with /usr/sbin

## Tree View of processes 10 Reasons htop command

Tree view: organize processes by parenthood, and layout the relations between them as a tree. Toggling the key will switch between tree and your previously selected sort view. Selecting a sort view will exit tree view.

to see processes in tree view press **f5 key, t key**

[![tree view htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/tree-view-htop-command-300x129.png "tree view htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/tree-view-htop-command.png)tree view htop command

Collapse Tree view one by one select process tree then press **F6 key**

**Increase / Decrease Nice value of process**

As a root user we can increase the process NICE value. Normal user can decrease NICE value but can’t increase NICE value. To explain this i have created a process with sleep command.

```
[root@server ~]# sleep 3000 &
[1] 6048
[root@server ~]# htop
```

[![increase and decrease nice value htop command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/increase-and-decrease-nice-value-htop-command-300x76.png "increase and decrease nice value htop command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/increase-and-decrease-nice-value-htop-command.png)increase and decrease nice value htop command

F7, \] – Increase the selected process’s priority (subtract from ‘nice’ value). This can only be done by the superuser.

F8, \[ – Decrease the selected process’s priority (add to ‘nice’ value)

**Kill Process**

Select the process which you want to kill then press **F9 Key**

**Sort by Memory Usage and CPU Usage**

Press **Shift + m** to sort all the process by high memory utilisation which is more useful when you want to find out which process is utilizing more

Press **Shift + P** to sort by high CPU utilisation

**Add Refresh time**

```
[root@server ~]# htop -d 3
```

above option -d which refresh every 3 seconds, if you want to refresh utilisation automatically as specified seconds then use -d option

**Monitor particular PID(s)**

```
[root@server ~]# htop -p 1
```

-p PID or -p PID,PID,PID to monitor particular PID’s we can just use -p option along with PID numbers

**Sort by Key**

```
[root@server ~]# htop -s PID
```

PID,Command,STATE,PPID,PGRP,SESSION,TTY\_NR,TPGID,FLAGS,MINFLT,CMINFLT,MAJFLT,CMAJFLT,UTIME,STIME,CUTIME,CSTIME,PRIORITY,NICE,ITREALVALUE,STARTTIME,VSIZE,RSS,RLIM,STARTCODE,ENDCODE,STARTSTACK,KSTKESP,KSTKEIP,SIGNAL,BLOCKED,SIGIGNORE,SIGCATCH,WCHAN,NSWAP,CNSWAP,EXIT\_SIGNAL,PROCESSOR,M\_SIZE,M\_RESIDENT,M\_SHARE,M\_TRS,M\_DRS,M\_LRS,M\_DT,ST\_UID,PERCENT\_CPU,PERCENT\_MEM,USER,TIME,NLWP,TGID,CTID,VPID,VXID,RCHAR,WCHAR,SYSCR,SYSCW,RBYTES,WBYTES,CNCLWB,IO\_READ\_RATE,IO\_WRITE\_RATE,IO\_RATE,CGROUP,OOM,IO\_PRIORITY

above are the keys we can use to sort by

## **Sort by User**

```
[root@server ~]# htop -u nagios
[root@server ~]# htop -u root
```

We can also sort by user which means only particular user processes will be listed. 10 reasons htop command

**htop command columns**

[![htop command options](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/htop-command-options-300x32.png "htop command options - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/htop-command-options.png)htop command options

- PID – Process Identification Number
- USER – User Name
- PRI – priority of the process 20 is low 1 is High
- NI – Nice value of the process
- VIRT – Virtual memory utilisation
- RES – The resident set size (text + data + stack) of the process
- SHR – Size of Shared pages
- S – State of the process
- S for sleeping (idle)
     R for running
     D for disk sleep (uninterruptible)
     Z for zombie (waiting for parent to read its exit status)
     T for traced or suspended (e.g by SIGTSTP)
     W for paging
- CPU% – CPU utilisation
- MEM% – memory utilisation
- TIME+ – How long the process is running
- COMMAND – full path of the command

There are N number of options and features are there by using htop utility

That’s about htop command utility

**Related articles**

[25 Linux commands which are more useful](https://arkit.co.in/linux/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[sed command with 20 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/linux/sed-command-20-practical-examples/)

[netstat command to monitor and troubleshoot netwotk utilisation](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-netstat-command/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** htop

---

### [SELinux Security Enhance Linux three layer protection](https://arkit.co.in/selinux-security-enhance-linux/)

**Published:** July 7, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

SELinux security feature of the Linux kernel. To manage the security enhanced Linux behavior of a system to keep it secure in case of a network service compromise.

SELinux is an additional layer of system security. It protects user data from your system services that have been compromised. Linux administrators are known with the standard user/group/other(u/g/o) permissions security model.

  [![SELinux](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/SELinux-300x139.png "SELinux - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/SELinux.png)Picture 1. SELinux

As a example if you see above Picture 1 Whenever outside client request for a data to access from Linux Server, SELinux will verify requested data port is allowed from SELinux, It will verify process SELinux context is enabled and File security context enabled. Three layer security system. This security will work only when SELinux is in enforcing mode.

SELinux is a set of security rules that determine which process can access which directories, files and ports. Every file, process, port and directory has a special label called a SELinux context.

SELinux label context are user, role, type and sensitivity. The type context names end with “**\_t**“

#### To display or set SELinux contexts with option “Z”:

```
[root@server ~]# ls -lZ
-rw-------. root root system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Downloads

[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /etc/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0 /etc/

[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /var/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:var_t:s0 /var/

[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /
dr-xr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:root_t:s0 /

[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /var/log/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:var_log_t:s0 /var/log/
```

# S**ELinux Modes:**

SELinux modes are three types :-

1. Enforcing Mode
2. Permissive Mode
3. Disabled Mode

**Enforcing Mode**: Default mode which will enforce and enabled the SELinux security on your system. In this mode SELinux logs and protects.

**Permissive Mode:** This mode can be used to temporarily allow access to content that SELinux is restricting. No reboot required to go from enforcing to permissive vice versa. This mode is useful for troubleshooting SELinux security issues. When SELinux is in permissive mode it will not deny the access it will only log.

**Disabled Mode:** Completely disables SELinux your system. Your system reboot is required to disable SELinux entirely or to get disabled mode to enforcing. Until unless you reboot your machine after disable it will not effect.

For the first time when you change SELinux from disable mode to enforcing mode SELinux will relabel all the files and processes from context rules

**Change SELinux modes**

To check SELinux security status

```
[root@server ~]# sestatus
SELinux status: disabled

[root@server ~]# getenforce 
Disabled
```

Enable / Disable SELinux Security mode. Edit configuration file and change **SELINUX=’enforcing/disabled’**

```
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config 
SELINUX=enforcing
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
```

Enforced mode

```
[root@server ~]# sestatus 
SELinux status: enabled
SELinuxfs mount: /sys/fs/selinux
SELinux root directory: /etc/selinux
Loaded policy name: targeted
Current mode: enforcing
Mode from config file: enforcing
Policy MLS status: enabled
Policy deny_unknown status: allowed
Max kernel policy version: 28

[root@server ~]# getenforce 
Enforcing
```

To keep in permissive mode

```
[root@server ~]# setenforce 0
[root@server ~]# getenforce 
Permissive
```

## What is the default context for newly created files / Directories

When we create an file / directory under / (slash) it will assign default\_t context.

But if we create an file / directory under /etc/, /var/, /var/www/html/ it will apply different SELinux security context let see the examples below

```
[root@server ~]# mkdir /var/test
[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /var/test/
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:var_t:s0 /var/test/

[root@server ~]# mkdir /etc/test
[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /etc/test
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:etc_t:s0 /etc/test

[root@server ~]# mkdir /test
[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /test
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0 /test
```

## **How to assign SELinux Security Context**

To assign a security context to file

```
[root@server ~]# semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "/test(/.*)?"

[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /test/
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0 /test/

[root@server ~]# restorecon -vRF /test/
restorecon reset /test context unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0->system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0

[root@server ~]# ls -ldZ /test/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 /test/
```

To enable port

```
[root@server ~]# semanage port -l |grep http_port
http_port_t tcp 80, 81, 443, 488, 8008, 8009, 8443, 9000
pegasus_http_port_t tcp 5988

[root@server ~]# semanage port -a -t http_port_t -p tcp 15000

[root@server ~]# semanage port -l |grep http_port
http_port_t tcp 15000, 80, 81, 443, 488, 8008, 8009, 8443, 9000
pegasus_http_port_t tcp 5988
```

Too See SELinux Boolean values. Enable / Disable sebool parameters

```
[root@server ~]# getsebool -a |grep ftp
ftp_home_dir --> off
ftpd_anon_write --> off
ftpd_connect_all_unreserved --> off
ftpd_connect_db --> off
ftpd_full_access --> off
ftpd_use_cifs --> off
ftpd_use_fusefs --> off
ftpd_use_nfs --> off
ftpd_use_passive_mode --> off
httpd_can_connect_ftp --> off
httpd_enable_ftp_server --> off
sftpd_anon_write --> off
sftpd_enable_homedirs --> off
sftpd_full_access --> off
sftpd_write_ssh_home --> off
tftp_anon_write --> off
tftp_home_dir --> off

[root@server ~]# setsebool -P ftpd_anon_write on

[root@server ~]# getsebool -a |grep ftpd_anon_write
ftpd_anon_write --> on
sftpd_anon_write --> off
```

**Conclusion**

SELinux security context is highly improved in the newer version of Linux RHEL 7 / Centos 7 / Fedora 24.

That’s it.

Please do comment your feedback on the same

**Related Articles:** [Firewald](https://arkit.co.in/linux/firewalld-installation-configuration-rhel-7/) [Kerberized NFS](https://arkit.co.in/linux/kerberized-nfs-server-linux/)

**Book download:** [Download Security Intelligence](http://arkit-it.tradepub.com/free/w_wile212/?p=w_wile212)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Security enhance Linux, selinux

---

### [autosupport manual configuration Netapp Cluster mode send autosupport](https://arkit.co.in/autosupport-manual-configuration-netapp/)

**Published:** July 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Netapp autosupport is feature to collect logs, performance data and proactive monitoring. How autosupport manual configuration and send from Netapp Cluster Mode. It is very easy method to configure autosupport which help us in many ways when we are running with issues / problems / troubleshooting. Netapp autosupport is an inbuilt feature for Netapp controllers.

# Netapp autosupport few advantages – Autosupport Manual configuration

- Autosupport send logs & performance data to Netapp support team
- Autosupport messages will trigger automatically when any hardware fails
- Real time log analysis
- Proactive monitoring
- Delivers much better results then manual monitoring

## **How to see Netapp autosupport configuration**

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport show -node ArkCluster-01 -to 
```

[![autosupport manual configuration check](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/autosupport-manual-configuration-check-300x165.png "autosupport manual configuration check - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/autosupport-manual-configuration-check.png)  Verifying autosupport configuration command Netapp Cluster Mode

As per the above screenshot it will show all the details, if given details does not match it will show error as below.

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport show -node ArkCluster-01 -to test@gmail.com
There are no entries matching your query.
```

As per the above command example, In place of -to filed we can also use below fields

```
-config -instance
 -nht-performance -recent
 -support-http -support-smtp
 -state -mail-hosts
 -from -to
 -noteto -partner-address
 -support -transport
 -url -put-url
 -proxy-url -support-address
 -hostname-subj -nht
 -perf -retry-interval
 -retry-count -reminder
 -last-subject -last-time
 -max-http-size -max-smtp-size
 -remove-private-data -validate-digital-certificate
 -ondemand-server-url -fields
```

If you want to see particular field details then you can also use below command which will provide only that particular filed details

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport show -node ArkCluster-01 -fields from
node from
------------- ----------
ArkCluster-01 Postmaster

ArkCluster::> system node autosupport show -node ArkCluster-01 -fields mail-hosts
node mail-hosts
------------- ----------
ArkCluster-01 mailhost
```

## How to Modify/configure autosupport configuration

```
##Modify to fileds
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport modify -to aravikumar48@gmail.com,test@gmail.com

##Verify modified details
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport show -node ArkCluster-01 -fields to
node to
------------- -------------------------------------
ArkCluster-01 aravikumar48@gmail.com,test@gmail.com
```

To Modify / Add SMTP host address to send autosupport logs. When we add smtp address it will automatically verifies that smtp address is reachable

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport modify -mail-hosts smtp.gmail.com

Warning: SMTP connectivity check failed for destination: smtp.gmail.com. Error: Timeout was reached.
Do you want to continue? {y|n}: y

ArkCluster::> system node autosupport show -node ArkCluster-01 -fields mail-hosts
node mail-hosts
------------- --------------
ArkCluster-01 smtp.gmail.com
```

Enable / disable autosupport state

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport modify -state enable

ArkCluster::> system node autosupport modify -state disable
```

## Following options we can configure using autosupport modifying 

- **node** – To modify / Show in particular node strings
- **state** – To enable / disable autosupport
- **mail-hosts** – To modify / show smtp address (basically Mail server)
- **from** – From mail address we have to specify
- **to** – To addresses will be Netapp Administrator / Netapp Support Address
- **noteto** – Note is a kind of autosupport message which is short and sweat just only information related to problem will be sent as note
- **partner-address** – Parameter to display information only about nodes that have the “partner-address” e-mail addresses you specify
- **support** – To enable / disable autosupport message to be send to vendor support team (if we disable this autosupport can’t be reach to Netapp team)
- **transport** – In this option we specify how we sent an autosupport using http/https
- **url** – URL of mysupport can be specified
- **put-url** – As same like URL example support.netapp.com/put/AsupPut
- **proxy-url** – If your environment is using proxy server to connect with internet then write proxy-url
- **support-address** – Netapp support address (some cases if netapp support team mail address changed then edit and add support address)
- **hostname-subj** – Use this parameter to display information only about nodes that include their hostname in the “Subject:” line of Auto- Support messages. If the parameter “remove-private-data” is false, this parameter has no effect.
- **nht** – value “true” to display information only about nodes that send NHT disk drive data
- **perf** – Performance data enable / disable
- **retry-interval** – Retry interval when autosupport is failed it will retry to send after specified interval
- **retry-count** – Retry count how many times it should try
- **reminder** – REminder will be sent to adminsitrators when autosupport is disabled
- **last-subject** – Which show last sent autosupport message has subject line
- **last-time** – See the last sent message information by specifying date and time. Specify the date and time in the format “MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM:SS
- **max-http-size** – Maximum file size via http
- **max-smtp-size** – Maximum file size using smtp
- **remove-private-data** – remove node name information while sending an autosupport message
- **validate-digital-certificate** – verify digital certificate which is secured way to transfer data
- **ondemand-server-url** – AutoSupport OnDemand Server URL

## Check history of sent autosupport messages

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport history show
```

[![autosupport history](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/autosupport-history-300x59.png "autosupport history - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/autosupport-history.png)autosupport history

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport history show-upload-details
 Seq Percent Time
Node Num Destination Size Complete Rate Remaining
------------ ----- ----------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------
ArkCluster-01
 6
 smtp - - - -
 http 23.33KB 100 11.66KBps 0s
 noteto - - - -
```

See the details of sent message size

## **Check enabled trigger details**

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport trigger show
 AutoSupport Additional
Node Message To Note To Content
------------ ------------------------- --------- ------------- ---------------
ArkCluster-01
 aggr.offline enabled enabled -
ArkCluster-01
 aggr.restricted disabled enabled -
ArkCluster-01
 aggr.wafliron disabled enabled -
ArkCluster-01
 andu.pausederr enabled enabled -
ArkCluster-01
 bad.ram disabled disabled -
```

Above command output will show the details about what are the triggers enabled. We can also enable, disabled triggers using below command as example

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport trigger modify -node ArkCluster-01 -autosupport-message clus.vol.del.fail -to enabled
```

## **How to send autosupport message**

Invoke an test autosupport message

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport invoke -type test -node ArkCluster-01 -message TestMessage
The AutoSupport was successfully invoked on node "ArkCluster-01". To view the status of the AutoSupport, use the "system node autosupport history show" command. Note: It may take several minutes for the AutoSupport to appear in the history list.
```

Invoke / Send performance data to vendor’s

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport invoke -type performance -node ArkCluster-01 -message Case#246580
```

Invoke / Send all the data including performance data

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport invoke -type all -node ArkCluster-01 -message Case#2457890
```

Send existing core system file

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport invoke-core-upload -core-filename 
```

## **Check Autosupport connection / configuration**

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport check show
```

**Displays the content of AutoSupport message**

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport manifest show -node ArkCluster-01 -seq-num 6
 AutoSupport Collected
Node Sequence Body Filename Size Status Error
----------------- --------- -------------- ----------- --------- -----------
ArkCluster-01 6
 SYSCONFIG-A.txt 1.86KB completed
 SYSCONFIG-R.txt 1.75KB completed
 system-info.xml 6.31KB completed
 motherboard-info.xml
 11.04KB completed
 OPTIONS.txt 19.71KB completed
 software_image.xml 7.04KB completed
 CLUSTER-INFO.xml 4.60KB completed
```

 This example shows how you can use parameters to limit output to specific fields of a specific AutoSupport message. This is helpful when troubleshooting.

**To send Service processor logs use below autosupport command**

```
ArkCluster::> system node autosupport invoke-splog -remote-node ArkCluster-01
```

That’s it about autosupport manual configuration Netapp Cluster mode

**Related Articles**

[Characterising Netapp workloads](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/characterizing-workloads-in-netapp/)

[df command Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/df-command-netapp-cluster-mode-awesome-examples/)

[Netapp two node Cluster setup](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-c-mode-topcics/netapp-cluster-setup/)

SEO: autosupport manual configuration autosupport manual configuration autosupport manual configuration autosupport manual configuration autosupport manual configuration

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Fedora, Netapp

**Tags:** autosupport

---

### [ss utility to investigate sockets RHEL 7/Centos 7/Fedora 24](https://arkit.co.in/ss-utility-investigate-sockets-rhel-7/)

**Published:** July 14, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

ss utility to investigate sockets statistics in RHEL 7 / Centos 7 / Fedora 24 Operating systems. ss utility / command is similar to [netstat command](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-netstat-command/). ss can display more TCP and state information than other tools. Let’s see how we can utilise this ss utility.

# ss utility to see all TCP connections

```
 [root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -at
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 50 *:mysql *:*
LISTEN 0 50 *:netbios-ssn *:*
```

**State**

  [![ss -at command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-at-command-output-300x23.png "ss -at command output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-at-command-output.png) **ss -at command output**

- LISTEN – Socket is in listening state
- UNCONN – Connection not established
- ESTAB – Connection established

**Recv-Q** – Received

**Send-Q** – Sent

**Local Address:port** – Local machine address and port number

**Peer Address:port** – Destination Address and Port number

**Local Address:port → Peer Address:port**

## Do not resolve service names

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -n
```

[![ss -n command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-n-command-300x31.png "ss -n command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-n-command.png)ss -n command

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -au
```

above command will list all UDP connections

**List all listing processes**

Show process using socket

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -p
```

[![ss -p command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-p-command-output-300x21.png "ss -p command output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-p-command-output.png)ss -p command output

**Print summary statistics**

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -s
Total: 950 (kernel 1020)
TCP: 21 (estab 2, closed 2, orphaned 0, synrecv 0, timewait 0/0), ports 0

Transport Total IP IPv6
* 1020 - -
RAW 1 0 1
UDP 10 6 4
TCP 19 10 9
INET 30 16 14
FRAG 0 0 0
```

[![ss -s ss utility summary](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-s-ss-utility-summary-300x80.png "ss -s ss utility summary - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-s-ss-utility-summary.png)ss -s ss utility summary

in this we can see how many TCP connection, INET connections and RAW all the details we can get as a summary using above command

**Query Socket**

List of socket tables to dump, separated by commas. The following identifiers are understood: all, inet, tcp, udp, raw, unix, packet, netlink, unix\_dgram, unix\_stream, packet\_raw, packet\_dgram.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -A tcp
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -A udp
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -A unix_dgram
```

[![ss -A ss query](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-A-ss-query-300x58.png "ss -A ss query - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-A-ss-query.png)ss -A ss query

## Dump raw information to file

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss --diag=test1
```

Above command will not display anything on stdout / output which just dump the information to specified file

**Apply filter as you required**

```
FILTER := [ state TCP-STATE ] [ EXPRESSION ]
```

To display all established ssh connection statistics

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -o state established '( dport = :ssh or sport = :ssh )'
```

[![ss state filter](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-state-filter-300x54.png "ss state filter - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ss-state-filter.png)ss state filter

```
ss -x src /tmp/.X11-unix/*
```

Find all local processes connected to X server.

```
ss -o state fin-wait-1 '( sport = :http or sport = :https )' dst 193.233.7/24
```

List all the tcp sockets in state FIN-WAIT-1 for our apache to network 193.233.7/24 and look at their timers.

**Socket extended details**

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ss -e
Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 26788 * 26787 
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 19039 * 19673 
```

**Conclusion**

ss (socket statistics) utility to investigate sockets. More extended details which not cover in netstat command

That’s it about ss utility / command

**Related Articles**

**[IP Calculator](https://arkit.co.in/linux/ipcalc-command-calculate-ip-information/)**

**[ls command with 25 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/linux/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)**

**[25 Linux basic commands](https://arkit.co.in/linux/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)**

**[Cal command Linux](https://arkit.co.in/linux/cal-command-in-linux-with-8-practical-examples/)**

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** ss utility

---

### [POSIX Access Control List ACL Linux / Unix](https://arkit.co.in/posix-access-control-list-acl/)

**Published:** July 15, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**POSIX Access Control List ACL :** To manage file security using **POSIX** (Portable Operating System Interface) access control list ( ACL ).

ACLs allows to assign different permissions for different users and groups. ACL allows fine-grained permissions to be allocated to a file. Users or groups as well as users and groups identified by a UID or GUID can be granted permissions.

  The same permissions we can use below flags apply on files and directories.

**Alpha Symbols** r: Read, w: Write, x: Execute

**Numeric symbols** 4 – Read, 2 – Write, 1 – Execute

- Permissions restricting access to a file to the file owner, membership of a single group or everyone.
- The file owner can set ACLs on individual files or directories.
- XFS file systems have built in ACL support.
- EXT4 file systems created on RHEL7 have ACL enabled by default.

### POSIX Access Control List two types:

1. **Access ACLs:** we can use access ACLs to grant permissions for a particular file or directory.
2. **Default ACLs:** We can use default ACLs only on a directory but if a file inside that directory does not have an ACL, it inherits the permissions of the default ACLs of the directory.

## When ACL’s are required..?

We are going to see about ACL usage in detailed in below explanation, In this example we are going to use four users and three groups.

- **User Names :** ravi, kumar, acl and root
- **Groups :** finance, engineering and root

To create user and assign password use below command. Repeat the same command to create multiple users.

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# useradd ravi
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# passwd ravi
Changing password for user ravi.
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
```

To create group and add users to group, repeat the same steps create and add multiple groups

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# groupadd finance

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# usermod -G finance ravi
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# cat /etc/group |grep finance
finance:x:1005:ravi
```

[![File Permissions explanation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/File-Permissions-300x61.png "File Permissions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/File-Permissions.png)File Permissions

As per above screenshot permission of the file / directory can only given to User, Group and Others. User ownership and Group ownership.

- How to restrict particular user, group has full permissions to file / directory
- How to provide an file / directory permissions to user / group without chaning existing ownership

All the above conditions will be possible by using POSIX Access Control List – ACL

Let’s see how can we acheive above conditions practically

## Check ACL permission of file / directory

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl test1
# file: test1
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rw-
group::r--
other::r--

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl /root/ARK-ACL/
getfacl: Removing leading '/' from absolute path names
# file: root/ARK-ACL/
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
group::r-x
other::r-x
```

**Assign POSIX Access Control List to perticular user**

Before assigning ACL permissions example is below

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# chmod 770 test1
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# ls -l test1
-rwxrwx--- 1 root root 0 Jul 15 15:46 test1
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# su - ravi
Last login: Fri Jul 15 17:05:16 IST 2016 on pts/1
[ravi@Techtutorials ~]$ cd /ARK-ACL/
[ravi@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]$ vi test1
[ravi@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]$ cat test1
cat: test1: Permission denied
```

As we see above output we have add full permissions to test1 file for user (owner) and group. We have restricted all others with no access. I have logged in as ravi user and trying to access the test1 file but it is giving an error saying **permission denied**

Let’s assing ACL permission to particular user and see how it works

Assigned Read permissions using ACL

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# setfacl -m u:ravi:r test1
```

Verify ACL is working as excepcted

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# su - ravi
Last login: Fri Jul 15 17:06:27 IST 2016 on pts/1
[ravi@Techtutorials ~]$ cd /ARK-ACL/
[ravi@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]$ cat test1
[ravi@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]$ cat > test1
-bash: test1: Permission denied
```

As per above output we are able to read test1 file but we are not able to write test1 file

Let’s provide write access and see

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# setfacl -m u:ravi:rw test1
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl test1
# file: test1
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:ravi:rw-
group::rwx
mask::rwx
other::---

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# su - ravi
Last login: Fri Jul 15 17:11:44 IST 2016 on pts/1
[ravi@Techtutorials ~]$ cat > /ARK-ACL/test1
Test
^C
[ravi@Techtutorials ~]$ cat /ARK-ACL/test1
Test
```

## Assign ACL to Group

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# setfacl -m g:finance:rwx acltest
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl acltest
# file: acltest
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rw-
group::r--
group:finance:rwx
mask::rwx
other::r--

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# cat /etc/group |grep finance
finance:x:1005:ravi

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# su - ravi
Last login: Fri Jul 15 17:32:09 IST 2016 on pts/1
[ravi@Techtutorials ~]$ cat > /ARK-ACL/acltest
Test
^C
[ravi@Techtutorials ~]$ cat /ARK-ACL/acltest
Test
```

ravi user part of finance group so when we provide permission to finance group automatically user ravi will get an access

**Restrict particular user from group has full permissions**

In this scenario restrict particular user from group. Group finance has full access but member of finance group kumar user restricted. See below example

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# usermod -G finance kumar
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# cat /etc/group |grep finance
finance:x:1005:ravi,kumar
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# setfacl -m u:kumar:--- acltest
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl acltest
# file: acltest
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:kumar:---
group::r--
group:finance:rwx
mask::rwx
other::---

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# su - kumar
[kumar@Techtutorials ~]$ cat /ARK-ACL/acltest
cat: /ARK-ACL/acltest: Permission denied
```

## Revoke POSIX Access Control List permissions from user / group

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl acltest
# file: acltest
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:kumar:---
group::r--
group:finance:rwx
mask::rwx
other::---

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# setfacl -x g:finance acltest
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl acltest
# file: acltest
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:kumar:---
group::r--
mask::r--
other::---
```

removing acl from particular file we have to use -x flag along with **setfacl** command

**Replicate file ACL permissions to another file**

To replicate one of the file ACL permissions to another file. In this example we are going to replicate test1 file ACL to acltest file.

```
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl test1
# file: test1
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:ravi:rw-
group::rwx
mask::rwx
other::---

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl acltest
# file: acltest
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:kumar:---
group::r--
mask::r--
other::---

[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl test1 | setfacl --set-file=- acltest
[root@Techtutorials ARK-ACL]# getfacl acltest
# file: acltest
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:ravi:rw-
group::rwx
mask::rwx
other::---
```

**Copying the access ACL into the Default ACL**

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]getfacl --access /ARK-ACL/ | setfacl -d -M- /root/ARK-ACL/
```

**Conclusion**

POSIX Access Control List is extended permissions which are used provide access to more users / groups, who are not owners of user:group.

Thanks for the read, Please provide your valuable feedback on the same.

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** ACL, POSIX Access Control List

---

### [15 scp commands securely copy files to remote servers Linux](https://arkit.co.in/15-scp-commands-securely-copy-files/)

**Published:** July 21, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Basically to copy files/directories from one Server/Machine to another we have to use file sharing services such as Samba(SMB) OR NFS, but we don’t want to create an Samba server / NFS server just to copy required files/directories one time. Here is an solution where we can make use of 15 scp commands securely copy files to remote server. This scp command examples works an all the Unix / Linux flavors.

scp copies files between hosts on a network. It uses SSH for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the same security as SSH. Unlike rcp, scp will ask for passwords or passphrases if they are needed for authentication.

  **scp command example syntax**

```
scp [options] Source Destination
```

# 15 scp commands advantages

- scp use SSH as dependant
- SCP use cipher systems AES, Blowfish, 3DES, CAST128, and Arcfour which are supported by SSH
- We can also use passphrase to authenticate

**Environment for demonstration**

- Server (Source) 192.168.4.20
- Desktop (Destination) 192.168.4.200

**1. Copy File from Source to Destination ( Server1 –> Server2)**

A simple way to copy the file from server to desktop use below command.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp test root@192.168.4.200:/root/Desktop
```

**2. Copy multiple files from source to destination**

In this below example we just copy multiple files to remote host, as custom selected files (required files)

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp initial-setup-ks.cfg file1 file2 root@192.168.4.200:/root/Desktop/
```

[![15 scp commands](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/15-scp-commands-copy-files-from-one-server-to-another-server-300x22.png "15 scp commands copy files from one server to another server - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/15-scp-commands-copy-files-from-one-server-to-another-server.png)scp commands

## **3. Copy directory instead of copying single / multiple files**

If we have an multiple files in a directory instead of copying all the files separately we can just copy entire directory as it is to destination. Let’s see an example command

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -r test root@192.168.4.200:/tmp/
```

 As we see an above example we copied an ‘test’ directory to destination server. To copy directory ‘-r’ option have to use along with scp command

**4. Preserving the time stamp as like source**

When you copy files / directories from Source to Destination, we get an latest time stamp in destination side. Copy the files / directories exact as like source (all attributes will be copied) so exact time stamp and permissions will be copied.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -rvp test root@192.168.4.200:/root/Desktop/
```

[![preserving attributes](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/preserving-attributes-300x81.png "preserving attributes - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/preserving-attributes.png)preserving attributes

## 5. Compress and copy files / directories faster – 15 scp commands examples

Using ‘-C’ option will compress and copy the files / directories to destination. Data compression will happens in Network level and destination receives data size as it is in source.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -C linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz root@192.168.4.200:/root/
```

**6. Know your copy status**

If you would like to see an copy status, we have to use ‘-v’ option along with scp command. Verbose will be displayed

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -v file1 root@192.168.4.200:/root/
Executing: program /usr/bin/ssh host 192.168.4.200, user root, command scp -v -t /root/
OpenSSH_6.6.1, OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013

root@192.168.4.200's password:
```

**7. Use random port to along with scp command**

We can also specify particular port to copy data from source to destination

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -P 22 file2 root@192.168.4.200:/root/Desktop/
```

**8. Suppress scp command output (verbose) warning and error messages Just copy**

Quiet mode: disables the progress meter as well as warning and diagnostic messages from ssh

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -vq file1 root@192.168.4.200:/tmp/
Executing: program /usr/bin/ssh host 192.168.4.200, user root, command scp -v -t /tmp/
root@192.168.4.200's password:
Sending file modes: C0644 32 file1
Sink: C0644 32 file1
```

## 9. copy/scp files/directories without using password

Generate an ssh key and copy to destination which makes [passwordless connection](https://arkit.co.in/linux/password-less-authentication-for-running-remote-server-scripts/)

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
ff:37:20:a2:52:a3:88:f8:23:de:ef:ef:79:ed:a8:49 root@TechTutorials
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| S |
| o ... . |
|.. . o E .o. . |
|+ + o o o..o o |
|.+.oo+o*o..... . |
+-----------------+
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.4.200
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.4.200's password:

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.4.200'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
```

Now initiate an scp will not ask any password

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp key stdin root@192.168.4.200:/root/
```

[![scp commands wihtout password copy files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/15-scp-commands-wihtout-password-copy-files-300x21.png "15 scp commands wihtout password copy files - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/15-scp-commands-wihtout-password-copy-files.png)without password copy files

**10. Instead password use key file**

To use key file we have to mention ‘-i’ option along with 15 scp commands

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -i privatekey.key anaconda-ks.cfg root@192.168.4.200:/root/
```

## 11. Use SSH config file to scp

Here in 15 scp commands we can also use predefined parameters to make scp copy easier

All possible values with scp command

```
 AddressFamily
 BatchMode
 BindAddress
 CanonicalDomains
 CanonicalizeFallbackLocal
 CanonicalizeHostname
 CanonicalizeMaxDots
 CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs
 ChallengeResponseAuthentication
 CheckHostIP
 Cipher
 Ciphers
 Compression
 CompressionLevel
 ConnectionAttempts
 ConnectTimeout
 ControlMaster
 ControlPath
 ControlPersist
 GlobalKnownHostsFile
 GSSAPIAuthentication
 GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
 HashKnownHosts
 Host
 HostbasedAuthentication
 HostKeyAlgorithms
 HostKeyAlias
 HostName
 IdentityFile
 IdentitiesOnly
 IPQoS
 KbdInteractiveAuthentication
 KbdInteractiveDevices
 KexAlgorithms
 LogLevel
 MACs
 NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
 NumberOfPasswordPrompts
 PasswordAuthentication
 PKCS11Provider
 Port
 PreferredAuthentications
 Protocol
 ProxyCommand
 PubkeyAuthentication
 RekeyLimit
 RhostsRSAAuthentication
 RSAAuthentication
 SendEnv
 ServerAliveInterval
 ServerAliveCountMax
 StrictHostKeyChecking
 TCPKeepAlive
 UsePrivilegedPort
 User
 UserKnownHostsFile
 VerifyHostKeyDNS
```

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -F .ssh/config anaconda-ks.cfg root@192.168.4.200:/root/
```

**12. Execute remote to remote host copy**

Scenario is copy files from Server2 –> Server3 execute scp command from Server1

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp root@192.168.2.20:/root/file1 root@192.168.4.200:/tmp/
```

## 13. Use different Encryption algorithm to copy

As i mentioned in above of this article SSH will support not only AES encryption it will also support more algorithms, we can also specify which algorithm yo want to use

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -c 3des nagios-plugins-2.1.1.tar.gz root@192.168.4.200:/tmp/
```

**14. Use specified bandwidth scp command examples**

Whereas we may not have much bandwidth to copy files from source to destination, if we push numbers of files yet time with low bandwidth Network will choke/breaks. Instead of breaking we take an action to limit and copy. All the values of bandwidth we mention in Kilo-bits.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# scp -l 500 nagios-plugins-2.1.1.tar.gz root@192.168.4.200:/tmp/
```

## **15. Shell script to copy files / directories to multiple Servers with single command**

To make 15 scp commands simple i made an simple scripts which help you to copy files/directories to multiple servers using single command. Use passwordless connection which makes your work more easier

To use this script we have to write list of servers in /tmp/destfile.txt

```
# vi /tmp/destfile.txt
192.168.4.200
192.168.4.2
192.168.4.90

#chmod 777 /tmp/destfile.txt
```

Now Create a file anywhere where to keep script file. In this example i want to keep my script in /scripts/ directory

```
# vi /scripts/multiscp.sh
#!/bin/bash
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## Purpose: Copy files to multiple Server using single script
## Date: 21st July 2016

echo -e "Please Enter the file path which you want to copy:\c"
read file

for dest in `cat /tmp/destfile.txt`; do
  scp -rC $file ${dest}:/tmp/
done
```

How to execute this file

```
# chmod u+x /scripts/multiple.sh
# sh /scripts/mutiple.sh
```

Output of the script

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# sh multiscp.sh
```

**Conclusion**

15 scp commands which makes our life easy to copy files/directories instantly to remote servers. scp command examples are most useful for transferring files and directory content from one server to another server.

Thanks for the read please write your feedback on the same.

## Related Articles

[SSH to remote server without password](https://arkit.co.in/linux/password-less-authentication-for-running-remote-server-scripts/)

[File System Usage Monitoring using Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

[How to Monitor CPU utilization using Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/all-scripts/monitor-cpu-utilization-using-shell-script/)

[Take Remote Desktop of Linux Machine](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2015/09/take-remote-desktop-of-your-linux.html)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** scp command

---

### [Master The Skills Of Linux File System And Be Successful](https://arkit.co.in/linux-file-system-successful/)

**Published:** July 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Linux file system is a method to partition the Hard Disk drive into multiple partitions. Partitions are used to store the data by making Linux File System in it. Basically Linux File systems are two types as shown below

# Linux File System

[![Linux File System](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Linux-File-System-300x207.png "Linux File System - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Linux-File-System.png)  Linux File System

Local File Systems are used to format partitions into usable without making file system in partitions we can’t store data. Just making the partitions will turn them as RAW. Partitions are used to organize users data on a Hard Disk.

When you make an Extended File System it will create an different types off blocks to segregate data store

1. Master Blocks / Boot Blocks
2. Super Blocks
3. Inode Blocks
4. Data Blocks

**Master Blocks / Boot Blocks** : Only boot partitions contain master blocks data. Remaining partitions master blocks are empty.

**Super Blocks** : Just like an index to the book and it works holds to the information as follows

- Utilized inode numbers
- Free inode numbers
- Utilized data blocks
- Free data blocks

**Inode table (index table)** which holds all the information about files/directories like permissions, owner, group name, size and time stamps.

- 4096 bytes default block size
- 15 data blocks = inode

If data size is more than 100MB block size is 4096bytes. If data size is less than 100MB block size is 1024bytes.

**Data block** storage of files

Below is the File System comparison in brief

**File System**

**Max File Size**

**Max Partition Size**

**Journal-ling**

**Notes**

Fat16

2 GB

2 GB

No

Legacy

Fat32

4 GB

8 TB

No

Legacy

NTFS

2 TB

256 TB

Yes

(For Windows Compatibility) NTFS-3g
is installed by default in Ubuntu, allowing Read/Write support

ext2

2 TB

32 TB

No

Legacy

ext3

2 TB

32 TB

Yes

Standard linux filesystem for many
years. Best choice for super-standard installation.

ext4

16 TB

1 EB

Yes

Modern iteration of ext3. Best choice
for new installations where super-standard isn’t necessary

reiserFS

8 TB

16 TB

Yes

No longer well-maintained

JFS

4PB

32PB

Yes (metadata)

Created by IBM – Not well maintained

XFS

8 EB

8 EB

Yes (metadata)

Created by SGI. Best choice for a mix
of stability and advanced journaling

**GB= Gigabyte (1024 MB) TB = Terabyte (1024 GB) PB = Petabyte (1024 TB) EB = Exabyte (1024 PB)**

## How the Partitions take place

Always partitions can be four at any point of time

Primary =3 and Extended =1 OR Primary=4

if you create an partition, numbers will be assigned as mentioned below

[![All Linux Primary partitions](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/All-Linux-Primary-partitions-300x75.png "All Linux Primary partitions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/All-Linux-Primary-partitions.png)

All primary partitions will directly assign 1 – 4 numbers, whereas 3 primary 1 extended will create like below. Extended partition number 4 just created we can’t make any file system on that.

[![All Linux Partitions and extended](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/All-Linux-Partitions-and-extended-300x51.png "All Linux Partitions and extended - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/All-Linux-Partitions-and-extended.png)

To Create partitions we have to use **fdisk** utility

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (825344-10485759, default 825344):↵
Using default value 825344
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (825344-10485759, default 10485759): +100M
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdc: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xead8a888

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdc1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux
/dev/sdc2          206848      411647      102400   83  Linux
/dev/sdc3          411648      616447      102400   83  Linux
/dev/sdc4          616448    10485759     4934656    5  Extended
/dev/sdc5          618496      823295      102400   83  Linux
/dev/sdc6          825344     1030143      102400   83  Linux

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
```

by default when you create an extended partition it will not update kernel to update kernel we have to execute below command

```
# partprobe /dev/sdc
[root@Techtutorials ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
25688 inodes, 102400 blocks
5120 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=33685504
13 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1976 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
```

## Mount partition

Partition has been formatted with EXT4, to mount it permanently we have to add an entry in /etc/fstab file.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# mkdir /data
[root@Techtutorials ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@Techtutorials ~]# cat /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Jun 22 11:14:58 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=5b0f4ed0-592e-4114-9a8e-10a7b99d2cd3 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/rhel-swap   swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdc1       /data   ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@Techtutorials ~]# df -h
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   18G  3.3G   15G  19% /
devtmpfs               1.2G     0  1.2G   0% /dev
tmpfs                  1.2G   80K  1.2G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  1.2G  8.9M  1.2G   1% /run
tmpfs                  1.2G     0  1.2G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1              497M  124M  373M  25% /boot

[root@Techtutorials ~]# mount -a
[root@Techtutorials ~]# df -h
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   18G  3.3G   15G  19% /
devtmpfs               1.2G     0  1.2G   0% /dev
tmpfs                  1.2G   80K  1.2G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  1.2G  8.9M  1.2G   1% /run
tmpfs                  1.2G     0  1.2G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1              497M  124M  373M  25% /boot
/dev/sdc1               93M  1.6M   85M   2% /data
```

To mount partition temporarily we have to use below command mount and unmount partition using umount

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /data
[root@Techtutorials ~]# df -h /data
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdc1        93M  1.6M   85M   2% /data
[root@Techtutorials ~]# umount /data
```

## To Delete Partition follow below steps

- unmount file system
- Remove entry from fstab file
- delete partition
- Update kernel

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# umount /data
[root@Techtutorials ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@Techtutorials ~]# mount -a
[root@Techtutorials ~]# cat /etc/fstab |grep /dev/sdc
##/dev/sdc1     /data   ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@Techtutorials ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 1
Partition 1 is deleted

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdc: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xead8a888

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdc2          206848      411647      102400   83  Linux
/dev/sdc3          411648      616447      102400   83  Linux
/dev/sdc4          616448    10485759     4934656    5  Extended
/dev/sdc5          618496      823295      102400   83  Linux
/dev/sdc6          825344     1030143      102400   83  Linux

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@Techtutorials ~]# partprobe /dev/sdc
```

## **Conclusion**

Standard partition can be created using fdisk utility. Standard Linux File system can’t be increased/decreased which is not flexible for production environment.

That’s it about Linux File System

**Related Articles**

[Linux Boot process](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/)

[Linux Swap File System](https://arkit.co.in/linux/swap-file-system/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux file system

---

### [14 Wildcards Simple (But Important) Things To Remember Linux Scripting](https://arkit.co.in/14-wildcards-linux-scripting/)

**Published:** July 24, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

The shells provide a number of 14 wildcards that you can use to abbreviate filenames or refer to groups of files. For example, let’s say you want to delete all filenames ending in .txt in the current directory. You could delete these files one by one, but that would be boring if there were only 10 and very boring and time waste if there were 100. Instead, you can use a 14 wildcards name to say, “I want delete all files whose names end with .txt, regardless of what the first part is” The wildcard is the “regardless” part. Like a wildcard in a filename can have any value.

**What is  wildcard characters..?**

  Wildcards are the characters which replaces single or multiple characters in place of any.

## Let’s See 14 Wildcards simple examples

**1. Any Single Character**

Fetching the data appropriate and exactly required, we are going to see how ? (question mark) replaces single character 14 wildcards

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l ??
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 ak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 er
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 fh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 gd
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 iy
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 pi
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 qs
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 ry
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 wq
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l a?
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 ak
```

Above is an command example where there is ? (question mark) which replaces single character

**2. Any string of 0 or more characters**

\*(Star) replaces multiple characters Let’s see an example

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l B*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:23 Bat
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l 1*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 1234
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 12ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 12hh23
```

## 3. one Character within enclosed class

Here is an example we want to match the multiple characters one by one and fetch related data

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [abc]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 abc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 abc12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 ak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:23 bAT
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 cxs
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [123]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 1234
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 12ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 12hh23
```

**4. Character not in enclosed class**

Now we are going to see characters not in the enclosed class will be displayed. Below example abc is used, in list of files there is no abc file. 14 wildcards

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [!abc]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 1234
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 12ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 12hh23
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876a.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876b.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876c.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC1.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC2.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC3.txt
```

**Note:** ! = not equal to

## 5. List all alpha characters

without using any special character just fetch only alpha characters, use \[\[:alpha:\]\]

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [[:alpha:]]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 abc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 abc12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC1.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC2.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC3.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 ak
```

**6. List not alpha characters**

Using ! (exclamatory) character within enclosed class along with specified method, which will fetch not alpha characters

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [![:alpha:]]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 1234
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 12ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 12hh23
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876a.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876b.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876c.tar
```

**7. Listing lower case file name files**

Listing all lower character files by using \[\[:lower:\]\] wildcard

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [[:lower:]]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 abc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 abc12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 ak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:23 bAT
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 cxs
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 er
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 fh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 gd
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 i
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:27 iy
```

## 8. Upper case character file Names 

using \[\[:upper:\]\] will fetch only upper case characters

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [[:upper:]]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC1.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC2.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:24 ABC3.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:23 Bat
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:23 CAT
```

**9. Fetch only digits (0-9)**

There are so many files in the directory but i want to fetch only files which are starting with numbers 0 to 9

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [[:digit:]]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 1234
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 12ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 12hh23
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876a.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876b.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:26 876c.tar
```

**10. Fetch printable characters not a space or alphanumeric**

Fetch printable characters not a space or alphanumeric

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [[:punct:]]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 15:09 @@
```

## 11. Alpha numeric character 

Example we have below files in current directory

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 15:15 @!
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 15:09 @@
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 1234
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 12ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 12hh23
```

to fetch only alpha numeric character files just use below method to fetch

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [[:alnum:]]*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 1234
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:15 12ABC
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 24 13:16 12hh23
```

**12. Whitespace characters**

To fetch the files / file names which has whitespace before the file name will be listed

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls -l [[:space:]]*
ls: cannot access [[:space:]]*: No such file or directory
```

There is no whitespace file name exists

## 13. AND operator

When executing two commands which are dependant each other we have to use && operator

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls && date
@! 1234 12hh23 876b.tar a ABC ABC1.txt ABC3.txt arkit tech Bat cxs fh i jkl k2.doc klm opy qs ry uiy y
@@ 12ABC 876a.tar 876c.tar abc abc12 ABC2.txt ak bAT CAT er gd iy k1.doc k3.doc mno pi ravi kumar sdu wq
Sun Jul 24 15:25:40 IST 2016
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# sl && date
bash: sl: command not found...
Similar command is: 'ls'
```

as per above example if first command is executed successfully then second command will also executes. If first command fails then next command will not execute.

**14. OR Operator**

OR operator will work in different than AND operator. OR operator will execute any one of the command yet a time, which means if first command fails then it will execute second command. If first command executed successfully then second command will not execute

```
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# ls || date
@! 1234 12hh23 876b.tar a ABC ABC1.txt ABC3.txt arkit tech Bat cxs fh i jkl k2.doc klm opy qs ry uiy y
@@ 12ABC 876a.tar 876c.tar abc abc12 ABC2.txt ak bAT CAT er gd iy k1.doc k3.doc mno pi ravi kumar sdu wq
[root@TechTutorials wildcard]# sl || date
bash: sl: command not found...
Similar command is: 'ls'
Sun Jul 24 15:30:16 IST 2016
```

**Conclusion – 14 wildcards**

14 wildcards are used to fetch the data as required in situation.

That’s it about this article

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** wildcards

---

### [rhn-channel command spacewalk-channel subscribe and unsubscribe channel](https://arkit.co.in/rhn-channel-command-spacewalk-channel/)

**Published:** July 26, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

rhn-channel command or spacewalk-channel commands can work only when you registered your Linux servers with redhat. subscribing and unsubscribing the channels / repositories is very easy and flexible. If you have your local satellite server then its good to manage your packages and its updates.

## Installing rhn-channel command OR spacewalk-channel

```
# yum install rhn-setup
# rpm -qa |grep rhn-setup
rhn-setup-1.0.0.1-38.el6.noarch
rhn-setup-gnome-1.0.0.1-38.el6.noarch
```

**List subscribed Or base channel**

  Listing subscribed channels using -l option along with rhn-channel will not required any password

```
# rhn-channel -l
rhel-x86_64-server-6
```

List out base subscribed rhn-channel / repository we have to use -b option

```
# rhn-channel -b
rhel-x86_64-server-6
```

**Print all available channels**

To print all available channels / repositories we have to use -L (capital L) which required username and password (subscription details)

```
# rhn-channel -L
Username: arkitadmin
Password:
redhat-rhn-satellite-5.4-server-x86_64-6
redhat-rhn-satellite-5.5-server-x86_64-6
redhat-rhn-satellite-5.6-server-x86_64-6
redhat-rhn-satellite-5.7-server-x86_64-6
redhat-rhn-satellite-manageddb-5.6-server-x86_64-6
redhat-rhn-satellite-manageddb-5.7-server-x86_64-6
rhel-x86_64-rhev-agent-6-server
rhel-x86_64-rhev-agent-6-server-beta
rhel-x86_64-rhev-agent-6-server-beta-debuginfo
rhel-x86_64-rhev-agent-6-server-debuginfo
rhel-x86_64-server-6-beta
rhel-x86_64-server-6-beta-debuginfo
rhel-x86_64-server-6-cf-tools-1-beta
rhel-x86_64-server-6-cf-tools-1-beta-debuginfo
```

## Add new channel using rhn-channel Or spacewalk-channel

first list out the available channels using above command option -L. Note down any one of the channel name, now ready to add use below command to add.

```
# rhn-channel --add --channel=rhel-x86_64-server-optional-6.7.z
Username:arkitadmin 
Password:
OR
# rhn-channel -a --channel=rhel-x86_64-server-dts-6
```

**Remove subscribed channel**

To unsubscribe the channel list the existing channel list using -l option then use below command to remove.

```
# rhn-channel --remove --channel=rhel-x86_64-server-optional-6.7.z
OR
# rhn-channel -r --channel=rhel-x86_64-server-optional-6.7.z
```

## Subscribe to two channels:

```
#  spacewalk-channel --add -c rhn-tools-rhel-server-7 -c rhel-server-vt-7 --user username --password password
```

As shown in above command we also subscribe to two channels using single command -c = channel

**Unsubscribe from channel:**

```
# spacewalk-channel --remove -c rhn-tools-rhel-server-7 -c rhel-server-vt-7 --user username --password password
```

That’s it about rhn-channel command or spacewalk-channel

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** rhn-channel, spacewalk-channel

---

### [Getting Help 5 command line tools Not Difficult At All!](https://arkit.co.in/getting-help-5-command-line-tools/)

**Published:** July 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Situation is there is no internet on production servers..!! Suddenly you need help to execute an commands in Linux Servers, How..?? Read this Getting Help 5 command line tools article end of this article you will get an confidence.

1. Reading Manual Pages (man)
2. Reading Page Information (pinfo)
3. Reading info pages (info)
4. Identify where is the command path (whereis)
5. Know what the command will do (whatis)
6. Help command to get options on the go (help command/command –help)

## Getting help 5 command line tools

## 1. man command

man is an interface to the on-line reference manuals.

  Man Pages has 8 categories to refer the manual

1. Executable programs or shell commands
2. System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3. Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4. Special files (usually found in /dev)
5. File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
6. Games
7. Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions)
8. System administration commands (usually only for root)
9. Kernel routines \[Non standard\]

[![Getting Help 5 command line tools 1](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Getting-Help-5-command-line-tools-1-300x177.png "Getting Help 5 command line tools 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Getting-Help-5-command-line-tools-1.png)Manual page

## Navigating Man Pages

- **Spacebar** – Scrolling man page down
- **PageDown/Down Arrow** – Scrolling man page down
- **PageUp/Up Arrow** – Scrolling man page UP
- **/string** – Search for particular string
- **n (key)** – Repeat search Up to down
- **N (key)** – Repeat search Down to up
- **g** – Go to first to man page
- **G** – Go to end of the man page
- **q** – Exit from man page

Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and display any matches

```
[root@desktop ~]# man -k passwd
chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode
fgetpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly
getpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly
gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash.
lpasswd (1) - Change group or user password
lppasswd (1) - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
```

To see man page of particular command

```
[root@desktop ~]# man ls
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)

NAME
 ls - list directory contents
```

**Lookup for smail/short description about command**

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# man -f cat
cat (1)              - concatenate files and print on the standard output
cat (1p)             - concatenate and print files
```

## 2. pinfo command to Getting help

pinfo is the command to access man pages and get help to execute commands same like man command. Page info will be displayed in different format.

[![pinfo command getting gelp](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/pinfo-command-300x139.png "pinfo command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/pinfo-command.png)

## 3. info command to read info documents

Read info documents, which will open all the documents continuous to one

- UP Arrow/Page Up – To go upwards of the document
- Down Arrow / Page Down – To go downwards of the document
- /String – Search for particular word
- Press ‘q’ – Quit from info document

[![info command 5 command line tools](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/info-command-5-command-line-tools-300x141.png "info command 5 command line tools - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/info-command-5-command-line-tools.png)

info command options

- -k = look up STRING in all indices of all manuals
- -d = Add DIR to INFOPATH
- -f = Specify info file and read
- -R = Output “RAW” ANSI escapes

## 4. Whereis command to Locate binaries

whereis command is very handy when your environment is secured with path variables, where you have to type entire path to execute commands example like .i.e. /bin/ls

all the binaries are not located in same path like /bin/ binaries are located in different path like /bin /sbin /usr/bin/ /usr/sbin/, to identify banary location we have to execute whereis command to know binary exact location

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# whereis ls
ls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz

```

## 5. whatis command line tool

whatis utility will help you when you would like to know about any command which you don’t know. Command i know but when i execute it what happens.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# whatis ls
ls (1)               - list directory contents
ls (1p)              - list directory contents
[root@Techtutorials ~]# whatis ip
ip (7)               - Linux IPv4 protocol implementation
ip (8)               - show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels
```

## 6. instance help on command

you can use <command –help> to get command options with little bit explanation

Use help command

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# help cd
cd: cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir]
    Change the shell working directory.

    Change the current directory to DIR.  The default DIR is the value of the
    HOME shell variable.

    The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing
    DIR.  Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).
    A null directory name is the same as the current directory.  If DIR begins
    with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.
```

**Conclusion**

Getting help from 5 command line tools is very handy to do our regular daily to daily activities.

**Related Topics**

[Linux netstat command can help you to troubleshoot network RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-netstat-command/)

[Linux Online Training Course Details](https://arkit.co.in/linux-online-training-course/)

[RHCSA and RHCE complete Course content Free](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

getting help 5 command line tools getting help 5 command line tools

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Getting Help from Linux Command Line

---

### [Nagios XI Installation 3 easy steps enable Enterprise Monitoring Tool](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-xi-installation-3-easy-steps/)

**Published:** July 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Now in all enterprise environments monitoring tool is mandatory to manage N number of Servers with less down time. Here is a Enterprise Monitoring tool for Enterprise, First Step Nagios XI Installation 3 easy steps.

Nagios XI provides Monitoring for Mission-Critical applications, Servers, Network Devices, Services and Server Hardware Monitoring.

  **Advantages :-**

1. Low cost compare to other Enterprise Monitoring tools
2. Multi User support
3. Fully Customization as per the requirement
4. Integrated Nagvis Support
5. Powerful Dashboards
6. Capacity planning integrated to predict out of resource
7. PHP based application lite weight and faster access
8. Client based monitoring (NRPE OR NSClient++) and Client less monitoring (SNMP)

## Nagios XI installation prerequisites 

- Operating System Red hat Enterprise Linux 5,6 & 7 OR Centos 5,6 & 7
- If it is Red hat it should be registered with Red hat Networks
- Enable Additional Repository/Channel using [rhn-channel](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhn-channel-command-spacewalk-channel/) for Red hat Linux
- OS should be installed in minimal installation (Clean installation is recommended) Do not plan to install anything other than Nagios XI
- Minimum 2GB RAM
- Minimum 20GB hard Disk space
- 1 CPU 2.4GHz
- MySQL Or MariaDB and Postgres SQL Databases
- PHP5 version is required

## Nagios XI Installation 3 easy steps to install

Now this demonstration is made by assuming Linux Operating system has been installed with Minimal installation mode and clean installation, OS is either RHEL OR Centos.

**Step 1: Download latest Nagios XI package**

To download latest Nagios XI package use below command

```
[root@mainserver ~]# wget http://assets.nagios.com/downloads/nagiosxi/xi-latest.tar.gz

Connecting to assets.nagios.com (assets.nagios.com)|72.14.181.71|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 50919957 (49M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘xi-latest.tar.gz’

100%[=====================================================>] 50,919,957 135KB/s in 7m 17s

2016-07-27 12:04:35 (114 KB/s) - ‘xi-latest.tar.gz’ saved [50919957/50919957]
```

## Step 2: Extract Downloaded package

Extract package using tar command

```
[root@mainserver ~]# tar -xvf xi-latest.tar.gz
```

Extracted package will create directory below mentioned

```
[root@mainserver ~]# cd nagiosxi/
```

**Step 3: Running Installation**

In Red Hat Enterprise Linux follow additional step to enable additional channel / repo

```
[root@mainserver nagiosxi]# rhn-channel --add --channel=rhel-additional-package-7
Username:arkitadmin 
Password:
```

**Note:** Above step does not required in Centos. Do not enable extra repositories.

```
[root@mainserver nagiosxi]# ./fullinstall
Your system $PATH does not include /sbin and /usr/sbin. This is usually the result of installing GNOME rather than creating a clean system.
Adding /sbin and /usr/sbin to $PATH.
========================
Nagios XI Full Installer
========================

This script will do a complete install of Nagios XI by executing all necessary sub-scripts.

IMPORTANT: This script should only be used on a 'clean' install of CentOS or RedHat. Do NOT use this on a system that has been tasked with other purposes or has an existing install
of Nagios Core. To create such a clean install you should have selected ONLY the 'Base' package in the OS installer.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
```

This above step will do below things to complete Nagios XI installation 3 easy steps

1. It will download and install required packages using yum
2. It creates an user & group (nagios & nagcmd)
3. Installs MySQL and Postsgres SQL databases
4. It set default username and password (root & nagiosxi)
5. Add an entry to /etc/services (nrpe ndo2db and nsca) (ports 5666, 5667 and 5668)
6. Default it ad sudoers entry for nagios user
7. Firewall ports should be enabled
8. Crontab entries to run Nagios XI monitoring
9. It installs mrtg & rrdtool
10. GUI screen require ajax to run

After successful installation

```
Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check
RET: 0
Login appears okay
Cookies appear okay
import appear okay
export appear okay

NagiosQL data imported OK.
RESULT=0
Running './F-startdaemons'...
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart httpd.service
Restarting ndo2db (via systemctl): [ OK ]
Restarting nagios (via systemctl): [ OK ]
rm: cannot remove '/usr/local/nagiosxi/var/subsys/npcd.pid': No such file or directory
NPCD was not running.
NPCD started.
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart crond.service
Daemons started OK
RESULT=0
Running './Z-webroot'...
RESULT=0

Nagios XI Installation Complete!

You can access the Nagios XI web interface by visiting:
 http://192.168.4.11/nagiosxi/
```

First time login

[![Nagios XI installation 3 easy steps](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Nagios-XI-installation-3-easy-steps-complete-guide-300x284.png "Nagios XI installation 3 easy steps complete guide - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Nagios-XI-installation-3-easy-steps-complete-guide.png)Nagios XI installation 3 easy steps complete guide

[![Nagios XI installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Nagios-XI-installation-300x182.png "Nagios XI installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Nagios-XI-installation.png)Nagios XI installation

[![Nagios XI First login screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Nagios-XI-First-login-screen-300x172.png "Nagios XI First login screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Nagios-XI-First-login-screen.png)Nagios XI First login screen

Nagios XI installation completed successfully.

If your Server does not have Internet connection you would like to install Nagios XI in offline mode, it is possible by installing all required packages and its dependencies manually.

[Download offline packages Here](http://repo.nagios.com/)

**Conclusion**

Nagios XI is a Enterprise Monitoring tool, will be available in low cost.

**Related Articles**

[Nagios Core installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/nagios-core-4/)

[Installing and configuring Linux NRPE Agent](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

[Installing Windows Nagios Client NSClient++](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/nsclient-installation/)

[Preparing Linux Server for Nagios Installation](https://arkit.co.in/nagios/preparing-linux-server-for-nagios-monitoring-tool/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** NagiosXI

---

### [Overview of IBM DS4700 deep dive SAN technology](https://arkit.co.in/overview-of-ibm-ds4700/)

**Published:** July 28, 2016
**Author:** Vudagandla Srikanth

**Content:**

In this article we are going to see Overview of IBM DS4700 SAN. The DS4700 express storage system is the latest to the DS4000 Series providing high performance, drive intermixing, high storage density and fully-features storage Manager Software to Manage SAN environment.

[![IBM DS4700 Disk enclosure overview of IBM DS4700](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/IBM-DS4700-Disk-enclosure-300x148.png "IBM DS4700 Disk enclosure - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/IBM-DS4700-Disk-enclosure.png)

  In this DS4700 SAN two models are available, Model 70 and 72. Model 70 has total 4 host ports, 2GB of Cache and high performance model No 72 has total 8 Host ports and 4GB Cache, designed to provide the right processing power when needed. Unless otherwise stated for variation, We will continue to discuss both models as “DS4700 Express” for simplicity.

# Benefits of IBM DS4700

**Performance:** When compared to DS4300 and DS4700 express architecture combines faster processors, Faster buses, more an integrated drive side loop switch and 4GB fibre channel technology to create a system that is designed to excel at both IOPS (Input Output Operations Per Second) and Bandwidth in MB/s (Mega bytes per Second).

**High Density Controller Enclosure:** The 4GB enhanced controller of IBM DS4700 express is designed for higher capacity related to DS4300. The DS4700 Express is an integrated 3U chassis including two controllers, dual power supply, cooling and battery back-up units and up to sixteen (16) 3.5 inch hot-pluggable disk drives.

Fibre Channel (FC) and SATA disk drives both are supported, as well as mixing those two technologies within the same enclosure and up to 6 additional disk drive expansion units, such as the DS4000 EXP810 (Expansion Enclosure), can be attached to the IBM DS4700 express storage system for a maximum total of 112 disk drives.

## **Sensible Cost:** 

Looking at the DS4700 Express model 70 and 72, a key motivation for several features was to be cost conscious: higher density controller enclosures, adding disk drives inside the controllers, better host connectivity, multiple cache capacity options, etc.

**Compatibility:**  It is designed to help spread the backward and forward compatibility of the DS4700 Express. Host ports, for e.g., if we were designed with speed auto negotiation logic and enabling connection to 1, 2, or 4 Gb host interfaces, in deliberation of possible installed legacy hardware. The DS4000 EXP710 2 Gb disk drive expansion enclosure can be attached to DS4700 Express storage system, with / without the presence of the DS4000 EXP810 4Gb disk drive expansion enclosure.

**Connectivity:**  With 8 host ports for part of either hosts or switches and 4 drive side loops there is double the connectivity and the imaginable for higher performance when compared with earlier products.

**Configurations:** The DS4700 Express Storage System is offered in 2 models, 70 and 72, since it is the high level of integration of this product line, the models might be appear as a quite similar, but can be distinguished in terms of connectivity, standard storage partitions and cache size.

DS4700 Express Model 72DS4700 Express Model 70Eight 4 Gb/s Host PortsFour 4 Gb/s Host PortsFour 4 Gb/s drive PortsFour 4 Gb/s drive Ports4 GB of Controller Cache2 GB of Controller CacheIntegrated XOR engineIntegrated XOR engineHigh PerformanceHigh Performance16 Integrated Disk Drive Slots16 Integrated Disk Drive SlotsMax of 112 drives ( 6 Additional drive Enclosures)Max of 112 drives ( 6 Additional drive Enclosures)FC drivesFC drivesDS4700 Storage Manager S/WDS4700 Storage Manager S/WFlash CopyFlash CopyVolume CopyVolume CopyEnhanced Remote MirroringEnhanced Remote Mirroring## Key Features

Providing end-to-end 4Gb/s Fibre Channel architecture and technology, the DS4700 is a high performance (defined by IOPs or Bandwidth), as well as providing great functional density at a lower cost. In a DS4700 storage system within a single 3U controller enclosure, one could configure up to 4.8TB of raw disk capacity. Containing dual redundant, RAID controllers, 4GB of controller cache, power supplies, cooling, and storage management software.

- DS4700 Express Controller Enclosure with dual Controllers, dual Power and cooling and up to 16 embedded FC Disk drives

[![Power Cooling system](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Power-Cooling-system-300x229.png "Power Cooling system - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Power-Cooling-system.png)

- DS4700 express expansion enclosure EXP810 with dual environmental Service Modules, dual Power and cooling and up to 16 embedded FC Disk drives

[![FC Drives](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FC-Drives-300x232.png "FC Drives - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FC-Drives.png)

- The 4.8TB storage maximum for a single 3U enclosure is based on 300GB FC disk drives, with upto 16 drives per enclosure and up to a 14% improvement in disk drive modules.

- The DS4700 Express storage system Switched Loop architecture is unique. The DS4700 Express Controllers (DS4000 EXP810 Expansion Enclosures 4 Gb., environmental services modules \[ESMs\]) are similar to those in the 2Gb DS4000 EXP710 switchable expansion unit. These Expansion Units have an embedded FC loop switch that creates whatever functions are point-to-point Fibre Channel communication between the controllers or Environmental service modules and the drives.

## **Technical Overview of IBM DS4700**

The primary chassis in the DS4700 Express is the controller module. As shown, this rack mount unit (DS4700 controller) has capacity for 16 FC Enhanced Disk Drive Modules \[E-DDMs\]. The E-DDMs are easily removable and replaceable, hot plugging which is field replaceable also.
 As with the front, the rear of the DS4700 Express storage system is also fully manageable for cabling. In the below diagram the controller covering (shown in the deep blue) is mounted end-to-end to its associate dedicated power supply and cooling unit (shown in green). The hot replaceable cache backup battery unit connects separately to the controller.

The diagram below displays the components visible from the rear of the DS4700 Express Controller Module:

[![Rear panel DS4700](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Rear-panel-DS4700-300x138.png "Rear panel DS4700 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Rear-panel-DS4700.png)

The visual above identifies this unit as a DS4700 Express Model 72, since each of the dual controllers has four host interfaces. The corresponding DS4700 Express Model 70 visual would look like identical, with the exception that the each controller would have only two host ports.

The diagram below is a view of the rear of the DS4000 EXP810 Expansion Enclosure.

[![Rear panel DS4700 EP810](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Rear-panel-DS4700-EP810-300x134.png "Rear panel DS4700 EP810 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Rear-panel-DS4700-EP810.png)

## **Sample Cabling Diagram**

[![Cabling Diagram Overview of IBM DS4700](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Cabling-Connectivity-300x185.png "Cabling Connectivity - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Cabling-Connectivity.png)

The DS4700 Express storage system’s four external drive loops are configured as two redundant pairs and with each pair cabling a maximum of three enclosures to the controller module.

The diagram shows a fully configured DS4700 Express storage system with six DS4000 EXP810 Expansion Enclosures. The DS4700 will support 2Gb disk drive modules for the highest availability, The storage system utilizes a top-down and bottom-up cabling scheme to ensure access to available expansion units.

 **To Be Continued Part-2….**

Thanks for the Read.

Please provide your valuable feedback on the same.

**Related Articles**

[SAN Switch Basic Concepts](https://arkit.co.in/storage-area-network-and-network-attached-storage/san-switch-basic/)

[Hard Vs Soft Zoning Explained](https://arkit.co.in/storage-area-network-and-network-attached-storage/hard-vs-soft-zoning/)

overview of IBM DS4700 overview of IBM DS4700 overview of IBM DS4700 overview of IBM DS4700

## DS4700 Express Controller Architecture

The DS4700 Express Storage System integrates high-speed, industry-standard components with the robust firmware to deliver enterprise-class functionality and high performance designed to help lower cost.

[![DS4700 Controller Architecture](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/DS4700-Controller-Architecture-300x134.png "DS4700 Controller Architecture - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/DS4700-Controller-Architecture.png)

The DS4700 Express takes advantage of a 4 Gb/s bus between its core processor and I/O chips. This 64 bit, 133 MHz bus can handle vast quantities of large-block I/O (up to 990 MB/s on 512k sequential disk reads), and the speed to process large amounts of small-block I/O (44,000 IOPS on 4k random disk reads).

The I/O system core provides built-in hardware for high-speed RAID parity calculations – with a dedicated chip – And the DS4700 Express takes full advantage of its 4 Gb/s interfaces and high-speed internal buses to provide maximum throughput (MB/s) to bandwidth- intensive applications.

Each DS4700 Express controller has 4Gb/s Fibre Channel host I/O ports (eight per dual- controller Model 72, and four per Model 70) and two 4 Gb/s Fibre Channel drive I/O ports (four drive channels per storage system). With dual-controller configurations, integrated Fibre Channel loop switches connect the drive-side Fibre Channel interface chips in each controller.

Additionally, each controller has two isolated Ethernet ports – one for out-of-band management over a local or remote network, and one for authorized service personnel troubleshooting and diagnostics.

## Key Points:

The DS4700 Express Storage System represents a combination of a proven design and advanced technology, designed to provide maximum advantage with the lowest risk

- High performance, reliability, density, compliance
- Designed to help lower direct and indirect costs (space, power, cooling, support, maintenance)
- Designed for ease of use (hardware, software and documentation, GUI-driven management, etc.)

**High performance design**

- IOPS, throughput or bandwidth
- Application mixes requiring both IOPs and bandwidth performance

**Scalability to help storage growth at a rate consistent with your needs**

- Maximum of 112 drives with up to 33.6TB of FC

**DAC store is designed to provide the following benefits:**

- Creates “data intact” drive portability as drives are not bound to a given enclosure or slot
- Individual physical drives can be relocated within a system to help improve channel utilization (performance / availability)
- Individual RAID arrays can be migrated to another system
- Full systems can be upgraded by simply replacing the controllers.

**Designed with high availability features**

- Redundant components
- All data paths may be configured for automatic fail-over

**Heterogeneous host system support, including multi-pathing failover drivers**

- Up to 1,024 volumes for large-scale consolidation

**Mix drive types in the same enclosure, may help boost tiered storage performance to an even higher level**

- Tiered storage requirements can be managed in even a modest system

**Numerous data protection options, without additional requirements or load on your server resources**

- Flash Copy
- Volume Copy
- Synchronous and Asynchronous – Enhanced Remote Mirroring

**High density storage for large or small capacity applications**

- 4.8TB of FC RAID performance storage with failover, backup (using Flash Copy) in a 3U enclosure

**Maximum performance and continuous availability at a price you wouldn’t believe**

- Serving a wide range of storage consolidation and clustering applications. The IBM System Storage DS4700 is designed to be an affordable, scalable storage server for storage consolidation and clustering applications.
- Its modular architecture—which includes Dynamic Capacity Addition, Dynamic Volume Expansion—can support on demand business environments by helping to enable storage to grow as demands increase.
- Autonomic features such as online firmware upgrades and DS4000 Service Alert also help enhance the system’s usability.

Thanks for the Read.

**Related Articles**

[Fibre Channel Port types Explained video](https://arkit.co.in/emc/emc-san-class-6-fcp-fcip-isl-and-zoning/)

[San Zoning 2tier and 3tier Explained](https://arkit.co.in/storage-area-network-and-network-attached-storage/san-zoning-2teir-and-3teir/)

[SAN Switch Basic Concepts](https://arkit.co.in/storage-area-network-and-network-attached-storage/san-switch-basic/)

overview of IBM DS4700 overview of IBM DS4700 overview of IBM DS4700 overview of IBM DS4700

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d702abdfbc41be9acb2bb93f8a9ee562aef87ed584b54ef8434efeb25f8c2bb1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Vudagandla Srikanth 

 Enthusiastic Storage Administrator, Fall in love with SAN technologies. Has 8 Years of solid Information Technology experience. Motto:- Share knowledge Help Others.!!  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/)

**Categories:** IBM

**Tags:** IBM SAN DS4700

---

### [11 rsync command Linux practical examples to synchronise data](https://arkit.co.in/11-rsync-command-linux/)

**Published:** August 4, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**Rsync** is known as “**Remote** **Synchronisation**“. Rsync command to used for sharing and synchronising data (files and directories) from one location to another location. It is also used for backup operation in UNIX/Linux machines. In this article we are going to see 11 rsync command Linux with practical examples.

# Features of Rsync Command:

- It’s more secure.
- Does not require root privileges to install and execute rsync.
- Its more speed than [Secure copy(SCP)](https://arkit.co.in/centos/15-scp-commands-securely-copy-files/)
- It Supports for copying links, devices, owners, groups, and permissions
- Exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar
- rsync allows encryption of data using ssh protocol during transfer.
- Can use any transparent remote shell, including ssh or rsh
- Pipelining of file or directories transfers to minimise latency costs.
- Support for anonymous rsync daemons
- Rsync consumes less bandwidth.

**Install rsync command:**

  ```
# yum install rsync
```

**Basic syntax:**

```
# rsync   
```

- **r** – Recursive
- **v** – verbose
- **l**  – Transfer any symlinks encountered
- **h** – Human-readable
- **p** – display progress during transfer
- **e** – specify the remote shell use
- **a** – archive mode
- **z** – compress file data
- **o** – preserve ownership
- **g** – preserve groups
- **t** – preserve time stamps
- **D** – preserve block and character devices
- **d** – Directory tree will be created in destination

##  **What is an 11 rsync command Linux..?**

Rsync is a command, which is used to synchronise data from one directory to another directory within local machine and client to server. Rsync consider local machine as client and remote machine as Server.

## 1. Synchronise from one directory to another directory within Local machine

To copy / synchronise directories with in Local host we can make use of below command example.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -av /rsynctest/*.txt /tmp/
sending incremental file list
file1.txt
file10.txt
file2.txt
file3.txt
file4.txt
file5.txt
file6.txt
file7.txt
file8.txt
file9.txt

sent 523 bytes received 202 bytes 1450.00 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
```

Above example will copy only matching \*.txt pattern from /rsynctest directory to remote directory /tmp/

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -av /rsynctest /tmp/
sending incremental file list
rsynctest/
rsynctest/document1.doc
rsynctest/document10.doc
rsynctest/document2.doc
rsynctest/document3.doc
rsynctest/document4.doc
rsynctest/document5.doc
rsynctest/document6.doc
rsynctest/document7.doc
rsynctest/document8.doc
rsynctest/document9.doc
rsynctest/file1.txt
rsynctest/file10.txt
rsynctest/file2.txt
rsynctest/file3.txt
rsynctest/file4.txt
rsynctest/file5.txt
rsynctest/file6.txt
rsynctest/file7.txt
rsynctest/file8.txt
rsynctest/file9.txt

sent 1072 bytes received 396 bytes 2936.00 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
```

above example will copy an data and it creates a directory in remote directory because we did not used trailing slash / after directory name. If we use trailing slash after directory name it will not create directory in remote path it only copies files from source

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ls /tmp/
file10.txt file5.txt rsynctest
```

## 2. Synchronise data from directory to remote machine

This would transfer all files matching the pattern \*.doc from the current directory to the directory /tmp/ on the machine 192.168.4.200. If any of the files already exist on the remote system then the rsync remote-update protocol is used to update the file by sending only the differences.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -tv /rsynctest/*.doc 192.168.4.200:/tmp/

sent 133 bytes received 12 bytes 96.67 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
```

[![11 rsync commands Linux](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rsync-commands-Linux-300x59.png "rsync commands Linux - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rsync-commands-Linux.png)rsync source and destination has same files with same time stamp

 **3. Copy data to remote host with compression**

To compress the data while sending we have to use option ‘-z’ along with 11 rsync command Linux.

Let’s see an example below

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -azv /rsynctest/ 192.168.4.200:/root/
root@192.168.4.200's password:
sending incremental file list
./
document1.doc
document10.doc
document2.doc
document3.doc
document4.doc
document5.doc
document6.doc
document7.doc
document8.doc
document9.doc
file1.txt
file10.txt
file2.txt
file3.txt
file4.txt
file5.txt
file6.txt
file7.txt
file8.txt
file9.txt

sent 993 bytes received 395 bytes 925.33 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
[root@TechTutorials ~]# du -sh /rsynctest/
4.0K /rsynctest/
```

[![11 rsync commands Linux](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rsync-to-remote-machine-with-compression-300x22.png "rsync to remote machine with compression - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rsync-to-remote-machine-with-compression.png)Copy data to remote host using compression

## 4. Synchronise data from remote host to Local machine

Not only to sync data from local machine to remote machine. we can also do in reverse way that we can simply sync data from remote machine to local host. see below example:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -azv 192.168.4.200:/root/reversesync/ /root/
root@192.168.4.200's password:
receiving incremental file list
./
sync1
sync10
sync2
sync3
sync4
sync5
sync6
sync7
sync8
sync9

sent 204 bytes received 472 bytes 1352.00 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
```

As per above example data synchronisation has been done from remote machine 192.168.4.200 to local machine /root/ directory. Here we have taken the first path (Source) as remote machine and destination has local machine.

**5. Do not Overwrite Destination Path files**

In some cases after the synchronisation destination files has been modified / Updated with latest data in this situation we don’t want to overwrite them with old data. To do this we have to use -u option along with rsync command

Before the Update i have modified an file called file1.txt with some text in destination

```
[root@desktop ~]# cat file1.txt
Testing DAta not update
```

Now synchronise and test whether data will overwrite or not

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -azuv /rsynctest/ /root/
root@192.168.4.200's password:
sending incremental file list
./

sent 273 bytes received 15 bytes 576.00 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
[root@TechTutorials ~]# cd /rsynctest/
[root@TechTutorials rsynctest]# cat file1.txt
```

After the synchronisation lets see the data status. Nothing has been changed its 100% intact.

```
[root@desktop ~]# cat file1.txt
Testing DAta not update
```

## 6. See Rsync progress while synchronising

As of now in all above rsync commands we did not see any progress while copy is in progress, Now lets see copy progress so that we know how much copy has been done. Simple we have add option –progress which will show current copy progress information.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -azv --progress /rsynctest/ 192.168.4.200:/tmp/
root@192.168.4.200's password:
sending incremental file list
./
file1.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#1, to-check=10/22)
file10.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#2, to-check=9/22)
file2.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#3, to-check=8/22)
file3.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#4, to-check=7/22)
file4.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#5, to-check=6/22)
file5.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#6, to-check=5/22)
file6.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#7, to-check=4/22)
file7.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#8, to-check=3/22)
file8.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#9, to-check=2/22)
file9.txt
 0 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#10, to-check=1/22)
linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz
 7003923 100% 19.61MB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#11, to-check=0/22)

sent 7005639 bytes received 224 bytes 14011726.00 bytes/sec
total size is 7003923 speedup is 1.00
```

## **7. Delete files in destination which are not required (Files does not exists in source)**

This is good idea to keep file intact source and destination this is very useful when you want to make exact copy of source

Before rsync command in destination below files are exists

```
[root@desktop reversesync]# ls
sync1 sync10 sync2 sync3 sync4 sync5 sync6 sync7 sync8 sync9
[root@desktop reversesync]# pwd
/root/reversesync
```

Run rsync command with –delete option delete destination files

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# rsync -azv --delete /rsynctest/ 192.168.4.200:/root/reversesync/
root@192.168.4.200's password:
sending incremental file list
./
deleting sync9
deleting sync8
deleting sync7
deleting sync6
deleting sync5
deleting sync4
deleting sync3
deleting sync2
deleting sync10
deleting sync1
document1.doc
document10.doc
document2.doc
document3.doc
document4.doc
document5.doc
document6.doc
document7.doc
document8.doc
document9.doc
file1.txt
file10.txt
file2.txt
file3.txt
file4.txt
file5.txt
file6.txt
file7.txt
file8.txt
file9.txt
linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz

sent 7006003 bytes received 414 bytes 4670944.67 bytes/sec
total size is 7003923 speedup is 1.00
```

After rsync has been successful lets see destination

```
[root@desktop reversesync]# ls
document10.doc document2.doc document4.doc document6.doc document8.doc file10.txt file2.txt file4.txt file6.txt file8.txt linux-nrpe-agent.tar.gz
document1.doc document3.doc document5.doc document7.doc document9.doc file1.txt file3.txt file5.txt file7.txt file9.txt
[root@desktop reversesync]# pwd
/root/reversesync
```

## 8. Check Changes in between Source and Destination

This option will help in comparing the files and there changes, If you want to compare source and destination manually it is a TDS job. Lets see how this amazing command option works for us

```
[root@TechTutorials rsynctest]# rsync -azvi /rsynctest/ 192.168.4.200:/root/reversesync/
root@192.168.4.200's password:
sending incremental file list
.d..t...... ./
.f....og... document4.doc

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** rsync command Linux

---

### [SNMP installation and configuration use to monitor environment](https://arkit.co.in/snmp-installation-configuration-use-monitor-environment/)

**Published:** August 5, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

SNMP – Simple Network Management protocol which is used to Monitor Networking devices, Linux Servers, Windows Servers, Storage Devices (SAN, NAS and Unified Storage) any devices which are SNMP enabled. This article will help you SNMP installation and configuration in various Operating systems such as Redhat Enterprise Linux, Centos, Fedora, Windows and Netapp Storage Devices.

**Advantages of SNMP**

  - SNMP developed based on networking standards it simply works in TCP/IP
- It’s a portable software very easy and simple to install
- Lightweight application
- Agent less monitoring is most preferable in enterprise environments, SNMP fulfill this feature

**SNMP Service profile**

- **Daemon/Service Name:** snmpd
- **Config file path:** /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
- **Installation Package:** net-snmp\*
- **Port Number:** 161

## How to SNMP installation and configuration in RHEL 7, Centos 7 and Fedora.

Installing SNMP via yum command

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# yum install net-snmp*

Installed:
  net-snmp-devel.x86_64 1:5.7.2-20.el7                                 net-snmp-utils.x86_64 1:5.7.2-20.el7

Dependency Installed:
  elfutils-devel.x86_64 0:0.160-1.el7           elfutils-libelf-devel.x86_64 0:0.160-1.el7   gdbm-devel.x86_64 0:1.10-8.el7
  lm_sensors-devel.x86_64 0:3.3.4-11.el7        perl-ExtUtils-Install.noarch 0:1.58-285.el7  perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker.noarch 0:6.68-3.el7
  perl-ExtUtils-Manifest.noarch 0:1.61-244.el7  perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS.noarch 1:3.18-2.el7    perl-Test-Harness.noarch 0:3.28-2.el7
  perl-devel.x86_64 4:5.16.3-285.el7            popt-devel.x86_64 0:1.13-16.el7              pyparsing.noarch 0:1.5.6-9.el7
  rpm-devel.x86_64 0:4.11.1-25.el7              systemtap-sdt-devel.x86_64 0:2.6-8.el7       tcp_wrappers-devel.x86_64 0:7.6-77.el7

Complete!
```

Verify SNMP is installed correctly

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# rpm -qa |grep snmp
net-snmp-libs-5.7.2-20.el7.x86_64
net-snmp-5.7.2-20.el7.x86_64
net-snmp-devel-5.7.2-20.el7.x86_64
net-snmp-agent-libs-5.7.2-20.el7.x86_64
net-snmp-utils-5.7.2-20.el7.x86_64
```

Enable and Start SNMP services

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# systemctl enable snmpd
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/snmpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snmpd.service'
[root@Techtutorials ~]# systemctl start snmpd
[root@Techtutorials ~]# systemctl status snmpd
snmpd.service - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Daemon.
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/snmpd.service; enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Fri 2016-08-05 12:53:46 IST; 5s ago
 Main PID: 3210 (snmpd)
   CGroup: /system.slice/snmpd.service
           └─3210 /usr/sbin/snmpd -LS0-6d -f

Aug 05 12:53:46 Techtutorials.arkit.co.in snmpd[3210]: NET-SNMP version 5.7.2
Aug 05 12:53:46 Techtutorials.arkit.co.in systemd[1]: Started Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Daemon..
```

### SNMP configuration in Linux

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# cp /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf /etc/snmp/snmpd.bak
[root@Techtutorials ~]# vi /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
###############
## ARKIT.CO.IN#
###############
rocommunity arkit 192.168.4.129

# Allow Systems Management Data Engine SNMP to connect to snmpd using SMUX
smuxpeer .1.3.6.1.4.1.674.10892.1

[root@Techtutorials ~]# systemctl restart snmpd
[root@Techtutorials ~]# systemctl status snmpd.service
snmpd.service - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Daemon.
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/snmpd.service; enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Fri 2016-08-05 15:44:39 IST; 5s ago
 Main PID: 7668 (snmpd)
   CGroup: /system.slice/snmpd.service
           └─7668 /usr/sbin/snmpd -LS0-6d -f
```

- **rocommunity** = Readonly community
- **arkit** = community string Name (anything you can give preferable is plain text no special characters)
- **192.168.4.129** = Destination server which is allowed to query SNMP

Check SNMP is working using below command

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# snmpwalk -v2c -H 192.168.4.129 -c arkit
```

## How to configure SNMP community in Netapp Cluster Mode

Enabling SNMP community string in Netapp Cluster mode is 3 steps.

```
ARKIT-NA::> system snmp community add -community-name ravi -type ro
```

above command will create snmp community string as ravi readonly in admin server

```
ARKIT-NA::> system snmp community add -community-name ravi -type ro -vserver VS0
```

As a example SNMP community string for particular vserver can be created using above command

```
ARKIT-NA::> system snmp community show

ARKIT-NA
        ro  ravi
```

That’s SNMP installation and configuration is done successfully in Netapp Cluster mode

## Related Articles

[rsync command in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/centos/11-rsync-command-linux/)

[SCP command 15 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/centos/15-scp-commands-securely-copy-files/)

[rhn-channel command & spacewalk-channel command](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhn-channel-command-spacewalk-channel/)

[RHCSA certification preparation Guide Download](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhcsa-certification-book/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** SNMP installation Linux

---

### [What is LVM.? How to Create LVM Linux (Logical Volume Manager)](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/)

**Published:** August 6, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

what is LVM.? How to create LVM Linux

**LVM** = Logical Volume Manager, Simply telling definition is not enough we should know the purpose and advantages to use further.

  If we take an example of standard Linux partitions are not flexible to increase and decrease file system when required, In this case we can’t use standard file system in production environment which is having high data growth rate.

Standard partitions can be used where there is no high data growth, which partitions are used to store data and delete data later on.

## Advantages of LVM

- Very easy to create partitions
- Increasing and decreasing file system size online is made easy
- Adding more than one HDD will increase performance
- LVM will support larger size of file system (100TB single partition)

## What is LVM

We can create Logical Volumes using single HDD OR multiple HDD see the below example how they works

[![how to create LVM Logical Volume Manager](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/how-to-create-LVM-Logical-Volume-Manager-300x139.png "how to create LVM Logical Volume Manager - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/how-to-create-LVM-Logical-Volume-Manager.png)Multiple HDD LVM Logical Volumes

As per the above example we are going to combine multiple HDD as a single Volume Group then create required size of Logical Volumes. Here we can achieve more performance compare to single HDD standard partition.

**Example:** One member job is divided into multiple members ultimately work should complete faster. Adding multiple disks as Physical Volumes will increase reading / writing headers.

[![what is LVM How to create LVM Logical Volume Manager](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/what-is-LVM-300x139.png "what is LVM - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/what-is-LVM.png)Single HDD Logical Volumes

As per above example Single HDD is divided into multiple Physical Volumes and combined as Volume group then created Logical volumes. Here we may not see more performance compare to above multiple disks. Here we get flexibility to create and manage file system.

## How to Create LVM Linux (Logical Volume Manager)

Procedure for creating LVM first Create Physical Volume –> Volume Group –> Logical Volume. Let’s see practically how it goes, for this example i have taken 20GB HDD (/dev/sdc).

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdc

Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

[root@TechTutorials ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe62ccdf8.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
 p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
 e extended
Select (default p):↵
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):↵
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):↵
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +2G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe62ccdf8

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
```

Repeat above step will create one more partition, After completion of creating required partitions we have to change its partition type to ‘Linux LVM’

```
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe62ccdf8

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 2048 4196351 2097152 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdc2 4196352 8390655 2097152 8e Linux LVM

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
```

Now required partitions are created and converted into Linux LVM type, after creating partitions update kernel

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# partprobe /dev/sdc
```

## Creating Physical Volume

Using pvcreate command we can create PV

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc1
 Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
[root@TechTutorials ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc2
 Physical volume "/dev/sdc2" successfully created

[root@TechTutorials ~]# pvdisplay /dev/sdc*
 "/dev/sdc2" is a new physical volume of "2.00 GiB"
 --- NEW Physical volume ---
 PV Name /dev/sdc2
 VG Name
 PV Size 2.00 GiB
 Allocatable NO
 PE Size 0
 Total PE 0
 Free PE 0
 Allocated PE 0
 PV UUID ViWQYD-Qjte-fdPi-YgUd-mGBW-3ep3-R6xffx

"/dev/sdc1" is a new physical volume of "2.00 GiB"
 --- NEW Physical volume ---
 PV Name /dev/sdc1
 VG Name
 PV Size 2.00 GiB
 Allocatable NO
 PE Size 0
 Total PE 0
 Free PE 0
 Allocated PE 0
 PV UUID YtPDk4-sBDF-ryBW-cqIo-ndym-9nfR-a7f9nn
```

## Creating Volume Group

As per below example VG0 is VG name and /dev/sdc1 and /dev/sdc2 are the Physical Volumes

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# vgcreate VG0 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc2
 Volume group "VG0" successfully created
[root@TechTutorials ~]# vgdisplay VG0
 --- Volume group ---
 VG Name VG0
 System ID
 Format lvm2
 Metadata Areas 2
 Metadata Sequence No 1
 VG Access read/write
 VG Status resizable
 MAX LV 0
 Cur LV 0
 Open LV 0
 Max PV 0
 Cur PV 2
 Act PV 2
 VG Size 3.99 GiB
 PE Size 4.00 MiB
 Total PE 1022
 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
 Free PE / Size 1022 / 3.99 GiB
 VG UUID LSzoLa-C5vq-ilBm-j9hZ-b2Am-y2Ye-K6Cgsn
```

## How to Create LVM Linux (Logical Volume Manager)

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# lvcreate -n lvm1 -L 3G VG0
 Logical volume "lvm1" created.
[root@TechTutorials ~]# lvdisplay /dev/VG0/lvm1
 --- Logical volume ---
 LV Path /dev/VG0/lvm1
 LV Name lvm1
 VG Name VG0
 LV UUID 6KoIMO-SRJW-g0S0-bxrt-ABK1-pbjr-qPxRwF
 LV Write Access read/write
 LV Creation host, time TechTutorials, 2016-08-06 22:07:16 +0530
 LV Status available
 # open 0
 LV Size 3.00 GiB
 Current LE 768
 Segments 2
 Allocation inherit
 Read ahead sectors auto
 - currently set to 8192
 Block device 253:3
```

As per above command output lv has been created LVM name is lvm1 and its size is 3GB from Volume group VG0

LVM creation has been completed. Now let’s see how to create file system in LVM

## How to Make file system in LVM

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/VG0/lvm1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
196608 inodes, 786432 blocks
39321 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=805306368
24 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@TechTutorials ~]# mkdir /data1

[root@TechTutorials ~]# mount /dev/VG0/lvm1 /data1

[root@TechTutorials ~]# df -h /data1
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VG0-lvm1 2.9G 9.0M 2.8G 1% /data1
```

Logical Volume has been formatted with EXT4 file system. Mounted to /data1

That’s about Logical Volume Manager

## Conclusion

Creating and using Logical volumes using multiple HDD’s will give more performance and flexibility.

**Related Articles**

[Linux File System](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-file-system-successful/)

[Access Control List in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7/posix-access-control-list-acl/)

[Swap File System in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/linux/swap-file-system/)

[RHCSA certification Complete Road Map](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhcsa-certification-complete-road-map/)

what is lvm.? what is lvm.? How to create LVM Linux How to create LVM Linux How to create LVM Linux

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Logical Volume Manager, LVM

---

### [Volume move from one SVM to Another snapmirror volume Cluster mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/volume-move-one-svm-another-snapmirror-volume-cluster-mode-netapp/)

**Published:** August 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article I am going to explain volume move from one SVM to another and snapmirror volume cluster mode Netapp (CMode Netapp). Volume rehost can only works when volume has been transitioned from 7-Mode Netapp to Cluster Mode Netapp.

## Transitioned Volume Move from one SVM to Another

Non-Transitioned Volume can’t be rehosted from one SVM to Another SVM, Let’s see the process to transition the volume from 7-Mode to Cluster mode.

  Let’s Create one volume in Netapp 7-Mode

```
7mode> vol create VOLUME1 -l en aggr1 10g
```

**7MTT CLI> Tool**

```
>transition credentials add -h 192.168.4.15 -u root
>transition credentials add -h 192.168.4.16 -u admin
>transition create -s SESSION2 -t standalone -n 192.168.4.15 -c 192.168.4.15 -h 192.168.4.16 -v ARKIT-SVM
>transition volumepair add -s SESSION2 -v VOLUME1 -c VOLUME1 -g AGGR01-SATA
>transition schedule add -s SESSION2 -n SCHED1 -d 0-6 -b 00:00 -e 24:00 -t 25 -u 16:00
>transition show -s SESSION2 -r no
>transition precheck -s SESSION2 -r no
>transition start -s SESSION2 -n -r no
>transition precutover -s SESSION2 -m no_test -r no
>transition cutover -s SESSION2 -r no
```

Now login to Netapp cluster mode then do rehost volume

```
ARKITCLU::*> set advanced
ARKITCLU::*> volume rehost -vserver VSRV01 -volume arkroot -destination-vserver VSRV01 -force-unmap-luns false
```

## Move volume from one aggregate to another aggregate

Creating an test volume for volume move operation

```
ARKITCLU::> volume create -vserver VSRV01 -volume test1 -aggregate aggr1 -size 40MB -state online
[Job 21] Job succeeded: Successful

ARKITCLU::> volume container test1
vserver volume aggregate
------- ------ ---------
VSRV01 test1 aggr1
```

Execute an below command to move volume from aggr1 aggregate to another aggregate aggr2

```
ARKITCLU::> volume move start -vserver VSRV01 -volume test1 -destination-aggregate aggr2 -perform-validation-only false
[Job 23] Job is queued: Move "test1" in Vserver "VSRV01" to aggregate "aggr2". Use the "volume move show -vserver VSRV01 -volume test1" command to view the status of this operation.
```

See the volume move status

```
ARKITCLU::> volume move show
Vserver Volume State Move Phase Percent-Complete Time-To-Complete
--------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
VSRV01 test1 healthy replicating
 47% Wed Aug 10 21:17:58 2016
```

After successful move verify the volume container

```
ARKITCLU::> volume container test1
vserver volume aggregate
------- ------ ---------
VSRV01 test1 aggr2
```

## Migrating volume from one SVM to another using snapmirror volume cluster mode Netapp

First we have to create an peer in between vservers, in below example peer has been created between VSRV01 and VSRV2 with snapmirror application type

```
ARKITCLU::> vserver peer create -vserver VSRV01 -peer-vserver VSRV2 -applications snapmirror -peer-cluster ARKITCLU

Info: 'vserver peer create' command is successful.
```

Create snapmirror

```
ARKITCLU::> snapmirror create -source-path VSRV01:test1 -destination-path VSRV2:snap2 -type DP -throttle unlimited
Operation succeeded: snapmirror create for the relationship with destination "VSRV2:snap2".
```

Check snapmirror relationship

```
ARKITCLU::> snapmirror show
 Progress
Source Destination Mirror Relationship Total Last
Path Type Path State Status Progress Healthy Updated
----------- ---- ------------ ------- -------------- --------- ------- --------
VSRV01:test1
 DP VSRV2:snap2 Broken-off
 Idle - true -
```

Initialise snapmirror for base transfer

```
ARKITCLU::> snapmirror initialize -destination-path VSRV2:snap2 -source-path VSRV01:test1
Operation is queued: snapmirror initialize of destination "VSRV2:snap2".
```

```
ARKITCLU::> snapmirror show-history
```

That’s it about the volume move from one SVM to another and snapmirror volume cluster mode Netapp article

## Related Articles

[Autosupport manual configuration Netapp Cluster mode](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/autosupport-manual-configuration-netapp/)

[df Command Netapp Cluster mode Awesome examples](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/df-command-netapp-cluster-mode-awesome-examples/)

[Netapp cluster setup](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-c-mode-topcics/netapp-cluster-setup/)

[Netapp certified storage associate](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-tutorial/netapp-certified-storage-associate-practice-exam/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** volume move, volume snapmirror cmode

---

### [Linux Foundation Course LFS101 Introduction to Linux Outline](https://arkit.co.in/linux-foundation-course-lfs101-introduction-linux-outline/)

**Published:** August 11, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

The Linux foundation Course LFS101 Introduction to Linux Outline, Since its inception in 1991, Linux has grown to become a major force in computing – powering everything from the New York Stock Exchange, to mobile phones, supercomputers, and consumer devices.

The Linux Foundation is a nonprofit organization that sponsors the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds. It was founded in 2000 and its mission is to promote, protect, and advance Linux. The Linux Foundation is supported by leading technology companies and thousands of individual members from around the world and marshalls the resources of its members and the open source development community to ensure that Linux remains free and technically advanced.

  ## Linux Foundation Course ( LFS101 ) Introduction to Linux content Outline

- Introduction to Linux / History of Linux
- Know More Linux Distributions and Few Names
- Linux file System Basics
- [Linux Boot Process](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/)
- Linux Operating system Installation process
- Session Management, Login, Logout, Hybernet, Suspending, Restart and Shutdown Operating System using GUI interface
- Basic Operations, Creating Files/Directories, Edit files and writing data using GUI tools
- Understanding Graphical Desktop Environment
- System Configuration using GUI, Setting up Display, Date and Time Settings
- Understating Network configuration, Wired and Wireless
- Installing and Updating Software Packages
- [Getting Help](https://arkit.co.in/linux/getting-help-5-command-line-tools/) from GUI documentation and command Line tools
- Man Pages reading and Help commands
- Introduction to command Line Interface
- [Basic Commands](https://arkit.co.in/linux/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/), cd, mkdir, cat, touch, ls, echo, man, rm and exit
- Searching for files and directories
- Working with files, head, tail, cat, less and tac
- Working with different package management systems
- Understanding Filesystem Hierarchy standard
- Comparing Files and File types
- Archiving and Compressing Data (E.g. tar and zip)
- User Administration, Creating, Modifying and Deleting users
- Environment variables
- Working with history and managing history effectively
- Creating and managing command aliases
- File permissions
- Basic file editors
- Advanced file editors
- Understanding Linux Security
- Understanding root and sudo importance
- Password Management
- Securing Boot process
- Introduction to Networking, Network configuration files
- Understanding IP address classification
- [Copying files in between Servers](https://arkit.co.in/centos/15-scp-commands-securely-copy-files/)
- File Transfer protocol, FTP server and client
- Manipulating text using sed and awk
- Grep text using grep command
- Printing server configuration, CUPS
- Understanding PostScript and PDF files
- Basic Shell scripting
- Advanced shell scripting
- Script debugging skills
- Foreground and background processes
- Scheduling future jobs using crontab and at
- Common applications to use, Productivity tools and Multimedia applications

## Conclusion

Linux Foundation Course ( LFS101 ) will give you an complete idea about Linux, After this course you can work an any distribution comfortably. Recommended for Linux learners.

**Related Articles**

[RHCSA and RHCE Course content](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

[RHCSA course Complete Road Map](https://arkit.co.in/linux/rhcsa-certification-complete-road-map/)

[Download Linux Learners Guide Book](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-learners-guide-book-written-by-ankam-ravi-kumar/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** LFS101

---

### [How to Add printer in Linux Adding Printer to CUPS Server Procedure](https://arkit.co.in/add-printer-linux-adding-printer-cups-server-procedure/)

**Published:** August 13, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going to learn how to add printer in Linux and Adding Printer to CUPS Server procedure. Most of Linux users feel that adding / installing printer in Linux is hard, some times we have to say yes because all the printer models does not have proper drivers for Linux.

Still most of branded printers will work easily with Linux Operating System.

  ## How to Add Printer in Linux RHEL 7 / Centos 7

Below is the process to install an printer from GUI Mode

First Step

[![Installing Printer in RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/0-Installing-Printer-in-RHEL7-300x229.png "0 Installing Printer in RHEL7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/0-Installing-Printer-in-RHEL7.png)Sundry -> Printer Settings

[![Add Printer Wizard How to add printer in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1-Add-Printer-Wizard-300x190.png "1 Add Printer Wizard - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1-Add-Printer-Wizard.png)Adding Printer Wizard

[![Add Printer Device URI](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2-Add-Printer-Device-URI-292x300.png "2 Add Printer Device URI - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2-Add-Printer-Device-URI.png)Add Printer Device URI

Here is the main step where we can select the printer based on its connectivity.

Serial Port #1 – If your printer connected through serial / parallel cable as a local printer then select Serial Port #1 Or #2.

If your Printer is connected through Network then Select Network printer option again here Select the type which is the best for your printer. If you already have CUPS server then that CUPS server URL.

[![Select Printer Make](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3-Select-Printer-Make-291x300.png "3 Select Printer Make - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3-Select-Printer-Make.png)Select Printer Make

In this screen Select the option carefully, Select printer from Database is the option few of the printer drivers already available in Linux along with OS. Provide PPD is the option where we have to download driver file from vendor site and attach.

Click **Forward**

[![Select Printer Model](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-Select-Printer-Model-293x300.png "4 Select Printer Model - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-Select-Printer-Model.png)Select Printer Model

Click **Forward**

[![Add Printer Description and Click Apply](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5-Add-Printer-Description-and-Click-Apply-297x300.png "5 Add Printer Description and Click Apply - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5-Add-Printer-Description-and-Click-Apply.png)Add Printer Description and Click Apply

Provide Printer Name and Printer description then Click on Apply

[![How to Add printer in Linux Adding Printer to CUPS Server Procedure](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-Printer-Added-Successfully-300x186.png "6 Printer Added Successfully - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-Printer-Added-Successfully.png)

Printer has been successfully

## Adding Printer to CUPS Server Procedure

This procedure has been written assuming CUPS server is already exists and adding printer to CUPS server

```
[ravi@TechTutorials~]$ sudo /usr/sbin/lpadmin -p HYDPRINTER -v socket://192.168.2.21:9100 -D "HYD - Cannon MF220 printer" -L "HYD" -o printer-error-policy="retry-job" -u allow:all -m textonly.ppd
```

Let’s see options

- -p <Printer Name>
- -v <Device URI>
- -D <Description>
- -L <Location>
- -o <Options>
- -u <User to allow>
- -m <Driver File Name>

**Note:** Before specifying driver file name we have to copy the PPD file to /usr/share/cups/model/ path

```
[ravi@TechTutorials~]$ sudo /usr/sbin/cupsenable HYDPRINTER
```

Above command will enable the printer

Verify the printer status using below command

```
[ravi@TechTutorials~]$ sudo /usr/bin/lpstat -p HYDPRINTER  -l
```

Change the printer config to yes

```
[ravi@TechTutorials~]$ sudo /bin/sed -i 's/No/Yes/g' /etc/cups/printers.conf
```

Restart CUPS Service to effect the changes

```
[ravi@TechTutorials~]$ sudo /sbin/service cups restart
```

```
[ravi@TechTutorials~]$ sudo lpstat -o -t |grep HYDPRINTER
```

That’s it your printer is added successfully to CUPS Server.

## Related Articles

[CUPS lpadmin command examples](https://arkit.co.in/linux/cups-lpadmin-command-examples/)

[echo command with 20 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/linux/echo-command-with-20-practical-examples-linux/)

[Linux Class Day 3 – Video Class](https://arkit.co.in/linux/linux-class-day-3/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** How to install Print in Linux

---

### [How to deploy OVF OVA template ESXi step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-deploy-ovf-ova-template-esxi/)

**Published:** August 18, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Now a Days we are getting ready made pre-installed applications in most of the cases from vendors. which are OVF, OVA templates. In this article we are going to see how to deploy OVF OVA template ESXi Step by Step Guide.

Before going to deploy an OVF OVA template we have to see few possible and non-possible options.

  - Recommended to have client and ESXi server in same Network (LAN)
- In case of remote network you have to upload OVF, OVA template to datastore
- If you deploy OVF, OVA template from remote desktop it will take hell lot of time

Keep above points in mind and go ahead with the OVF, OVA template deployment

## How to deploy OVF OVA template ESXi from Client to Server

In above case we are not going to upload OVF, OVA template to datastore, we are keeping template file in our client machine and deploying the Virtual machine in ESXi Server.

**Note:** Recommended to have both client and Server should be in Same Network

[![vpshere client login screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/vpshere-client-login-screen-300x268.png "vpshere client login screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/vpshere-client-login-screen.png)vpshere client login screen

First step is to login ESXi/VCenter Server (**Click on Login**)

[![File Menu - Deploy OVF Template](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/File-Menu-Deploy-OVF-Template.png "File Menu - Deploy OVF Template - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/File-Menu-Deploy-OVF-Template.png)File Menu – Deploy OVF Template

In Menu bar click on File –> Deploy OVF Template (Click)

[![Browse OVF OVA Tempalte from local system deploy OVF OVA template](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Browse-OVF-OVA-Tempalte-300x285.png "Browse OVF OVA Tempalte - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Browse-OVF-OVA-Tempalte.png)Browse OVF OVA Template and click open

Browse path of the OVF Or OVA template and Click Open and **Click Next**

[![Provide VM Name deploy OVF OVA template](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Provide-VM-Name-and-Select-Datacenter-300x284.png "Provide VM Name and Select Datacenter - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Provide-VM-Name-and-Select-Datacenter.png)Provide VM Name

Provide Virtual Machine name and **Click Next**

[![Select Cluster Name Where you want to deploy deploy OVF OVA template](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Select-Cluster-Name-Where-you-want-to-deploy-300x283.png "Select Cluster Name Where you want to deploy - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Select-Cluster-Name-Where-you-want-to-deploy.png)Select Cluster Name Where you want to deploy

Select the Data center where you want to deploy your virtual machine and **Click Next**

[![Select DataStore Where you want to Store vmdk files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Select-DataStore-Where-you-want-to-Store-vmdk-files-300x285.png "Select DataStore Where you want to Store vmdk files - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Select-DataStore-Where-you-want-to-Store-vmdk-files.png)Select DataStore Where you want to Store vmdk files

Select the Datastore (Datastore should have required free space) and **Click Next**

[![Disk Format](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Disk-Format-300x283.png "Disk Format - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Disk-Format.png)Disk Format

**Click Next**

[![VM Network Mapping](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/VM-Network-Mapping-300x285.png "VM Network Mapping - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/VM-Network-Mapping.png)VM Network Mapping

VM Network will is select and **Click Next**

After the deployment we can also edit and change the Network settings

[![Verify and Finish Template Deployment](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Verify-and-Finish-Template-Deployment-300x283.png "Verify and Finish Template Deployment - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Verify-and-Finish-Template-Deployment.png)Verify and Finish Template Deployment

**Click Finish**

That’s it to deploy OVF OVA template ESXi Step by Step Guide.

We can also do deploy by uploading OVF OVA template to Datastore and browse the path of OVF / OVA template from web browser as shown below

https://192.168.4.20/

browse Datastore and copy the path of OVA template, while browsing paste the path (Step 2)

## Conclusion

Deploy OVF OVA Template ESXi/VCenter is very simple, while deploying both client and Server should be in same network (LAN)

**Related Articles**

[vSphere 5 vs vSphere 6 Difference between both versions](https://arkit.co.in/vmware/vsphere-5-vs-vsphere-6/)

[Clone Virtual Machine without vCenter using ESXi](https://arkit.co.in/vmware/clone-virtual-machine/)

[vSphere Client installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/vmware/vmware-vsphere-client-installation-configuration/)

[vCenter Server installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/vmware/vcenter-server-installation/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** vmware

**Tags:** How to Deploy OVF Template

---

### [15 aggr command Netapp cluster mode practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/15-aggr-command-netapp-cluster-mode-practical-examples/)

**Published:** August 20, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

The storage aggregate command family manages aggregates. The storage aggregate commands can create new aggregates, add more disks to an aggregate, delete the existing ones, change aggregate status and apply options to an aggregate. Aggregate commands often affect the volumes contained within aggregates. Let’s see 15 aggr command Netapp cluster mode practical examples which are more useful in regular Netapp administrator job.

## 15 aggr command Netapp

The first command to see aggregates and there status

  ```
ARKITCLU::> aggr show

Aggregate Size Available Used% State #Vols Nodes RAID Status
--------- -------- --------- ----- ------- ------ ---------------- ------------
aggr0 855MB 42.12MB 95% online 1 ARKITCLU-01 raid_dp,
 normal
aggr1 3.52GB 3.48GB 1% online 2 ARKITCLU-01 raid_dp,
 normal
aggr2 3.52GB 3.44GB 2% online 2 ARKITCLU-01 raid_dp,
 normal
3 entries were displayed.
```

## Display details of space utilisation within aggregate

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr show-space

Aggregate : aggr0

Feature Used Used%
 -------------------------------- ---------- ------
 Volume Footprints 812.7MB 90%
 Aggregate Metadata 316KB 0%
 Snapshot Reserve 45MB 5%

Total Used 858.0MB 95%

Total Physical Used 389.8MB 43%
```

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr show-space aggr1

Aggregate Name: aggr1
 Volume Footprints: 40.41MB
 Volume Footprints Percent: 1%
Total Space for Snapshot Copies in Bytes: 0B
 Space Reserved for Snapshot Copies: 0%
 Aggregate Metadata: 284KB
 Aggregate Metadata Percent: 0%
 Total Used: 40.68MB
 Total Used Percent: 1%
 Size: 3.52GB
 Snapshot Reserve Unusable: -
 Snapshot Reserve Unusable Percent: -
 Total Physical Used Size: 4.52MB
 Physical Used Percentage: 0%
```

## Do aggregate offline / online

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr offline aggr1

Warning: The aggregate contains one or more volumes. In order to offline the aggregate, all of these volumes must be unmounted. Do you want to unmount all of the volumes hosted by the aggregate?
{y|n}: y

Aggregate offline successful on aggregate: aggr1
```

Now let’s bring aggregate online

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr show

Aggregate Size Available Used% State #Vols Nodes RAID Status
--------- -------- --------- ----- ------- ------ ---------------- ------------
aggr1 0B 0B 0% offline 0 ARKITCLU-01 raid_dp,
 normal

ARKITCLU::> aggr online aggr1

Aggregate online successful on aggregate: aggr1
```

**Listing Disk within Aggregate & Adding New Disks**

 Before adding disk aggregate

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr show aggr0

Aggregate: aggr0
 Storage Type: hdd
 Checksum Style: block
 Number Of Disks: 4
 Mirror: false
 Node: ARKITCLU-01
 Disks for First Plex: NET-1.15, NET-1.16,
 NET-1.17, NET-1.4

ARKITCLU::> aggr show -aggregate aggr1 -disk
Aggregate #disks Disks
--------- ------ ---------------------------
aggr1 6 NET-1.18, NET-1.19, NET-1.20, NET-1.21, NET-1.22, NET-1.23

```

After adding disks to aggregate

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr add-disks -aggregate aggr0 -diskcount 6 -disktype FCAL -raidgroup all

ARKITCLU::> aggr show aggr0

Aggregate: aggr0
 Storage Type: hdd
 Checksum Style: block
 Number Of Disks: 10
 Mirror: false
 Node: ARKITCLU-01
 Disks for First Plex: NET-1.15, NET-1.16,
 NET-1.17, NET-1.4, NET-1.5,
 NET-1.27, NET-1.6,
 NET-1.28, NET-1.7, NET-1.8
```

## Renaming the Aggregate Name

renaming the aggregate is very easy process in Netapp cluster mode, below is the command example to rename aggregate

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr rename -aggregate aggr0 -newname arkaggr
[Job 25] Job succeeded: DONE
```

As per the above command aggr0 is the actual aggregate and new aggregate name is arkaggr

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr status

Aggregate Size Available Used% State #Vols Nodes RAID Status
--------- -------- --------- ----- ------- ------ ---------------- ------------
aggr1 3.52GB 3.48GB 1% online 2 ARKITCLU-01 raid_dp,
 normal
aggr2 3.52GB 3.44GB 2% online 2 ARKITCLU-01 raid_dp,
 normal
arkaggr 6.68GB 5.89GB 12% online 1 ARKITCLU-01 raid_dp,
 normal
3 entries were displayed.
```

## Deleting Aggregate

Deleting aggregate highly not recommended, until unless your decommissioning appropriate aggregate. Before your going to run Aggregate delete option you have to offline volumes and delete volumes, Delete all snapmirror relationships.

```
ARKITCLU::> vol delete -vserver VSRV01 -volume test1

Warning: Are you sure you want to delete volume "test1" in Vserver "VSRV01" ? {y|n}: y
[Job 27] Job succeeded: Successful

ARKITCLU::> aggr delete aggr2

Warning: Are you sure you want to destroy aggregate "aggr2"? {y|n}: y
[Job 28] Job succeeded: DONE
```

**Mirror Aggregate**

```
ARKITCLU::> aggr mirror -aggregate aggr1 -mirror-disklist NET-1.1, NET-1.2, NET-1.3, NET-1.9, NET-1.10, NET-1.11, NET-1.12
```

above command will mirror your aggregate to spare disks.

**Note:** Disks should not be in same pool

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15 aggr command Netapp 15 aggr command Netapp 15 aggr command Netapp 15 aggr command Netapp

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

---

### [nmcli command Network Manager command Line tool RHEL 7/Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/nmcli-command-network-manager-command-line-tool-rhel-7/)

**Published:** August 20, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

A new Operating system came with new nmcli command Network Manager command line tool RHEL 7/Centos 7. Using nmcli command we can manage Ethernet Card devices, Assigning Static IP Address, DHCP client, WIFI connections, bridge connections, Bonds, Teaming and VLAN’s.

No need of editing configuration files to configure IP address, routing and configuring Network devices

  ## Let’s start with nmcli command

nmcli command syntax

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli
Usage: nmcli [OPTIONS] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
```

**Manage Network devices**

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli device status
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
eno16777736 ethernet connected eth0
lo loopback unmanaged --

[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli device show
GENERAL.DEVICE: eno16777736
GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet
GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:0C:29:3D:FA:DD
GENERAL.MTU: 1500
GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected)
GENERAL.CONNECTION: eth0
GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0
WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: on
IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 192.168.4.20/24
IP4.GATEWAY: 192.168.4.2
IP4.DNS[1]: 8.8.8.8
IP6.ADDRESS[1]: fe80::20c:29ff:fe3d:fadd/64
IP6.GATEWAY:

# Below command disconnects device
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli device disconnect eno16777736

# Below command connects device
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli device connect eno16777736
Device 'eno16777736' successfully activated with 'a80360f3-0972-4843-8d86-a27ae37d8751'.

```

To manage Network connections flexible, using nmcli command we can create N number of logical connections and we can active them based on requirement.  Basically we can’t active multiple connections yet a time but the thing is we can active each connection yet a time.

Example: Network 1 IP series 192.168.1.x

 Network 2 IP series 10.10.90.x

 Network 2 IP series 172.168.2.x

every time when you want to change network connectivity to different network you have to change IP address to that series, But here create multiple connections and active them based on requirement. See below example, using single physical NIC card created multiple logical connections and activated one connection yet a time.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection add con-name 172series ifname eno16777736 type ethernet
Connection '172series' (ad091ed0-c221-4cd9-9e7a-6eb2063de4fe) successfully added.

[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection add con-name 192series ifname eno16777736 type ethernet
Connection '192series' (6c3ba921-b303-4ded-b8cb-dbade432bc66) successfully added.

[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection add con-name 10series ifname eno16777736 type ethernet
Connection '10series' (e717f706-539b-422a-a94a-f7fe49edb83e) successfully added.

[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection show
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
192series 6c3ba921-b303-4ded-b8cb-dbade432bc66 802-3-ethernet --
172series ad091ed0-c221-4cd9-9e7a-6eb2063de4fe 802-3-ethernet --
eth0 a80360f3-0972-4843-8d86-a27ae37d8751 802-3-ethernet eno16777736
10series e717f706-539b-422a-a94a-f7fe49edb83e 802-3-ethernet --
```

## List out active connections only

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection show --active
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
eth0 a80360f3-0972-4843-8d86-a27ae37d8751 802-3-ethernet eno16777736
```

## Assigning static IP Address to existing connection

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection modify 10series ipv4.addresses 10.10.90.2 ipv4.gateway 10.10.90.1 ipv4.dns 4.4.4.4 +ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8
```

make connections to connect automatically after server reboot

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection modify 10series connection.autoconnect yes
```

above command will make sure that connection should connect automatically after server reboot

## **Know the status of NetworkManager**

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -t -f RUNNING general
running
```

It will tell whether NetworkManager is Running OR Not

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -t -f STATE general
connected
```

To the State of NetworkManager

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli radio wifi off
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli radio wifi on
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli radio all
WIFI-HW WIFI WWAN-HW WWAN
enabled enabled enabled enabled
```

Switch off / Switch on and know the status of Wifi connection

To see all configured profile details in multiline information using below command

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -p -m multiline -f all con show
======================================================
 NetworkManager connection profiles
======================================================
NAME: eth0
UUID: a80360f3-0972-4843-8d86-a27ae37d8751
TYPE: 802-3-ethernet
TIMESTAMP: 1471705850
TIMESTAMP-REAL: Sat 20 Aug 2016 08:40:50 PM IST
AUTOCONNECT: yes
AUTOCONNECT-PRIORITY: 0
READONLY: no
DBUS-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Settings/2
ACTIVE: yes
DEVICE: eno16777736
STATE: activated
ACTIVE-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0
---------------------------------------------------------
```

Using below command to list only active connections, As we can see eth0 is in active state.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection show --active
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
eth0 a80360f3-0972-4843-8d86-a27ae37d8751 802-3-ethernet eno16777736
```

To enable auto connect connections after every reboot, to check whether connections are in autoconnect or not

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -f name,autoconnect c s
NAME AUTOCONNECT
eth0 yes
192series yes
10series yes
172series yes
```

**Objects** we can use as like above we have used c and s

general NetworkManager’s general status and operations
 networking overall networking control
 radio NetworkManager radio switches
 connection NetworkManager’s connections
 device devices managed by NetworkManager
 agent NetworkManager secret agent or polkit agent

Profile connection details full and complete details using below command

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -p connection show eth0
===============================================================================
 Connection profile details (eth0)
===============================================================================
connection.id: eth0
connection.uuid: a80360f3-0972-4843-8d86-a27ae37d8751
connection.interface-name: eno16777736
connection.type: 802-3-ethernet
connection.autoconnect: yes
connection.autoconnect-priority: 0
connection.timestamp: 1471706450
connection.read-only: no
connection.permissions:
connection.zone: --
connection.master: --
connection.slave-type: --
connection.secondaries:
connection.gateway-ping-timeout: 0
OUTPUT TRUNCATED...
```

## Show profile with all passwords of Wifi

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection show --show-secrets "WiFi"
```

Show details about wifi connection profile with all passwords

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -f active connection show eth0
GENERAL.NAME: eth0
GENERAL.UUID: a80360f3-0972-4843-8d86-a27ae37d8751
GENERAL.DEVICES: eno16777736
GENERAL.STATE: activated
GENERAL.DEFAULT: yes
GENERAL.DEFAULT6: no
GENERAL.VPN: no
GENERAL.ZONE: --
GENERAL.DBUS-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0
GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Settings/2
GENERAL.SPEC-OBJECT: /
GENERAL.MASTER-PATH: --
IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 192.168.4.20/24
IP4.GATEWAY: 192.168.4.2
IP4.DNS[1]: 8.8.8.8
IP6.ADDRESS[1]: fe80::20c:29ff:fe3d:fadd/64
IP6.GATEWAY:
```

shows details for “eth0” active connection, like IP, DHCP information, etc.

Thanks for the read.

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** nmcli

---

### [nmcli command part-2 Network Manager Linux](https://arkit.co.in/nmcli-command-network-manager-linux/)

**Published:** August 21, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

nmcli Network Manager Linux using command Line, to manage Linux machine interfaces and there configurations such as connecting, disconnecting, assigning IP address, configuring routing, creating network profiles and managing them. There are are N number of options to do using nmcli command.

## nmcli Network Manager Linux

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -f profile con s "My wired connection"
```

shows static configuration details of the connection profile with “My wired connection” name.

  ```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -p con up "My wired connection" ifname eth0
```

activates the connection profile with name “My wired connection” on interface eth0. The -p option makes

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli show
```

Progress of the activation.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli con up 6b028a27-6dc9-4411-9886-e9ad1dd43761 ap 00:3B:98:7D:42:D3
```

Connects the Wi‐Fi connection with UUID 6b028a27-6dc9-4411-9886-e9ad1dd43761 to the AP with BSSID 00:3B:98:7D:42:D3.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli device status
```

shows the status for all devices.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli dev disconnect ens667
```

Disconnects a connection on interface ens667 and marks the device as unavailable for auto‐connecting. As a result, no connection will automatically be activated on the device until the device’s ‘autoconnect’ is set to TRUE or the user should manually activate a connection.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli -f GENERAL,WIFI-PROPERTIES dev show wlan0
```

Shows details for wlan0 interface; only GENERAL and WIFI-PROPERTIES sections will be shown.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli dev wifi list
```

Lists available Wi‐Fi access points known to NetworkManager.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli dev wifi con "Cafe1" password caffeine name "My cafe"
```

creates a new connection named “My cafe” and then connects it to “Cafe1” SSID using password “caffeine”. This is mainly useful when connecting to “Cafe1” for the first time. Next time, it is better to use ‘nmcli con up id “My cafe”‘ so that the existing connection profile can be used and no additional is created.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection add type ethernet autoconnect no ifname eth0
```

non-interactively adds an Ethernet connection tied to eth0 interface with automatic IP configuration (DHCP), and disables the connection’s “autoconnect” flag.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# nmcli c a ifname india type vlan dev ens33 id 25
```

non-interactively adds a VLAN connection with ID 25. The connection will use ens33 and the VLAN interface will be named india.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection edit ethernet-em1-2
```

Edits existing “ethernet‐em1‐2” connection in the interactive editor

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli connection edit type ethernet con-name "yet another Ethernet connection"
```

## Adds a new Ethernet connection in the interactive editor

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli con mod ethernet-2 connection.autoconnect no
```

Modifies ‘autoconnect’ property in the ‘connection’ setting of ‘ethernet‐2’ connection.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli con mod "WIFI" wifi.mtu 1350
```

Modifies ‘mtu’ property in the ‘wifi’ setting of ‘Home Wi‐Fi’ connection.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli con mod em1-1 ipv4.method manual ipv4.addr "192.168.1.23/24 192.168.1.1, 10.10.1.5/8, 10.0.0.11"
```

Sets manual addressing and the addresses in em1-1 profile.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli con modify eth0 +ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8
```

Appends a Google public DNS server to DNS servers in eth0 profile.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nmcli con modify eth0 -ipv4.addresses "192.168.100.25/24 192.168.1.1"
```

Removes the specified IP address from (static) profile eth0.

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** nmcli

---

### [Netapp Storage Learning Complete Guide 7mode c mode](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-storage-learning-complete-guide-7mode-c-mode/)

**Published:** August 26, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Are you searching for an Netapp Tutorial and you did not find anything.? Here you go Netapp Storage Learning Complete Guide 7mode cmode tutorial. Let’s segregate all he topics with links. Just follow the topics and you will become and Netapp Storage Administrator.

One of this article is enough to learn and follow for your regular Netapp Storage Administration tasks, Just add this Article/Page into your browser favorites refer when you want.

  # Netapp Storage Learning Complete Guide 7mode c mode

The first link will give you an complete course content of Netapp Certified Storage Associate ( NCSA )

1.[Netapp Course content](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-course-content/)

Netapp 7 mode all commands which will help you to get idea about Netapp commands.

[2. Netapp 7 mode all the commands](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/05/this-post-contains-list-of-commands.html)

To execute an scripts from Linux machine to Netapp we have to create password less connection (SSH connection) 7 mode step by step guide

[3. Password Less connection creation from Linux](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/08/password-less-authentication-netapp.html)

Adding disks to Aggregate and expanding aggregate space. When Volume space need to increase aggregate should have required space.

[4. Adding disks to aggregate and expanding aggregate space](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/03/adding-disks-to-aggregate-expanding.html)

The very basic stuff for the Storage Administrators is to create LUN and map to server, when server administrator says that mapped LUN is not visible from server disk management below is the link you can simple find the guide how to create and map the LUN to windows server from Netapp 7mode

[5. How to Create and map LUN from Netapp storage to Windows Server Step by Step guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/01/how-to-create-lun-and-map-to-windows.html)

Network File System (NFS) shares creation is an common and daily activity for storage administrators, NFS shares are mostly preferable environment to share the data across Unix/Linux based operating systems.

[6. How to Create and Map NFS shares from Netapp Storage](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/01/creating-nfs-shares-in-netapp-filer-nfs.html)

Most of the people will scare to update DATA ONTAP version, why because if something happens to running system they are not in a position to revert back the settings / Changes. Here is an complete guide for upgrading DATA ONTAP Version.

[7. DATA ONTAP Version upgrade Complete Guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/03/updating-data-ontap-version.html)

As most of the Storage Administrators know that Netapp user permissions works on [Role based Access control (RBAC)](https://arkit.co.in/role-based-access-control-rbac/) which will help you to create and assign user permissions.

When a New Netapp administrator is joined you can’t just directly give him an root/Administrator password right.!! in that case you have to create new user with limited access as per his role.

[8. Creating Roles, Groups, Users and assigning roles to users](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2014/02/netapp-user-administration.html)

A Very basic learner will also in confusion state to understand what is SAN, NAS and DAS environments below is an guide which will explain you to understand complete deep idea about SAN, NAS and DAS.

[9. What is SAN, NAS and DAS environments](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html)

## Build your Own Netapp Lab yet Home

Do you want to build you **own Netapp Lab** yet home for your practice basically we may not get an full environmental access in Company because of separation of duties OR Security reasons, If we get an full access to environment still we can’t do whatever you want.

Build your own environment and do whatever you want and be techie.

[10. Guide to Build your own Netapp Lab yet home](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/downloads.html)

Storage Administration will also include SAN switch management the first step we have to aware of create SAN zoning.

[11. Brocade Switch SAN zoning Step by Step Guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/brocade-san-switch-zoning.html)

When NFS share is not accessible to users, Server admin is complaining on you that NFS share is not properly create/assigned. Here is an guide to troubleshoot NFS related issues.

[12. NFS shares and error troubleshooting Guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_23.html)

Data protection plan is very important when disaster happens / Lost of data unfortunate reasons. Netapp created an technology where you can protect your data using replication method from one site to another site (DC –> DR). Snapmirror replication guide from scratch.

[13. Snapmirror configuration guide from scratch](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_24.html)

As we see in 13th point replicating data from one site (Data Center) to another site (Disaster Recovery) site. In very rare cases DC and DR sites went down or disaster happened in both the sites then your company will loose all the important data.

To avoid above situation we can also replicate data to multiple sites from one site yet a time. Snapmirror Cascading also possible to replicate data SITEA –> SITEB–> SITEC

# Netapp Storage Learning Complete Guide 7mode c mode

[14. Snapmirror cascading configuration complete step by step guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/snapmirror-cascading-replication-b-c.html)

In some cases we would like to verify our data consistency OR switch over primary site (DC) as Secondary (DR) and secondary Site (DR) as Primary Site (DC). The whole picture here is to change active nodes from Data Center to Disaster Recovery site.

[15. How to switchover snapmirror from DC –> DR OR DR –> DC](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/switchover-snapmirror-change-source-as.html)

Snapmirror can also be possible to replicate and store in tape/media, Assume WAN link is not exists OR WAN link is small then you can’t put more traffic on WAN link so there is a feasibility to transfer snapmirror data using Tapes/Media’s from Source to destination an periodic basis.

If snapmirror basic initialization has more than 100TB to replicate as base snapshot then recommended to store in Tapes/Media’s then initialize base between DC and DR.

[16. How to replicate snapmirror data to Tape/Media process](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/volume-snapmirror-to-tape-sm-tape.html)

Are you looking for an new Job in Netapp Storage then you can refer below links to prepare yourself for the Interview

[17. Netapp Interview Questions and answers Part -1](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html)

[18. Netapp Interview Questions and Answers Part-2](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/netapp-hardware-interview-questions-and.html)

Most of the common scenario for Storage Administrators in replacing an Failed disk, Here is an guide how to identify failed disk and what you have to do when disk has been failed

[19. How to identify failed disk and replace failed disk in Netapp Super Guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/how-to-replace-failed-disk-netapp.html)

Basic storage learners may have questions about what is thin provisioning and what is thick provisioning and what is the dirrefence between them

[20. Clarify Thin provisioning and thick provisioning Guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_31.html)

Little bit more deep into storage administrator role We may get an requirement to move LUN from one volume to another volume due space constrains.

[21. Move LUN from one volume to another Volume using NDMP copy](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/copy-lun-from-one-volume-to-another.html)

We have more and more helpful documents for you writing all the links in one page it may go long and loose of interest. So i am going to add Part-2 for the same article

Netapp storage learning complete guide 7mode c mode Part -2

**Please write your feedback, Your feedback is more important to us.** Netapp storage learning complete guide 7mode c mode Netapp storage learning complete guide 7mode c mode Netapp storage learning complete guide 7mode c mode

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Netapp Storage Learning

---

### [20 Extraordinary Articles Learn Netapp Storage 7mode - Cluster mode](https://arkit.co.in/20-extraordinary-articles-learn-netapp-storage-7mode-cluster-mode/)

**Published:** August 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

As explained in [Netapp Storage Learning Guide 7mode and C mode](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-storage-learning-complete-guide-7mode-c-mode/) first article. In this article we are doing to see 20 extraordinary Articles Learn Netapp Storage 7mode – Cluster mode. To Help Most of the Netapp Storage Administrators we are segregating all the articles in sequence.

As we know a simple method to create and map LUN to server, but if LUN went to offline, if you want to migrate LUN, snapshot management all about LUN is explained in below article

  # 20 Extraordinary Articles Learn Netapp Storage 7mode – Cluster mode

[1. Create and Manage LUN’s in more efficient way](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/create-and-manage-your-netapp-lun-in.html)

Most common error in Snapmirror replication is Idle with restart check point.

[2. How to Resolve Snapmirror Error “Idle with Restart Check Point”](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/snapmirror-error-idle-with-restart.html)

Aggregate is a combination of Disks, Raid Groups and Flex. Below Article will guide you to create and manage Aggregates from CLI and GUI

[3. How to Create Aggregate Using CLI and GUI Interfaces](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/creating-aggregate-using-cli-and-gui.html)

Using Netapp Controller as a FTP Server it’s an inbuilt feature which will come along with Netapp control itself

[4. Netapp Controller as FTP Server](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/how-to-create-ftp-user-on-netapp-notes.html)

Are you installing Netapp controller for the first time, than you defiantly need cable connectivity guide and how to connect cables and between disk shelf’s and controllers. Netapp DATA ONTAP 8 single cluster node cabling

[5. DATA ONTAP 8 cabling – Single node cluster mode Netapp](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/data-ontap-8-cabling-single-node-ha.html)

Defiantly you have to know storage limits because it’s important when your configuring things, due to limitation you may not able to configure bigger volumes than the supportable limit

[6. Netapp Storage Volume Space supportable limits](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/to-know-storage-limits-luns-volumes.html)

## Join Netapp Controller to Domain

Adding Netapp controller to Domain is one time setup but if you mess up your controller will not support for active directory users to login into controller

[7. Join Netapp Controller to Active Directory (Domain)](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/how-to-join-netapp-filer-to-domain.html)

When HA Pair is switching back to another node then one of the node is not ready to give back commonly we get this error “Could Not Complete Giveback Because of Non-Ca Locks on Volume”

[8. Error: “Could Not Complete Giveback Because of Non-Ca Locks on Volume” Resolution Netapp](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/could-not-complete-giveback-because-of.html)

Managing the storage volumes, LUN’s from windows machine, install and configure snapdrive application.

[9. Snapdrive application installation and configuration Windows Step by Step guide](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/09/netapp-snapdrive-automate-storage.html)

Snapshot is a default feature of Netapp Storage, Creating and Managing snapshot’s in very optimal way see the below article to create and manage snapshots

[10. Create and Manage Snapshots in Netapp Storage](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2015/10/creating-and-managing-snapshot-netapp.html)

## Cluster Mode Netapp Articles

Aggregate command in Netapp cluster mode to create, Expand, Delete, offline, online and aggregate copy you have to know aggregate command in deeply

[11. aggr command Netapp cluster mode practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/15-aggr-command-netapp-cluster-mode-practical-examples/)

Cluster mode Netapp volume re-host, move volume from one SVM to another SVM and migration of volume from one SVM to another SVM guide

[12. Volume Move from one SVM to Another SVM and Migrating Volume from One SVM to another Guide](https://arkit.co.in/volume-move-one-svm-another-snapmirror-volume-cluster-mode-netapp/)

df command in Netap cluster mode to see and verify volume and aggregate space details. As we see in Netapp 7mode there is no options to fetch volume and aggregate spaces as required. In Netapp Cluster mode we have lot many features in df command to fetch the details.

[13. df command Netapp Cluster mode awesome examples](https://arkit.co.in/df-command-netapp-cluster-mode-awesome-examples/)

Netapp Autosupport is a awesome feature to send notifications, check results and logs to Netapp support team seamless. Netapp support team will also respond back immediatly to the customer if any mismatch found in controllers OR any Hardware failures

[13. Autosupport manual configuration Step by Step Guide in Netapp Cluster mode](https://arkit.co.in/autosupport-manual-configuration-netapp/)

Create cluster setup for the first time in Netapp cluster mode multiple nodes. Yet very first time we have to create cluster after cluster creation we have to join node to existing cluster, See below article will explain you to create and join nodes to cluster

[14. Netapp Cluster Setup Step by Step Cluster mode Guide](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-setup/)

## 20 Extraordinary Articles Learn Netapp Storage 7mode – Cluster mode

Learning is not enough because we can’t say i learned Netapp storage and i can do good job. Companies can only trust the member by showing the certificate as proof of knowledge

[15. Netapp Certified Storage Associate Exam Practice Paper](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-certified-storage-associate-practice-exam/)

Work loads are data reads and writes to the Netapp controller to segregate Netapp workloads see below article

[16. characterising Workloads in Netapp controller](https://arkit.co.in/characterizing-workloads-in-netapp/)

Pasword Less connection creation from Netapp Cluster mode to Linux

[17. Password Less connection SSH to Cluster mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/password-less-ssh-connection-to-clustered-data-ontap-using-key/)

Troubleshooting Netapp performance related issues easy when you know how Netapp DATA ONTAP writes an data to Disks

[18. Data write process in Netapp Cluster Mode DATA ONTAP](https://arkit.co.in/data-write-request-process-in-netapp-clustered-data-ontap-data-flow/)

Maintenance of Storage controllers some times creates confusion when power outage Or scheduled power outage in that case we have to shutdown the Netapp Filers

[19. Storage System Maintenance – NCSA](https://arkit.co.in/storage-system-maintenance/)

Upgrade DATA ONTAP 7-Mode to Cluster mode

[20. DATA ONTAP Upgrade from 7-mode to Cluster mode](https://arkit.co.in/upgrade-data-ontap-7-mode-to-cluster-mode/)

Thanks for the Read and also write your feedback is more important to us

20 Extraordinary Articles Learn Netapp Storage 7mode 20 Extraordinary Articles Learn Netapp Storage 7mode 20 Extraordinary Articles Learn Netapp Storage 7mode

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** 20 articles

---

### [MSSQL Server installation and configuration Guide Step by Step](https://arkit.co.in/mssql-server-installation-configuration-guide/)

**Published:** August 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Very beginner who is tying to learn MSSQL Database Administrator / SQL Administration / SQL Scripting then the first is to MSSQL Server installation and configuration Guide Step by Step.

## MSSQL Server installation and configuration Guide Step by Step

A Step by Step guide to installing SQL Server 2008 simply and successfully with no prior knowledge. Developers and system administrators will find this installation guide useful, as will seasoned DBA’s. It will teach you the basics required for a typical, problem-free installation of SQL Server 2008, allowing you to add other components later if you wish. MSSQL Server installation

  **Remember to install the .Net Framework 3.5 or** **earlier version**

Before you start the installation, you’ll need to install the .Net 3.5 Framework. This comes pre-installed on Windows 2008 Server, but for earlier versions of Windows, you’ll need to install it first. This is a straightforward pre-requisite and is usually included as part of the SQL Server 2008 installation. However, if you don’t know how to do this, or for some reason you need to download it, check out the guide Installing .Net Framework 3.5 for SQL Server 2008.

Once this Framework in installed you can commence the installation of SQL Server 2008.

## STEP 1 : Copy the installation files

First off I’d recommend you copy the entire directory structure from the SQL Server 2008 installation disc to the C: drive of the machine you are going to install it on.

Although this means you need to grab a cup of coffee whilst it’s copying, this has three advantages:

- It makes the installation process much faster than running it from CD/DVD once it gets started.
- It allows you to easily add or remove components later, without having to hunt around for the CD/DVD.
- If your media is damaged and a file won’t copy, you get to find out now, rather than halfway through the installation.

Here’s what my system looks like after the copy:

[![MSSQL Servers instalaltion Package installation files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1-After-Software-Copy-300x151.gif "1 After Software Copy - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1-After-Software-Copy.gif)MSSQL Package installation files

Double click on the **setup.exe** file.
After a few seconds a dialog box appears:

[![setup is running](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2-setup-is-running-300x76.gif "2 setup is running - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2-setup-is-running.gif)setup is running

This will disappear from the screen and then the main installation page appears:

[![SQL Server installation Center](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3-SQL-Server-installation-Center-300x277.gif "3 SQL Server installation Center - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3-SQL-Server-installation-Center.gif)SQL Server installation Center

**STEP 2 : SQL Server Installation Center**
Click on the Installation hyperlink on the left hand side of the screen:

[![Select instalaltion](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-Select-instalaltion-300x217.gif "4 Select instalaltion - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-Select-instalaltion.gif)Select installation

**STEP 3 : SQL Server Installation Center**
Click on the “New Server stand-alone installation” link on the right side of the screen:

[![New Server installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5-New-Server-installation-300x92.gif "5 New Server installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5-New-Server-installation.gif)New Server installation

The following dialog appears on the screen whilst the install program prepares for installation:

[![Setup running status](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-Setup-running-status-300x76.gif "6 Setup running status - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-Setup-running-status.gif)Setup running status

After a minute or so (the timing will vary according to your system), the following screen appears:

[![Setup Support Rules](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/7-Setup-Support-Rules-300x96.gif "7 Setup Support Rules - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/7-Setup-Support-Rules.gif)Setup Support Rules

## STEP 4 (optional) :

If any checks have failed, click on the Show details button or “**View detailed report link**” to find out the cause, correct it, then click on the **Re-run button** to perform the checks again.

## STEP 5 : Product key

If all checks have passed, click on the OK button. After a few moments, the option to select the edition and to enter the license key (or “product key”) will appear. Note that the product key box may already be populated, depending on which edition you have. Don’t enter the product key we’ve shown here, it won’t work on your system!:

[![Add Product Key MSSQL Server installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/8-Add-Product-Key-300x143.gif "8 Add Product Key - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/8-Add-Product-Key.gif)Add Product Key

**STEP 6 : License Terms**

Enter the product key into the box, or choose the free edition if you’re evaluating SQL Server 2008, and click on the Next button:
Click in the “I accept the license terms” check box, then click on the **Next button** again.

**STEP 7 : Setup Support Files**
The following screen appears; click on the Install button:

[![Setup Support Files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/9-Setup-Support-Files-300x102.gif "9 Setup Support Files - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/9-Setup-Support-Files.gif)Setup Support Files

The following screen will appear whilst Windows Installer prepares itself for the installation. This will take a short while:

[![Performing Windows installer](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/10-Performing-Windows-installer-300x269.gif "10 Performing Windows installer - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/10-Performing-Windows-installer.gif)Performing Windows installer

After 30 seconds or so the dialog appears again:

[![Setup Processes MSSQL Server installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/11-Setup-Processes-300x76.gif "11 Setup Processes - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/11-Setup-Processes.gif)Setup Processes

## STEP 8 : Setup Support Rules

If all is well, the following screen appears:

Click on the **Next button** again.

**STEP 9 : Feature Selection**

Select the features you want to install.
At a minimum, the following are useful (I’d argue essential), but what you need will depend on your needs:

[![Features Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/13-Features-Selection-300x273.gif "13 Features Selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/13-Features-Selection.gif)Features Selection

Click on the **Next button**.

## STEP 10 : Instance Configuration

After a short while the following screen appears:

[![Instance Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/14-Instance-Configuration-300x225.gif "14 Instance Configuration - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/14-Instance-Configuration.gif)Instance Configuration

For most installations, keep the default settings.
Click on the **Next button**.
**STEP 11 : Disk Space Requirements**

This screen just tells you if you have sufficient disk space on the drive you’re installing to, and what’s going to be installed where.

[![Disk Space Selection MSSQL Server installation and configuration Guide Step by Step](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/15-Disk-Space-Selection-300x225.gif "15 Disk Space Selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/15-Disk-Space-Selection.gif)Disk Space Selection

Click on **Next**.
**STEP 12 : Server Configuration**

This step allows you to set up the service accounts that will be used to run SQL Server. If you have created Windows NT or Active Directory accounts for use with services, use these. 
If not, then just to get the installation up and working, use the built-in Network Service account for all three services listed (this account does not require a password).
This allows SQL Server to start up after installation. However, it can be easily changed later to another account through the Services applet (Control Panel -> Administrator Tools -> Services):

[![Server Configuration Service account selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/16-Server-Configuration-Service-account-selection-300x224.gif "16 Server Configuration Service account selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/16-Server-Configuration-Service-account-selection.gif)Server Configuration Service account selection

In addition, remember to change the Startup Type to Automatic, for all three services. This automatically starts the SQL Server database engine, SQL Agent and SQL Browser services when the server is re-booted.

The first service runs the SQL Server database engines executable process. The other two services allow scheduled jobs to run after installation (and after a re-boot), and allow the SQL Server to be found by clients on the network.

Do not worry about changing the collation tab, unless there is a specific requirement for anything other than the default collation sequence. Finally, click on Next.

## STEP 14 : Database Engine Configuration – Account Provision

This screen allows you to set up database engine security.

[![Database Engine Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/17-Database-Engine-Configuration-300x225.gif "17 Database Engine Configuration - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/17-Database-Engine-Configuration.gif)Database Engine Configuration

Change the Authentication Mode to Mixed Mode unless you are certain you only need Windows-only authentication.

- Many third party applications rely on SQL Server logins to operate correctly, so if you are setting up a server for a third party application, rather than one developed in-house, enabling Mixed Mode authentication is a good idea.
- If you pick Mixed Mode security, you must also enter a password for the sysadmin account (sa).

 Enter and confirm a secure password for the sa account and keep it somewhere safe. Do not give it to any one you do not want to have access to the SQL Server.
 Note that you MUST also provide a Windows NT account on the local machine as a SQL Server administrator. If you do not want Windows system administrators to be able walk up to the box and login to SQL Server, create a new, local, dummy Windows user and add this account instead. Otherwise, add in the local administrator account, or your own Windows account on the domain in which the SQL Server will reside.

## STEP 15 : Database Engine Configuration – Data Directories

Click on the Data Directories tab.

[![Database and log files configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/18-Database-and-log-files-configuration-300x225.gif "18 Database and log files configuration - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/18-Database-and-log-files-configuration.gif)Database and log files configuration

Change the directories to specify which drives in your system will be used for the various types of database files.
 Generally it’s advisable to put the User database directory and User log directory on separate physical drives for performance, but it will depend on how Windows has been configured and how many disk drives you have available.

If you are installing on a single drive laptop or desktop, then simply specify: MSSQL Server installation
 Data root directory C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server
 User database directory C:\\Data
 User log directory C:\\Logs
 Temp DB directory C:\\TempDB
 Temp Log directory C:\\TempDB
 Backup directory C:\\Backups

Do not click on the FILESTREAM tab unless you know you need to change these options, as it is not generally required for most installations, but can easily be changed by using sp\_configure ‘filestream\_access\_level’, ”after SQL Server has been installed. **Click on Next**.

## STEP 16 : Error Usage Reporting

This screen simply asks if you want to send error information to Microsoft and can safely be skipped if you do not want to share any information.

[![Error and usage reporting MSSQL Server Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/19-Error-and-usage-reporting-300x225.gif "19 Error and usage reporting - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/19-Error-and-usage-reporting.gif)Error and usage reporting

Click boxes if you want to help Microsoft help you.
 Click on **Next again**…
**STEP 16 : Installation Rules**

This screen simply checks if there are any processes or other installations running which will stop the installation of SQL Server 2008.

[![installation progress](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/22-installation-progress-300x224.gif "22 installation progress - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/22-installation-progress.gif)installation progress

**Click on Next** again – you’re almost ready to install:

## STEP 17 : Ready to Install

This screen summarises what you are about to install and gives you a last chance to cancel or change anything that’s wrongly configured:

[![Ready to install](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/21-Ready-to-install-300x225.gif "21 Ready to install - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/21-Ready-to-install.gif)Ready to install

Check that what’s being installed is what you want and then click on Install when you’re sure you want to start the installation process MSSQL Server installation

SQL Server 2008 will now install. How long it takes depends on the speed of your machine, what load it’s under, the installation media (CD is slower) and what you’ve chosen to install.

[![instalaltion completed](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/23-instalaltion-completed-300x225.gif "23 instalaltion completed - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/23-instalaltion-completed.gif)instalaltion completed

Finally, the installation will complete Click **Next**

…and the following dialog box will appear:

[![Computer restart required](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/24-Computer-restart-required-300x65.gif "24 Computer restart required - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/24-Computer-restart-required.gif)Computer restart required

Click on **OK**, the machine will NOT reboot. MSSQL Server installation

Click on the **Next** button again…

## STEP 18 : Installation Complete

The following screen appears:

[![Completed installatin](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/25-Completed-installatin-1-300x225.gif "25 Completed installatin - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/25-Completed-installatin-1.gif)Completed installatin

It may be worth clicking on the installation log at the top of the screen to check everything’s gone as expected. Not that this is MUCH smaller than the usual SQL Server installation log files of old.
 Finally, click on the **Close** button. MSSQL Server installation

The following dialog will appear:

[![you must restart](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/26-you-must-restart-300x92.gif "26 you must restart - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/26-you-must-restart.gif)you must restart

Click on **OK** – your server will NOT re-boot at this point.

That’s it MSSQL Server is installed successfully without any error’s enjoy.

Please provide your valuable comments

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MSSQL Server installation MSSQL Server installation

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** MSSQL

**Tags:** MSSQL Server installation

---

### [How to Check MSSQL Server installed correctly](https://arkit.co.in/check-mssql-server-installed-correctly/)

**Published:** August 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

After Successful [installation](https://arkit.co.in/mssql-server-installation-configuration-guide/) of MSSQL Server we have to verify that installation is proper and working as per the requirement. First of this line said that installation is successful then what is the need for verification..? Yes its required to verify because we have to ensure it should work as expected. Let’s See how to check mssql server installed correctly

## How to check MSSQL Server installed correctly

Here are a short number of post-installation checks which are useful to perform after re-booting your new SQL Server. You don’t have to run these, and there are other ways to check, but they are very useful for non-DBAs to be sure that the installation is basically sound and a connection can be made to the new SQL Server before handing it over to someone else.

  **Check 1: Has the SQL Server Service Started?**

Check SQL Server has started. Go to Run –> services.msc Check MSSQL Server installed correctly

[![Open Services and check Services are running state](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1-Open-Services-and-check-Services-are-running-state-300x31.gif "1 Open Services and check Services are running state - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1-Open-Services-and-check-Services-are-running-state.gif)Open Services and check Services are running state

**Check 2: Does Management Studio Work?**

Check Management Studio works by firing it up.

[![check management studio working ssms](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2-check-management-studio-working-ssms-300x125.gif "2 check management studio working ssms - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2-check-management-studio-working-ssms.gif)check management studio working

[![mssql studio opening](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mssql-studio-opening-300x195.gif "mssql studio opening - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mssql-studio-opening.gif)mssql studio opening

Click on **NO** when you see this dialog box: Check MSSQL Server installed correctly

[![MSSQL Server Management Studio](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3-MSSQL-Server-Management-Studio-300x74.gif "3 MSSQL Server Management Studio - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3-MSSQL-Server-Management-Studio.gif)MSSQL Server Management Studio

[![SQL Server login Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-SQL-Server-login-Screen-300x222.gif "4 SQL Server login Screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-SQL-Server-login-Screen.gif)SQL Server login Screen

As you see in above screen first Select Server type : Database Engine Provide Server Name (Instance Name) and authentication type (Windows Authentication and SQL Server authentication)

## Check 3: Can you run a basic query against the new SQL Server?

Check SQL Server works by running a simple query from Management Studio:

[![New Query to know Server version](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5-New-Query-to-know-Server-version-195x300.gif "5 New Query to know Server version - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5-New-Query-to-know-Server-version.gif)New Query to know Server version

Enter the query shown below and hit F5 to run it:

[![Know Version of MSSQL](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-Know-Version-of-MSSQL-300x137.gif "6 Know Version of MSSQL - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-Know-Version-of-MSSQL.gif)Know Version of MSSQL

**Check 4: Is SQL Server Agent Running?**

Check SQL Server Agent is running for scheduled jobs. There should be a green arrow next to the SQL Server Agent database symbol (it’s small, you might have to look hard):

[![SQL Server Agent](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/7-SQL-Server-Agent.gif "7 SQL Server Agent - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/7-SQL-Server-Agent.gif)SQL Server Agent

## Check 5: Can SQL Server be seen from the Network?

Check that the new SQL Server can be seen from another SQL Server on the same domain by running isql –L (or osql –L): 
If you can’t see the new SQL Server in this list, check that the SQL Server Browser service is started on the machine where you have just installed SQL Server.

**Check 6: Has the TCP/IP network protocol library been enabled on the server?**

If the browser service is started but you still cannot connect to the server, click on Start ->Programs -> SQL Server 2008 -> SQL Server Configuration Manager (on the server where SQL Server’s just been installed)

[![SQL Server Configuration Manager](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/8-SQL-Server-Configuration-Manager-300x40.gif "8 SQL Server Configuration Manager - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/8-SQL-Server-Configuration-Manager.gif)SQL Server Configuration Manager

The SQL Server Configuration Manager window opens.
Click on the **SQL Server Network Configuration node** and expand it.
In the example below, we have MSSQLSERVER (a base instance of SQL Server), and SQLEXPRESS showing as installed.
If in doubt, click on Protocols for MSSQLSERVER.

[![SQL SErver Configuration Manager Services](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/9-SQL-SErver-Configuration-Manager-Services-300x154.gif "9 SQL SErver Configuration Manager Services - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/9-SQL-SErver-Configuration-Manager-Services.gif)SQL SErver Configuration Manager Services

In the above screenshot, the TCP/IP network protocol library is disabled. We need to enable it in order that remote servers can talk to the newly installed SQL Server.

- A word of explanation : In most installations, Named Pipes can be ignored, unless there is a requirement for it. In virtually all environments, VIA can also be ignored as this protocol requires a special network card. Shared memory is the “local” protocol that SQL Server uses when talking to a client application on the same server as itself, for example when SQL Server Management Studio connects to it. It is usually best to leave this enabled.

You will need the TCP/IP protocol enabled if you need to connect to your new SQL Server from a remote client or another server via TCP/IP, which is what most networks use.
If it shows as DISABLED (above), double click on the TCP/IP protocol line, and the following window will appear:

[![TCP IP properties MSSQL Server](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/TCP-IP-properties-MSSQL-Server-274x300.gif "TCP IP properties MSSQL Server - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/TCP-IP-properties-MSSQL-Server.gif)TCP IP properties MSSQL Server

Ensure that Enabled is set to Yes, and click on OK.
The following warning will appear:

[![confirm changes](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/confirm-changes-300x60.gif "confirm changes - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/confirm-changes.gif)confirm changes

Click on **OK**, and you will be returned to the Configuration Manager window, where TCP/IP will now be shown as enabled

[![enabled check mssql serverr installed correctly](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/enabled-300x154.gif "enabled - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/enabled.gif)enabled

Go back to the Services applet, and re-start the MSSQLSERVER service so that the TCP/IP protocol can be used to connect to your new SQL Server.
Then try to connect to it again from a remote machine.
If you have experienced problems with the previous connectivity tests, you should now be able to repeat at least some of them successfully.

Thanks for the Read.

**More Articles**

[MSSQL Server installation and configuration Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/mssql-server-installation-configuration-guide/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** MSSQL

**Tags:** MSSQL Server installed correctly

---

### [4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself](https://arkit.co.in/4-free-books-to-learn-shell-scripting/)

**Published:** August 31, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

4 Free books to learn shell scripting yourself, Most of the people trying to learn shell scripting online by referring blogs, try in this way download and follow these books to learn shell scripting.

## 4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself

## 1. Advanced Bash Scripting Guide 

An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting.

  This guide assumes no previous knowledge of scripting or programming, but progresses rapidly toward an intermediate/advanced level of instruction . . . all the while sneaking in little nuggets of UNIX® wisdom and lore. It serves as a textbook, a manual for self-study, and a reference and source of knowledge on shell scripting techniques. The exercises and heavily-commented examples invite active reader participation, under the premise that the only way to really learn scripting is to write scripts. This book is also suitable for classroom use as a general introduction to programming concepts.

The Advanced Bash Scripting Guide is both a reference and a tutorial on shell scripting. This comprehensive book (the equivalent of 974 print pages) covers almost every aspect of shell scripting. It contains 364 profusely commented illustrative examples, a number of tables, and a cross-linked index/glossary. Not just a shell scripting tutorial, this book also provides an introduction to basic programming techniques, such as sorting and recursion. It is well suited for either individual study or classroom use. It covers Bash, up to and including version 4.0.

[![4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-Free-books-to-Learn-Shell-Scripting-yourself-231x300.png "4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself - ARKIT")](http://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_advb01/?p=w_advb01)4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself

## 2. Linux Scripting Cook Book Second Edition 

The shell remains one of the most powerful tools on a computer system — yet a large number of users are unaware of how much one can accomplish with it.

Using a combination of simple commands, we will see how to solve complex problems in day to day computer usage.

Linux Shell Scripting Cookbook, Second Edition will take you through useful real-world recipes designed to make your daily life easy when working with the shell. The book shows the reader how to effectively use the shell to accomplish complex tasks with ease.

The book discusses basics of using the shell, general commands and proceeds to show the reader how to use them to perform complex tasks with ease.

Starting with the basics of the shell, we will learn simple commands with their usages allowing us to perform operations on files of different kind. The book then proceeds to explain text processing, web interaction and concludes with backups, monitoring and other sysadmin tasks.

Linux Shell Scripting Cookbook, Second Edition serves as an excellent guide to solving day to day problems using the shell and few powerful commands together to create solutions.

[![Linux Shell Scripting Cookbook](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Linux-Shell-Scripting-Cookbook.png "Linux Shell Scripting Cookbook - ARKIT")](http://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_pack42/?p=w_pack42)Linux Shell Scripting Cookbook

## 3. Shell Scripting: Expert Recipes for Linux, Bash and More

A compendium of shell scripting recipes that can immediately be used, adjusted, and applied

The shell is the primary way of communicating with the Unix and Linux systems, providing a direct way to program by automating simple-to-intermediate tasks. With this book, Linux expert Steve Parker shares a collection of shell scripting recipes that can be used as is or easily modified for a variety of environments or situations. The book covers shell programming, with a focus on Linux and the Bash shell; it provides credible, real-world relevance, as well as providing the flexible tools to get started immediately.

Shares a collection of helpful shell scripting recipes that can immediately be used for various of real-world challenges
Features recipes for system tools, shell features, and systems administration
Provides a host of plug and play recipes for to immediately apply and easily modify so the wheel doesn’t have to be reinvented with each challenge faced
Come out of your shell and dive into this collection of tried and tested shell scripting recipes that you can start using right away!

[![4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-Free-books-to-Learn-Shell-Scripting-288x300.png "4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting - ARKIT")](http://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_wile48/?p=w_wile48)4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself

## 4. Bash Guide for Beginners

Everybody working on a UNIX or UNIX-like system who wants to make life easier on themselves, power users and sysadmins alike, can benefit from reading this guide.

The Bash Guide for Beginners gets you started with Bash scripting and bridges the gap between the Bash HOWTO and the Advanced Bash Scripting Guide. Everybody who wants to make life easier on themselves, power users and sysadmins alike, can benefit from reading this practical course. The guide contains lots of examples and exercises at the end of each chapter, demonstrating the theory and helping you practice. Bash is available on a wide variety of UNIX, Linux, MS Windows and other systems.

[![Bash Guide for beginners](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Bash-Guide-for-beginners-233x300.png "Bash Guide for beginners - ARKIT")](http://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_mach02/?p=w_mach02)Bash Guide for beginners

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4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself 4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself 4 Free books to Learn Shell Scripting yourself

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 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Books, Scripting

**Tags:** 4 free books

---

### [20 Good Linux Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/20-good-linux-interview-questions-answers/)

**Published:** September 1, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going to see Interview questions and answers, which are asked in one of the company interview. Exclusive Interview questions and answers for you. 20 Good Linux interview questions and answers.

## 20 Good Linux Interview Questions and Answers

**1. How to check memory stats and CPU stats.?**

  **Ans:** Using [vmstat](https://arkit.co.in/linux-machine-performance-monitoring-vmstat/) command we can check memory stats and CPU stats. We can also check memory usage and CPU usage in real time using top command

**2. How to change the default run level in Linux.?**

**Ans:** In RHEL/Centos 5/6 by changing the value in /etc/inittab file as mentioned below

```
[root@Arkit-RHEL6 ~]# vi /etc/inittab |grep id
# Individual runlevels are started by /etc/init/rc.conf
id:5:initdefault:
```

**3. What are the default ports used for SMTP,DNS,FTP,DHCP, SSH and HTTP.?**

**Ans:**

- SMTP = 25
- DNS = 53
- FTP = 20 and 21
- DHCP = 67 and 68
- SSH = 22
- HTTP = 80 and HTTPS = 443

## **4. How to check which ports are listening in my Linux Server.?**

**Ans:** Using nmap, netstat and lsof commands we can check which are the ports listening in local host

**Command Examples:**

```
# nmap -sT -O localhost 
# ss -tunlap
# netstat -anp
```

**5. How to add & change the kernel parameters.?**

**Ans:** We can change the kernel parameters using /etc/sysctl.conf file

**6. What is Puppet Server.?**

**Ans:** Puppet software is a open-source configuration management tool. Which will support for multiple operating system such as Unix-like systems and Microsoft windows.

**7. What are Symbolic Links and hard links.?**

**Ans:** Symbolic links are the links which reference to actual files with other nicknames. We can add symbolic links to files and directories.

**8. How to you execute more than one command or programs from Crontab entry.?**

**Ans:** It is well possible to run/execute more commands from single crontab schedule by adding semicolon in between multiple commands.

```
# crontab -e
* * * * * cat /etc/passwd; ls -l /etc/ >> /tmp/etcfiles
```

## **9. Write a command that will look for files with an extension “c”, the string “apple” in it.?**

**Ans:**

```
# find / -name "*.c" -print | xargs grep apple
```

**10. What, if anything, is wrong with each of the following commands**

- **ls -l-s**
- **cat file1, file2**
- **ls -s Factdir**

**Ans:** There is no space used in ls -l-s command. Correct command is ls -l -s. In cat command we do not use ,(comma) for reading multiple files. Correct command is cat file1 file2

**11. What is the difference between cron and anacron.?**

**Ans:** cron jobs will run when server/machine is online 24/7. Anacron does not required to be online 24/7 like server when machine is switched on scheduled jobs will run

**12. What are the fields in the /etc/passwd file.? Please explain.?**

**Ans:**

```
# cat /etc/passwd
charan:x:1003:1003:Administrator from HYD:/home/charan:/bin/bash
```

- charan = User Name
- 1003 = UID
- 1003 = GID group id
- Administrator from HYD = Description of the user
- /home/charan = Home directory of charan user
- /bin/bash = Default shell prompt is bash for charan user

## **13. How Environment variable is set so that the file permissions assign the newly created files.?**

**Ans:** By setting umask value newly created files will get default permissions

**14. If you have only on IP address, but you want to host two web sites. What will you do.?**

**Ans:** Create multiple virtual hosts using different ports

**15. How do you check for the httpd.conf consistency..?**

**Ans:** Using apachectl configtest command we check http.conf file consistency and errors

**16. What is ‘.htaccess’ file in Apache web server.?**

**Ans:** .htaccess file is a Hypertext Access file which is used to write URL redirection and SSL certification configuration etc..

**17. In ‘kill -9’ command, what is the ‘-9’ signal indicates..?**

**Ans:** -9 represent SIGKILL which means Kill signal

**18. What are the process states in Unix.?**

**Ans:**

- Running State
- Stopped State
- Sleeping State
- Uninterrupted sleep state
- Defcunt State Or zombie State

**19. List out different multi-processing modules in Apache web server description about it.?**

**Ans:** mpm\_worker\_module is a module multi-processing module

**20. What are the different storage engines used in MySQL..?**

**Ans:**

Below are the few MySql storage engines

MyISAM.
InnoDB.
Memory.
CSV.
Merge.
Archive.
Federated.
Blackhole.

Thanks for the read. We hope above questions and answers are useful for you. 20 Good Linux Interview Questions and Answers

## **Related Articles**

[Nagios Admin interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-admin-interview-questions-and-answers/)

[Few More Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/linux-interview-questions-and-answers/)

20 Good Linux Interview Questions and Answers 20 Good Linux Interview Questions and Answers 20 Good Linux Interview Questions and Answers

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Interview

**Tags:** InterView Questions

---

### [Real time CPU Monitoring shell script Get alert when CPU utilization is more](https://arkit.co.in/real-time-cpu-monitoring-shell-script-get-alert-cpu-utilization/)

**Published:** September 1, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

I have published an article previously to monitor CPU utilization [See Here](https://arkit.co.in/monitor-cpu-utilization-using-shell-script/) Now i am going to publish Real time CPU Monitoring shell script Get alert when CPU Utilization is more. If CPU utilization is high get alert immediately.

What are the distributions you can use these script to monitor real time CPU Utilization.

  1. RHEL
2. Centos
3. Fedora
4. Ubuntu
5. All Unix and Linux Environments

## Real time CPU Monitoring shell script Get alert when CPU utilization is more

```
#!/bin/bash
## CPU Utilization Monitoring Script
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## Date: 31st August 2016
## Published Website: https://arkit.co.in

Z=`awk '/\\#define Z/ {print $3}' /usr/include/asm-generic/param.h`
CPUS=`grep ^proc /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l`
NUM1=`cat /proc/stat | awk '/^cpu / {print $5}'`
sleep 1
NUM2=`cat /proc/stat | awk '/^cpu / {print $5}'`
USED=`echo 4 k 100 $NUM2 $NUM1 - $CPUS $Z \\* / 100 \\* - p | dc`

if [ $USED -ge 95 ]; then
echo "CPU Utilization is ${USED}" | mail -s "CPU Utilization is High" admin@arkit.co.in
else
echo "CPU Utilization is Normal"
fi
```

## How to Use CPU Utilization Monitoring Script

Create a file using below command and copy above script paste in below file

```
# vi cpustatus.sh
PASTE Script Here###
:wq
```

Then Execute using below methods

First method

```
# sh cpustatus.sh
```

Second method

```
# ./cpustatus.sh
```

**Related Articles**

[Gather Contact information Nagios XI](https://arkit.co.in/gather-contact-information-of-each-host-and-service-in-nagios/)

[Creating Multiple Users with single command](https://arkit.co.in/create-multiple-users/)

[File System Usage Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

Thanks for the read please comment your feedback.

Real time CPU Monitoring shell script Get alert when CPU utilization is more Real time CPU Monitoring shell script Get alert when CPU utilization is more Real time CPU Monitoring shell script Get alert when CPU utilization is more

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** CPU Utilization Monitoring

---

### [Shell script building blocks - maths addition numbers](https://arkit.co.in/shell-script-building-blocks-maths-addition-numbers/)

**Published:** September 6, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Shell script learning starts here. The very first learners in the world start from here and become an expert in writing shell scripts. In this article we are going to see shell script building blocks do little bit of maths addition numbers.

We are going to explain shell script and play with it.

  ## Shell script building blocks – maths addition numbers

First maths addition numbers shell script, is below

```
#!/bin/bash
## Purpose: Addition of Two Numbers
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## Date: 6th Sep 2016
## Website: https://arkit.co.in

# START
X=5
Y=10

echo "addition of X+Y"
echo "X+Y = $X+$Y = $[ X+Y ]"
# END
```

In above script what we are doing is, we specified an X and Y variable values as 5 and 10. X one variable and Y one variable.

in line echo “X+Y = $x+$y = $\[ X+Y \]” we are calling ( $X ) X value ( $Y ) Y value. ‘+’ plus symbol means we are doing X+Y addition.

Above script output is

```
addition of X+Y
X+Y = 5+10 = 15
```

Above script is not flexible for us to calculate specified values truly we can’t specify our own numbers for addition. We will modify the above script a little bit to ask user input and calculate additon based on user given values.

## Shell script building blocks – maths addition numbers

Below is the modified script

```
#!/bin/bash
## Purpose: Addition of Two Numbers
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## Date: 6th Sep 2016
## Website: https://arkit.co.in

# START
echo "addition of X+Y"
echo "Enter Any Number"
read X
echo "Enter One More Number"
read Y
echo "X+Y = $X+$Y = $[ X+Y ]"
# END
```

In this modified script we are able to see two more lines of code extra then first script, what read X and read Y do is, read is a command which will read the user input and store as variable, whereas our variable values are X and Y.

```
[root@TechTutorials scripts]# sh addition1.shaddition of X+Y
Enter Any Number
13556
Enter One More Number
8900
X+Y = 13556+8900 = 22456
```

Inbuilt above script as your regular command, Every time you no need to execute the script instead of you can just type as command ‘addition’.

```
[root@Techtutorials scripts]# chmod 777 addition.sh[root@Techtutorials scripts]# cp addition.sh /usr/bin/addition

[root@TechTutorials scripts]# addition
addition of X+Y
Enter Any Number
789064427
Enter One More Number
34
X+Y = 789064427+34 = 78906446
```

**Conclusion:** Using above script we can do any complex numbers addition within a sec of time.

## Related Articles

[Real Time CPU Utilization Monitoring Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/real-time-cpu-monitoring-shell-script-get-alert-cpu-utilization/)

[4 Free PDF books to learn Shell Scripting](https://arkit.co.in/4-free-books-to-learn-shell-scripting/)

[Create Multiple users with single shell script](https://arkit.co.in/create-multiple-users/)

[Monitoring your File system Usage](https://arkit.co.in/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** addition shell script

---

### [Nginx web Server installation and configuration on Centos 7/ Redhat 7](https://arkit.co.in/nginx-web-server-installation-and-configuration-on-centos-7-redhat-7/)

**Published:** September 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**NGINX** is a high performance web server.It can act as a reverse proxy server for **TCP, UDP, HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, POP3, and IMAP** protocols, as well as a load balance and an HTTP cache. nginx web server installation and configuration on centos 7.

Nginx created in 2002 by Iger Sysoev. Nginx is free open source software.

  ## Features of NGINX:

- Nginx is secure and very easy to use.
- It is very easy to configure.
- It is stable and flexible.
- Handles static files, index files and auto-indexing
- Reverse proxy with caching abilities
- Load balance of nodes
- SSL/TLS support
- Fault tolerance
- Fast CGI (Common Gateway Interface) support
- IPV6 – compatible
- Web Sockets and HTTP1.1 upgrade
- Access control
- Live stream file compression (FLV and MP4 live streaming)
- URL rewriting
- Bandwidth throttling
- Geo location of IP addresses
- Low Memory footprint- more than 10000 Concurrent connections with only 2.5 mb of memory for keep-alive Sessions.
- Limited webDAV
- Nginx is highly scalable.

## NGINX web server installation

Before going to install the nginx package you must need to down, disable apache service.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#systemctl stop httpd.service
```

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#systemctl disable httpd.service
```

Now install nginx package through yum command

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#yum install nginx
```

Start and enable nginx service

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#systemctl start nginx
```

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#systemctl enable nginx
```

Now able to see an NGINX test page in browser “*http://ipaddress”*

You’ll see the default Nginx web page in browser

[![nginx](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/nginx-300x110.png "ng - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/nginx.png)

## **Configuration of NGINX:**

create a new directory for your site

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#mkdir -p /var/www/arkit.co.in/html
```

create a test file in above directory and edit.

```
[root@Techtutorials /var/www/arkit.co.in/html/]#touch index.html
```

```
[root@Techtutorials /var/www/arkit.co.in/html/]#vi index.html
```

```

www.arkit.co.in

Success! Nginx is properly running on this domain

:wq
```

Now we need to give ownership of directory and set permissions also.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#chown -R : /var/www
```

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#chmod 755 : /var/www
```

Create server blocks

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#mkdir /etc/nginx/sites-available
```

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#mkdir /etc/nginx/sites-enabled

```

Edit Nginx’s configuration file and goto “end of the **`http {}` block:**” add a line declaring an optional directory for additional configuration files:

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
```

```
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*.conf;

server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;

:wq
```

Now create server block file for your domain

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#cp -rf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf /etc/nginx/sites_available/arkit.co.in.conf
```

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#vi /etc/nginx/sites-available/arkit.co.in.conf 

server {

  listen       80;

  server_name  arkit.co.in;

  location / {

    root   /var/www/arkit.co.in/html;

    index index.htm index.html;

    try_files $uri $uri/ =404;

  }

  error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;

  location = /50x.html {

    root   html;

  }

}

:wq
```

Now enable the new server block files and we can create a symbolic link for each server block between “sites-available” and “sites-enabled”.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/arkit.co.in.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/arkit.co.in.conf
```

Restart the nginx service

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#systemctl restart nginx.service
```

That’s it.

## Related Article

**[Installing and configuring SSL certificate for HTTP server](https://arkit.co.in/secure-web-server/)**

**[HTTP server installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/web-server-installation/)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** nginx

---

### [Mount S3 Bucket on Linux/Centos EC2 Instance using s3fs](https://arkit.co.in/mount-s3-bucket-on-linuxcentos-ec2-instance-using-s3fs/)

**Published:** September 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**S3FS** is File System in User Space(**FUSE**) based to mount an Amazon S3 buckets, We can use system commands with drive (like as another Hard Disk) your server. On s3fs mounted files systems you can simply use the basic Unix commands similar to run on locally attached disks. Mount S3 Bucket on Linux/Centos EC2 Instance using s3fs

In this article we are showing how to mount s3bucket in linux EC2 instance.
 First check if you have already s3fs or fuse package installed in your machine. If installed it already remove it by below command.

  ```
# yum remove fuse fuse-s3fs
```

## Installation of fuse and s3fs packages

After removing the fuse or s3fs packages.you’ll install all dependencies for fuse and s3fs. Install the required packages to system use following below command.

```
# yum install gcc gcc-c++ openssl-devel libstdc++-devel curl-devel libxml2-devel mailcap
```

Download and compile latest version of fuse.

```
# cd /tmp/
# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/fuse/fuse-2.X/2.9.3/fuse-2.9.3.tar.gz
# tar -xzf fuse-2.9.3.tar.gz
# cd fuse-2.9.3
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
# make 
# make install
# export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig
# ldconfig
# modprobe fuse
```

Download and compile latest version of s3fs source code.After downloading extract the archive and compile source code in system.

```
# cd /usr
# wget https://s3fs.googlecode.com/files/s3fs-1.74.tar.gz
# tar -xzf s3fs-1.74.tar.gz
# cd s3fs-1.74
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
# make 
# make install
```

## Now Setup Access Key

configure s3fs required Access Key and Secret Key of your S3 Amazon account (Change AWS\_ACCESS\_KEY\_ID and AWS\_SECRET\_ACCESS\_KEY with your actual key values).

–> Click on AWS Menu -> Your AWS Account Name -> Security Credentials\*\*\*
 Create a new file in /etc with the name **passwd-s3fs** and Paste the access key and secret key in **/etc/passwd-s3fs**.

```
# vi /etc/passwd-s3fs

bwbshjklwmsysiene7hh:jdjbeeosakw3389

:wq
```

(or)

```
# echo AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY > ~/.passwd-s3fs

```

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user1.png "- ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user1.png)

[![user2](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user2.png "user2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user2.png)

[![user3](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user3.png "user3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user3.png)

[![user4](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user4-1024x463.png "user4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user4.png)

[![user56](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user56-300x34.png "user56 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/user56.png)
Give permissions to passwd-s3fs file

```
# chmod 600 ~/.passwd-s3fs
```

## Mount s3bucket

Now mount s3 bucket using following set of below commands.

```
# mkdir /s3mount

**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** mount s3 bucket

---

### [Identify processes that make heavy use of the CPU and memory](https://arkit.co.in/identify-processes-that-make-heavy-use-of-the-cpu-and-memory/)

**Published:** September 10, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Identify processes that make heavy use of the CPU and memory, set the priority of processes renice and kill processes. Traditionally, in any unix ‘ps’ it is the command to identify the processes with their respective characteristics, qualities and states. This traditional command in GNUs systems supports 3 types of syntax for the parameters, namely: UNIX, BSD and GNU. To simplify this post will use the UNIX syntax which allows grouping the various options and require.

## Identify processes that make heavy use of the CPU and memory

**Command syntax:**

  ```
ps  arguments
```

For example:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ps -aux
```

It should be noted, ps is not equal to ps -a.
 Process Snapshot (ps)

The ps command lists the processes depending on the parameters that we pass modifiers.

Let’s review the most relevant:

```
ps -e / -A List all processes
```

List -x processes that are associated with a terminal (TTY) -U Lists the processes associated with one or several users

-o it Used to determine which characteristics of the process will be listed

The most interesting -o parameters are:

- % Cpu% CPU cpu utilization of the process in “##. #” Format.
- % Mem% MEM ratio of the process’s resident set size to the physical memory on the machine, Expressed as a percentage
- args COMMAND command With all its arguments as a string. Modifications to the arguments May be shown.
- cgroup cgroup Control display groups to Which the process belongs.
- or NI nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to -20 (not nice to others)
- pid PID to the process ID number Representing
- ppid PPID parent process ID

We can then combine these parameters in the following output:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ps -e -o pid,% cpu,% mem, args
```

Which would give us the pid, the percentage of CPU used, the percentage of memory used and the arguments with which the program is run. Another interesting parameter is cgroup, because since we have systemd, all processes running under the control of a group (control group).
 You can find these settings and many more doing ‘man ps’ in section STANDARD FORMAT Specifiers

The last tip is: to sort the output, use -sort, and specify on the basis that we want to sort the output parameter.

For example we ordain by percentage of CPU processing:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ps -e -o pid,% cpu, cpu command --sort%
```

Table of Process (top)
 Another classic command of UniXS, we will list the table real-time process and resource consumption. Also, default orders top processes by CPU consumption, which enables us to find which programs are consuming more resources.
 R can be changed by pressing the priority number of a process and k can send a signal to kill the process.
 You can find a good post on top here

## Nice & renice

The UniXS systems allow processing set priorities for the CPU ‘focus’ mainly on certain tasks and relegates others.
 Nice to execute a command with a given priority:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# nice -n 5 command --argument
```

If the process were already running, we can reassign the priority with renice referencing its pid:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# renice -n April 2345
```

## Kill and derivatives

Finally, to eliminate a process, we have the kill command.

Unix establishes different signals that can send to a process, the most common are SIGHUP (1) (die and run again), SIGTERM (15) (notifies the process that has to end its execution, but gives you time to close the file descriptors and kill their children) and SIGKILL (9) (terminates the process immediately) l.

Thus, we can send these signals using the PID and the number of signal:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# kill -s September 2345
```

Killall and pkill allow us to do the same, but looking for the process name:

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# killall -s 9 xchat
```

Another interesting post on the subject here

## conclusion

These topics are essential for any administrator linux / unix, so we just did a brief review, there is no difference in Red Hat 7 what we know at this point.

## Related Articles

**[htop command in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/10-reasons-htop-command-getting-popular/)**

**[Linux File System Usage Monitoring Script](https://arkit.co.in/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)**

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** identify processes

---

### [insert, update, delete, create mariadb databases records](https://arkit.co.in/insert-update-delete-create-mariadb-databases-records/)

**Published:** September 11, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

As we see [installation and configuration of mariadb server](https://arkit.co.in/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/) which is the new replacement for MySql Server. After installation we have to create database, Create users, grant permissions to users, Insert, update, delete, create mariadb databases records. Create tables and insert, update and delete data.

## How to Connect to Mariadb Server from CLI

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 6
Server version: 5.5.41-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]>
```

To connect mariadb server, we have to use mysql command only. Mariadb will use same features as like MySql.

  ## **How to check existing list of databases in mariadb**

```
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| contacts |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.03 sec)
```

To type commands in mariaDB always we have to use ; (semicolon) after every command to close the command. If we not use ;(semicolon) in command, command will not work.

```
MariaDB [(none)]> create database emploees;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| contacts |
| emploees |
| employees |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```

above command is used to create database

## Check and Create Tables in Database

connect <DATABASE NAME>; to use existing database. We can also use use <DATABASE NAME>; .

```
MariaDB [(none)]> connect emploees;
Connection id: 3
Current database: emploees

MariaDB [emploees]> use emploees;
Database changed

```

create table with specified column names and list the tables. int (integer values) only number 0-9 are allowed. varchar (alpha and number allowed) a-z, 0-9.

```
MariaDB [emploees]> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [emploees]> create table employee (id int(10), name varchar(50), empid varchar(20), number int(10), mail_id varchar(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [emploees]> show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_emploees |
+--------------------+
| employee |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```

To list the columns of the table we have to use below command, describe <TABLE NAME>; will list the column names

```
MariaDB [emploees]> describe employee;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| empid | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| number | int(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| mail_id | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```

## How to Insert data into the table

inserting the data into the tables using below command, Insert the values id=1, name=Ravi, empid=1234, number=9700056884, mail\_id=admin@arkit.co.in

```
MariaDB [emploees]> insert into employee values("1", "Ravi", "1234", 9700056884, "admin@arkit.co.in");
Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [emploees]> select * from employee;
+------+------+-------+------------+------------+
| id | name | empid | number | mail_id |
+------+------+-------+------------+------------+
| 1 | Ravi | 1234 | 2147483647 | admin@arki |
+------+------+-------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```

## How to Update existing values using update sql statement

Now example is update the employee id from 1234 to 9780, Here we take an base as id column because if we have empid value as 1234 for any other employee that value will also change if you run update statement without taking base value, to avoid changing other records we set base as id column.

```
MariaDB [emploees]> update employee set empid = 9780 where id='1';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

MariaDB [emploees]> select * from employee;
+------+------+-------+------------+------------+
| id | name | empid | number | mail_id |
+------+------+-------+------------+------------+
| 1 | Ravi | 9780 | 2147483647 | admin@arki |
+------+------+-------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```

**Delete record from table**

To delete one record from table we use below sql statement

```
MariaDB [emploees]> select * from employee;
+------+-------+-------+------------+------------+
| id | name | empid | number | mail_id |
+------+-------+-------+------------+------------+
| 1 | Ravi | 9780 | 2147483647 | admin@arki |
| 2 | Kumar | 1434 | 2147483647 | admin1@ark |
+------+-------+-------+------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [emploees]> delete from employee where id='1';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [emploees]> select * from employee;
+------+-------+-------+------------+------------+
| id | name | empid | number | mail_id |
+------+-------+-------+------------+------------+
| 2 | Kumar | 1434 | 2147483647 | admin1@ark |
+------+-------+-------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```

## insert, update, delete, create mariadb databases records

**How to Create user and grant permissions to database**

create user name as “ravi” and grant permissions to “employee”

```
MariaDB [emploees]> create user ravi@'%' Identified by 'password';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
```

above command is used to create a user in mariadb username=ravi

MariaDB \[emploees\]> grant select,update,delete,insert on employee.\* to ravi@’%’;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Granting the permissions (select, update, delete, insert) to user ravi on table employee.

```
MariaDB [emploees]> SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM mysql.user WHERE user = 'ravi');
+------------------------------------------------------+
| EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM mysql.user WHERE user = 'ravi') |
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```

Above command is used to check whether user is exists or not

That’s it about insert, update, delete, create mariadb databases records post insert, update, delete, create mariadb databases records

## Related Articles

[10 reasons to migrate databases from MySql to Mariadb](https://arkit.co.in/10-reasons-for-migrating-mysql-to-mariadb/)

[Installation and configuration of MariaDB](https://arkit.co.in/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)

insert, update, delete, create mariadb databases records

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** create mariadb users, insert records, update records

---

### [ReviewBoard installation Complete Guide Ubuntu OS](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-complete-guide-ubuntu-os/)

**Published:** September 16, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Code review doesn’t have to be so hard. Review Board takes the pain out of code review, saving you time, money, and sanity. so you can focus on making great software. ReviewBoard is a software which is used to Review your developers code yet pre-commit and post-commit. Doing code review manually without any software help takes hell lot of time. ReviewBoard Installation Complete Guide Ubuntu OS Step by Step.

ReviewBoard application for commercial use also completely free, It’s developed under MIT license. Your contribution is highly recommended for ReviewBoard.

  ## ReviewBoard installation Advantages

- Pre-Commit and Post-Commit Code Review is possible ReviewBoard installation complete Guide Ubuntu OS
- Save your time and Money

## ReviewBoard installation Complete Guide Ubuntu OS

In Internet world so many installation guides are available for ReviewBaord application even [ReviewBaord Website](https://www.reviewboard.org/) Itself is providing the steps for the installation still there are few steps we need to do additionally which are not mentioned in official site as well.

**Note:** Recommended to do this setup on fresh installation

**Step 1 Adding ReviewBoard repository**

Edit below mentioned file and add repository path

```
root@TechTutorials ~# vi /etc/apt/sources.list## Add below line end of above mentioned file
deb http://package.perforce.com/apt/ubuntu/ trusty release
```

**Step 2 Installing Python Setup Tools**

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install python-setuptools
** Output Truncated **
Adding setuptools 27.2.0 to easy-install.pth file
Installing easy_install script to /usr/local/bin
Installing easy_install-2.7 script to /usr/local/bin

Installed /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/setuptools-27.2.0-py2.7.egg
Processing dependencies for setuptools
Finished processing dependencies for setuptool
```

Python Steup tools has been installed successfully

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install python-dev
```

Python Dev Tools Installed Successfully

## Step 3 Install and Start Memcached Service

Memcached is used serve web requests faster with low memory (Hardware resource)

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install memcached
root@TechTutorials:~# service memcached start
root@TechTutorials:~# service memcached status
● memcached.service - memcached daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/memcached.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-09-15 18:48:52 IST; 3h 4min ago
 Main PID: 12432 (memcached)
   CGroup: /system.slice/memcached.service
           └─12432 /usr/bin/memcached -m 64 -p 11211 -u memcache -l 127.0.0.1

Sep 15 18:48:52 TechTutorials systemd[1]: Started memcached daemon.
Sep 15 21:53:22 TechTutorials systemd[1]: Started memcached daemon.

root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install python-memcached
** OutPut Truncated **
Installed /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/six-1.10.0-py2.7.egg
Finished processing dependencies for python-memcached
```

Install patch

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install patch

** Output Truncated **
patch is already the newest version (2.7.5-1).
patch set to manually installed.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 151 not upgraded
```

## Step 4 Install ReviewBoard Application

To install ReviewBoard application we have to run below command

```
root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install ReviewBoard
** Output Truncated **

Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
No package 'libffi' found
[Kc/_cffi_backend.c:15:17:fatal error:[Kffi.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
error: Setup script exited with error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
```

You may end up with above error to resolve that we have to install few more packages and run the reviewboard installation again

```
root@TechTutorials:~# sudo apt-get install python-cffi

root@TechTutorials:~# sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf libtool pkg-config python-opengl python-imaging python-pyrex python-pyside.qtopengl idle-p 
ython2.7 qt4-dev-tools qt4-designer libqtgui4 libqtcore4 libqt4-xml libqt4-test libqt4-script libqt4-network libqt4-dbus python-qt4 python-qt4-gl libgle3 pyth

root@TechTutorial:~# apt-get install zlib1g-dev libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install libpq-dev python-dev libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev libldap2-dev libsasl2-dev libffi-dev

root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install ReviewBoard

** Output Truncated **
Running futures-3.0.5/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-ZtGUmU/futures-3.0.5/egg-dist-tmp-gD_a04
creating /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/futures-3.0.5-py2.7.egg
Extracting futures-3.0.5-py2.7.egg to /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
Adding futures 3.0.5 to easy-install.pth file

Installed /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/futures-3.0.5-py2.7.egg
Finished processing dependencies for ReviewBoard
```

If you see above finished message your ReviewBoard application is installed.

Now we have to install related dependent packages and configure ReviewBoard Site

## Step 5 MySQL Server installation and Creation of Database

Install MySQL Server and create database to store the data

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install mysql-server
```

[![mysql Server installation ReviewBoard installation complete guide Ubuntu OS](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mysql-Serverr-installation-300x59.png "mysql Serverr installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mysql-Serverr-installation.png)

[![mysql server installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mysql-server-installation-300x120.png "mysql server installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mysql-server-installation.png)

While packages are installing it will ask you to enter the root user password for MySQL server.

## **Step 6 Install Other Packages**

Now we have to install all other supporting packages to ReviewBoard installation

```
root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install mysql-python
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install python-mysqldb
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev
root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install mysql-python
root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install psycopg2
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install libpq-dev
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install cvs
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install git-core
root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install mercurial
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install pip
root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install pip
```

If you would like to integrate your ReviewBoard application with Perforce application then you have to install below package

```
root@TechTutorials: ~root@TechTutorials:~# pip install p4python
Collecting p4python
  Downloading p4python-2016.1.1415051.tar.gz (83kB)
[K    100% |████████████████████████████████| 92kB 138kB/s 
[?25hInstalling collected packages: p4python
  Running setup.py install for p4python ... [?25l- \ | / - \ | / - \ | / - \ | done
[?25hSuccessfully installed p4python-2016.1.1415051
root@TechTutorials: ~root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install mercurial
Searching for mercurial
Best match: mercurial 3.9.1
Processing mercurial-3.9.1-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg
Adding mercurial 3.9.1 to easy-install.pth file
Installing hg script to /usr/local/bin

Using /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial-3.9.1-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg
Processing dependencies for mercurial
Finished processing dependencies for mercurial
```

Install subversion and SVN

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install subversion python-svn
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install python-subvertpy

root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install subvertpy
Searching for subvertpy
Best match: subvertpy 0.9.3
Adding subvertpy 0.9.3 to easy-install.pth file

Using /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
Processing dependencies for subvertpy
Finished processing dependencies for subvertpy

root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install django-storages

root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install django-storage-swift
root@TechTutorials:~# easy_install nose Sphinx
```

## Step 7 Apache Server installation and configuration

This application will work on web, so everything we can manage this application from web interface. To host this application on web interface install apache2 server.

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install apache*
root@TechTutorials: ~root@TechTutorials:~# service apache2 restart
root@TechTutorials: ~root@TechTutorials:~# service apache2 status
```

Apache2 server should be in running state.

## Step 8 Creating Site in ReviewBoard Application

As we see in above post ReviewBoard installation, After installation we have to create site in ReviewBoard then only our application can be opened from web interface. Here is the process how to create site in ReviewBoard.

To Create site in ReviewBoard first step is to create MySQL Database and user, grant permissions to user.

Edit below MySQL config file and add few lines for application compatibility

```
root@TechTutorials:~# vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
```

```
[client]
default-character-set=utf8

[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
:wq
```

Create Database, User and Grant Permissions ReviewBoard installation complete Guide Ubuntu OS

```
root@TechTutorials:~# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.15-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 (Ubuntu)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> CREATE DATABASE reviewboard CHARACTER SET utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> CREATE USER 'rvb'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON reviewboard.* to 'rvb'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> exit
Bye
```

Below is the command used to create the site in ReviewBoard

```
root@TechTutorials:~# rb-site install /var/www/html/reviewboard1

Domain Name: localhost.localdomain

* What URL path points to Review Board?

    Typically, Review Board exists at the root of a URL. For example,
    http://reviews.example.com/. In this case, you would specify "/".

    However, if you want to listen to, say,
    http://example.com/reviews/, you can specify "/reviews/".

    Note that this is the path relative to the domain and should not
    include the domain name.

    The default is /

Root Path [/]: 

* What database type will you be using?

    You can type either the name or the number from the list below.

    (1) mysql
    (2) postgresql
    (3) sqlite3 (not supported for production use)

Database Type: 1

* What database name should Review Board use?

    NOTE: You need to create this database and grant user modification
    rights before continuing. See your database documentation for more
    information.

    The default is reviewboard

Database Name [reviewboard]: 

* What is the database server's address?

    This should be specified in hostname:port form. The port is
    optional if you're using a standard port for the database type.

    The default is localhost

Database Server [localhost]: 

* What is the login and password for this database?

    This must be a user that has table creation and modification
    rights on the database you already specified.

Database Username: rvb

Database Password: ******

Confirm Database Password: ******

* What memcached host should be used?

    This is in the format of hostname:port

    The default is localhost:11211

Memcache Server [localhost:11211]: 

* Create an administrator account

    To configure Review Board, you'll need an administrator account.
    It is advised to have one administrator and then use that account
    to grant administrator permissions to your personal user account.

    If you plan to use NIS or LDAP, use an account name other than
    your NIS/LDAP account so as to prevent conflicts.

    The default is admin

Username [admin]: 

Password: 

Confirm Password: 

E-Mail Address: aravikumar48@gmail.com

Company/Organization Name (optional): 

* Enable collection of data for better support

    We would like to periodically collect data and statistics about
    your installation to provide a better support experience for you
    and your users.

    The data collected includes basic information such as your company
    name, the version of Review Board, and the size of your install.
    It does NOT include confidential data such as source code. Data
    collected never leaves our server and is never given to any third
    parties for any purposes.

    We use this to provide a user support page that's more specific to
    your server. We also use it to determine which versions to
    continue to support, and to help track how upgrades affect our
    number of bug reports and support incidents.

    You can choose to turn this off at any time in Support Settings in
    Review Board.

Allow us to collect support data? [Y/n]: y

* Installing the site...
**Output Truncated **
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 0 object(s) from 0 fixture(s)
OK
Performing migrations ... No evolution required.
OK
Creating administrator account ... OK
Saving site settings ... Saving site /var/www/html/reviewboard1 to the sitelist /etc/reviewboard/sites

OK
Setting up support ... OK

* The site has been installed

    The site has been installed in /var/www/html/reviewboard1

    Sample configuration files for web servers and cron are available
    in the conf/ directory.

    You need to modify the ownership of the following directories and
    their contents to be owned by the web server:
        * /var/www/html/reviewboard1/htdocs/media/uploaded
        * /var/www/html/reviewboard1/htdocs/media/ext
        * /var/www/html/reviewboard1/htdocs/static/ext
        * /var/www/html/reviewboard1/data

```

Change the permissions to the below mentioned paths to resolve permission related issues ReviewBoard installation complete Guide Ubuntu OS

```
root@TechTutorials:~# chown -R www-data /var/www/html/reviewboard1/htdocs/media/uploaded
root@TechTutorials:~# chown -R www-data /var/www/html/reviewboard1/htdocs/media/ext
root@TechTutorials:~# chown -R www-data /var/www/html/reviewboard1/htdocs/static/ext
root@TechTutorials:~# chown -R www-data /var/www/html/reviewboard1/data
```

Copy the Config files to apache2 server config path

```
root@TechTutorials:/var/www/html# cp reviewboard1/conf/apache-wsgi.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviewboard1.conf
root@TechTutorials:/var/www/html# cd /etc/apache2/sites-available/
```

Delete Default site config files

```
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apache2/sites-available# rm -rf 000-default.conf default-ssl.conf
```

Install mod\_wsgi module and enable to run the site

```
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apache2/sites-available# apt-get install libapache2-mod-wsgi
```

```
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apache2/sites-available# cd ../sites-enabled
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled# ln -s ../sites-available/reviewboard1.conf .
```

Edit below config file and change value of ALLOW\_HOSTS

Before changing ALLOWED\_HOSTS = \[‘localhost.localdomain’\]

After changing

```
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
```

Now restart your apache2 service then go to web page and login with admin user ReviewBoard installation complete Guide Ubuntu OS

[![reviewboard first screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-first-screen-300x194.png "reviewboard first screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-first-screen.png)

[![reviewboard login screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-login-screen-300x194.png "reviewboard login screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-login-screen.png)

Enjoy..!!

## Related Articles

[ReviewBoard Administration Guide](https://www.reviewboard.org/docs/manual/dev/admin/)

[ReviewBord in Centos 7 & RHEL 7 installation guide](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-cetnos-7-rhel-7-step-by-step-guide/)

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 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** code review software, ReviewBoard

---

### [Nagios XI not fully functional Services Stopped state](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-xi-not-fully-functional-services-stopped-state/)

**Published:** September 16, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Nagios XI not fully functional Services Stopped State. Which means all of the Nagios XI services showing as red and there is not option to restart the services from web interface.

```
Components not running:
Database Maintenance [Last Run 14d 6h 25m 14s Ago]
Command Subsystem [Last Run 14d 6h 20m 14s Ago]
Event Manager [Last Run 14d 6h 20m 11s Ago]
Feed Processor [Last Run 14d 6h 20m 14s Ago]
Report Engine [Last Run 14d 6h 21m 14s Ago]
Cleaner [Last Run 14d 6h 21m 14s Ago]
Nonstop Operations Manager [Last Run 14d 6h 21m 14s Ago]
System Statistics [Last Updated 14d 6h 25m 27s Ago]
```

## Nagios XI not fully functional Services Stopped state

[![Nagios XI components are in Stopped State](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Nagios-XI-components-are-in-Stopped-State-300x255.png "Nagios XI components are in Stopped State - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Nagios-XI-components-are-in-Stopped-State.png)

  All of the Sudden surprise to see Nagios XI components are in stopped state, There is no option to start the service from web console. Then How.?

Here are the steps you have to follow to resolve the issue.

check below services are in running state

```
[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo service nagios status
nagios (pid 81694) is running...

[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo service ndo2db status
ndo2db (pid 77017) is running...

[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo service npcd status
NPCD running (pid 77252).

[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo service postgresql status
postmaster (pid  78567) is running...

[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo service mysqld status
mysqld (pid  36042) is running...

[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo service crond status
crond (pid  76927) is running...
```

You see all of the above services are in running state but you still see components are in stopped state.

Below is the trick worked for me. Verify the nagios user password is expired..? if yes then reset it, now go back to web console and see all the components are in running state

```
[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo chage -l nagios
Last password change                                    : Jun 01, 2016
Password expires                                        : Sep 09, 2016
Password inactive                                       : never
Account expires                                         : never
Minimum number of days between password change          : 0
Maximum number of days between password change          : 100
Number of days of warning before password expires       : 10

[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo passwd nagios
Changing password for user nagios.
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

[nagios@TechTutorials ~]$ sudo chage -l nagios
Last password change                                    : Sep 16, 2016
Password expires                                        : Dec 25, 2016
Password inactive                                       : never
Account expires                                         : never
Minimum number of days between password change          : 0
Maximum number of days between password change          : 100
Number of days of warning before password expires       : 10
```

[![Nagios XI not fully functional Services Stopped state](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Nagios-XI-not-fully-functional-Services-are-in-Stopped-state-300x244.png "Nagios XI not fully functional Services are in Stopped state - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Nagios-XI-not-fully-functional-Services-are-in-Stopped-state.png)

That’s about the Nagios XI error resolution. Enjoy..!! 🙂

## Related Articles

[Nagios XI Installation Step by Step in 3 Easy Steps](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-xi-installation-3-easy-steps/)

[Installing Nagios NRPE Client in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

[Nagios Core 4 Installation and configuration Guide](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

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 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Nagios Xi components Stopped

---

### [ReviewBoard installation Centos 7 RHEL 7 step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-centos-7-rhel-7-guide/)

**Published:** September 17, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

ost of the organizations will have developers they develop software, programs by writing code. How did you know the code is applicable for approving to production. We can also run pre-script and post-script from ReviewBoard application. ReviewBoard installation Centos 7 RHEL 7 Step by Step Guide.

## **Advantages** 

- The simple method to Review your code
- Save your time and Cost
- You can review Pre-commit code
- You can review Post-Commit code
- Catch mistakes early
- Code review dramatically helps in the quality of products ReviewBoard installation Centos 7 RHEL 7

## Step 1 Install Maria DB software to host ReviewBoard required Databases

To install and configure maria DB Software see [Full installation guide](https://arkit.co.in/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)

  ```
# systemctl restart mariadb
# systemctl status mariadb

[root@localhost ~]# mysql_secure_installation

Enter current password for root (enter for none): ↵

Set root password? [Y/n] y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
 ... Success!

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
 - Dropping test database...
 ... Success!
 - Removing privileges on test database...
 ... Success!

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

Cleaning up...

All done! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.

Thanks for using MariaDB!

Install and enable WSGI module to run the ReviewBoard Application
```

```
# yum install httpd openssl mod_ssl mod_wsgi
```

Start the Web service and check the status ReviewBoard installation Centos 7 RHEL 7

```
# systemctl restart httpd
# systemctl status httpd
```

## Check the Apache/Web server configuration

```
# apachectl configtest
Syntax OK
# systemctl enable httpd.service
```

Now Install ReviewBoard application ReviewBoard installation Centos 7 RHEL 7

```
# yum install ReviewBoard
```

## Install and start the Memcached service

```
# yum install memcached python-memcached.noarch

# systemctl restart memcached
# systemctl status memcached
```

While installing ReviewBoard error comes then install below-required packages to fix the error. Manually download the install the packages.

**Note:** If you missed installing the proper installation of ReviewBoard you may not able to create site. rb-site command will not work.

```
Error: Package: ReviewBoard-2.5.6.1-1.el7.noarch (epel)
 Requires: python-pygments >= 1.4
Error: Package: ReviewBoard-2.5.6.1-1.el7.noarch (epel)
 Requires: python-docutils
 You could try using --skip-broken to work around the problem
 You could try running: rpm -Va --nofiles --nodigest

# yum install python-imaging

# rpm -ivh python-docutils-0.11-0.2.20130715svn7687.el7.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh python-pygments-1.4-9.el7.noarch.rpm
# yum install cvs git subversion python-subvertpy
```

## Create MariaDB Database

Let’s Login to MariaDB Server and Create Database, provide permissions to User. Edit the MariaDB configuration file and add below four lines to a config file.

```
# vim /etc/my.cnf
#cat /etc/my.cnf |tail -10

# include all files from the config directory
#

[client]
default-character-set=utf8
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
```

Below are the steps to create a database in MariaDB

```
# mysql -u root -pmysql
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE reviewboard CHARACTER SET utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE USER 'user1'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON reviewboard.* to 'user1'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> exit
Bye
```

## ReviewBoard installation Centos7 / RHEL7 Step by Step Guide – Create Site

First recommended step is to create the site in ReviewBoard Or else we can’t able to see the web console ReviewBoard installation Centos 7 RHEL 7

```
# rb-site install /var/www/html/reviewboard

* Welcome to the Review Board site installation wizard

This will prepare a Review Board site installation in:

/var/www/html/reviewboard

We need to know a few things before we can prepare your site for
 installation. This will only take a few minutes.

* What's the host name for this site?

This should be the fully-qualified host name without the http://,
 port or path.

Domain Name: localhost

* What URL path points to Review Board?

Typically, Review Board exists at the root of a URL. For example,
 http://reviews.example.com/. In this case, you would specify "/".

However, if you want to listen to, say,
 http://example.com/reviews/, you can specify "/reviews/".

Note that this is the path relative to the domain and should not
 include the domain name.

The default is /

Root Path [/]:

* What database type will you be using?

You can type either the name or the number from the list below.

 (1) mysql
 (2) postgresql
 (3) sqlite3 (not supported for production use)

Database Type: 1

* What database name should Review Board use?

NOTE: You need to create this database and grant user modification
 rights before continuing. See your database documentation for more
 information.

The default is reviewboard

Database Name [reviewboard]:

* What is the database server's address?

This should be specified in hostname:port form. The port is
 optional if you're using a standard port for the database type.

The default is localhost

Database Server [localhost]:

* What is the login and password for this database?

This must be a user that has table creation and modification
 rights on the database you already specified.

Database Username: user1

Database Password:

Confirm Database Password:

* What memcached host should be used?

This is in the format of hostname:port

The default is localhost:11211

Memcache Server [localhost:11211]:

* Create an administrator account
The default is admin

Username [admin]:

Password:

Confirm Password:

E-Mail Address: aravikumar48@gmail.com

Company/Organization Name (optional):

* Enable collection of data for better support
You can choose to turn this off at any time in Support Settings in
 Review Board.

Allow us to collect support data? [Y/n]: y
```

```
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 0 object(s) from 0 fixture(s)
OK
Performing migrations ... No evolution required.
OK
Creating administrator account ... OK
Saving site settings ... Saving site /var/www/html/reviewboard to the sitelist /etc/reviewboard/sites

OK
Setting up support ... OK

* The site has been installed

The site has been installed in /var/www/html/reviewboard

Sample configuration files for web servers and cron are available
 in the conf/ directory.

You need to modify the ownership of the following directories and
 their contents to be owned by the web server:
 * /var/www/html/reviewboard/htdocs/media/uploaded
 * /var/www/html/reviewboard/htdocs/media/ext
 * /var/www/html/reviewboard/htdocs/static/ext
 * /var/www/html/reviewboard/data
```

## Change the permissions of the web hosting path directories

```
# chown -R apache /var/www/html/reviewboard/
```

Copy the Apache configuration file from /var/www/html/reviewboard/conf/ directory to /etc/httpd/conf.d/ directory

```
# cp /var/www/html/reviewboard/conf/apache-wsgi.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/reviewboard.conf
```

Delete all default web configuration files

```
# rm -rf autoindex.conf README ssl.conf userdir.conf welcome.conf
```

Change the settings.py file string in review board installation path

```
# vim /var/www/html/reviewboard/conf/settings_local.py
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
```

After the change in settings.py file restart the Apache web server to effect the changes

```
# systemctl restart httpd
# systemctl status httpd
# systemctl stop firewalld.service
# systemctl disable firewalld.service
```

That’s it your application is ready to use. ReviewBoard installation Centos 7 RHEL 7

[![reviewboard first screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-first-screen-300x194.png "reviewboard first screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-first-screen.png)reviewboard first screen

[![reviewboard login screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-login-screen-300x194.png "reviewboard login screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/reviewboard-login-screen.png)reviewboard login screen

## Related Articles

[ReviewBoard Ubuntu Installation Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-complete-guide-ubuntu-os/)

[For more Details](https://www.reviewboard.org/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** ReviewBoard installation Centos 7

---

### [enpass password manager no need remember passwords](https://arkit.co.in/enpass-password-manager-no-need-remember-passwords/)

**Published:** September 19, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Are fed up with remembering multiple passwords, ATM, Credit Card PIN’s. All the times we can’t remember the passwords such as like Email Account Passwords, ATM PIN’s, Bank login passwords, Computer login passwords and so many other passwords. Using enpass password manager no need remember passwords, Just install enpass password manager and remember only one master password.

Using same password for all the logins, this method is very CRITICAL if one of the password leaked then your all the accounts will be hacked.

  Writing Credentials in plain TEXT file will lead to compromising everything of your important things.

## Advantages of enpass password Manager

- It is capable of storing, Credit Card, Bank Account, Online Accounts and Computer account Credentials.
- All the enpass data Highly encrypted using 256 bit AES encryption method
- It is using SQL cipher engine
- Your data can be accessed securely offline
- Strong password generator capability
- Auto fill password using browser plugin
- No subscription, No sign-up, Data saved offline and your data your device
- Enpass password Manager is available for all the devices (Linux, windows, IOS, Android and MAC)
- Sync data to most trusted cloud services (box, icloud, dropbox, google drive and one drive)

## Enpass password manager no need remember passwords

Adding enpass repo download source to the ubuntu software source list, to install enpass password manager.

Ubuntu 12.04, 14.04 and 16 Versions.

Login as root user and Edit the source list file and add below line

```
root@TechTutorials:~# vi /etc/apt/sources.list |tail -1
deb http://repo.sinew.in/ stable main
```

Download license key and add

```
root@TechTutorials:~# wget -O - http://repo.sinew.in/keys/enpass-linux.key | apt-key add -
--2016-09-18 20:52:00--  http://repo.sinew.in/keys/enpass-linux.key
Resolving repo.sinew.in (repo.sinew.in)... 54.231.169.15
Connecting to repo.sinew.in (repo.sinew.in)|54.231.169.15|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1714 (1.7K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘STDOUT’

-                                       100%[=============================================================================>]   1.67K  --.-KB/s    in 0.002s

2016-09-18 20:52:00 (776 KB/s) - written to stdout [1714/1714]

OK
```

## Once update your ubuntu apt using apt-get update

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get update
Hit:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease
Hit:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Get:3 http://repo.sinew.in stable InRelease [2,742 B]
Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease [95.7 kB]
Get:5 http://repo.sinew.in stable/main amd64 Packages [2,216 B]
Hit:6 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
Get:7 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 Packages [326 kB]
Get:8 http://repo.sinew.in stable/main i386 Packages [2,057 B]
Get:9 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe i386 Packages [323 kB]
Fetched 751 kB in 22s (33.2 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
```

## Enpass Password Manager Installation

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install enpass
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  enpass
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 96 not upgraded.
Need to get 32.9 MB of archives.
After this operation, 77.9 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://repo.sinew.in stable/main amd64 enpass amd64 5.3.0 [32.9 MB]
Fetched 32.9 MB in 2min 47s (197 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package enpass.
(Reading database ... 230566 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../enpass_5.3.0_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking enpass (5.3.0) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu3.1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu5) ...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.3~bzr0+16.04.20160701-0ubuntu1) ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.59ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.15-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up enpass (5.3.0) ...
```

Password Manager is a GUI application, We can use it from GUI interface.

[![enpass password manager opening](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/1-enpass-password-manager-opening-300x100.png "1 enpass password manager opening - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/1-enpass-password-manager-opening.png)enpass password manager opening

In installed software list search for enpass application and click on it

[![enpass password manager first time use](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2-enpass-password-manager-first-time-use-300x225.png "2 enpass password manager first time use - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2-enpass-password-manager-first-time-use.png)enpass password manager first time use

If your already an Existing user to enpass password Manager then Select Second option, If your an fresh user then select “**I am new enpass user**” then click in **Continue**

[![set master password for the first time](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/3-set-master-password-for-the-first-time-300x225.png "3 set master password for the first time - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/3-set-master-password-for-the-first-time.png)set master password for the first time

Keep strong master password and click **Done .**Your Application setup is done, you have to key in your devices credentials. no need to remember passwords

## Adding Credentials to enpass password Manager

[![Adding Computer Password enpass password manager](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/4-Adding-Computer-Password-enpass-password-manager-300x231.png "4 Adding Computer Password enpass password manager - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/4-Adding-Computer-Password-enpass-password-manager.png)Adding Computer Password enpass password manager

To Add credentials click on ‘+’ symbol and select device type no need to remember passwords

[![Adding Computer Password Enpass Password Manager Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/5-Adding-Computer-Password-Enpass-Password-Manager-Screen-300x225.png "5 Adding Computer Password Enpass Password Manager Screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/5-Adding-Computer-Password-Enpass-Password-Manager-Screen.png)Adding Computer Password Enpass Password Manager Screen

Enter All the details of the device Device Name, Admin Login (User Name), Admin URL, Service, Tasks, OS, RAM, Storage, CPU, RAID, Location, IP Address, DNS, Port, Hosting Provider, Support Team Details, Helpline, Billing info and Notes about Device. no need remember passwords

click on **Save**

## Enpass Password Manager no need remember passwords – Settings

[![enpass Password Manager Settings General Tab](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/6-enpass-Password-Manager-Settings-General-Tab-300x143.png "6 enpass Password Manager Settings General Tab - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/6-enpass-Password-Manager-Settings-General-Tab.png)enpass Password Manager Settings General Tab

General Tab

[![Settings Security Tab](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/7-Settings-Security-Tab-300x164.png "7 Settings Security Tab - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/7-Settings-Security-Tab.png)Settings Security Tab

Security Tab

[![Settings Sync Tab](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/8-Settings-Sync-Tab-300x225.png "8 Settings Sync Tab - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/8-Settings-Sync-Tab.png)Settings Sync Tab

Sync Tab

[![Settings Browser Tab](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/9-Settings-Browser-Tab-300x225.png "9 Settings Browser Tab - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/9-Settings-Browser-Tab.png)Settings Browser Tab

Settings –> Browser Tab no need remember passwords

[![Settings Advanced tab](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/10-Settings-Advanced-tab-300x225.png "10 Settings Advanced tab - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/10-Settings-Advanced-tab.png)Settings Advanced tab

[![enpass Password Manager Computer Password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/11-enpass-Password-Manager-Computer-Password-300x225.png "11 enpass Password Manager Computer Password - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/11-enpass-Password-Manager-Computer-Password.png)enpass Password Manager Computer Password

We have to set idle time to lock the password manager because it is very sensitive no need remember passwords

[![Enter Master Password After 1 min idle time](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/12-Enter-Master-Password-After-1-min-idle-time-300x225.png "12 Enter Master Password After 1 min idle time - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/12-Enter-Master-Password-After-1-min-idle-time.png)Enter Master Password After 1 min idle time

That’s It.

**Conclusion:** Enpass Password Manager is used to save multiple devices credentials. Remember only one master password remaining all the passwords will be with you always. no need to remember passwords

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** enpass password manager

---

### [How to Change Nagiosadmin password - Nagios Core](https://arkit.co.in/change-nagiosadmin-password-nagios-core/)

**Published:** September 20, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

If you forgot Change Nagiosadmin password then no need worry, because of Nagiosadmin Nagios application monitoring will not stop. The thin here is we can’t disable/enable alerts, submit commands, putting downtime is not possible without admin user. How to change Nagiosamin password – Nagios Core.

You have an admin access to Nagios server via SSH, then you can reset Nagiosadmin Password by running few commands.

  ## How to Change Nagiosadmin password – Nagios Core

[![change Nagiosadmin password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/change-Nagiosadmin-password-300x118.png "change Nagiosadmin password - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/change-Nagiosadmin-password.png)

Login to Nagios Server Using SSH (Via Putty Or any CLI tools) then go to /usr/local/nagios/etc/ path then see the content of htpasswd.users file. If you have multiple users in your htpasswd file then copy the content dump to notepad or any text file editor.

In below example i have two users in my Nagios.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# cat /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users
nagiosadmin:DFhwTcJ0S0Qg.
ravi:AGiopuyer90Ruiqld
```

```
Take backup your htpasswd.users file in case of any mistakes we can revert back the settings
[root@TechTutorials ~]# cp /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.bak
[root@TechTutorials ~]# htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users nagiosadmin
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user nagiosadmin
```

After Generating New password for nagiosadmin user edit the file then add line which are saved in text file.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users
nagiosadmin:XL8.O6CtdiLSQ
ravi:AGiopuyer90Ruiqld

:wq
```

That’s it, Now go ahead and login with changed password.

## Related Posts

[Nagios Installation and configuration in RHEL 7/ Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

[Installing and configurating NRPE agent in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

[Nagios Administrator Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-admin-interview-questions-and-answers/)

[Preparing Linux Server for Nagios Monitoring Tool Installation](https://arkit.co.in/preparing-linux-server-for-nagios-monitoring-tool/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Change Nagiosadmin Password

---

### [Nagios Core Create hostgroups configure hostgroups](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-hostgroups-configure-hostgroups/)

**Published:** September 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Nagios Core Create hostgroups Configure Hostgroups, Why we have to create hostgroups in Nagios Core and [Nagios XI](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-xi-installation-3-easy-steps/). What is the use of hostgroups. Nagios hostgroups means number of hosts (servers) making as group.

## Hostgroups Advantages

- Easily identify category – Production / Dev / Test
- Simply know what is the application installed in server – Create application based groups
- Single click you can schedule down time
- Easily understand device location by creating location based groups
- Operating system based hostgroups
- Enable and disable host alerts in single click

## Nagios Core Create hostgroups configure hostgroups

One host can be added to multiple hostgroups, we can manage host from multiple host groups. Let’s see how to configure hostgroups in Nagios.

  change directory path and create .cfg file add hostgroup definition

```
[root@Nagios-Arkit ~]# cd /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/
[root@Nagios-Arkit monitor]# vi HG-NETAPPS.cfg
define hostgroup{
        hostgroup_name   NetappFilers ; The name of the hostgroup
        alias            ALL Locations Netapp Filers  ; Long name of the group
        members netapp01,netapp02,Netapp03,Netapp04
}

define hostgroup{
        hostgroup_name EMCControllers
        alias           All EMC Controllers
        members emcvnx-dm,sny-vnx5300-SPA,sny-vnx5300-SPB,fremont-vnxe
        }
:wq
```

You can see an above host group configuration definition using single configuration file we can create multiple host groups or single hostgroup based on your decision.

**Best Practice:** Recommendation is to create single group in single config file. Config file name should be same as hostgroup name.

Let’s see what are the above config lines meaning

hostgroup\_name = host group name should be without any space, you can use \_(under score) -(hyphen) .(dot) characters in place of space. This hostgroup name will be visible in (HostGroupName) Example screen shot is below

[![Nagios Hostgroup](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Nagios-Hostgroup-300x48.png "Nagios Hostgroup - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Nagios-Hostgroup.png)

alias = It is a long description of your host group, you can write anything which describe your host group.

members = Names separated by comma list. Name should exactly match your host name which is defined in host configuration file.

## Another Way to Add Host to Host Groups

Create hostgroup configuration file

```
[root@Nagios-Arkit monitor]# vi WindowsServers.cfg
define hostgroup{
        hostgroup_name   WindowsServers
        alias            ALL Windows Servers
        members windows01
}

:wq
```

Edit the host configuration file and add below config line in host config file.

```
hostgroups                      WindowsServers
```

Here you should be know that host group name should be exact as it is in hostgroup config file

[![nagios core create hostgroups](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/nagios-core-create-hostgroups-300x94.png "nagios core create hostgroups - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/nagios-core-create-hostgroups.png)

That’s it about creating hostgroups in Nagios Core.

**Conclusion:** Hostgroups are used to identify host/server category, installed applications, location and Operating system so an.

## Related Posts

[Nagios Core Installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

[Installing Linux NRPE Agent](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

[Gathering contact Information of each host and service in Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/gather-contact-information-of-each-host-and-service-in-nagios/)

[Nagios Admin Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-admin-interview-questions-and-answers/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Nagios

**Tags:** host groups nagios, nagios hostgroups

---

### [Nagios Core Create ServiceGroups configure ServiceGroups](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-servicegroups-configure-servicegroups/)

**Published:** September 24, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Nagios core is an open source enterprise monitoring tool, monitor your entire environment. Multiple types of devices, operating systems, network devices and sensors, data center devices. If your monitoring a huge environment you can’t see all the services in on screen of course it’s not possible, but you can make important services as a group simple monitor them in single screen. Nagios Core Create Servicegroups configure servicegroups.

## Service Groups Advantages

- Know your important services as group
- Monitor all required services in one screen
- One Service can be added to multiple service groups
- Enable and Disable service related alerts, with single click.
- Quick way to schedule service down time

## Nagios Core Create Servicegroups & configure ServiceGroups

Create new configuration file and add below config lines to configure service group in Nagios Core.

  ```
[root@Arkit-Nagios ~]# vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/netappcpuload.cfg
define servicegroup{
        servicegroup_name       NetappFilers_CPU Load
        alias                   Netapp Filers CPU Load Status
        members NETAPP-01,CPU Load,NETAPP-02,CPU Load

}
```

Service name should match exactly as like in service monitoring definition.

**Conclusion:** Nagios Service Groups are used to monitoring all important services together.

## Related Articles

**[Nagios Core 4 Installation and Configuration in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)**

**[Creating and Configuring Host Groups](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-hostgroups-configure-hostgroups/)**

**[Add 1000 Hosts to Nagios Monitoring in Single minute Shell Script](https://nagiosmonitoringtool.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_20.html)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Nagios

**Tags:** nagios servicegroups, service groups nagios

---

### [11 best code review softwares list Nobody Will Tell You](https://arkit.co.in/11-best-code-review-softwares-list-nobody-will-tell/)

**Published:** September 25, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Developing high quality code required to be review so many times and modify errors, Fix bugs and optimize code to run faster. Of-course reviewing each and every bit of code which are written by developers is not an easy job. Review may take more and more time. Manually reviewing code will not make high quality because manual job may make mistakes. This article will give 11 best code review softwares list Nobody will tell you.

  ## 11 best code review softwares list Nobody Will Tell You

**1. ReviewBoard Open Source Software to review code**

- Take the pain put of your code review
- Pre-Commit code review is possible
- Post-commit code review is possible
- Save time
- Save Money
- Save sanity
- Make a Great and Quality Software
- Simple Integration with Perforce Application

**ReviewBoard**
Don’t Miss:
[ReviewBoard Installation Guide in Ubuntu OS](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-complete-guide-ubuntu-os/)
Don’t Miss:
[ReviewBoard Installation Guide in RHEL 7 and Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-centos-7-rhel-7-guide/)
The advantage of pre-commit review over post-commit review is that mistakes are caught before they become part of the product. The downside is that development may take longer.

## 2. SWARM Open Source Code Review Software

Swarm is where development teams collaborate online. Members can easily examine all project history, review and check-in code or documents, and monitor status of their continuous integration builds from a single interface.

All Swarm Projects are on the left, listing the number of team members and followers. After logging in, you can limit your view to projects where you are a member, or others which you are following. Any Swarm user can Follow any project at any time.

- Single Interface to manage all things
- Join Any project Any time
- Easy to Manage project group members
- Per-commit and Post-Commit code review is possible
- P4V integration Made easy

**SWARM Application**
Don’t Miss:
[SWARM Installation Guide in Ubuntu OS](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-complete-guide-ubuntu-os/)
Don’t Miss:
[SWARM Installation Guide in RHEL 7 and Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-centos-7-rhel-7-guide/)

## 3. Gerrit Code Review Open Source Software

- Gerrit is developed on git version control system
- Web based application
- Developed on Lightweight framework
- Changes will not be uploaded until reviewed and accepted
- Standard process of submitting software patches
- Open Source Software which run’s on Java EE
- Pre-Commit will be supported by gerrit

For more details on the Gerrit [Visit](https://gerrit-documentation.storage.googleapis.com/Documentation/2.13/intro-quick.html)

**Gerrit Application**
Don’t Miss:
[Gerrit Installation Guide in Ubuntu OS](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-complete-guide-ubuntu-os/)
Don’t Miss:
[Gerrit Installation Guide in RHEL 7 and Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/reviewboard-installation-centos-7-rhel-7-guide/)
## 4. Crucible code review software – Enterprise platform

- On-primises code review software for enterprise
- Crucible is a Web-Based application which run’s on Java
- Application will be installed on Windows, Mac and Linux
- Simple to Create repositories and projects
- Commenting on review will be very easy
- Integration with JIRA application will be very easy

[![crucible code review software](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/crucible-code-review-software-300x70.png "crucible code review software - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/crucible-code-review-software.png)crucible code review software

Crucible Code Review Software Installation and Configuration

## 5. Gitlab Open Source Code Review Software

- More than 100 Users can work yet a time
- LDAP integration is fully supported
- Role Bases access control
- Enterprise level software
- It includes deeper authentication and authrorization integration
- Issue management is very simple
- Powerful code review
- Git is developed using Ruby on Rails

Gitlab Code review installation and configuration Guide

## 6. Kallithea Code Review Software

Kallitha means ‘the best view’ in Greece.

- Built-in Push / Pull Server to support mercurial and git
- VCS Visualised you can view your commit statistics by DAG Graph
- Committing and discussing on code changes is very flexible
- Edit and Change code just using browser
- Powerful access management
- Administrator can view all users activity

## 7. Patchwork code review software

- Is a web-based tracking application
- Old patches can be archived or deleted
- We can mark every code review as accepted , rejected and UnderReview

Patchwork Code Review installation and configuration guide

## 8. Rietveld Code Review Software

- Rietveld is powered by google app engine
- Computer source code intended to find and fix mistakes

[Live Preview Rietveld](https://codereview.appspot.com/)

**9. Phabricator Code Review Software**

- Will support Differential and Audit Code Review Workflows
- Differential and Audit code review workflows are two different things

For More details on Phabricator [Click Here](https://secure.phabricator.com/book/phabricator/article/reviews_vs_audit/)

## 10. Rhodecode Code Review Software

- Deliver on time is the moto of rhodecode 11 best code review softwares list
- It enables you to code faster
- Military Grade Security
- Mercural, Git and SVN all are under one roof
- Enterprise Source code review management
- Team Collaboration
- Deliver outstanding results faster using rhodecode
- Unified Management Interface

RhodeCode Installaltion and Configuration Step by Step Guide

## 11. Understand Code Review Software

- Multiple Coding Languages are supported by Understand
- Dependencies analysis
- It will support for Multi Monitor
- Powerful Modern Programming GUI
- Advanced Search Support with multiple options, even it will show before you search
- Different ways to understand with metrics and reports

Understand Software installation and configuration Guide 11 best code review softwares list

## 12. Upsource Code Review Software

- Problems are labelled and solved on priority
- Code review can be done from IDE
- Smart Notifications and Knowledge history

Thanks for the Read. Please Write your known code Review Software names in comment

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** free code review software

---

### [Generate Nagios Configuration Using Shell Script - 1000 Configs 1 Minute](https://arkit.co.in/generate-nagios-configuration-using-shell-script/)

**Published:** September 27, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Are you thinking that configuring Nagios with thousands of hosts is difficult then your assumption is wrong. Just Simply within minute of time you can generate nagios configuration using shell script – 1000 configs will take 1 minute of time.

Really exited right..!! Let’s see the procedure and piece of code will do it for you.

  ## Generate Nagios Configuration Using Shell Script – 1000 Configs 1 Minute

First we have to prepare .csv file with host IP addresses and host names then you can run below shell script it will generate every thing for you.

Conditions to run the shell script

- .csv file name should be arkit-generate.csv (if your advanced user then change accordingly)
- Generate One type of configuration files once which means Windows Machines once, Linux Machines and Other Machines once. You have to prepare multiple .csv files based there Operating System type.
- Create Standard Template as a base
- In .csv file Server name should not have any space

## How to Create .csv file

Open excel sheet and file the data as mentioned below, IP Address in First Column (A) and Host Name in Second Column.

[![Generate Nagios Config Files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Generate-Nagios-Config-Files.png "Generate Nagios Config Files - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Generate-Nagios-Config-Files.png)

Save the excel file name with arkit-generate.csv (Do not put any other name until unless your not sure)

Then Download below template

**[Download](https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0Bx3PlShqBLPMfjJham5sbEE0Nk1tUk5xRm4xYTRyVEE3X1JLTm5ZNHhCUWphdmVuUlUzYk0&usp=sharing)**

of-course you can create your template as per your requirement, If you would like to create your own template then save the template name as Nagios-Template-Linux.cfg

Keep all the files in one directory, then create one file called generate.sh

```
[root@Arkit ~]# touch generate.sh
```

Copy below script and paste in newly created file called generate.sh

  Nagios Monitoring Tool Implementation: Configure 10000 Hosts in one minute NagiosCore

```
#!/bin/bash
## Purpose: Generate Nagios Configuration
## Date: 27th Sep 2016
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## Web Site: https://arkit.co.in
mkdir temp-cfg
cat  arkit-generate.csv | while read LINE
do
    HostIP=`echo $LINE | cut -d, -f1`
    HostName=`echo $LINE | cut -d, -f2`
    sed -e "s/XXXX/$HostName/g; s/ZZZZ/$HostIP/g" Nagios-Template-Linux.cfg > temp-cfg/$HostName.cfg
done
```

Now provide executable permission to that script file using below command

```
~]# chmod +x generate.sh~]# ./generate.sh
```

After completion of script running you can able to see temp-cfg directory

```
~]# cd temp-cfg
```

then move the config files to appropriate location to monitor all your Hosts and Services

Default location is /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/

## Related Articles

**[Monitoring Windows Clients using Nagios Core](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-windows-client-using-nagios/)**

**[Nagios Core Service Group Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-servicegroups-configure-servicegroups/)**

**[Nagios Core host Group Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-hostgroups-configure-hostgroups/)**

**[Change Nagiosadmin password when you forgot](https://arkit.co.in/change-nagiosadmin-password-nagios-core/)**

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios, Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** Generate Nagios Configuration

---

### [Shell Scripting Training Hyderabad - Online Training Course Content](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-training-hyderabad/)

**Published:** September 28, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Shell Scripting Training is more important now a days. Al of the Linux/Unix Administrators they just automate there regular boring stuff and stay cool and save time. Save time and spend saved time to learn something new technologies Or enjoy. 🙂 In this Article we are going to see [Shell Scripting](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-course/) Training Hyderabad – Online Training Course Content.

## Who need this Shell Scripting Training Hyderabad

- Who is working as Linux Administrator
- Freshers who are trying for new opportunity in Linux/Unix Platform
- Program writers
- Application Developers
- Any Application Testers

**What is the use of Learning Shell Scripting**

  - Text Manipulation is made easy
- Making reports and presenting it to higher Management (This is more important in all the organization, If you can present the data about your resource utilization by collecting data trends of few months. We can easily estimate future requirement before the problem occurs)
- Get notified before server is going to face problem (by making useful monitoring scripts)
- Automate your regular boring stuff and save time
- Linux/Unix configuration will be done with single command (shell script)
- Manage large number of servers from single window

## What are the prerequisites to learn shell scripting

1. Basic knowledge on Linux and Command line interface
2. He/Her should familiar with Linux/Unix operating systems
3. Knowing [Few Basic commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/) will be added advantage

**Training mode and Training cost**

- Online Training and Offline Training (Class room Training)
- Cost vary from **6000 – 14000 India rupees** based on the customization
- Training duration 25 – 30 Working Days

## Online Training Course Content

**BASICS OF UNIX**

- Features of Unix/Linux
- Flavors of Linux operating systems
- Linux Architecture
- Linux file systems(Dir structure)

**SHELL SCRIPTING BASICS**

- What is shell scripting?
- Why to write shell script?
- How to write shell scripts?
- Meta data in shell scripts
- How to Code in shell scripting
- Executing shell script
- Debugging shell scripts

**BASH SHELL ABILITIES**

- Bash Shell Shortcuts
- Command chaining
- History command
- How to make alias
- Variables (System and user defined)
- Quotes (single, double and inverted)
- Brackets (square, flower, normal)
- Redirect operators (input, Output, Pipe and Error)
- [Wild cards](https://arkit.co.in/14-wildcards-linux-scripting/)(\*, ?)
- Escape characters (/n, r etc)

**COMMANDS**

- ls, psd, cd, clear, diff, comm, cmp, cp, rm, exit, grep, mkdir, more, $PATH, mv, rmdir, sort, date, time, cat, scp, tar, man, cal, chmod, chown, crontab, echo, egrep, fgrep, free, hostname, help, find, sed, awk, vi, vim, xargs, pwd, df, kill, killall, passwd, ifconfig, whereis, whatis, uname, locate, tail, head, less, su, sudo, sqlplus, shutdown, init 0, systemctl poweroff, reboot, init 6, ssh, jobs, nohup, vmstat, wc, whoami, who, w, top, ps, ., .., !!, ##, du, ftp, telnet, mail and alias.
- System info commands(uname command, [hostname command](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-setup-host-name-in-linux-version-7/), $SHELL, tty, who command, env)
- Viewing files(head command, tail command, vi & vim Editors, cat command, more command, less command and pg command)
- Simple filters ([grep command](https://arkit.co.in/practical-grep-command-tricks/), [cut command](https://arkit.co.in/cut-command-using-with-shell-scripting/) and [paste command](https://arkit.co.in/paste-command-linux/))
- Sorting & Compare (sort command, uniq command, cmp command, diff command and tr command)
- Regular expressions (Basic, Interval and extended)
- Advanced filters ([awk](https://arkit.co.in/awk-scripting-explained/) and [sed](https://arkit.co.in/sed-command-20-practical-examples/))
- Find command
- Miscellaneous commands

**CONTROL/CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS**

- test command
- Operators Logical Operators, Arthematic Operators,
- eval command
- expr command and [bc command](https://arkit.co.in/bc-command-10-practical-examples/)
- $(( ))
- &&, || statements
- Assignment operators, Arithmetic operators, Bitwise operators and Logical operators
- Numerical, string and file tests
- If, if else and Nested if statements
- For loop
- While loop
- Untill loop
- Case statement
- Break, sleep, continue, exit
- Functions

That’s it about shell scripting training hyderabad

## Related Articles

[Different Shell Scripting Course Content](https://arkit.co.in/linux-online-training-course/)

[25 Basic Linux Commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** shell scripting training in hyderabad

---

### [How to install Puppet Master Agent  RHEL 7/ Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-puppet-master-agent-rhel-7-centos-7/)

**Published:** October 2, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Puppet software is an opensource configuration management tool. It runs on multiple platforms like Windows, VMWare, Mac, BSD and Linux. Using puppet we can manage all types of environments. Puppet package is developed by Puppet Labs in 2005. Puppet package is written in ruby. In this article we are going to see How to install Puppet Master Agent RHEL 7.

## Hardware Requirements to install puppet Master

- At least 4GB of RAM
- Minimum 2 -4 processors to serve 1000 agents
- Operating system should be any Unix-like OS
- Puppet agent can be installed in any Operating system does not required much resource
- Minimal Operating system installation is required
- Internet is required to download packages
- You must have root user / Super user access
- [Firewall ](https://arkit.co.in/firewalld-installation-configuration-rhel-7/)Open ports 8140

## Environment

- Server (Puppet Master) IP Address: 192.168.4.27 RHEL 7 / Centos 7 OS
- Puppet Agent IP Address: 192.168.4.10 RHEL 7 / Centos 7

Before going to install puppet Master we have to configure yum repository

  ```
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
[root@ArkIT ~]# rpm -ivh https://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-el-7.noarch.rpm

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
[root@ArkIT ~]# rpm -ivh https://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-el-6.noarch.rpm

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5
[root@ArkIT ~]# rpm -ivh https://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-el-5.noarch.rpm
```

Installing RPM package

```
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh https://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-el-7.noarch.rpm
Retrieving https://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-el-7.noarch.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.SoLuD0: Header V4 RSA/SHA512 Signature, key ID 4bd6ec30: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
 1:puppetlabs-release-22.0-2 ################################# [100%]
```

## Install and start NTP service to sync time with time servers

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install ntp
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package ntp.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-19.el7_0 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
```

Start NTP service

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl start ntpd
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl status ntpd
ntpd.service - Network Time Service
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/ntpd.service; disabled)
 Active: active (running) since Sat 2016-10-01 22:12:02 IST; 4s ago
```

## How to install Puppet Master Agent RHEL 7 / Centos 7

Installing puppet master packages using yum command, It will automatically install dependant packages.

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install puppet-server
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
Dependencies Resolved

==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 puppet-server noarch 3.8.7-1.el7 puppetlabs-products 22 k
Installing for dependencies:
 facter x86_64 1:2.4.6-1.el7 puppetlabs-products 98 k
 hiera noarch 1.3.4-1.el7 puppetlabs-products 23 k
 libselinux-ruby x86_64 2.2.2-6.el7 RHEL7 127 k
 libyaml x86_64 0.1.4-11.el7_0 RHEL7 55 k
 puppet noarch 3.8.7-1.el7 puppetlabs-products 1.5 M
 ruby x86_64 2.0.0.598-24.el7 RHEL7 67 k
 ruby-augeas x86_64 0.4.1-3.el7 puppetlabs-deps 22 k
 ruby-irb noarch 2.0.0.598-24.el7 RHEL7 88 k
 ruby-libs x86_64 2.0.0.598-24.el7 RHEL7 2.8 M
 ruby-shadow x86_64 1:2.2.0-2.el7 puppetlabs-deps 14 k
 rubygem-bigdecimal x86_64 1.2.0-24.el7 RHEL7 79 k
 rubygem-io-console x86_64 0.4.2-24.el7 RHEL7 50 k
 rubygem-json x86_64 1.7.7-24.el7 RHEL7 75 k
 rubygem-psych x86_64 2.0.0-24.el7 RHEL7 77 k
 rubygem-rdoc noarch 4.0.0-24.el7 RHEL7 318 k
 rubygems noarch 2.0.14-24.el7 RHEL7 212 k

Transaction Summary
==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package (+16 Dependent packages)
```

If you observe above package installation and dependencies, it is installing ruby along with puppet packages.

## Configuring puppet Master name

Edit configuration file and few entries

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/puppet/puppet.conf
[main]
 # The Puppet log directory.
 # The default value is '$vardir/log'.
 logdir = /var/log/puppet

# Where Puppet PID files are kept.
 # The default value is '$vardir/run'.
 rundir = /var/run/puppet

# Where SSL certificates are kept.
 # The default value is '$confdir/ssl'.
 ssldir = $vardir/ssl

dns_alt_names = puppet,puppet.arkit.co.in
 certname=puppet

[agent]
 # The file in which puppetd stores a list of the classes
 # associated with the retrieved configuratiion. Can be loaded in
 # the separate ``puppet`` executable using the ``--loadclasses``
 # option.
 # The default value is '$confdir/classes.txt'.
 classfile = $vardir/classes.txt

# Where puppetd caches the local configuration. An
 # extension indicating the cache format is added automatically.
 # The default value is '$confdir/localconfig'.
 localconfig = $vardir/localconfig
```

To resolve local name we have to edit hosts file and add entry

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/hosts
192.168.4.27 puppet.arkit.co.in puppet
```

Check Puppet resource configuration using below command

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# puppet resource package puppet-server ensure=latest
package { 'puppet-server':
 ensure => '3.8.7-1.el7',
}
```

## Enable and Start PuppetMaster service

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl enable puppetmaster
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/puppetmaster.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/puppetmaster.service'
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl start puppetmaster
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl status puppetmaster
puppetmaster.service - Puppet master
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/puppetmaster.service; enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Sat 2016-10-01 22:41:52 IST; 3s ago
 Main PID: 4037 (puppet)
 CGroup: /system.slice/puppetmaster.service
 └─4037 /usr/bin/ruby /usr/bin/puppet master --no-daemonize
```

Verify Certificate is generated and working

```
[root@puppet ~]# sudo -u puppet puppet master --no-daemonize --verbose
Info: Creating a new SSL key for ca
Info: Creating a new SSL certificate request for ca
Info: Certificate Request fingerprint (SHA256): 1C:6A:55:A6:94:9B:CF:3F:AE:79:46:1E:3B:FF:4D:E6:87:4A:2A:B6:B6:FA:A0:09:75:D1:3A:26:15:9D:99:C8
Notice: Signed certificate request for ca
Info: Creating a new certificate revocation list
Info: Creating a new SSL key for puppet.arkit.co.in
Info: csr_attributes file loading from /var/lib/puppet/.puppet/csr_attributes.yaml
Info: Creating a new SSL certificate request for puppet.arkit.co.in
Info: Certificate Request fingerprint (SHA256): 4D:B7:53:5A:23:FF:D5:05:19:A8:A4:6F:81:C2:55:4D:FE:5B:C8:70:18:9B:32:2A:F7:5A:BB:C0:8F:F3:FB:B9
Notice: puppet.arkit.co.in has a waiting certificate request
Notice: Signed certificate request for puppet.arkit.co.in
Notice: Removing file Puppet::SSL::CertificateRequest puppet.arkit.co.in at '/var/lib/puppet/.puppet/ssl/ca/requests/puppet.arkit.co.in.pem'
Notice: Removing file Puppet::SSL::CertificateRequest puppet.arkit.co.in at '/var/lib/puppet/.puppet/ssl/certificate_requests/puppet.arkit.co.in.pem'
Notice: Starting Puppet master version 3.8.7
^CNotice: Caught INT; exiting
```

You may see below error because puppet master service is already running. Just stop puppet master and run above command.

```
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sudo -u puppet puppet master --no-daemonize --verbose
Notice: Starting Puppet master version 3.8.7
Error: Could not run: Could not create PID file: /var/run/puppet/master.pid
```

Now enable ports from firewall to communicate with puppet Agent

```
[root@puppet ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8140/tcp
success
[root@puppet ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8140/udp
success
[root@puppet ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

## Installing Puppet Agent RHEL 7 / Centos 7

Now just login to puppet agent machine then install. Configure yum repository and install puppet (Repeat First Step).

```
[root@localhost ~]# yum install puppet
```

```
Dependency Installed:
 facter.x86_64 1:2.4.6-1.el7 hiera.noarch 0:1.3.4-1.el7 libselinux-ruby.x86_64 0:2.2.2-6.el7 libyaml.x86_64 0:0.1.4-11.el7_0 ruby.x86_64 0:2.0.0.598-24.el7
 ruby-augeas.x86_64 0:0.4.1-3.el7 ruby-irb.noarch 0:2.0.0.598-24.el7 ruby-libs.x86_64 0:2.0.0.598-24.el7 ruby-shadow.x86_64 1:2.2.0-2.el7 rubygem-bigdecimal.x86_64 0:1.2.0-24.el7
 rubygem-io-console.x86_64 0:0.4.2-24.el7 rubygem-json.x86_64 0:1.7.7-24.el7 rubygem-psych.x86_64 0:2.0.0-24.el7 rubygem-rdoc.noarch 0:4.0.0-24.el7 rubygems.noarch 0:2.0.14-24.el7

Complete!
```

```
[root@localhost ~]# ping puppetagent
PING puppetagent.arkit.co.in (192.168.4.10) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from puppetagent.arkit.co.in (192.168.4.10): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms
^C
--- puppetagent.arkit.co.in ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.044/0.044/0.044/0.000 ms

[root@localhost ~]# ping puppetserver
PING puppetserver.arkit.co.in (192.168.4.27) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from puppetserver.arkit.co.in (192.168.4.27): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.430 ms
64 bytes from puppetserver.arkit.co.in (192.168.4.27): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.306 ms
^C
--- puppetserver.arkit.co.in ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.306/0.368/0.430/0.062 ms

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.4.27 puppetserver.arkit.co.in puppetserver
192.168.4.10 puppetagent.arkit.co.in puppetagent
```

## Configure Puppet Agent

Edit configuration file /etc/puppet/puppet.conf add server address here to communicate with puppet server.

If you did not enable puppet port number in puppet server bellow error you can see install puppet master agent rhel 7

```
[root@localhost ~]# puppet agent -t
Error: Could not request certificate: No route to host - connect(2)
Exiting; failed to retrieve certificate and waitforcert is disabled
```

Verify agent is communicating with puppet Server or not. install puppet master agent rhel 7

```
[root@localhost ~]# puppet agent -t
Info: Caching certificate for ca
Info: csr_attributes file loading from /etc/puppet/csr_attributes.yaml
Info: Creating a new SSL certificate request for localhost.localdomain
Info: Certificate Request fingerprint (SHA256): 5A:4D:A6:DB:95:F3:25:39:58:25:53:24:92:0A:33:F7:C7:67:38:14:C7:47:3F:59:4B:A8:33:82:AD:0A:64:A0
Info: Caching certificate for ca
Exiting; no certificate found and waitforcert is disabled
```

Certificate verification from Puppet Agent to Server

```
[root@localhost ~]# puppet cert list
Notice: Signed certificate request for ca
```

## Puppet Agent is configured correctly

```
[root@localhost ~]# puppet agent --fingerprint
(SHA256) 5A:4D:A6:DB:95:F3:25:39:58:25:53:24:92:0A:33:F7:C7:67:38:14:C7:47:3F:59:4B:A8:33:82:AD:0A:64:A0
```

**Conclusion**

Puppet is an configuration management tool to manage your environment by simply writing RAL = Resource abstraction layer. install puppet master agent rhel 7

**Related Articles install puppet master agent rhel 7 install puppet master agent rhel 7**

[Setting Up PXE Boot Server installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/pxe-boot-server-configuration/)

[Installing and Configuration Master DNS Server](https://arkit.co.in/master-dns-configuration-linux/)

[DHCP SErver installation and configuration RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/dhcp-server-rhel7/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Puppet Master

---

### [Introduction to Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-gluster-file-system-install-configure-glusterfs-ha/)

**Published:** October 2, 2016
**Author:** Sudheer Chamarthi

**Content:**

GlusterFS is a scalable network file system. Using common off-the-shelf hardware, you can create large, distributed storage solutions for media streaming, data analysis, and other data- and bandwidth-intensive tasks. GlusterFS is free and open source software. In this Article we are going to see Introduction Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA.

# Why GlusterFS – Introduction to Gluster File System

- GlusterFS is a distributed file system defined to be used in user space that can scale out in building-block fashion to store multiple petabytes of data under a single mount point.
- It is a software based file system which accounts to its own flexibility feature.
- It uses already available disk file systems like ext3, ext4, xfs etc to store data and client will able to access the storage as a local file system.
- GlusterFS cluster aggregates storage blocks over Infiniband
- RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) and/or TCP/IP interconnect in a single global namespace. Introduction Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA

## Advantages of GlusterFS

- Gluster File system uses replication to survive hardware failures and automatically performs self-healing to restore performance. Aggregates on top of existing file systems.
- GlusterFS has no single point of failure. Completely distributed. No centralised meta-data server like Lustre.
- Extensible scheduling interface with modules loaded based on user’s storage I/O access pattern.
- Supports Infiniband RDMA and TCP/IP. Introduction Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA
- Entirely implemented in user-space. Easy to port, debug and maintain. Scales on demand. Too easy to deploy and maintain

## Targeted Audience

Anyone who is having basic knowledge in Linux/Unix and ability to understand the file system concepts.

  # How to install and Configure Gluster in HA

Before implementing the Gluster setup, let’s go through the storage concepts in Gluster.

- Brick – Brick is nothing but a directory which can be shared among the trusted storage pool.
- Trusted Storage Pool – Collection of shared files or directories Block Storage – Devices through which the data is being moved across systems in form of blocks
- Cluster – Collaboration of storage servers based on a defined protocol
- Distributed File System – A file system in which data is spread across multiple nodes where users can access the files without knowing the actual location of the server
- FUSE – Loadable kernel module which allows users to create a file system without involving any of the kernel code
- Glusterd – GlusterFS management daemon which is the backbone of the file system which will be running all the time
- Volume – A logical collection of bricks Introduction Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA

## Ports required

- 24007 TCP for the Gluster Daemon
- 24008 TCP for Infiniband management (optional unless you are using IB (InfiniBand) )
- One TCP port for each brick in a volume. So, for example, if you have 4 bricks in a volume, port 24009 – 24012 would be used in GlusterFS 3.3 & below, 49152 – 49155 from GlusterFS 3.4 & later.

***Note:** by default Gluster/NFS does not provide services over UDP, it is TCP only. You would need to enable the nfs.mount-udp option if you want to add UDP support for the MOUNT protocol. That’s completely optional and is up to your requirement to use.*

# Installation and Configuration Gluster HA

Now let us start installing and configuring the GlusterFS. Take two Centos 7 servers and name them as per your choice say Glusterfs1 and Glusterfs2.

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# cat /etc/os-release 
NAME=”CentOS Linux” 
VERSION=”7 (Core)” ID=”centos” 
ID_LIKE=”rhel fedora” 
VERSION_ID=”7″ 
PRETTY_NAME=”CentOS Linux 7 (Core)” 
ANSI_COLOR=”0;31″ 
CPE_NAME=”cpe:/o:centos:centos:7″ 
HOME_URL=”https://www.centos.org/” 
BUG_REPORT_URL=”https://bugs.centos.org/” 

[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# cat /etc/os-release 
NAME=”CentOS Linux” 
VERSION=”7 (Core)” 
ID=”centos” 
ID_LIKE=”rhel fedora” 
VERSION_ID=”7″ 
PRETTY_NAME=”CentOS Linux 7 (Core)” 
ANSI_COLOR=”0;31″ 
CPE_NAME=”cpe:/o:centos:centos:7″ 
HOME_URL=”https://www.centos.org/” 
BUG_REPORT_URL=”https://bugs.centos.org/”
```

***Note:** Make Sure that SELinux and firewall are not blocking the above ports between the two servers.*

In /etc/hosts create an entry of like below in both the servers. Make sure that you are able to reach both the servers in both servers.

## Glusterfs1

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
 ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
 172.31.31.246 glusterfs1
 172.31.31.247 glusterfs2

[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# ping -c 2 glusterfs1
 PING glusterfs1 (172.31.31.246) 56(84) bytes of data.
 64 bytes from glusterfs1 (172.31.31.246): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.016 ms

[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# ping -c 2 glusterfs2
 PING glusterfs2 (172.31.31.247) 56(84) bytes of data.
 64 bytes from glusterfs2 (172.31.31.247): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.992 ms
```

## Glusterfs2

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
 172.31.31.247 glusterfs2
 172.31.31.246 glusterfs1
 [root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# ping -c 2 glusterfs2
 PING glusterfs2 (172.31.31.247) 56(84) bytes of data.
 64 bytes from glusterfs2 (172.31.31.247): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.016 ms
 64 bytes from glusterfs2 (172.31.31.247): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.023 ms

[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# ping -c 2 glusterfs1
 PING glusterfs1 (172.31.31.246) 56(84) bytes of data.
 64 bytes from glusterfs1 (172.31.31.246): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.36 ms
 64 bytes from glusterfs1 (172.31.31.246): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.619 ms
```

Enable the Gluster Repo in both the servers. Create a repo file and add the contents as shown below.

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/gluster.repo
 [glusterfs]
 name=GlusterFS – Distributed File System
 baseurl=http://buildlogs.centos.org/centos/7/storage/x86_64/gluster-3.7/
 enabled=1
 skip_if_unavailable=1
 gpgcheck=0
[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# yum clean all
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/gluster.repo
 [glusterfs]
 name=GlusterFS – Distributed File System
 baseurl=http://buildlogs.centos.org/centos/7/storage/x86_64/gluster-3.7/
 enabled=1
 skip_if_unavailable=1
 gpgcheck=0

[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# yum clean all
```

Install Glusterfs server and start the service. Introduction Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA

Install the gluster server on both the servers Introduction to Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# yum install glusterfs-server -y

[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# service glusterd start
 Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start glusterd.service

[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# service glusterd status
 Redirecting to /bin/systemctl status glusterd.service
 ● glusterd.service – GlusterFS, a clustered file-system server
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/glusterd.service;disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
 Active: active (running) since Fri 2016-09-30 07:10:44 UTC; 29min ago
 Process: 11956 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/glusterd -p /var/run/glusterd.pid –log-level $LOG_LEVEL $GLUSTERD_OPTIONS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 11957 (glusterd)
 CGroup: /system.slice/glusterd.service
 └─11957 /usr/sbin/glusterd -p /var/run/glusterd.pid –loglevel INFO

 [root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# chkconfig glusterd on
 Note: Forwarding request to ‘systemctl enable glusterd.service’.
 Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/glusterd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/glusterd.service.

[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# yum install glusterfs-server -y

[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# service glusterd start
 Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start glusterd.service

[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# service glusterd status
 Redirecting to /bin/systemctl status glusterd.service
 ● glusterd.service – GlusterFS, a clustered file-system server
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/glusterd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
 Active: active (running) since Fri 2016-09-30 07:10:44 UTC; 29min ago
 Process: 11956 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/glusterd -p /var/run/glusterd.pid –log-level $LOG_LEVEL $GLUSTERD_OPTIONS (code =exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 11957 (glusterd)
 CGroup: /system.slice/glusterd.service
 └─11957 /usr/sbin/glusterd -p /var/run/glusterd.pid –loglevel INFO
 
[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# chkconfig glusterd on
 Note: Forwarding request to ‘systemctl enable glusterd.service’.
 Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/glusterd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/glusterd.service.
```

Now that installation has been completed. Let’s create the trusted storage pool.

## From glusterfs1 Host

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# gluster peer probe glusterfs2
 peer probe: success.
```

## From Glusterfs2 Host

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# gluster peer probe glusterfs1
 peer probe: success. Host glusterfs1 port 24007 already in peer list
```

Now verify whether both the servers are in the pool or not with the below command, from any of the two servers.

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# gluster pool list
 UUID Hostname State 2d7c96c0-31d3-48bc-8d61-a9c97d01f07d glusterfs2 Connected
 af8c77f4-f10a-4b28-915e-ae7bea2af4c6 localhost Connected
```

From the above, it is clear that both the servers are added to Trusted storage Pool.

To add extra servers to the pool list follow the same process as mentioned above.

Attach a new disk to each server and mount on any directory of your choice. We will use this mounted directory as a brick while creating the volumes.

Now we have the GlusterFS server is up and running, let’s create volumes and start accessing the data.

I have two new disks attached to both the servers, which will be used as a brick.

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# df -h | grep brick
 /dev/xvdf 976M 2.6M 907M 1% /mnt/brick1

[root@ip-172-31-31-247 ~]# df -h | grep brick
 /dev/xvdf 976M 2.6M 907M 1% /mnt/brick2
```

From any of the Gluster server run the following command to create a Gluster volume.

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# gluster volume create gvol glusterfs1:/mnt/brcik1 glusterfs2:/mnt/brick2 force
 volume create: gvol: success: please start the volume to access data
```

Gluster volume has been created successfully. Now let us start the Gluster volume.

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# gluster volume start gvol
 volume start: gvol: success
```

Gluster volume has been started successfully and now it is ready to serve the data. Before mounting this in client side, let us first check the gluster volume information.

```
[root@ip-172-31-31-246 ~]# gluster volume info gvol
 Volume Name: gvol
 Type: Distribute
 Volume ID: 74b01cf1-b1ac-4524-b2ad-ca465c02a888
 Status: Started
 Number of Bricks: 2
 Transport-type: tcp
 Bricks:
 Brick1: glusterfs1:/mnt/brcik1
 Brick2: glusterfs2:/mnt/brick2
 Options Reconfigured: performance.readdir-ahead: on
```

# Mount the Gluster in clients (Windows and Linux)

Let us mount the gluster volume gvol in client machines to access the data. Add the Gluster servers IP addresses to /etc/hosts in the client machine.

```
[root@ip-172-31-18-13 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
 ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
 172.31.31.247 glusterfs2
 172.31.31.246 glusterfs1
```

Enable the Gluster Repo as we did on the servers. Create a repo file and add the contents as shown below.

```
[root@ip-172-31-18-13 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/gluster.repo
 [glusterfs]
 name=GlusterFS – Distributed File System
 baseurl=http://buildlogs.centos.org/centos/7/storage/x86_64/gluster-3.7/
 enabled=1
 skip_if_unavailable=1
 gpgcheck=0

[root@ip-172-31-18-13 ~]# yum clean all
```

Install the client packages with the following command

```
[root@ip-172-31-18-13 yum.repos.d]# yum install glusterfs glusterfs-fuse
```

## Create a directory.

```
[root@ip-172-31-18-13 ~]# mkdir /mnt/glusterclient1
```

Mount it with the following command.

```
[root@ip-172-31-18-13 ~]# mount.glusterfs glusterfs1:/gvol /mnt/glusterclient1/
```

If all goes well, you will be able to see the gluster volume mounted successfully.

```
[root@ip-172-31-18-13 ~]# df -h
 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
 /dev/xvda1 8.0G 1.1G 7.0G 14% /
 devtmpfs 478M 0 478M 0% /dev
 tmpfs 496M 0 496M 0% /dev/shm
 tmpfs 496M 13M 484M 3% /run
 tmpfs 496M 0 496M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
 tmpfs 100M 0 100M 0% /run/user/1000
 /dev/xvdf 976M 2.7M 907M 1% /mnt/brick2
 glusterfs1:/gvol 9.0G 1.1G 7.9G 12% /mnt/glusterclient1
```

Create files from client and you will be able to see the files in the server

## Mount GlusterFS in Windows

For windows machines we need to setup Samba configuration to export the mount point of the Gluster volume. Example, if a Gluster volume is mounted on /mnt/glusterclient1, you must edit smb.conf file to enable exporting this through CIFS.

Open smb.conf file in an editor and add the following lines for a simple configuration:

```
[gvol]
 comment = Gluster Stuff
 path = /mnt/gluster
 public = yes
 writable = yes
 printable = no
 Restart the samba service.
 service smb restart
```

Go to the windows machine and follow the steps below.

- Open “Computer” then “Network”
- Then search for the storage network \\glusterserverip
- The CIFS exported volume will appear.
- Double click on it.
- Enter username and password specified during smb user creation and then connect and access the share.

 Gluster file system supports different types of volumes based on the requirements. Some volumes are good for scaling storage size, some for improving performance and some for both which are explained below. Introduction Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA

In next Post I will discuss different types of volumes and their advantages, Extending the Volume size, Backup and restore. Introduction to Gluster File System Install Configure Gluster HA

**Stay Tuned ! Sharing is Caring Share and Help others like you..!!**

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 Sudheer Chamarthi 

 Working as a Cloud Engineer. Loves to talk about AWS, DevOps, System Administration, High Availability, Disaster Recovery and Cloud Computing. Apart from work, I love to meet people, travel and watch sports.  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/sudheerc/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/sudheerc/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** Gluster File System HA

---

### [IBM V7000 SAN Limitations Know and become an Expert](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-san-limitations-know-become-expert/)

**Published:** October 8, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

IBM V7000 SAN Limitations Know and Become an Expert. While configuring an SAN we should know about device model limitations because if your dong behind the Limitations it will not work.

## IBM V7000 SAN Limitations Know and become an Expert

**Property****Max. No’s****Remarks**## **System (Cluster) Properties**

Control Enclosures per system (Cluster)4Each Control enclosure contain 2 node canistersNodes per system8Arranged as four I/O groupsNodes per Fabric64Maximum number of SVC and V7000 nodes that can be present on the same Fibre Channel fabric, with visibility of each otherFabrics per system6The number of counterpart Fibre Channel SANs which are supported  – Up to 4 fabrics using native Fibre Channel Ports

– Up to 2 fabrics using FCoE ports

Inter-cluster Partnerships per system3A system may partnered with up to three remote systems. No more than four systems may be in the same connected set.## **Node Properties**

Logins per node Fibre Channel Ports512Includes logins from server HBAs, disk controller ports, and node ports within the same system and node ports from remote systems.iSCSI sessions per node256512 in IP failover mode (when partner node is unavailable)## **Managed Disk Properties**

Managed disks (MDisks) per system4096The maximum number of logical units which can be managed by a system, including internal arrays.This number also includes external MDisks which have not been configured into storage pools (managed disk groups)

Managed disks per storage pool (Managed disk group)128Storage Pools per system128Managed disk extent size8192 MBCapacity for an individual internal managed disk (array)1 PBNo limit is imposed beyond the maximum number of drives per array limits.Maximum size is dependent on the extent size of the Storage Pool.

Capacity for an individual external managed disk1 PBExternal managed disks larger than 2 TB are only supported for certain types of storage systems. Maximum size is dependent on the extent size of the storage pool.Total Storage Capacity manageable per system32 PBMaximum requires an extent size of 8192 MB to be usedThe limit represents the per system maximum of 2^22 extents

## **Volume (Virtual Disk) Properties**

Volumes (VDisks) per system8192Maximum requires a system containing four control enclosures; refer to the volumes per I/O group limit belowVolumes per I/O group (volumes per caching I/O group)2048Volumes accessible per I/O group8192Thin-provisioned (space-efficient) volume copies per system8192No limit is imposed here beyond the volume copies per system limitCompressed volume copies per system800Maximum requires a system containing four control enclosures; refer to the compressed volume copies per I/O group limit belowCompressed volume copies per I/O group200Volumes per storage–No limit is imposed beyond the volumes per system limitFully-allocated volume capacity256 TBMaximum size for an individual fully-allocated volumeMaximum size is dependent on the extent size of the storage pool.

Thin-Provisioned (space-efficient) volume capacity256 TBMaximum size for an individual thin-provisioned volume.Maximum size is dependent on the extent size of the storage pool

Host mappings per system20,000## **Mirrored Volume (Virtual Disk) Properties**

Copies per volume2Volume copies per system8192Total mirrored volume capacity per I/O group1024 TB## **Generic Host Properties**

Host objects (IDs) per system2048A host object may contain both Fibre channel ports and iSCSI namesHost objects (IDs) per I/O group512Refer to the additional Fibre Channel and iSCSI host limits belowVolume mappings per host object2048\* \*This limit is 512 for Solaris OSTotal Fibre Channel ports and iSCSI names per system8192Total Fibre Channel ports and iSCSI names per I/O group2048Total Fibre channel ports and iSCSI names per host object512## **Fibre Channel Host Properties (including host attached using FCoE)**

Fibre channel hosts per system2048Fibre channel host ports per system8192Fibre Channel hosts per I/O group512Fibre Channel host ports per I/O group2048Fibre channel hosts ports per host object (ID)512## **iSCSI Host Properties**

iSCSI hosts per system1024iSCSI hosts per I/O group256iSCSI names per host object (ID)256iSCSI names per I/O group256## **Copy Services Properties**

Remote Copy (Metro Mirror & Global mirror) relations per system8192This can be either Global mirror or metro mirror relationships.Remote copy relationships per consistency group–No limit is imposed beyond the Remote copy relationships per systemRemote copy consistency groups per system256Total Metro Mirror & Global Mirror volume capacity per I/O group1024 TBThis limit is the total capacity for all master and auxiliary volumes in the I/O groupTotal number of global mirror with change volumes relationships per system256Flash copy mappings per system4096Flash copy targets per source256Flash copy mappings per consistency group512Flash copy consistency groups per system127Total Flash copy volume capacity per I/O group1024 TB## **IP Partnership Properties**

Inter-cluster IP Partnerships per system1A system may be partnered with up to three remote systems. A maximum of one of those can be IP and the other two are FCI/O groups per system2The nodes from a maximum of two I/O groups per system can be used for IP partnershipInter site link per IP Partnership2A maximum of two inter site link can be used between two IP partnership sitesPorts per node1A maximum of one port per node can be used for IP partnership## **Internal Storage Properties**

SAS chains per control enclosure2Enclosures per SAS chain5Up to 5 expansion enclosures on SAS port 1 and up to 4 expansion enclosures on SAS port 2Expansion enclosures per control enclosure9Drives per I/O group240Drives per system960Maximum requires a system containing four control enclosures, each with the maximum number of expansion enclosuresMin-Max drives per enclosure0-12Or

0-24

Limit depends the enclosure modelRAID arrays per system128Min-Max member drives per RAID-0 array1-8Min-Max member drives per RAID-1 array2-2Min-Max member drives per RAID-5 array3-16Min-Max member drives per RAID-6 array5-16Min-Max member drives per RAID-10 array2-16Hot spare drives–No limit is compulsory## **External Storage System Properties**

Storage system WWNs per system (cluster)1024Storage system WWPNs per system (cluster)1024WWNNs per storage system16WWPNs per WWNN16LUNs (managed disks) per storage system–No limit is imposed beyond the managed disks per system limit## **System and User Management Properties**

User accounts per system400Includes the default user accountsUser groups per system256Includes the default user groupsAuthentication servers per system1NTP servers per system1iSNS servers per system1Concurrent open SSH sessions per system10## **Event Notification Properties**

SNMP servers per system6Syslog servers per system6Email (SMTP) servers per system6Email Servers are used in turn until the email is successfully sentEmail Users (recipients)per system12LDAP servers per system6## Related Articles

[Overview of DS4700 SAN ](https://arkit.co.in/overview-of-ibm-ds4700/)

[SAN Switch Basics](https://arkit.co.in/san-switch-basic/)

IBM V7000 SAN Limitations IBM V7000 SAN Limitations IBM V7000 SAN Limitations IBM V7000 SAN Limitations

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** IBM

**Tags:** IBM v7000 Limitations

---

### [RHEL7 Set Up A Lab Is Not Rocket Science Linux Lab Set Up Your Own At Home](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7-set-lab-not-rocket-science-linux-lab-set-home/)

**Published:** October 9, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Released and New course content for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Certified System Administrator (RHCSA) also for Red Hat Enterprise Certified Engineer (RHCE). If you’re going to attend these courses then you definitely need Linux Lab at home to practice more. Linux Lab is available in institutions but you may not get efficient time to practice in Institute. Few People are looking forward to taking certification courses online. In this Article we are going to see RHEL7 Set Up A Lab Is Not Rocket Science Linux Lab Set Up Your Own At Home. RHEL7 Set Lab

## Hardware Requirements

- At Least 8GB RAM to Run Two Virtual Machines, Best Recommendation is to have 12 GB RAM.
- 2 GHz Processor
- 250GB HDD space Type of Disk SATA is enough
- Dual Core/Quad Core processing

## Software Requirements

To Create Linux Lab environment we may require Two Or Three Virtual Machines, 1. Server Machine 2. Client Machine 3. End user Machine (Windows or Linux)

  - VMware workstation / ESX Or ESXi
- Oracle VirtualBox
- Red Hat Linux KVM (Kernel-Based Virtual Machine)

## What are the objectives we can practice Using Linux Lab..?

All the normal objectives like [NFS Server](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/), [Samba Server](https://arkit.co.in/simple-way-create-manage-samba/), [Web server](https://arkit.co.in/web-server-installation/), [Secure Web Server](https://arkit.co.in/secure-web-server/), [LVM](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/), Disk Partitioning, User Administration, Basic commands, [DNS](https://arkit.co.in/master-dns-configuration-linux/) and [DHCP](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-mac-binding/) we can practice without setting up anything. Just required 2 Virtual Machines with good configuration.

**Then what is the use in setup Linux Lab.?**

Critical Part of practicing the [Kerberized NFS](https://arkit.co.in/kerberized-nfs-server-linux/), [LDAP Server](https://arkit.co.in/openldap-server-installation-configuration/) authentication, PXE boot Server and other topics required Linux Lab.

## How to RHEL7 Set Up A Lab

To Create Multiple Virtual Machines we have to use either VMware, VirtualBox, KVM Or Linux Virtualization. Let’s see how to install VMware Workstation.

[Here is the Document Which will Guide to Install VMware WorkStation](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

> [Setting up Linux Lab – Installing VMware workstation Software](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

Successful Installation of VMware WorkStation We have to create Virtual Machines to Install Operating System Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. VMware Workstation version would be 11 Or 12 Pro. Below 11 Version will not work perfectly.

## VirtualBox Installation and Configuration for Linux Lab

Hardware does not require to be virtualization support, any hardware will support for VirtualBox because it will just run a normal hardware.

[Installation of VirtualBox](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-virtualbox-for-virtual-environment/)

> [Setting up Linux Lab – Installing VirtualBox for Virtual Environment](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-virtualbox-for-virtual-environment/)

[Creating Virtual Machine](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-virtual-machine-in-virtualbox/) using VirtualBox

> [Setting up Linux Lab – Creating Virtual Machine in VirtualBox](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-virtual-machine-in-virtualbox/)

## Network Configuration in Virtualization Infrastructure

In this Linux Lab environment, we do not use any physical Network devices to communicate with Virtual Machines. We have to set up existing [VM network](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/) to Communicate with Local Base Machine.

> [Setting up Linux Lab – Creating and modifying VM Network](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)

You’re almost near to Linux Lab Setup, Install Operating system then start using as Linux Lab. Before going to use, installation of Main Server is required for us.

## RHEL7 Operating System Installation Step by Step Guide

Red Hat Enterprise [Linux 7 Operating System installation](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-redhat-enterprise-linux-7/) Step by Step Guide

> [How to install Redhat Enterprise Linux 7 Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-redhat-enterprise-linux-7/)

## RHEL7 Set Lab Install Main Server

Main Server will include Identity, Policy, Trusts.

**Main features**
Integrated security information management solution combining Linux (Fedora), 389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, NTP, DNS, Dogtag certificate system, SSSD and others.
Built on top of well known Open Source components and standard protocols
Strong focus on ease of management and automation of installation and configuration tasks.
Full multi-master replication for higher redundancy and scalability
Extensible management interfaces (CLI, Web UI, XMLRPC and JSONRPC API) and Python SDK

This will give us to do Kerberized NFS Shares, LDAP Authentications, Default DNS functions Certificates so an..

[Server Installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

> [setup Linux Lab yet home – installing and configuring IPA server](https://arkit.co.in/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

After Everything is in place now take snapshots for all the Virtual Machines. Snapshots are more useful while practicing if you mess up something no need to worry simply revert back to fresh snapshot Virtual Machines become fresh OS.

[![Create Virtual Machine Snapshot](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Right-Click-on-VirtualMachine-Create-Snapshot-300x181.png "right-click-on-virtualmachine-create-snapshot - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Right-Click-on-VirtualMachine-Create-Snapshot.png)Create Virtual Machine Snapshot to revert back to fresh Operating system

## Conclusion

RHEL7 Set Up A Lab Is Not Rocket Science, RHEL7 Set Lab Your Own At Home. Setup Linux Lab and Enjoy Practicing Certifications.

Good Luck.

[![thumbs_up](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Thumbs_Up.png "thumbs_up - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Thumbs_Up.png)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** RHEL7 Linux Lab

---

### [Editing Viewing Text files using Nano text editor RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/editing-viewing-text-files-using-nano-text-editor/)

**Published:** October 12, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

There are many Text Editors are available to edit text files. Most easy to edit text files using Nano editor. It will work just like Notepad in Windows Operating system. Let’s see Editing Viewing Text Files Using Nano text Editor in RHEL 7. Nano Text editor created as TIP – This isn’t PICO editor.

## Advantages of Nano Text Editor

- Nano Provides more features than PICO
- Colored Text for writing scripting languages .i.e.C, C++, Shell Scripting and Perl …Etc
- Smoothing Scrolling
- Simple Control Keys
- Regular Expression support to Search Text in file
- Multiple Buffers to Do Undo, Redo and Edit Text

## Editing Viewing Text Files Using Nano Text Editor

```
Syntax : nano 
```

Viewing Text file and Adding Data to Text file I am just opening ‘arkit’ file using nano.

  ```
[root@puppet ~]# nano arkit
```

**Moving Curser Around**

To Move Curser UP / DOWN / Left Side / Right Side we have to Use keyboard arrow keys.

[![KeyBoard Arrow Keys to Navigate Curser Around](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Keyboard-Navigation-300x208.png "keyboard-navigation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Keyboard-Navigation.png)Keyboard Arrow Keys to Navigate Curser Around

Jump Curser from Line beginning to Ling Ending keys. By Pressing CTRL + A key go to Current Begining of the Line and CTRL + E to End of Current Line.

[![Ctrl+A Go to beginning of current line](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ctrl-a-Key-to-Come-to-line-begining-300x95.png "ctrl-a-key-to-come-to-line-begining - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ctrl-a-Key-to-Come-to-line-begining.png)Ctrl+A Go to beginning of current line

[![Ctrl+E Go to end of current line](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/569868814.jpg "569868814 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/569868814.jpg)Ctrl+E Go to end of current line

Move Curser around the paragraph’s using shortcut keys. Use **ALT + (** Go to the beginning of a paragraph, then of the previous paragraph. **ALT + )** Go to End of the paragraph, then Next end of Paragraph.

[![Go just beyond end of paragraph; then of next paragraph](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-0-Key.png "alt-0-key - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-0-Key.png)Go just beyond end of paragraph; then of next paragraph

[![Go to beginning of paragraph; then of previous paragraph](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-and-9-Key.png "alt-and-9-key - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-and-9-Key.png)Go to beginning of paragraph; then of the previous paragraph

## Read Page by Page

If you’re opening a text file which contains more than two are more pages then you may require to switch from one page to another page using simple shortcut keys in nano Text Editor.

Using **ALT + \\** Go to the first line of the page

[![Press ALT + \ Key Go to the first line of the page](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-Plus-Forward-Slash.png "alt-plus-forward-slash - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-Plus-Forward-Slash.png)Press ALT + \\ Key Go to the first line of the page

Go to the Last Line of the Page **ALT + /**

[![Press ALT + / Go to Last Line of the Page](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-Plus-Back-Slash.png "alt-plus-back-slash - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Alt-Plus-Back-Slash.png)Press ALT + / Go to the Last Line of the Page

## Moving Curser within Paragraph

We can Use **CTRL + F** Go Forward One character and **CTRL + B** Go Backward one character, simply using arrow keys also we can move cursor

Go fast move word by word using **CTRL + SPACE BAR** and **ALT + SPACE BAR** to Back one word by word

Moving Curser Line by Line Up and Down by Pressing **CTRL + P** keys to go Previous Line and **CTRL + N** Keys to Go Next Line.

## Copy Text and Paste

Multiplying the Text by Copy & Paste Lines by Lines. Using Nano Text Editor we can copy Selected lines and single-line also, Press **ALT + 6** Copy Current cursor position Line to Copy Buffer space.

Paste Copied Text using **CTRL + U** Or **F10** Function Key

Cut Text using **CTRL + K** Or **F9** Function Key, Using **CTRL + U** Paste the Cut Buffer Text.

Bulk Lines Cut using **ALT + T** from the cursor position to the end of the file

## Inserting and Deleting

Inserting Same word by Word, Line by Line using **ALT + V** Insert the next keystroke verbatim
Tab at the cursor position Insert Using **Ctrl + I** which is very useful to adjust content
Newline at the cursor position Using **Ctrl + M** Keys Editing Viewing Text Files
Delete Single character which is under the cursor Using **Ctrl + D**
**Ctrl + H** Delete the character to the left of the cursor, Meaning deleting from left to right

## Indent and Unindent 

Indent the current line Using Keys **ALT + }** space left between the margin and the start of an indented line. Adding tab space to starting of the Line.
Unindent the current line **ALT + {** Removing added tab space from starting of the Line

## Find and Replace String

Search page Text using a regular expression, We can search text within the opened text file pressing **CTRL + W** key, Repeating search keyword using **ALT + W** key.

Replacing particular word using **Ctrl + \\** Or **ALT + R** Replace a string or a regular expression.

[![Search to replace word](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Search-to-replace-word-300x53.png "search-to-replace-word - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Search-to-replace-word.png)Search to replace word

[![Replace With Word](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Replace-With-Word-300x45.png "replace-with-word - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Replace-With-Word.png)Replace With Word

[![Press Confirm Yes](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Press-Y-N-or-ALL-300x55.png "press-y-n-or-all - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Press-Y-N-or-ALL.png)Press Yes, No, ALL

[![Replaced Words Count](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/replaced-300x84.png "replaced - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/replaced.png)Replaced Words Count

## Scrolling Up and Down without Scrolling Cursor

Moving the Text Up without scrolling cursor Press Keys **ALT+ – Or ALT + \_** Scroll up one line
**ALT + + Or ALT + =** Scroll down one line without scrolling the cursor

Go to Particular Line Using Shortcut Key **ALT + G Or CTRL + \_**

If you Cut Or Copy the Text it will hold by buffer size, to switch between the versions of previous and Next File Buffer Use **ALT + <** Or **ALT + ,** for Previous File Buffer and **ALT + >** Or **ALT + .** for Next File Buffer

**Enabling and Disabling Help Mode**

[![Help Mode Disabled](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Help-Mode-Disabled-300x9.png "help-mode-disabled - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Help-Mode-Disabled.png)Help Mode Disabled

[![Help Mode Enabled](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Help-Mode-Enabled-300x19.png "help-mode-enabled - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Help-Mode-Enabled.png)Help Mode Enabled

Pressing ALT + X to enable and disable Help Mode

ALT + C key to enable and disable Constant cursor position Display Editing Viewing Text Files

[![Enabled and Disabled Constant cursor postion](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Enabled-and-Disabled-Constant-Positions-300x43.png "enabled-and-disabled-constant-positions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Enabled-and-Disabled-Constant-Positions.png)Enabled and Disabled Constant cursor position

## Save (Unload Buffer) and Exit from File

**Ctrl + X (F2)** Close the current file buffer / Exit from nano
**Ctrl + O (F3)** Write the current file to disk

## Enabling Colored Text to highlight programming code

By default whenever you edit the program code using nano text editor you can’t see colors, syntax highlight colors. To come in color we have to change few settings in nano Text Editor configuration file.

Nano will support at a time one type of programing language.

Edit below mentioned file and un-comment your favorite programming language. I have enabled perl programming support.

```
#nano /etc/nanorc
## Nanorc files
# include "/usr/share/nano/nanorc.nanorc"

## C/C++
# include "/usr/share/nano/c.nanorc"

## HTML
# include "/usr/share/nano/html.nanorc"

## TeX
# include "/usr/share/nano/tex.nanorc"

## Quoted emails (under e.g. mutt)
# include "/usr/share/nano/mutt.nanorc"

## Patch files
# include "/usr/share/nano/patch.nanorc"

## Manpages
# include "/usr/share/nano/man.nanorc"

## Groff
# include "/usr/share/nano/groff.nanorc"

## Perl
 include "/usr/share/nano/perl.nanorc"

## Python
# include "/usr/share/nano/python.nanorc"

## Ruby
# include "/usr/share/nano/ruby.nanorc"

## Java
# include "/usr/share/nano/java.nanorc"

## Assembler
# include "/usr/share/nano/asm.nanorc"

## Bourne shell scripts
# include "/usr/share/nano/sh.nanorc"

## POV-Ray
# include "/usr/share/nano/pov.nanorc"
```

[![Nano colored Output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Nano-colored-ooutput-300x83.png "nano-colored-ooutput - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Nano-colored-ooutput.png)

That’s it about Nano Text Editor. Editing Viewing Text Files

## Related Articles

[25 Linux Basic Commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[sed command 20 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/sed-command-20-practical-examples/)

[ls command with 25 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Nano

---

### [Shell Scripting Tutorial Variables Global and Local Variables](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-tutorial-variables-global-local-variables/)

**Published:** October 19, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In Shell Scripting we will use Variables to store some values. Variables are more useful when you have repeated values you would like to use in script multiple times. Instead of writing same values multiple times in shell script we can assign one variable value and call same variable in script multiple times. In this article we are going to see Shell Scripting Tutorial Variables Global Variables and Local Variables.

## Rules to Define Variables in Shell Scripting

- Variable Must be Start/Begin with Letter
- In Variable space are not allowed
- Instead of spaces we can make use of under\_scores
- Special Characters Like @ # are not allowed
- Do not use Hyphen (-)
- Do not Start Variable with Number
- To Pass Commands to Variable use $(Command) Or ``Command``
- Define Local variable using local in front of variable (.i.e. local variable)
- Variable must be defined starting for the script, If not local variable.
- Variable are case sensitive

## Let’s see few Examples about Variables Global and Local Variables

Below are few different types of variables defined as per above rules, Let’s see what happens when we execute below variable script.

  ```
#!/bin/bash
##Purpose: Define and execute Variable. Few Examples.
##Date: 19th Oct 2016
##Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
##WebSite: https://arkit.co.in

##Start

## GLOBAL VARIABLE
A=10
B=22
HOST=$(hostname)
HOST1=`hostname`
1value=222
false@var=false
hyphen-a=wrong

echo "Variable A Value: $A"
echo "Variable B Vaule: $B"
echo "Variable HOST value: $HOST"
echo "Variable HOST1 value: $HOST1"
echo "Wrong Variable 1value $1value"
echo 'False @ Variable' $false@var
echo "hyphen-a Variable Value: $hyphen-a"

##END
```

[![Shell Scripting Variables](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Shell-Scripting-Tutorial-Variables-300x255.png "shell-scripting-tutorial-variables - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Shell-Scripting-Tutorial-Variables.png)

```
ravi@TechTutorials:/script$ sh variables.sh
variables.sh: 14: variables.sh: 1value=222: not found
variables.sh: 15: variables.sh: false@var=false: not found
variables.sh: 16: variables.sh: hyphen-a=wrong: not found
Variable A Value: 10
Variable B Vaule: 22
Variable HOST value: TechTutorials
Variable HOST1 value: TechTutorials
Wrong Variable 1value value
False @ Variable @var
hyphen-a Variable Value: -a
```

[![Shell Script Variables Executed Output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Shell-Script-Variables-Executed-300x118.png "shell-script-variables-executed - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Shell-Script-Variables-Executed.png)

If you can see above shell script executed, It is showing an errors where variable rules are not matching.

```
 14 1value=222
 15 false@var=false
 16 hyphen-a=wrong
```

Rule Says do to start variable with numbers, Do not use special symbols in variable and do not use hyphen -. So they are giving an errors.

## **Case sensitive Variable Examples**

Whenever we are writing Variable we have to be careful if you write upper case and lower case each and every character will differ because it is case sensitive.

**NOTE:** Best practice is to write shell script variable in UPPER case.

```
#!/bin/bash
## Variable is Case sensitive
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## WebSite: https://arkit.co.in

## START
NAME=Ravi
NaMe=Kumar
nAmE=arkit

echo "NAME Variable: $NAME"
echo "NaMe Variable: $NaMe"
echo "nAmE Variable $nAmE"

## END
```

[![Variable is Case sensitive example](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Variable-Case-Sensitive-300x231.png "variable-case-sensitive - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Variable-Case-Sensitive.png)

Executing script

```
ravi@TechTutorials:/script$ sh var1.sh
NAME Variable: Ravi
NaMe Variable: Kumar
nAmE Variable arkit
```

## Shell Scripting Tutorial : Defining Local Variables

Local Variable will work only within function or within condition statement only. If your calling local variable from outside of function or outside of statement it will not work. Let’s see the example here.

```
ravi@TechTutorials:/script$ cat localvar.sh
#!/bin/bash
## Local Variable Example
## Date: 19th Oct 2016
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar

## Global Variable
VAR1=456

## Start
ravi ()
 {
        local VAR=123
        echo "Local Var: $VAR"
}

ravi
echo "VAR Value $VAR"
echo "Global Variable: $VAR1"
## END
```

As per the above shell script code, i have defined one global variable called VAR1. Local Variable called VAR.

I am calling local and global variable after the function let’s see the output of it. Shell Scripting Tutorial

```
ravi@TechTutorials:/script$ sh localvar.sh
Local Var: 123
VAR Value
Global Variable: 456
```

Above script output does not printed variable VAR, because local variable can’t be called wherever we want.

**Conclusion:** Define Variable Carefully because if you mistakenly called variable instead one you want, whole the script execution will go false. Shell Scripting Tutorial

## Related Articles

[Shell Scripting Training Online](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-training-hyderabad/)

[File system Usage Monitoring script](https://arkit.co.in/file-system-usage-monitoring-shell-script/)

[Create Multiple Users using single script](https://arkit.co.in/create-multiple-users/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** shell scripting, Variables

---

### [Shell Scripting Tutorial Quotes Double, Single and Reverse Quote](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-tutorial-quotes-double-single-reverse-quote/)

**Published:** October 20, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

While Writing Shell Scripts very important is keeping quotes without missing them. Using quotes simple but when to use and where to use will make the good step. In this Article, We are going to see Shell Scripting Tutorial Quotes Double, Single and Reverse Quote.

” “ = Double Quotes

  ‘ ‘ = Single Quotes

“ = Reverse Quotes

## Shell Scripting Tutorial Quotes Double, Single and Reverse Quote

- Within Double quotes, [variables](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-tutorial-variables-global-local-variables/) and special variables will execute
- Single quote we call it as strict quotes within single quotes whatever you type same will be printed as it is
- Reverse quotes are used to executes commands

**Let’s see few examples**

```
#!/bin/bash
## Purpose: Examples for Quotes
## Date: 20th Oct 2016
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar

## Start
VAR=123
TEST=Ravi

## Double Quote example
echo "Execute Double Quote $VAR"
echo 'Executing Single Quote $VAR $TEST'

echo "This Host Name: `hostname`"

## END
```

[![Quotes Examples](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Quotes-Examples-300x199.png "quotes-examples - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Quotes-Examples.png)Quotes Examples

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# sh quotes.sh
Execute Double Quote 123
Executing Single Quote $VAR $TEST
This Host Name: ArkITShell
```

After executing written script is given output as above. As per the above output, Double quote is executed Variable values well. Single quote example printed as it is without variable values. Reverse quote executed command hostname within quotes.

That’s it for this article.

## Conclusion

Choose quote type carefully where you want to use. Do not miss open and close quotes.

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[Monitor Your CPU Utilization Script](https://arkit.co.in/monitor-cpu-utilization-using-shell-script/)

[Cut Command Ultimate Examples](https://arkit.co.in/cut-command-using-with-shell-scripting/)

[Shell Scripting Class 1](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-class-1/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** Quotes

---

### [iSCSI Server installation Providing Remote block storage](https://arkit.co.in/iscsi-server-installation-providing-remote-block-storage/)

**Published:** October 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

iSCSI Server installation and configuration RHEL7 Providing Remote Block Storage

iSCSI means Internet Small SCSI System Interface, We will use iSCSI connectivity because it is cost effective compare to FC connection. Fibre Connection required separate Hardware such as like FC switch (SAN Switch) FC switch is more cost compare to normal network switch. To provide iSCSI based storage we do not required any extra environment because we can make use of existing Network switches. Let’s see how this technology is going to work for us iscsi server installation and configuration RHEL 7 providing remote block storage.

  We have different types of storage’s such as

1. DAS – Directly attache storage
2. NAS – Network Attached Storage
3. SAN – Storage Area Network

iSCSI protocol comes under SAN (Storage Area Network) To allocate remote block storage to clients below are the steps we have to follow

1. Create one Partition
2. Create LVM using that partition (Don’t format)
3. Install iSCSI Utilities if not available
4. Create LUN and Map to iSCSI client
5. iSCSI server = Target. iSCSI Client = Initiator.

Let’s see below is the process of creating and mapping the iSCSI LUN from iSCSI server to Client.

Environment

Server IP =192.168.4.27

Client IP = 192.168.4.13

By Installing and configuring this iSCSI Server, We are Turing Linux box as SAN.

## Creating Partition

Here i have new HDD called /dev/sdb 10GB with no partitions

```
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xea9e3f19

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
```

Standard partition creation and converting standard to LVM

```
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
 p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
 e extended
Select (default p):↵
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):↵
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ↵
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +2G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xea9e3f19

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xea9e3f19

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 8e Linux LVM

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
```

Update to Kernel when we create new partition, partition table should be up-to date other wise partition will not be listed, use below command to update

```
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
```

Creating Physical Volume, Volume Group and Logical Volume

```
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
 Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created

[root@iSCSIServer ~]# vgcreate VG0 /dev/sdb1
 Volume group "VG0" successfully created
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# vgs
 VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
 VG0 1 0 0 wz--n- 2.00g 2.00g
 rhel 1 2 0 wz--n- 39.51g 44.00m

[root@iSCSIServer ~]# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n iscsilv VG0
WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/VG0/iscsilv at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
 Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/VG0/iscsilv.
 Logical volume "iscsilv" created.
```

## iSCSI Server Installation Providing Remote block storage

As per above output we just created Logical Volume but we did no formatted, Means we did not created any file system in it.

```
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# yum install targetcli*

Installed:
 targetcli.noarch 0:2.1.fb37-3.el7

Dependency Installed:
 pyparsing.noarch 0:1.5.6-9.el7 python-configshell.noarch 1:1.1.fb14-1.el7 python-kmod.x86_64 0:0.9-4.el7 python-rtslib.noarch 0:2.1.fb50-1.el7 python-urwid.x86_64 0:1.1.1-3.el7

Complete!
```

Targetcli is the command to enter into iscsi console

[![targetcli command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Targetcli-command-300x58.png "targetcli-command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Targetcli-command.png)targetcli command

Create Storage Object and Create IQN (iSCSI Qualified Name) to map LUN. This IQN we should take from iSCSI client machine, either we can create our own.

```
/> /backstores/block create LUN /dev/VG0/iscsilv

/> /iscsi create iqn.2017-03.com.arkit:iSCSIClient1
```

[![Creating Storage Object](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Creating-Storage-Object-300x55.png "creating-storage-object - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Creating-Storage-Object.png)Creating Storage Object

## Go to iSCSI Client Side

Client side we have to install iscsi utilities to connect iscsi server.

Install iscsi-initiator-utils-iscsiuio-6.2.0.873-29.el7.x86\_64 rpm in iSCSI client

```
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# yum install iscsi*
```

Get IQN number from Client machine and add to server for mapping disk from server.

```
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# cat /etc/iscsi/initiatorname.iscsi
InitiatorName=iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4
```

Enable and Start iscsid service

```
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# systemctl enable iscsid.service
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/iscsid.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/iscsid.service'
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# systemctl start iscsid.service

[root@iSCSIClient ~]# systemctl status iscsid.service
iscsid.service - Open-iSCSI
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/iscsid.service; enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-10-23 19:19:49 IST; 11s ago
 Docs: man:iscsid(8)
 man:iscsiadm(8)
 Process: 4144 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/iscsid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 4146 (iscsid)
 CGroup: /system.slice/iscsid.service
 ├─4145 /usr/sbin/iscsid
 └─4146 /usr/sbin/iscsid

Oct 23 19:19:49 iSCSIClient iscsid[4145]: iSCSI daemon with pid=4146 started!
Oct 23 19:19:49 iSCSIClient systemd[1]: Started Open-iSCSI.
```

## Come Back to iSCSI Server side

Now add client IQN in server so that we can map LUN

```
/> /iscsi create iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4
Created target iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4.
Created TPG 1.
Global pref auto_add_default_portal=true
Created default portal listening on all IPs (0.0.0.0), port 3260.
/> /iscsi/iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4/tpg1/acls create iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4
Created Node ACL for iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4
```

Create New LUN using existing LVM and map to client

```
/> /iscsi/iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4/tpg1/luns create /backstores/block/LUN
Created LUN 0.
Created LUN 0->0 mapping in node ACL iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4
```

Portal Creation in Server to map

```
/> /iscsi/iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4/tpg1/portals create 192.168.4.14
Using default IP port 3260
Could not create NetworkPortal in configFS.
```

If your able to see above error while creating portal then do delete default port 0.0.0.0 then create new

```
/> /iscsi/iqn.2017-03.com.arkit:iscsiclient1/tpg1/portals delete 0.0.0.0 ip_port=3260
Deleted network portal 0.0.0.0:3260
/> /iscsi/iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4/tpg1/portals create 192.168.4.14
Using default IP port 3260
Created network portal 192.168.4.14:3260.
```

Save the configuration

```
/> saveconfig
Last 10 configs saved in /etc/target/backup.
Configuration saved to /etc/target/saveconfig.json
```

Exit from the Console

```
/> exit
Global pref auto_save_on_exit=true
Last 10 configs saved in /etc/target/backup.
Configuration saved to /etc/target/saveconfig.json
```

## Allow Firewall Port to communicate with iSCSI Client

3260 iscsi default port

```
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3260/tcp
success
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3260/udp
success
[root@iSCSIServer ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

## Client Side to connect iSCSI LUN

```
[root@desktop4 ~]# iscsiadm -m discovery -t st -p 192.168.4.27
192.168.4.27:3260,1 iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4

[root@desktop4 ~]# iscsiadm -m node -T iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4 -p 192.168.4.27 -l
Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4, portal: 192.168.4.27,3260] (multiple)
Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:ba1abe3b1a4, portal: 192.168.4.27,3260] successful.
```

After successful mapping of LUN now you can create file system on LUN, To Create file system repeat Step 1 (Creating Partition)

```
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# partprobe /dev/sda
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=1024 blocks
327680 inodes, 1308672 blocks
65433 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1340080128
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Allocating group tables: done 
Writing inode tables: done 
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@iSCSIClient ~]# mkdir /ravi

[root@iSCSIClient ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# cat /etc/fstab |grep sda
/dev/sda1 /ravi ext4 _netdev 0 0
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# mount -a
[root@iSCSIClient ~]# df -h |grep ravi
/dev/sda1 2.0G 20M 2.0G 1% /ravi
```

Enjoy…………….

## Related Articles

[Could Not Create Networkportal iscsi](https://arkit.co.in/could-not-create-networkportal-in-configfs/)

[What is LVM and How to Create LVM](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/)

[Creating Swap File System](https://arkit.co.in/swap-file-system/)

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** iscsi server

---

### [35 Amazing Server Performance Monitoring Tools List You Ever Get](https://arkit.co.in/35-amazing-server-performance-monitoring-tools/)

**Published:** October 29, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We have collected list 35 Amazing Server Performance Monitoring Tools List you ever get. These tools are used by thousands of companies all over the world. This list of tools may help full for you to select one of them for your environment. Search for so many websites and asking more and more people for the monitoring tools names and selecting best out of all is difficult, we hope this article may help you in finding the correct one.

## 35 Amazing Server Performance Monitoring Tools List

## **1. Nagios and Nagios XI Monitoring Tool**

Nagios is an OpenSource Enterprise Monitoring tool, Most of the big organization turning to use Nagios as a Server Monitoring /Network Monitoring tool. Nagios will support Agent-based and Agentless Monitoring.

  - Powerful Monitoring Engine
- Create and Manage Host Monitoring from Web interface
- Advanced Graphing mechanism
- Integration with LDAP authentication is supported.
- Simple and easy way to add devices in monitoring using wizards.

## **2. AppDynamics**

AppDynamics is an application performance monitoring tool which provides complex applications to identify and resolve performance issues.

- Application performance Monitoring
- Monitor and Optimize applications to deliver with high user experience
- Nice reports to understand health and performance of application

## 3. ManageEngine OpManager

ManageEngine simplifies IT management with software solutions easy to use, Easy to deploy and Easy to manage.

- All Monitoring in one console for more visibility
- Application Server Monitoring
- Database Monitoring
- Server Monitoring
- virtualization Environment Monitoring
- ERP monitoring

ManageEngine has so many applications to monitor your environment

## 4. AppNeta

Proactive performance Monitoring tool for application, network and cloud-based devices.

- SaaS Application Monitoring to understand and troubleshoot performance issues
- End-User Monitoring experience
- Network Latency Monitoring
- Network path Monitoring

## 5. Bigpanda

Bigpanda is a technology company, the product is used to correlation. Centralize all IT related alerts and categorize them based on the criticality.

- Automated Alert correlation of Network and infrastructure alerts
- Automated Incident Management
- Automated Ticket openings
- Single Screen to see all alerts in one place

## 6. Cacti

Cacti is a completely open source Network Monitoring tool and unlimited graphs, graphics.

- RRDTOOL is used to store graph data, Data can also be manipulated CDEF
- Easy templates to deploy and configure Monitoring devices
- User Management to provide access
- Data import to different formats is inbuilt like .csv, PDF

## 7. Boundary

Boundary is an Application Performance Monitoring Tool.

- Software as a service Model Performance Monitoring Tool
- Cloud Based application monitoring
- Easily Monitor any cloud based OS or Software
- Plugin to DevOps tools

## 8. CopperEgg

CopperEgg is a Cloud Based Application to monitor Cloud-based applications and services. Software as a service.

- Best for AWS EC2 instance Monitoring
- Add multiple AWS accounts monitoring
- Easy to understand metric information
- Web app performance monitoring

## 9. OpenNMS

OpenNMS is an Open Source Network performance monitoring tool. A tool as many awards in a market as the best product.

- Detect Service Outages and Measure latency graphing and threshold
- Easy performance monitoring tool
- Agentless Network / Server Monitoring using SNMP
- Integration made easy with other applications
- SNMP traps and Syslog messages correlation and high-level alarm workflows

**10. DataDog**

DataDog is a SaaS to monitoring and correlation multiple monitoring application such as Splunk, almost all the application integrations

- Real time Dashboards
- Correlation of metrics and events
- Collaboration easy to write comment actually what you observed, what you did
- Get Alerted to CRITICAL events
- Best API’s to integrate any application logs and events

**11. Dynatrace**

Dynatrace digital experience monitoring combines real user monitoring, synthetic checks, mobile app monitoring, and big data analytics to provide full insights into each customer’s digital experience.

- Deliver High Quality Application performance
- Digital Experience Monitoring
- Detection of problem before it occurs
- Simply discover and visualize your application topology

**12. Gear5**

Gear5 is a Website performance monitoring tool which gives real users monitoring. Real time monitoring.

- Real-Time Monitoring of website users
- Performance Related Alerts
- Google Analytics Integration
- Easy to get segregated reports like country users and browsers used

## 13. Anturis

Anturis will support Server Monitoring, Network Monitoring, Software Monitoring, Website Monitoring and reporting management.

- This software support on-premise and cloud based monitoring
- It will Support Agent-Based and Agentless monitoring
- Single WebUI to monitor all alerts
- Performance related issues tracking, ultimate reports to analyze problems

**14. Instrumental**

Instrumental is a Real-Time application monitoring tool, which will be perfect for small and medium range business.

- High Correlation rules
- Full stack monitoring
- Built into Share
- Intelligent Alerts

## 15. LogicMonitor

LogicMonitor is an Saas Based Monitoring tool, We can Monitor anything using this tool.

- Automated Deployment
- Pre-configured for on-premise
- Full Monitoring support you can monitor anything and everything
- Sent alerts only to appropriate people

## 16. Munin

Munin is a Free and Open Source Monitoring tool for Servers and Network Monitoring. Infrastructure and Software application Monitoring also it will support.

- Data will be stored in RRDTool
- Monitor Computers, Network, SAN’s Applications and Weather measurements

**17. New Relic**

Using New Relic Application Performance Monitoring is made very easy, It can Monitor Docker containers, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. Better Monitoring for Better Customer Experiences.

**18. Ruxit**

Dynatrace Ruxit is SaaS application monitoring and analytics for cloud natives. Dynatrace Ruxit doesn’t just give alerts, it provides answers to why your application isn’t performing. Better still, it gives you total visibility into all dimensions of your application; from end-user to application deep dive to the network.

**Specialties**
Application Performance, Application Analytics, Application Monitoring, APM, Network Monitoring, Server Monitoring, Java Monitoring, .NET Monitoring, Cloud Monitoring, Docker Monitoring, VMware Monitoring, Node.js Monitoring, Web Monitoring, PHP Monitoring

## 19. Scoutapp

Scoutapp is a Rails App Monitoring that tracks down memory leaks, Code slow execution, Power Integration with github and automatic Dependency check.[ Opening hours](https://arkit.co.in/wp-admin/post.php?post=3494&action=edit#TB_inline?width=480&inlineId=wpseo_add_opening_hours&width=753&height=646)

Drill down the report to any micro level to get appropriate details. Complete tool as been build on ruby Rails.

**20. Sematext**

Proactive performance monitoring, anomaly detection and alerting solution available in the Cloud and On Premises for Solr, Elasticsearch, Spark, Hadoop, Kafka, Cassandra, Storm, Docker, CoreOS, Custom Metrics, Business KPIs, and many other technologies. 35 amazing server performance monitoring tools

## 21. Solarwinds

Solarwinds also have Monitoring tool for Networking devices, Server Monitoring and Application Monitoring. Fully agentless Monitoring and great Web UI.

- Price is Little bit high compare to Open source tools
- Excellent Web UI
- Ultimate Reports
- Deep digging of problem which gives more and more narrow down problem to get solution easily

## 22. Stackify

Improve your application from Dev to Prod. Stackify Application Monitoring tool based on SaaS which support many cloud based application monitoring.

**23. Whatsupgold**

Whatsup Gold is an aimed to designed for Networking monitoring, The Best UX to pinpoint the failed devices on single screen.

**24. Bluestrip**

BlueStripe provides next generation Transaction Monitoring solution connects transactions, applications, and infrastructure performance within one product called FactFinder. Using real-time dynamic transaction system maps, FactFinder alerts IT Operations and Support teams to potential problems; and quickly isolates where and why transactions get stuck wherever they go – across physical, virtual, and cloud infrastructure.

BlueStripe is Acquired by Microsoft

**25. CA Technologies**

Deliver reliable and agile IT services through a unified monitoring and management solution.

CA Unified Infrastructure Management balances the simplicity associated with IT point solutions with enterprise scalability and multi-tenancy. This unified IT monitoring solution eliminates the need for disparate monitoring solutions, helping you to optimize operational efficiency while reducing the complexity, cost and hassle of having to use and integrate multiple IT monitoring tools.

- Ease to Deploy
- Ease to Manage
- Inteligent and Productive Alerting

## 26. Riverbed

Leverage application performance management and monitoring to gain real-time visibility into the end-user experience, infrastructure and applications. Diagnose application performance problems down to the offending code, SQL, web service, network, or system resource.

- End to End Performance Monitoring
- Application troubleshooting Minimize errors and risks
- Application and it’s component monitoring

**27. Icinga**

Icinga is an complete Open Source project to Monitor Server Performance and Network devices. It will monitor and send an alerts to users. Scalable and extensible, Icinga 2 can monitor large, complex environments across multiple locations.

**28. Zabbix**

Zabbix is an ultimate enterprise monitoring tools to monitor real time performance. Zabbix will come as free of cost.

- Monitor Everything in your environment using zabbix
- True Open Source
- Capacity planning to avoid sudden surprise. 35 amazing server performance monitoring tools

**29. Monit**

Monit is an small opensource monitoring tool, which gives ultimate proactive monitoring. Using Monit we can monitor apps, files, directories and hosts.

- Proactive Monitoring
- Files, Directories and File System Monitoring
- System Processes Monitoring
- Could Hosts Monitoring
- Programs and scripts to Monitor

**30. Sealion**

Sealion is an Monitoring tool which is small and very effective for bird eye view ad raw command output. Cost is very low.

**31. Site24x7**

Site24x7 is an Monitoring tools for Web Server, Server Monitoring, Network devices and application performance monitoring as well.

This tool provides deep insights of website data, user access data and analytics.

## 32. ServerDensity

Server Density is an Trusted Monitoring Tool Build by Experts, Which as more than 60 App integrations to deploy monitoring in your environment. Automatic deployment. Full API to support web integration.

**33. Team City**

teamcity Server Monitoring Plugin is available with multiple options.

KEY FEATURES

- Focus teams on key performance metrics with a highly visible dashboard powered by TeamCity
- Clear visualizations make metrics and current targets easy-to-understand and actionable for everybody
- Drag-and-drop interface makes building and editing live TV dashboards quick and simple
- Combine metrics from other tools into a great-looking dashboard using 60+ pre-built integrations, or from any other source using our API

**34. Total Network Monitoring Tool**

Total Network Monitor 2 is a network monitoring tool that is designed to continuously monitor your local network, individual computers, and services that require careful attention and thorough control. TNM 2 will alert you of any problem encountered in advance and generate a detailed report on the circumstances of the failure.

**35. TeamQuest**

Performance Monitor made ultimately reduced noise fewer exact performance alerts, Faster performance alerts and faster time to resolution.

- Use a simple IT health score that represents the current health of IT services
- Use automated algorithms that analyze mountains of data for you
- Know where to focus your attention
- Monitor and analyze performance of multi-vendor environments

## 36. Montis Monitoring Tool

Affordable. Powerful. Get Started in Minutes, Montis is an Performance Monitoring tool, which makes life easier. Do bother about the problem just deploy Montis and feel relaxed.

- Aviod Profit Killing Problems in production environment
- Identify issue before it occurs
- No More noise just get only what your want.

**37. Pandora FMS**

Pandora FMS is an Enterprise monitoring tool, On premise Monitoring software. Pandora support Servers, Network Devices and Application Monitoring. The Great feature about pandora is Business Activity Monitoring.

- Server Level Monitoring
- Application Level Monitoring
- Business Activity Management

## Conclusion

All above are Server and Application Performance Monitoring Tools, All are having there own features to monitor and resolve issues.

[Installing and Configuring NRPE Agent in RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

[Generating Nagios Configuration Files within Minute](https://arkit.co.in/generate-nagios-configuration-using-shell-script/)

35 amazing server performance monitoring tools 35 amazing server performance monitoring tools 35 amazing server performance monitoring tools

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** Monitoring Tools List

---

### [How to add host initiator in Netapp Storage to map Luns](https://arkit.co.in/add-host-initiator-netapp-storage-map-luns/)

**Published:** November 5, 2016
**Author:** Vudagandla Srikanth

**Content:**

These Initiator groups are protocol-specific which are FC and iSCSI. FC connections: we can create an FC igroup using all WWPNs of the host. The mostly used for the Host servers like Linux, AIX, UNIX etc. In this Article we are going to see How to add host initiator in Netapp Storage to map Luns.
 iSCSI connections : we can create an iSCSI igroup using the iSCSI node name of the host. The mostly used for the Host servers like Linux, AIX, UNIX, Windows etc.

If the host systems using both FC and iSCSI connections to the same LUN, we have to create two igroup:

  1. One for FC and one for iSCSI.
2. Then map the LUN to both igroup. How to add host initiator in Netapp Storage to map Luns

There are several ways to create and manage initiator groups and LUNs on Netapp storage system. These processes be different, depending on your existing configuration.
 Considerations for creating an initiator group.
 The below following points are the general considerations for creating an initiator group:
 • We can create an initiator group in Netapp storage before or after creation of a LUN. And we can add initiators or remove initiators from an existing initiator group at any time.
 • The most precaution we have to take that all initiators in the same initiator group need to run the same operating system (OS).
 • An initiator can be appropriate to multiple initiator groups, provided that these requirements are met:

The following table lists the limits related to initiator group and initiators.

- Initiator Groups 4096
- Initiators per initiator group 256
- LUN maps per initiator group 250
- LUN maps per initiator 250
- Initiator Group naming contents

 The below following list describes the naming conventions for creating an initiator groups:
 An initiator group name consists of 1 to 96 characters

Legal characters are:

- A through Z and a through z (case-sensitive)
- 0 to 9
- hyphen (-)
- underscore (\_)
- braces ({})
- period (.)
- Spaces are not allowed.

## How to add host initiator in Netapp Storage to map Luns

1. Goto Filer -> Expand LUNs -> Expand Initiator Groups -> Click on Add

[![Filer View](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Filer-View-129x300.png "Filer-view - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Filer-View.png)

2\. In Add Initiator group is as shown below.

[![Manage Add Initiator group](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Adding-Host-in-Initiator-Group-300x137.png "Manage Add Initiator group - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Adding-Host-in-Initiator-Group.png)Manage Add Initiator group

3\. Before adding Host into Host initiator group we have to remove all WWN Nos in existing initiator box. And we have to keep only the required WWN number which is belongs to Host. It is as shown below

[![creating-host-name-in-initiator-group](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Creating-Host-name-in-Initiator-group-300x137.png "creating-host-name-in-initiator-group - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Creating-Host-name-in-Initiator-group.png)Creating-host-name-in-initiator-group

4\. Click on Add

5\. Check in Initiator Group whether the host name is added or not.

[![Chekcing-host-name-initiator-group](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Chekcing-Host-name-Initiator-Group-300x8.png "Chekcing-host-name-initiator-group - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Chekcing-Host-name-Initiator-Group.png)Chekcing-host-name-initiator-group

## ***Conclusion:***

Initiator Group are used to map the Luns to the Host with the help of FC / iSCSI WWN numbers.

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 Vudagandla Srikanth 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Initiator Groups

---

### [User Administration Creating Modifying and Deleting RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/user-administration-creating-modifying-and-deleting-rhel-7/)

**Published:** November 5, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In Linux Terms users are users who utilize system for doing there work effectively. Work means which maybe anything like writing code, designing graphics, Playing games, innovating new things and learning new things. Linux does not have complex user administration, User administration in Linux / Unix platform is very easy of-course very effective as well. In this article we are going to learn User Administration Creating Modifying and Deleting RHEL 7 / Centos 7. Creating modifying user accounts

## Three Types of users exists in Linux / Unix

- Administrator / Super User / Root User / Inbuilt User
- Service Accounts
- Normal Users

## User Administration Creating Modifying and Deleting RHEL 7

[![User Administration diagram](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/user-Administration-300x145.png "user-administration - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/user-Administration.png)

  **1. Root User:** root user is an high privileged user which has complete permissions by default. root user id always 0. While installing Operating system root user will be created by default as administrator to install and manage things. Few of the administrator type commands can only be run by root user.

**2. Service Accounts:** Service accounts are the users which creates automatically whenever we install & start service. .i.e. NFS (nfsnobody), http (apache) .. etc. These service account will have an permissions to manage its related services. Service accounts by default do not have shell access (/sbin/nologin). These user id’s will start from 1 – 999 in New version of Linux such as RHEL 7 / Centos 7.

**3. Normal Users:** Normal user accounts will be created by administrator (root / Super user), These user id’s start from 1000 – 65535. Manually we can assign permission based on requirement using sudoers.

## Creating Users / Adding Users

Using simple useradd command we can create user in Linux / Unix Operating systems. You must be an super user / Administrator to create another normal user.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# useradd ravikumar
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravikumar
ravikumar:x:1000:1000::/home/ravikumar:/bin/bash
```

When we execute useradd command and passwd command it will do below steps to create user.

- It will add entry in /etc/passwd file
- Along with the user primary group with same as user name will be created
- Group entry will be added in /etc/group
- By Default user home directory will be created under /home path
- /etc/skel directory files will be copied to /hom/USERNAME/
- Encrypted password entry will be updated in /etc/shadow file

## Useradd Command Options

While creating an user we can also customize few things like placing user home directory in mentioned path / Custom path. Adding Comment to user, Expiry date and so an.

- -c Used to add comment
- -d Used to create custom home path of user
- -D Used to change default settings
- -e The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified in the format YYYY-MM-DD.
- -f User Account will go to disabled after mentioned period expires
- -g User will have one primary and remaining secondary groups, instead of creating own primary group we can make another group as primary
- -G Adding user to secondary group
- -k Copy skel directory files
- -K Disable Password Ageing while creating service account
- -l Avoid to add user entry in lastlog and faillog list
- -m Create Home Directory for user (Without -m option also by default useradd command will create)
- -M Do not Create Home Directory for the user
- -N Do not create primary group as same as user name instead add user to group name mentioned with -g option
- -o Allow to create user with duplicate UID
- -r Create and System Account
- -u Specify custom UID for the user

## Let’s see few practical examples of options

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# useradd -u 3333 -g project1 -c "Ind Administrator" -s /bin/bash -d /opt/ravik -e 2016-12-31 ravik

[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravik
ravik:x:3333:2005:Ind Administrator:/opt/ravik:/bin/bash
```

Check below is the output to verify user account expiry date

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# chage -l ravik
Last password change : Nov 05, 2016
Password expires : never
Password inactive : never
Account expires : Dec 31, 2016
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires : 7
```

**Modify existing user values using usermod command**

Along with the usermod command we have to use below options to modify required details

- -c Change Comment
- -d Change Home Directory Path
- -e Change Expiry Date
- -g Primary group change
- -G Adding to different secondary group
- -l Login Name change
- -L Lock User
- -m Move User home directory content to new path
- -s Shell Change
- -u Change User Identification UID
- -U Unlock Locked user

**Let’s see few examples here**

Change User Shell from /bin/bash to /bin/csh

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# usermod -s /bin/csh ravik
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravik
ravik:x:3333:2005:Ind Administrator:/opt/ravik:/bin/csh
```

Change user comment

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravik
ravik:x:3333:2005:Ravi Kumar Linux Administrator:/opt/ravik:/bin/csh
```

Lock and Un-Lock User

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# usermod -L ravik

[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravik
ravik:x:3333:2005:Ravi Kumar Linux Administrator:/opt/ravik:/bin/csh

[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cat /etc/shadow |grep ravik
ravik:!!:17110:0:99999:7::17166:
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# usermod -U ravik

[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cat /etc/shadow |grep ravik
ravik:!:17110:0:99999:7::17166:
```

## Deleting User

Deleting exiting user is very simple just we have to run userdel command along with required options, User administration creating, modifying and deleting users.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# userdel ravik
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# userdel -r ravikumar
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# cd /opt/
[root@ArkIT-Serv opt]# ls
ravik rh
[root@ArkIT-Serv opt]# cd /home/
[root@ArkIT-Serv home]# ls
ravi1
```

if you delete user without using -r option user home directory will not delete, you have to delete user home path manually. If you use -r option home directory also will delete automatically.

**Conclusion**

User Administration is very simple and very effective, I hope you understand about user types, Creating, Modifying and Deleting Users from Linux Machine.

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[What is LVM and How to create LVM](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/)

[11 rsync commands](https://arkit.co.in/11-rsync-command-linux/)

[RHCSA Certification Video Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BskRmjvWG5Y&list=PL8cE5Nxf6M6ZHEt4-CgdvbMyJ3hRAoth3)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Users

---

### [Troubleshoot: VM Does Not Power On After Cloning or Deploying from Template](https://arkit.co.in/troubleshoot-vm-does-not-power-on-after-cloning-or-deploying-from-template/)

**Published:** November 6, 2016
**Author:** Ankam Ravi Kumar

**Content:**

This is an exclusive article for troubleshooting tips when your trying to Power on Virtual Machine which does not switched on instead your getting error message, How to troubleshoot..? We are going to help you out with Troubleshoot: VM Does Not Power On After Cloning or Deploying from Template.

  ## **Issue:** 

The swap file size is not reserved when the virtual machine disks are created.

**We can re-mediate this issue by following any of the below steps.**

## **Troubleshoot: VM Does Not Power On After Cloning or Deploying from Template** 1. You can increase the amount of space available for the swap file by moving other virtual machine disks of the data store that is being used for the swap file.

**Steps are as below:**

a) In the vSphere Client inventory, select the data store and click the Virtual Machines tab.

b) For each virtual machine to move, right-click the virtual machine and select Migrate.

c) Select Change data store.

d) Proceed through the Migrate Virtual Machine wizard.

**2. You can also increase the amount of space available for the swap file by changing the swap file location to a data store with adequate space.**

**Below are the steps for this:**

a) In the vSphere Client inventory, select the host and click the Configuration tab.

b) Under Software, select Virtual Machine Swap File Location.

c) Click Edit.

**3. Reduce the size of the swap file that is required for the virtual machine. We can achieve this by increasing the virtual machine memory reservation.**

**Follow the below steps:**

a) In the vSphere Client inventory, right-click the virtual machine and select Edit Settings.

b) Select the Resources tab and click Memory.

c) Use the Reservation slider to increase the amount of memory allocated to the virtual machine.

d) Click OK.

**Related Articles**

[How to Deploy OVF / OVA Template in ESX / ESXi](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-deploy-ovf-ova-template-esxi/)

[Difference Between vSphere Version 5 & Version 6](https://arkit.co.in/vsphere-5-vs-vsphere-6/)

[Clone Virtual machine without vCenter](https://arkit.co.in/clone-virtual-machine/)

[VMware vSphere Client installation and Configuration Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/vmware-vsphere-client-installation-configuration/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/035a3c43e0a2b88daeb27d96985ee25104b685f1932557faea414fa14061988f?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ankam Ravi Kumar 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/ankamahitha/)

**Categories:** vmware

**Tags:** Troubleshooting vmware tips

---

### [How to Manage Bitmap Space Configuration in IBM V7000 Storage](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-manage-bitmap-space-configuration-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

**Published:** November 9, 2016
**Author:** Vudagandla Srikanth

**Content:**

**Bitmap space configuration for Copy Services, Volume mirroring, or RAID**

## **What is Bitmap Space?**

A bitmap space is an internal data structure stored in a particular I/O Group and that is used to track which grains are there in FlashCopy mappings have been copied from source volume to the target volume (i.e, which grains have been – split). One bit in each bitmap tells that the state of one grain, and either the bitmap is split or it is not.

  The Copy Services features and the RAID (redundant Array of independent disks) requires that the small amounts of volumes cache be converted from cache memory into the bitmap memory to allow the functions to operate. If we do not have the enough bitmap space allocated, when we try to use one of the functions, we will not be able to complete the configuration.

For a Volume Mirroring and the Replication Family like FlashCopy, Metro Mirror, and Global Mirror, the memory is traded against memory i.e, available to the cache. The amount of memory can be increased or decreased.

Consider the following memory sizes when you are changing the I/O Group configuration:

- The default memory size for the FlashCopy is : 20 MB.
- The default memory size for the Metro Mirror and Global Mirror is : 20 MB.
- The default memory size for the mirrored volumes is : 20 MB.
- The default memory size for the mirrored volumes is : 20 MB.
- The maximum memory size that can be specified for the Metro Mirror and Global Mirror : 512 MB.
- The maximum memory size that can be specified for the mirrored volumes : 512 MB.
- The maximum combined memory size across all the features : 552 MB.

A FlashCopy bitmap takes-up the bitmap space in the memory of the cluster. The maximum size of bitmap space is 512 MB per I/O Group, hence which it has to be shared between the FlashCopy bitmaps, the Remote Copy bitmaps, and the Volume Mirroring synchronization bitmaps.

We assign the bitmap space to the copy functions by using as a variable. This enables you to trade off memory among the cache, FlashCopy, Remote Copy (Metro Mirror and Global Mirror), and Volume Mirroring.

The below table describes the configuration of Bitmap Space in a Flex System V7000 Storage Node system.

[![Bitmap space configuration for system that is first installed with V6.1.0](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Bitmap-space-in-a-Flex-System-V7000-Storage-Node-system-1024x576.png "Bitmap space configuration for system that is first installed with V6.1.0 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Bitmap-space-in-a-Flex-System-V7000-Storage-Node-system.png)Bitmap space configuration for system that is first installed with V6.1.0

**Note:**

- The sum of all bitmap memory allocation for at least one I/O group must not exceed 552 MB.
- The Actual amount of the functionality might be increase based on the settings such as grain size and strip size. RAID (Redundant array of Independent disks) is subject to a 15% margin or errorount of the functionality might be increase based on the settings such as grain size and strip size. RAID (Redundant array of Independent disks) is subject to a 15% margin or error

The below following tables describes the amount of bitmap space necessary to configure the various copy service functions and RAID

## How to Manage Bitmap Space Configuration in IBM V7000 Storage

The below table provides an example of the amount of memory i.e, required for volume mirroring and each copy service feature

[![Examples-of-Memory-Required](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Examples-of-Memory-Required-1024x576.png "Examples-of-Memory-Required - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Examples-of-Memory-Required.png)Examples-of-Memory-Required

**Note:**

- For multiple FlashCopy targets, we must consider how many number of mappings are there.
     E.g, For a mapping with a grain size 256 KB and 8 KB of memory allows one mapping between an 16 GB source volume and an 16 GB target volume.
     Alternatively (Instead), for a mapping with a 256 KB grain size and 8 KB of memory allows two mappings between one 8 GB source volume and two 8 GB target volumes.
- When we are creating a FlashCopy mapping, if we specify an I/O group other than the I/O group of source volume, the memory accounting goes toward the specified I/O group, not toward the I/O group of the source volume.
- For a volume mirroring, the full 512 MB of memory space enables 1 PB of total volume mirroring capacity.
- When we are creating new FlashCopy relationships or mirrored volumes, additional bitmap space is allocated automatically by the system if required.

Before we specify the configuration changes, we have to consider the following factors.

1. For the FlashCopy relationships; only the primary (source) volume allocates space in the bitmap table.
2. For the Metro Mirror or Global Mirror relationships, two bitmaps exist. One is used for the master (Source) clustered system and one is used for the auxiliary (Destination) system, becoz the direction of the relationship can be reversed.
3. The smallest possible bitmap is 4 KB – therefore, a 512 bytes volume requires 4 KB of bitmap space.

The below table shows the RAID requirements for bitmap memory

[![RAID-Requirements](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RAID-Requirements-1.png "RAID-Requirements - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RAID-Requirements-1.png)

RAID-Requirements

**Note:**

- There is an margin of error on the approx. bitmap memory cost of approx. 15%.
     For example, the cost for a 256 KB RAID 5 is about 1.15 MB for the the first 2 TB of drive capacity.

## **How to Manage Bitmap memory from the V7000 Command line interface.**

```
Command: "lsiogrp 
```

[![Managing-Bitmap-Space-from-CLI](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Managing-Bitmap-space-from-CLI.png "Managing-Bitmap-Space-from-CLI - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Managing-Bitmap-space-from-CLI.png)Managing-Bitmap-Space-from-CLI

Troubleshooting: When this bitmap space will use means, whenever you faced with this issue “*CMMVC7160E: The change volume could not be associated because the I/O group has insufficient free bitmap space.*” then we have to check the default bitmap space and troubleshoot it.

*How to troubleshoot will follow in next post or else mail to us for immediate help*.

**Related Topics**

[IBM V7000 Limits You should Know](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-san-limitations-know-become-expert/)

[SAN Switch Basics in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/san-switch-basic/)

[Overview IBM DS4700](https://arkit.co.in/overview-of-ibm-ds4700/)

Manage Bitmap Space Configuration in IBM V7000 Storage Manage Bitmap Space Configuration in IBM V7000 Storage Manage Bitmap Space Configuration in IBM V7000 Storage

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 Vudagandla Srikanth 

 Enthusiastic Storage Administrator, Fall in love with SAN technologies. Has 8 Years of solid Information Technology experience. Motto:- Share knowledge Help Others.!!  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/)

**Categories:** IBM, SAN&amp;NAS

**Tags:** v7000 bitmap

---

### [How to create a Volume in Netapp GUI Mode 10 easy clicks required](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-create-a-volume-in-netapp-gui-mode/)

**Published:** November 9, 2016
**Author:** Vudagandla Srikanth

**Content:**

The volume is a logical disk that the system presents to the attached hosts. The Data ONTAP 7.0 features two types of volumes are Traditional and Flexible Volumes. In this article we are going to learn about How to create a Volume in Netapp GUI Mode 10 easy clicks required.

## ***Traditional volumes***

The Traditional volumes will behave identically to the volumes in Data ONTAP releases prior to version 7.0. this will combine with the physical layer of storage (the disk & RAID properties) with the logical layer of the filesystem (the containers and the volumes that are used to store files and directories).

  ## ***Flexible volumes***

The Flexible volumes (also called FlexVol volumes) allow us to manage the logical layer of the filesystem independently of the physical layer of Netapp storage.

These multiple flexible volumes can exist with a single separate, physically defined aggregate structure of disks and RAID groups. These flexible volumes contained by the same aggregate share with the physical storage resources, RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive disks) configuration, and plex structure of that aggregate.

The flexible volumes represents a significant administrative improvement than traditional volumes. by using multiple flexible volumes it enables us to do the following:

- It will perform the administrative and maintenance tasks as backup and restore on an individual flexible volumes rather than on a single as well as large file system.
- It will set services like snapshot schedules differently for an individual flexible volumes.
- It will minimize the interruptions in data availability by taking the individual flexible volumes offline to perform the administrative tasks on them and the other existing flexible volumes can remain in online.
- It will save time by backing up and restoring individual flexible volumes instead of all the file systems an aggregate contains.

***Note:*** For backward compatibility, volumes created prior to Data ONTAP 7.0 are displayed as traditional volumes in FilerView.

We can create up to 500 flexible volumes and traditional volumes on a single storage system. In addition, the following limits will apply.

- ***Traditional volumes:*** We can have up to the 100 traditional volumes and aggregates combined on a single storage system.
- ***Flexible volumes:*** The only one limit imposed on flexible volumes is the overall systems limit of 500 for all volumes.

For all clusters, these limits may apply to each node individually, so that the overall limits for the pair are doubled.

Now we will see how create a volume in GUI practically.

## How to create a Volume in Netapp GUI Mode 10 easy click required

**Pre- Requesties before creating a Volume**

- *Check the Aggregate Available space*

***Steps in GUI:***

1\. Provide the credentials and Click on Filer View

[![Filer](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Filer-300x69.png "Filer - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Filer.png)

2\. The Filer View window will open is as follows

[![Filer-View](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Filer-View-1.png "Filer-View - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Filer-View-1.png)

3\. Expand Volumes and click on Add

[![Volume-Add](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Add.png "Volume-Add - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Add.png)

4\. In Volume Wizard Click Next

[![Volume-wizard](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Wizard-1-300x184.png "Volume-wizard - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Wizard-1.png)

5\. Here we have to select the Volume type which we want to create (Select as Flexible)

[![volume-type-selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Type-Selection-300x183.png "volume-type-selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Type-Selection.png)

## **Brief Description on cache Volume:**

The Cache volumes (also known as FlexCache) allows us to keep the copies of primarily read-only files and on multiple filers to reduce the overhead caused by distance limitations or by the bandwidth. A flexible volume or traditional volume is needed as primary copy on an remote host.

The cache volumes can be created that reference the primary copy or remote volume, and to store their own copy locally to reduce the access latency. There are 2 primary usage scenarios:

1. The origin filer is located far away : The usage in this situation will reduce the overhead caused by trying to access the data that is far away and may take a long time to get there.
2. The origin filer experiences too much traffic: The usage in this situation is used to reduce the bottleneck of the filer, since the throughput is limited.

Before a volume can be added using this wizard you need to make sure that:

- FlexCache license is required on both the origin and FlexCache filers to create a Cache volume.
- Origin filer requires option.flexcache.enable set to on.
- The origin server needs to set option.flexcache.access to specify all caching filers.

You can create up to 500 flexible volumes and traditional volumes on a single storage system. In addition, the following limits apply.

- Traditional volumes: we can have up to 100 traditional volumes and aggregates combined on a single storage system.
- Flexible volumes: The only limit imposed on flexible volumes is the overall system limit of 500 for all volumes.
- Cache volumes: You can have up to 100 cache volumes.

6\. Here we have to provide the Volume Name, Language, snaplock and UTF-8. But provide only the Volume name remaining keep it as default.

[![volume-parameters](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Parameters-1-300x185.png "volume-parameters - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Parameters-1.png)

***Note:***

***We must follow the naming conventions for volume name***

- Begins with either a letter or an underscore ( \_ )
- Uses only letters, digits, and underscores.
- Uses no more than 249 characters.
- Volume names must be in ASCII characters.

***Language***

- It specifies the language that we want to use on this volume. The default language is the same as that set for the root volume.
- Note: It is strongly recommends that all volumes will have the same language as the root volume, and it will set the volume language at the of volume creation only. By changing the language of an existing volume it can cause some files to become inaccessible.

***UTF-8***

Select this option to use UTF-8 as the NFS character set

## ***SnapLock Volume***

If you want to create this snaplock volume select the checkbox. ” what exactly snaplock volume is describes as follows”

The term “SnapLock volume” is used to describes the volumes that can contain Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) data, in fact SnapLock is an attribute of the volume’s containing aggregate. Any type of volume like flexible or traditional, contained by a SnapLock aggregate is by definition a SnapLock Volume.

if we want to create a FlexVol that uses SnapLock, you must already have a SnapLock aggregate of the appropriate type (SnapLock Compliance or SnapLock Enterprise) with sufficient space to contain the new FlexVol. If such a SnapLock aggregate is not available, you will not be able to create the new SnapLock volume.

If you want to create a traditional volume that uses SnapLock, the traditional volume is so tightly bound to its aggregate that you can create the traditional volume and its aggregate in one operation. You do not need to have a SnapLock aggregate available.

7\. Provide the aggregate and Volume Type and click on Next

[![flexible-volume-parameters](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Flexible-Volume-Parameters-300x190.png "flexible-volume-parameters - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Flexible-Volume-Parameters.png)

8\. Here Provide the Volume Size, Type & Snapshot Reserve Space

[![volume-size](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Size-300x181.png "volume-size - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Volume-Size.png)

***Note***

Here we have to provide the size type as “Total Size” ; Volume size is in (TB/GB/MB/KB); Snapshot reserve space “if the volume is using for any snapshots/ replication we have to provide some % of space” (In further topics we will discuss on snapshot)

9\. Click on Commit

[![commit](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Commit-300x184.png "commit - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Commit.png)

10\. Click on Close

[![close](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Close-300x65.png "close - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Close.png)

If you have any technical questions about this tutorial OR any other tutorials on this site, if you require any topic please send us a feedback by commenting.

**Disclaimer:**

*All the tutorials which are included on this site are performed in a lab environment to imaginary a real world production scenario.* How to create a Volume in Netapp GUI Mode 10 easy clicks required

**Related Articles**

[How add Host Initiator Name (IQN) to Netapp Initiator Group](https://arkit.co.in/add-host-initiator-netapp-storage-map-luns/)

[20 Extraordinary Articles to Learn Netapp 7-Mode](https://arkit.co.in/20-extraordinary-articles-learn-netapp-storage-7mode-cluster-mode/)

[Netapp Storage Learning guide Complete 7mode and cmode](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-storage-learning-complete-guide-7mode-c-mode/)

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 Vudagandla Srikanth 

 Enthusiastic Storage Administrator, Fall in love with SAN technologies. Has 8 Years of solid Information Technology experience. Motto:- Share knowledge Help Others.!!  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/)

**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** netapp volumes

---

### [IBM V7000 Volume types explained SAN Admins should know](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-volume-types-explained-san-admins-know/)

**Published:** November 13, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

A volume is a logical disk that the system presents to attach hosts. In this article we are going to learn IBM v7000 Volume types explained SAN admins should Know.

Application servers access volumes, not MDisks or drives. To keep a volume accessible even when an MDisk on which it depends has become unavailable, a mirrored copy can be added to a selected volume. Each volume can have a maximum of two copies. Each volume copy is created from a set of extents in a pool.

  ## IBM V7000 Volume types explained SAN Admins should know

You can create different types of volumes, depending on the type of topology that is configured on your system. For example, in standard topology, which is single-site configuration, you can create basic, mirrored, or custom volumes. If you have a HyperSwap topology, which is two-site configuration, you can create basic, HyperSwap, or custom volumes. For each of these volume types you can specify specific details, such as a method of capacity savings for the volumes.

The system supports compression and thin provisioning to save space on volumes. With compressed volumes, data is compressed as it is written to the volume, which saves capacity on the volume. Thin provisioning creates a volume with more virtual than real capacity that allows the capacity to grow as it is needed.

The system uses base-2 (binary numeral) as capacity indicators for volumes, drives, and other system objects. The management GUI and the command-line interface (CLI) use different abbreviations to indicate capacity, but the value for these capacity indicators is the same. IBM V7000 Volume types

The following table displays the differences in how capacity indicators are displayed in the management GUI and the CLI. IBM V7000 Volume types

**Table 1. Capacity indicators. This table displays the differences in how capacity indicators are displayed in the management GUI and the CLI.****Metric****GUI Abbreviation****CLI Abbreviation****Value**kibibyteKiBKB1024mebibyteMiBMB1,048,576gibibyteGiBGB1,073,741,824tebibyteTiBTB1,099,511,627,776pebibytePiBPB1,125,899,906,842,624exbibyteEiBEB1,152,921,504,606,846,976zebibyteZiBZB1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424yobibyteYiBYB1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176## Basic volumes

A basic volume is the simplest type of volume, consisting of a copy in a single storage pool.

**Mirrored volume**

By using volume mirroring, a volume can have two physical copies. Each volume copy can belong to a different pool, and each copy has the same virtual capacity as the volume. In the management GUI, an asterisk (\*) indicates the primary copy of the mirrored volume. The primary copy indicates the preferred volume for read requests

**HyperSwap volumes**
HyperSwap volumes create copies on separate sites for systems that are configured with HyperSwap topology. Data that is written to a HyperSwap volume is automatically sent to both copies so that either site can provide access to the volume if the other site becomes unavailable.

**Custom volumes**
Custom volumes create volumes that are based on user-defined customization rather than taking the standard default settings for each of the options under quick volume creation.

## Thin-provisioned volumes

When you create a volume, you can designate that it is thin-provisioned to save capacity for the volume. A thin-provisioned volume has different virtual capacity and a real capacity.

**Compressed volumes**
When you create volumes, you can specify compression as a method to save capacity for the volume. With compressed volumes, data is compressed as it is written to disk, saving additional space. To use the compression function, you must obtain the IBM Real-time Compression license.

**Change volumes**
Change volumes are used in Global Mirror relationships and between HyperSwap volume copies. Change volumes create periodic point-in-time-copies of the source volumes and replicate them to the secondary site. Using change volumes lowers bandwidth requirements by only addressing the average throughput and not the peak.

**Move volumes to another I/O group**
You can move a volume to a new I/O group to balance the workload across the canisters in the system without stopping host activity to the volumes. The wizard changes only the I/O group for the volume and does not change where the data resides on the backend storage. SAN admins

**Moving volumes mapped to iSCSI hosts to another I/O group**
To move volumes that are mapped to iSCSI hosts to another I/O group, you must unmap the volumes from the hosts before you run the Move Volume to Another I/O Group wizard. SAN admins

**Related Articles**

[Overview of IBM 4700 SAN Appliance](https://arkit.co.in/overview-of-ibm-ds4700/)

[SAN Switch basics to understand how it works](https://arkit.co.in/san-switch-basic/)

[IBM SAN v7000 Limitations Know and become and expert](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-san-limitations-know-become-expert/)

[Manage bitmap Space configuration IBM v7000](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-manage-bitmap-space-configuration-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** IBM

**Tags:** IBM v7000 volume types

---

### [How to replace the Node Canister In IBM V7000 Storage Ultimate Guide](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-replace-the-node-canister-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

**Published:** November 14, 2016
**Author:** Vudagandla Srikanth

**Content:**

Are you an beginner in SAN administer, Here we are giving you an good article how to replace the node canister in IBM V7000 Storage Ultimate Guide. Ofcourse if we directly talk about canister replacement then you may miss the link what it is exactly. Canister is nothing but controller in other SAN terminology. If you take a example of NetApp Storage the main Filer / Controller in IBM SAN they call it as Canister.

**Brief description of Node Canister**

  The heart of IBM Storwize V7000 system is a pair of node canisters. These two node canisters share the data transmitting and receiving load between the attached hosts and the disk arrays. This section examines the RAS features of IBM Storwize V7000 system, monitoring, and troubleshooting.

These two node canisters are in the control enclosure and they work as a clustered system.

the below Figure shows the ports and the indicator lights of a node canister. Rear canister LED’s are identical with front panel LED’s. The second canister is placed next to the first one in a side-by-side position.

[![Ports-and-indicators-of-node-canister](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ports-and-indicators-of-node-canister.png "Ports-and-indicators-of-node-canister - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ports-and-indicators-of-node-canister.png)Ports-and-indicators-of-node-canister

## How to replace the Node Canister in IBM V7000 Storage

Before doing anything we should carefully verify, there is no I/O operations are going on. If the V7000 Storage system is powered on and performing the I/O operations, then go to the management GUI and follow the fix procedures. Before Performing the replacement actions without any assistance of fix procedures can result in loss of data or access to data.

We have to be careful that when we are replacing the hardware components that are located in the back of the system that we do not inadvertently disturb or remove any cables that you are not instructed to remove.

**Attention:** We are not supposed to replace one type of node canister with another type of node canister. For e.g.,, In Storage do not replace a model 2076-112 node canister with a model 2076-312 node canister.

We have to be aware the following canister LED states:

- If both the power LED and system status LED are in on, do not remove a node canister unless it is directed to do so by a service provider.
- If the system status is off and it is acceptable to remove a node canister. However, we do not remove a node canister unless directed to do so by a service provider.
- If the power LED is flashing or off, it is safe to remove a node canister. However, do not remove a node canister unless directed to do so by a service provider.

**Attention:** Even if the node canister is in powered off state, it is still possible to lose data. So, do not remove a node canister unless directed to do so by a service procedure.

## To replacing the node canister, perform the below following steps:

**Procedure:**

1. Before you begin First, read the safety precautions in the IBM Storwize V7000 Safety Notices. These guidelines help you safely work with the Storwize V7000.
2. Confirm that you have to know which canister has to replace.
3. Identify and Record which data cables are plugged into the specific ports of the node canister.
4. The old cables must be inserted back into the same ports which are connected earlier after the replacement is complete; otherwise, the system cannot function properly.
5. Disconnect the data cables for each node canister
6. Grasp the handle between the thumb and forefinger.
7. From the V7000 Node canister slot pull out the handle to its full extension.
8. Grip the node canister and pull it out.
9. Insert the new node canister into the slot with the handle pointing towards the center of the slot and insert the unit in the same orientation as the one that you removed.
10. Push the node canister back into the slot until the handle starts to move it.
11. After finish inserting the node canister into the slot by closing the handle until the locking catch clicks into place.
12. If the V7000 enclosure is powered on, then the canister starts automatically.
13. After that Reattach the data cables.

[![Removing-the-node-canister](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Removing-the-Node-Canister.png "Removing-the-node-canister - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Removing-the-Node-Canister.png)Removing-the-node-canister .

***Note:*** *Ensure that you are opening the correct handle. The handle locations for the node canisters and expansion canisters are slightly different.*

The handles for the node canisters are located in close proximity to each other. replace the Node Canister In IBM V7000

The handle with the finger grip on the right removes the upper canister (1). and the handle with the finger grip the left removes the lower canister (2).

**Disclaimer:** The above topic is practiced in the our Lab environment we are not responsible if you failed in replacing the node canister. with the help of service provider make sure to replace the node canister in production environment. replace the Node Canister In IBM V7000

## Relate Articles

[IBM V7000 Volume Types Explained](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-volume-types-explained-san-admins-know/)

[How to Manage Bitmap Space Configuration IBM V7000](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-manage-bitmap-space-configuration-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

[IBM V7000 SAN Limitations](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-san-limitations-know-become-expert/)

[Overview of IBM DS4700 SAN Storage](https://arkit.co.in/overview-of-ibm-ds4700/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d702abdfbc41be9acb2bb93f8a9ee562aef87ed584b54ef8434efeb25f8c2bb1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Vudagandla Srikanth 

 Enthusiastic Storage Administrator, Fall in love with SAN technologies. Has 8 Years of solid Information Technology experience. Motto:- Share knowledge Help Others.!!  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/)

**Categories:** IBM

**Tags:** Replace Canister

---

### [How to Download Configuration Backup in IBM V7000 Storage](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-download-configuration-backup-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

**Published:** November 14, 2016
**Author:** Vudagandla Srikanth

**Content:**

**Configuration Backup in V7000 Storage and How to Download Configuration Backup in IBM V7000 Storage**

Here you can download and save the configuration backup file using IBM Storwize V7000 GUI or command-line interface (CLI). On an ad-hoc basis, we suggest manually doing this procedure because it is able to save the file directly to your workstation. The command-line option requires login to the system and downloading the dumped file using specific SCP protocol.

  The command-line option is a good practice for an automated backup of the configuration. The backup file is updated by the cluster every day. Saving it after any changes to your system configuration is also important. It contains configuration data of arrays, pools, volumes, and so on. The backup never contains any client data.

**Note:** Save configuration files of IBM Storwize V7000 regularly. The best approach is to do this daily and automate this task. Always perform the additional backup before any critical maintenance task such an upgrade of the microcode, software version, and so on.

To successfully perform the configuration backup, follow the prerequisites and requirements:

- All nodes must be online.
- No independent operations that change the configuration can be running in parallel.
- No object name can begin with an underscore.
- All objects should have non-default names.

Although objects should have non-default names at the time that the backup is taken, this prerequisite is not mandatory. The backup command reports an error when the default name is discovered, but the configuration is saved. However, the default object names for controllers, I/O groups, and MDisks do not restore correctly if the ID of the object differs from what is recorded in the current configuration data file. All other objects with default names are renamed during the restore process.

**Note:**  Ad-hoc backup of configuration can be done only from the CLI using the command “svcconfig backup“. Then the output of the command can be downloaded from GUI

## **Backup using CLI**

You can use CLI to trigger configuration backup either manually on an ad-hoc basis or by an automatic process on a regular basis. The svcconfig backup command generates a new backup file. Triggering a backup using the GUI is not possible, but you can save the output from GUI.

The below output shows for the command ” svcconfig backup”

[![svcconfig-backup-output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/svcconfig-backup-output.png "svcconfig-backup-output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/svcconfig-backup-output.png)svcconfig backup output

The “svcconfig backup” command generates three files that provide information about the backup process and cluster configuration. These files are dumped into the /tmp directory on the configuration node. Use command “lsdumps” to list them, they are typically at the bottom of the list. The below output displays teh listing backup files in CLI

[![lsdumps-output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lsdumps-Output.png "lsdumps-output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lsdumps-Output.png)lsdumps-output

It describes the three files that are created by the backup process.

[![File-names-created-by-the-backup-process](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/File-Names-created-by-the-Backup-Process.png "File-names-created-by-the-backup-process - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/File-Names-created-by-the-Backup-Process.png)File-names-created-by-the-backup-process

## **Backup using the GUI – How to Download Configuration Backup in IBM V7000 Storage**

IBM Storwize V7000 does not offer an option to initiate a backup from the GUI, however you can download existing daily backups or those manual backups triggered from CLI. To download a backup of the configuration using GUI, complete the following steps.

**Steps:**

1. Navigate to the settings Icon and click on Support

[![support-option](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Support-option.png "support-option - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Support-option.png)support-option

2\. The window shown in the below figure opens. Click Show full log listing to show all log files.

[![show-full-log-listing](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Show-Full-Log-Listing.png "show-full-log-listing - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Show-Full-Log-Listing.png)Show Full Log Listing

3\. Search for and right-click the following file name, and then select Download to transfer the file to your workstation:
 /dumps/svc.config.backup.xml\_\*

[![show-full-log-files-window](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Show-Full-Log-files-Window.png "show-full-log-files-window - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Show-Full-Log-files-Window.png)show-full-log-files-window

4\. Click on **Download**. So that it will run task and it will show the dump file to save in your workstation.

[![Dump Saving](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Dump-Saving-1-300x224.png "dump-saving - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Dump-Saving-1.png)Dump Saving

5\. Click on **OK** How to Download Configuration Backup in IBM V7000 Storage

## Related Articles

[How to Replace Canister in IBM V7000 Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-replace-the-node-canister-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

[SAN Switch Basics](https://arkit.co.in/san-switch-basic/)

[Overview of IBM DS4700 SAN Storage](https://arkit.co.in/overview-of-ibm-ds4700/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d702abdfbc41be9acb2bb93f8a9ee562aef87ed584b54ef8434efeb25f8c2bb1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Vudagandla Srikanth 

 Enthusiastic Storage Administrator, Fall in love with SAN technologies. Has 8 Years of solid Information Technology experience. Motto:- Share knowledge Help Others.!!  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/)

**Categories:** IBM

**Tags:** How to Take Configuration Backup in IBM V7000

---

### [how to find SAN Disk LUN id in Linux Identify SAN LUN underlying OS disk](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-find-san-disk-lun-id-in-linux-identify-san-lun-underlying-os-disk/)

**Published:** November 16, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Most of the times when your dealing with SAN attached disks, some times you would like to increase / decrease LUN space by decreasing / Increasing LUN size you should definitely know which LUN is assigned to which OS Underlying disk. Identify SAN LUN underlying OS disk is not straight forward we have to match few outputs together to identify them. Let’s see how to find SAN Disk LUN id in Linux.

After attaching the storage LUN’s to Linux you have to scan to display as attached disks. Use below command to scan for new SAN LUN’s, Required Super User privileges to run command. Identify SAN LUN underlying OS Disk

  ```
[root@TechTutorials~]# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/ | while read host ; do echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/$host/scan ; done
```

After that you can use fdisk -l command display the attached disks Identify SAN LUN underlying OS Disk

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#sudo /sbin/fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sde: 236.2 GB, 236223201280 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 28719 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sde doesn't contain a valid partition table
```

## how to find SAN Disk LUN id in Linux

Use below command to see all attached disks are SAN disks are local disks Identify SAN LUN underlying OS Disk

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]# cat /proc/scsi/scsi

Host: scsi7 Channel: 00 Id: 01 Lun: 00
  Vendor: DGC      Model: LUNZ             Rev: 0532
  Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 04
Host: scsi8 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 01
  Vendor: NETAPP   Model: LUN C-Mode       Rev: 8300
  Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 05
```

By reading above output of the command we can identify that scsi8 channel is NetApp SAN disk and it’s LUN id is 01.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# ls -ld /sys/block/sd*/device

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Nov 13 23:29 /sys/block/sdd/device -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:03.0/0000:04:00.0/host7/rport-7:0-3/target7:0:3/7:0:3:1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Nov 16 03:00 /sys/block/sde/device -> ../../devices/pci0000:40/0000:40:03.0/0000:42:00.0/host8/rport-8:0-0/target8:0:0/8:0:0:1
```

Highlighted output is showing that scsi channel id is 8 and LUN id is 1, Like wise we can identify the associated disk name /dev/sde and its LUN id. Collect LUN id and path details go to SAN console and match with LUN id. Find SAN Disk Lun id

```
[root@TechTutorials]ls -la /dev/disk/by-id/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   9 Nov 16  2015 scsi-3600a09803830357a2f5d47686838662d -> ../../sdg
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  10 Nov 16  2015 scsi-3600a09803830357a2f5d47686838662d-part1 -> ../../sdg1
```

## Identify SAN LUN underlying OS disk

Second method to identify the Underlying OS disk, for these below commands we have to install sg3 utilities. Before installing sg3 utils below commands will not work.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#yum install sg3_utils
```

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#sg_scan -i

/dev/sg7: scsi7 channel=0 id=4 lun=1
    NETAPP    LUN C-Mode        8300 [rmb=0 cmdq=1 pqual=0 pdev=0x0]
/dev/sg8: scsi8 channel=0 id=3 lun=0
    DGC       LUNZ              0532 [rmb=0 cmdq=1 pqual=0 pdev=0x0]
```

sg\_map -x command will map your OS disk with SAN mapped disk so that we can easily identify them, it will also give Channel id, LUN id, associated disk and so an.

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#sg_map -x

/dev/sg5  8 0 0 1  0  /dev/sde
/dev/sg6  8 0 1 1  0  /dev/sdf
```

-sd option along with sg\_map will provide you straight forward OS disk mapping with SAN LUN

```
[root@Techtutorials ~]#sg_map -sd

/dev/sg5  /dev/sde
/dev/sg6  /dev/sdf
```

## More options of sg\_map command

- **-a** assume the sg devices have alphabetical device names and loop through /dev/sga, /dev/sgb, etc. Default is numeric scan. Note
     that sg device nodes with an alphabetical index have been deprecated since the linux kernel 2.2 series.
- **-h** print usage message then exit.
- **-i**  in addition do a standard INQUIRY and output vendor, product and revision strings for devices that are found.
- **-n** assume the sg devices have numeric device names and loop through /dev/sg0, /dev/sg1, etc. Default is numeric scan
- **-scd** display mappings to SCSI cdrom device names of the form /dev/scd0, /dev/scd1 etc
- **-sd** display mappings to SCSI disk device names
- **-sr**  display mappings to SCSI cdrom device names of the form /dev/sr0, /dev/sr1 etc
- **-st** display mappings to SCSI tape device names Find SAN Disk Lun id
- **-V** print out version string then exit (without further ado).
- **-x** after each active sg device name is displayed there are five digits: <host\_number> <bus> <scsi\_id> <lun> <scsi\_type>

**Conclusion:**  There are many ways to identify but above are easy ways to identify Underlying OS disk. Find SAN Disk Lun id

## Related Articles

[Provide Remote Block Storage using RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/iscsi-server-installation-providing-remote-block-storage/)

[Could not Create NetworkPortal Error in iSCSI Server](https://arkit.co.in/could-not-create-networkportal-in-configfs/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** SAN disk LUN id in Linux

---

### [sanlun NetApp utility gathering information about LUNs in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/sanlun-netapp-utility-gathering-information/)

**Published:** November 20, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We have an NetApp SAN utility to fetch details about mapped LUN’s, Host bus adapter WWWN details, Path of the associated LUN to Linux disk. The sanlun utility is a user application that retrieves and displays information about LUNs on a NetApp controller. By default, sanlun lists information for all devices found in the /dev directory. sanlun NetApp utility

**Note:** You must be root to run sanlun.

  Download Netapp Host utility from mysupport Netapp site. [Download Link](http://mysupport.netapp.com/NOW/download/software/sanhost_linux/7.1/download.shtml)

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# rpm -ivh netapp_linux_unified_host_utilities-7-1.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
 1:netapp_linux_unified_host_utiliti################################# [100%]
```

## sanlun NetApp utility gathering information about LUNs in Linux

To display about LUN and disk information

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# sanlun lun show
controller(7mode)/                        device          host                  lun
vserver(Cmode)       lun-pathname         filename        adapter    protocol   size    mode
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ark-netapp-03        /vol/u03/u03 /dev/sdo        host6      FCP        500.1g  C
ark-netapp-03        /vol/u02/u02 /dev/sdn        host6      FCP        600.1g  C
```

Get the mapped LUN details using particular disk / partition. Using below command we can get the details about LUN, the LUN which is used to create Disk / Partition.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# sanlun fcp show adapter -c

[root@TechTutorials ~]# sanlun lun show -d /dev/sdo
controller(7mode)/                        device          host                  lun
vserver(Cmode)       lun-pathname         filename        adapter    protocol   size    mode
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ark-netapp-03        /vol/u03/u03 /dev/sdo        host6      FCP        500.1g  C
```

## Fetch iSCSI details by providing Local disk information

Command will provide us the details of NetApp Filer, iSCSI Initiator details.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# sanlun lun show -v -d /dev/sdo1

vserver              lun-pathname              filename        adapter    protocol   size    mode
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vserver1                  /vol/auto_vol196_4/lun1_1 /dev/sdo1       host29     iSCSI      3g      C
LUN Serial number: 2Fgnl+9slW1d
Controller Model Name: FAS3170
Vserver iSCSI IP address: 192.168.10.99
Vserver iSCSI port number: 3260
Vserver IP address: 192.168.20.78
Vserver volume name: auto_vol196_4   MSID::0x00000000000000000000000080000413
Vserver snapshot name:
```

Display mapped LUN details which are mapped to particular HBA card using its WWPN (World wide Port Name)

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# sanlun lun show -wwpn 21000034ff0613e5

Displays all the devices reachable through the controller port with WWPN 21000034ff0613e5:

controller(7mode)/   target                                                      device          host       lun
vserver(Cmode)       wwpn               lun-pathname                             filename        adapter    size    mode
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vserver1                  21000034ff0613e5   /vol/volname/lun2                        /dev/sdr        host10     200g      C
Vserver1                  21000034ff0613e5   /vol/volname/lun1                        /dev/sdq        host10     200g      C
Vserver1                  21000034ff0613e5   /vol/volname/lun2                        /dev/sdj        host9      200g      C
Vserver1                  21000034ff0613e5   /vol/volname/lun1                        /dev/sdi        host9      200g      C
```

The output will be the same for the command “sanlun lun show -wwpn 21:00:00:34:ff:06:13:e5”.

## Get Netapp Filer Information using LUN path

We can also see, from which Netapp Filer LUN is mapped and its information.

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# sanlun lun show -pv Vserver1:/vol/volname/lun2

ONTAP Path: Vserver1:/vol/volname/lun2
LUN: 1
LUN Size: 200g
Host Device: 360a990003246665c422b397a54625875
Mode: C
Multipath Policy: round-robin 0
DM-MP Features: 1 queue_if_no_path
Hardware Handler: 1 alua
Multipath Provider: Native
----------- --------- ---------- ------- ------------ ---------------------------------------------- ----------
host      vserver            host:
dm-mp       path      path       /dev/   chan:        vserver                                        major:
state       state     type       node    id:lun       LIF                                            minor
----------- --------- ---------- ------- ------------ ---------------------------------------------- ----------
active      up        primary    sdd     9:0:0:1      fcp_lif1                                       8:48
active      up        primary    sdp     10:0:2:1     fcp_lif2                                       8:240
active      up        secondary  sdf     9:0:1:1      fcp_lif3                                       8:80
active      up        secondary  sdr     10:0:3:1     fcp_lif4                                       65:16
```

Know Netapp Utility version information

```
[root@TechTutorials ~]# sanlun versionsanlun version 6.1.174.7755
```

That’s it about sanlun Netapp Utility ..!!

## Related Articles

[How to find SAN disk Lun id](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-find-san-disk-lun-id-in-linux-identify-san-lun-underlying-os-disk/)

[iSCSI Server installation Providing Block Storage to Remote host](https://arkit.co.in/iscsi-server-installation-providing-remote-block-storage/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, Linux, Netapp

**Tags:** sanlun

---

### [NTP Time Sync Monitoring Specified NTP Source In Windows with Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/ntp-time-sync-monitoring-specified-ntp-source-windows/)

**Published:** November 22, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

[NTP](https://arkit.co.in/configure-ntp/) stands for Network Time Protocol, Used to sync all the servers time exact as main time server. All the servers time should be in equal if not they we may see problems in synchronization of Active Directories / User access. So CRITICAL part is if we miss time sync with actual NTP server then we may get lot many errors in environment, even we can’t analyze logs based on time stamp. Here in this article we are going to talk about NTP time sync Monitoring Specified NTP source in Windows using Nagios Server.

Windows time sync monitoring plugin is available in Nagios Exchange Just [Download](https://exchange.nagios.org/directory/Plugins/Network-Protocols/NTP-and-Time/Check-Windows-Time-Offset-%28check_windows_time-2Ebat%29/details)

  ## NTP Time Sync Monitoring Configuration in Nagios Core / Nagios XI

This plugin works for windows only. After downloading the plugin just login to your Nagios client machine and paste the plugin in path as mentioned below

[![Nagios Client Sctipt Path](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nagios-Client-Script-Place-300x152.png "nagios-client-script-place - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nagios-Client-Script-Place.png)

We have to Edit NSC.ini configuration File to add external commands

un-comment below configuration line to allow arguments from Nagios Server

```
;# COMMAND ARGUMENT PROCESSING
;  This option determines whether or not the NRPE daemon will allow clients to specify arguments to commands that are executed.
allow_arguments=1
```

Add External scripts as shown below

```
[External Scripts]
;check_es_long=scripts\long.bat
;check_es_ok=scripts\ok.bat
;check_es_nok=scripts\nok.bat
;check_vbs_sample=cscript.exe //T:30 //NoLogo scripts\check_vb.vbs
;check_powershell_warn=cmd /c echo scripts\powershell.ps1 | powershell.exe -command -
check_windows_time=scripts\check_windows_time.bat time.windows.com 30 10
```

Then un-comment CheckExternalScripts.dll entry or else you may receive UNKNOWN: No handler for that command” error

```
; Script to check external scripts and/or internal aliases.
CheckExternalScripts.dll
```

Save Configuration file and restart NsClient++ Service

[![NSClient restart](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NSclient-Restart-300x143.png "nsclient-restart - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NSclient-Restart.png)

Before going back to your Nagios Server just execute and check whether .bat script is working or not

[![check_windows_time plugin is working](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/check_windows_time-batch-working-300x54.png "check_windows_time-batch-working - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/check_windows_time-batch-working.png)

## Nagios Core Procedure

Now go back to your Nagios Server. manually call windows command using check\_nrpe plugin if it is working fine then go ahead and write command in commands.cfg file.

```
[root@Ark-NagiosServ ~]# cd /usr/local/nagios/libexec/

[root@Ark-NagiosServ libexec]# ./check_nrpe -H 192.168.2.10 -p 5666 -c check_windows_time 3 1
OK: Time is +00.5859296s from time.windows.com|'Offset'=00s;30;10;0
```

Edit commands.cfg file and add below command OR custom command as you like

```
define command {
       command_name                             check_time
       command_line                             $USER1$/check_nrpe -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -t 30 -c $ARG1$ $ARG2$ $ARG3$
}
```

Open Host configuration file and add service definition

```
define service {
        host_name                       windows-ad.arkit.co.in
        service_description             Time Check
        check_command                   check_time!check_windows_time!30!10!!!!!
        max_check_attempts              5
        check_interval                  5
        retry_interval                  1
        check_period                    xi_timeperiod_24x7
        notification_interval           0
        notification_period             xi_timeperiod_24x7
        notifications_enabled           1
        contacts                        nagiosadmin
        contact_groups                  Windowsadmins
        }
```

Save config file and restart Nagios Service.

That’s it NTP time sync monitoring is in place. It will send you an alert when NTP is not in sync for 30 seconds.

## Related Articles

[Time Server installation and Configuration Step by Step guide in RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/configure-ntp/)

[Monitoring Windows any Service Using NAgios Guide](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-windows-client-using-nagios/)

[Monitoring Linux Server Using Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-linux-client-using-nagios-nrpe/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** NTP Service Monitoring Nagios

---

### [Install MSSQL Server in Linux Ultimate Step by Step Guide RHEL / Centos](https://arkit.co.in/install-mssql-server-in-linux-rhel-centos/)

**Published:** November 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Recent initiative by Microsoft to offer SQL Database product availability in Linux Operating system in part of that Microsoft released RPM packages for Linux. In this Article we are going to see how to Install MSSQL Server in Linux Ultimate Step by Step Guide RHEL / Centos.

**Environment :** Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 & Centos 7. We have used for this demonstration.

  ## Minimum Hardware Requirements

- Minimum 4GB RAM
- Disk Space 4GB minimum
- File System XFS Or Ext4 will be supported
- Distros RHEL 7 / Centos 7 / MAC / Ubuntu 16.04 LTS or above versions
- Enable 1433 port from Firewall for SQL communication to other clients
- CPU i5 or above models

## Install MSSQL Server in Linux Process

**Configuring YUM repo**

Microsoft is already providing required packages through YUM repository, we have to download repo config and install mssql server in Linux.

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
```

\[root@Arkit-Serv yum.repos.d\]# wget https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/7/mssql-server.repo \[root@Arkit-Serv yum.repos.d\]# ls mssql-server.repo redhat.repo

Check repo status

```
[root@Arkit-Serv yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id                                                                       repo name                                                                      status
packages-microsoft-com-mssql-server                                           packages-microsoft-com-mssql-server                                            2
repolist: 2
```

## Installa packages using YUM

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# yum install mssql-server
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mssql-server.x86_64 0:14.0.1.246-6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===========================================================================================
 Package                           Arch                        Version                              Repository                                                Size
============================================================================================
Installing:
 mssql-server                      x86_64                      14.0.1.246-6                         packages-microsoft-com-mssql-server                      138 M

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 138 M
Installed size: 138 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7Server/packages-microsoft-com-mssql-server/packages/mssql-server-14.0.1.246-6.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID be1229cf: NOKEY
Public key for mssql-server-14.0.1.246-6.x86_64.rpm is not installed
mssql-server-14.0.1.246-6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                        | 138 MB  00:03:30
Retrieving key from https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc
Importing GPG key 0xBE1229CF:
 Userid     : "Microsoft (Release signing) "
 Fingerprint: bc52 8686 b50d 79e3 39d3 721c eb3e 94ad be12 29cf
 From       : https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : mssql-server-14.0.1.246-6.x86_64                                                                                                                1/1

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Please run /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr-setup to complete the setup of |
|                  Microsoft(R) SQL Server(R).                      |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

  Verifying  : mssql-server-14.0.1.246-6.x86_64                                                                                                                1/1

Installed:
  mssql-server.x86_64 0:14.0.1.246-6

Complete!
```

## Run MSSQL Server Setup

As per the above command output MSSQL package installation completed, Now We have to setup sql server, to setup SQL Server we have to run below mentioned commands

```
[root@Arkit-Serv yum.repos.d]# cd /opt/mssql/bin/
[root@Arkit-Serv bin]# pwd
/opt/mssql/bin
[root@Arkit-Serv bin]# ./sqlservr-setup
Microsoft(R) SQL Server(R) Setup

You can abort setup at anytime by pressing Ctrl-C. Start this program
with the --help option for information about running it in unattended
mode.

Please enter a password for the system administrator (SA) account:
Please confirm the password for the system administrator (SA) account:

Setting system administrator (SA) account password...

Do you wish to start the SQL Server service now? [y/n]: y
Do you wish to enable SQL Server to start on boot? [y/n]: y
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mssql-server.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mssql-server.service.
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mssql-server-telemetry.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mssql-server-telemetry.service.

Setup completed successfully.
```

## Check MSSQL Service Status in Linux

MSSQL Service deployed Successfully, Now Verify MSSQL Service is running or not using systemctl status mssql-server

```
[root@Arkit-Serv bin]# systemctl status mssql-server
● mssql-server.service - Microsoft(R) SQL Server(R) Database Engine
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mssql-server.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-11-23 01:12:42 PST; 1min 48s ago
 Main PID: 2492 (sqlservr)
   CGroup: /system.slice/mssql-server.service
           ├─2492 /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr
           └─2501 /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr
```

Open Port 1433 from firewall to communicate with clients

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=1433/tcp
success
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

## Access MSSQL Instance from Windows Through SQL Management Studio

To Access MSSQL instance from windows machine, Install SQL Management Studio first, then open Run –> ssms

[![ssms command to open SQL Management Studio](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SQL-Management-Studio-300x154.png "sql-management-studio - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SQL-Management-Studio.png)ssms command to open SQL Management Studio

[![Accessing MSSQL Server from Windows client](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Accessing-MSSQL-Server-from-Linux-to-windows-300x224.png "accessing-mssql-server-from-linux-to-windows - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Accessing-MSSQL-Server-from-Linux-to-windows.png)Accessing MSSQL Server from Windows client

Select Server type as Database Engine –> Provide SQL Server IP/ Name (Linux Machine IP) –> Login Name (sa by default) –> Provide Password. Install MSSQL Server in Linux

[![Default List of Databases](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/List-Databases-263x300.png "list-databases - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/List-Databases.png)Default List of Databases

Check MSSQL version by running sample query

[![Linux MSSQL Version](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/check-mssql-version-300x45.png "check-mssql-version - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/check-mssql-version.png)Linux MSSQL Version

That’s it MSSQL Server installation is completed successfully and accessible from Windows client through SQL Management Studio. Install MSSQL Server in Linux

## Related Articles

[SQL Installation in Windows Server](https://arkit.co.in/mssql-server-installation-configuration-guide/)

[Check installation Status of SQL Server](https://arkit.co.in/check-mssql-server-installed-correctly/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** MSSQL in Linux

---

### [Sar Command Sysstat Reports Good For Your Career Advancement](https://arkit.co.in/sar-command-sysstat-reports/)

**Published:** November 23, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**Sar** command is used to collect sysstat reports on various elements System Loads, Memory/Paging, CPU, Disk I/O usage and network information in Linux system. SAR command can also save the reports in the log files. Collecting sar command output and reports are not real time, which are older as specified in configuration file.

Sar command will write to standard output the contents of selected cumulative activities counters in the operating system. Sar command will display average statistics for the time sing the system was started.

  ## Features of SAR :

- CPU utilization
- Process Report
- Load average utilization
- Memory and swap space Utilization
- Block Device Statistics
- I/O Related activities
- System Buffer activity
- Context Switch Related Information
- Network Related Statistics
- Memory Allocation
- Semaphore Allocation
- kernel activities and TTY statistics
- Report sar data from a specific time

## Installing sysstat reports (sar command) package:

By default sar(sysstat) package is not installed in Linux machine. so you need to download the systat package and install. Follow below steps for install and configure systat.

```
[root@server ~]# yum install -y sysstat*
```

(or)

```
[root@server ~]# wget http://pagesperso-orange.fr/sebastien.godard/sysstat-10.0.0.tar.bz2
[root@server ~]# tar -xzvf sysstat-10.0.0.tar.bz2
[root@server ~]# cd sysstat-10.0.0 
[root@server ~]# make 
[root@server ~]# make install
```

### How to check sysstat version and Enable stat collection?

```
[root@server ~]# sar -V
sysstat version 10.1.5
```

when you have installed sysstat package in new machines, it will enables stat collections by default.

```
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/default/sysstat
```

In case it is not enabled you can do manually.

change ENABLED=”false” to ENABLED=”true” in below path.

```
[root@server ~]# vi /etct/default/sysstat
```

### How long to keep log files History of sysstat ?

By default 7 days in a month. You can modify days of history in configuration file mentioned below

```
[root@server ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/sysstat
```

**HISTORY=7 ========> by default 7 days.**

:wq

Now restart the sysstat service.

```
[root@server ~]# systemctl restart sysstat.service
```

(or)

```
[root@server ~]# /etct/init.d/sysstat restart
```

when you restart this service, it will start collecting data.

SAR generates report and collect data daily basis by default it will collects data every 10 min . You can change it.

```
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/cron.d/sysstat 

# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1
# 0 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 600 6 &
# Generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
```

## CPU Usage Statistics

Generating CPU usage reports. Using sar command we can generate each CPU utilization and all the CPU Utilization as cumulative. Use sar command along with -P option to generate followed by 0. 0 is the first CPU increase numbers how many CPUs you have. Below is the command which shows your first CPU utilization.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -P 0
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/20/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

05:05:52 PM LINUX RESTART

05:10:01 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
05:20:01 PM 0 0.86 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.00 98.87
05:30:01 PM 0 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 99.92

Average: 0 0.22 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.00 99.57

10:08:53 PM LINUX RESTART
```

All CPUs usage using single command sar -P ALL

- **%user** – Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level.
- **%nice** – CPU Utilization occurred with nice priority
- **%system** – Utilization that Occurred while executing Kernel Level (System Level)
- **%iowait**– CPUs were idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request
- **%steal** – Show the percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU
- **%idle** – CPUs were idle and the system did not have an outstanding disk I/O request

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -P ALL
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/20/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

05:05:52 PM LINUX RESTART

05:10:01 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
05:20:01 PM all 0.85 0.00 0.19 0.11 0.00 98.86
05:20:01 PM 0 0.86 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.00 98.87
05:20:01 PM 1 0.83 0.00 0.24 0.09 0.00 98.84

Average: CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
Average: all 0.23 0.00 0.15 0.09 0.00 99.54
Average: 0 0.22 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.00 99.57
Average: 1 0.23 0.00 0.18 0.07 0.00 99.51
```

## Disk I/O Transfer Stats

Report of Disk transfer rate statistics, Along with sar command we have to use -b option list disk I/O statistics.

- **tps** – Total number of transfers per second that were issued to Physical devices.
- **rtps** – Total read requests per second
- **wtps** – Total write requests per second
- **bread/s** – Read blocks per second from the devices
- **bwrtn/s** – Write blocks per second to devices

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -b
Linux 2.6.18-371.3.1.el5 (ArkIT-Serv)         11/23/2016

12:00:01 AM       tps      rtps      wtps   bread/s   bwrtn/s
12:10:01 AM     68.57      0.00     68.57      0.00    670.24
12:20:01 AM     76.61      0.00     76.61      0.00    739.28
12:30:01 AM     77.12      0.00     77.12      0.00    744.20
12:40:01 AM     77.14      0.00     77.14      0.00    745.83
12:50:01 AM     68.29      0.00     68.29      0.00    656.81
Average:        70.79      0.01     70.78      0.12    690.69
```

Disk utilization activity for each block device. Note that device activity report based on sadc options “-S DISK” or “-S XDISK”. Use -d along with sar command.

As stated earlier, the sadc command collects system utilization data and writes it to a file for later analysis. By default, the data is written to files in the /var/log/sa/ directory. The files are named sa<dd>, where <dd> is the current day’s two-digit date.

- **rd\_sec/s** – Read sectors from the device. Sector size is 512 bytes
- **wr\_sec/s** – Sectors written to the device. Sector size is 512 bytes
- **avgrq-sz** – Size of the average requests issued to device
- **avgqu-sz**– Average queue length were issued to device
- **await** – Average time I/O issued to device (in milliseconds)
- **svctm** – The average service time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests that were issued to the device.
- **%util** – Percentage of elapsed time during which I/O requests were issued to the device

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -d
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
07:50:01 PM dev8-16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
07:50:01 PM dev8-0 0.09 0.07 0.84 9.77 0.00 1.25 0.96 0.01
07:50:01 PM dev253-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
07:50:01 PM dev253-1 0.10 0.07 0.84 9.27 0.00 1.20 0.92 0.01
Average: dev8-16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: dev8-0 1.09 15.33 4.75 18.49 0.01 4.84 4.56 0.50
Average: dev253-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: dev253-1 1.12 15.31 4.75 17.88 0.01 4.77 4.45 0.50
```

## Paging Information Report

Paging information, Paging is a memory management scheme by which a computer stores and retrieves data from secondary storage for use in main memory.

- **pgpgin/s** – Kilobytes paged in from disk per second
- **pgpgout/s** – Kilobytes paged out to disk per second
- **fault/s** – Number of page faults made per second
- **majflt/s** – Major faults made per second
- **pgfree/s** – Pages placed on free list per second
- **pgscank/s** – pages scanned by the kswapd daemon per second
- **pgscand/s** – pages scanned directly per second
- **pgsteal/s** – Pages reclaimed from cache per second

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -B
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM pgpgin/s pgpgout/s fault/s majflt/s pgfree/s pgscank/s pgscand/s pgsteal/s %vmeff
07:50:01 PM 0.03 0.42 71.75 0.00 53.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
08:00:01 PM 0.00 0.36 68.16 0.00 50.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
08:10:01 PM 30.63 8.50 110.56 0.07 69.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
08:20:01 PM 0.00 0.21 68.17 0.00 50.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: 7.67 2.38 79.66 0.02 55.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
```

Memory utilization report

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -r
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit kbactive kbinact kbdirty
07:50:01 PM 809248 1061264 56.74 876 407028 2102716 53.00 514364 337388 0
08:00:01 PM 809272 1061240 56.74 876 407040 2102712 53.00 514336 337376 0
08:10:01 PM 766148 1104364 59.04 876 412028 2102712 53.00 518388 338416 0
08:20:01 PM 766092 1104420 59.04 876 412028 2102712 53.00 518456 338420 0
Average: 787690 1082822 57.89 876 409531 2102713 53.00 516386 337900 0
```

## Swap space Utilization statistics

sar command along with -S option. [Refer swap partition creation guide](https://arkit.co.in/swap-file-system/)

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -S
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM kbswpfree kbswpused %swpused kbswpcad %swpcad
07:50:01 PM 2097148 0 0.00 0 0.00
08:00:01 PM 2097148 0 0.00 0 0.00
08:10:01 PM 2097148 0 0.00 0 0.00
08:20:01 PM 2097148 0 0.00 0 0.00
Average: 2097148 0 0.00 0 0.00
```

Huge Page Usage statistics

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -H
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM kbhugfree kbhugused %hugused
07:50:01 PM 0 0 0.00
08:00:01 PM 0 0 0.00
08:10:01 PM 0 0 0.00
08:20:01 PM 0 0 0.00
Average: 0 0 0.00
```

## Network Related Statistics

Possible keywords are DEV, EDEV, NFS, NFSD, SOCK, IP, EIP, ICMP, EICMP, TCP, ETCP, UDP, SOCK6, IP6, EIP6, ICMP6, EICMP6 and UDP6. Network related statistics using -n option.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -n 
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -n DEV
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s
07:50:01 PM eno16777736 0.18 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
07:50:01 PM lo 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -n NFS
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM call/s retrans/s read/s write/s access/s getatt/s
07:50:01 PM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
08:00:01 PM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -n SOCK
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM totsck tcpsck udpsck rawsck ip-frag tcp-tw
07:50:01 PM 1155 10 11 0 0 0
08:00:01 PM 1155 10 11 0 0 0
```

Queue length and load average report using -q option

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -q
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

07:32:36 PM LINUX RESTART

07:40:01 PM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15 blocked
07:50:01 PM 0 648 0.00 0.03 0.10 0
08:00:01 PM 0 649 0.00 0.01 0.05 0
```

## Fetch Custom Report from file

Everyday one file will be created in /var/log/sa/ path with sa’date’ (ex. sa23 ). later fetch the details from stored file with starting and ending time. -s starting time hh:mm:ss (Hours:Minutes:Seconds) -e end time hh:mm:ss.

Queue length with load average report below

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv sa]# sar -q -s 12:00:00 -e 23:00:00 -f /var/log/sa/sa22
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/22/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

08:57:26 PM LINUX RESTART

09:00:01 PM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15 blocked
09:10:02 PM 3 566 0.00 0.06 0.10 0
09:20:01 PM 0 643 0.25 0.26 0.21 0
09:30:01 PM 0 656 0.00 0.08 0.15 0
09:40:01 PM 0 657 0.01 0.05 0.11 0
09:50:01 PM 0 660 0.09 0.05 0.07 0
Average: 1 636 0.07 0.10 0.13 0
```

CPU Utilization fetch from stored sar file

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv sa]# sar -P ALL -s 12:00:00 -e 23:00:00 -f /var/log/sa/sa21
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 10/21/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

10:21:01 PM LINUX RESTART

10:30:01 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
10:40:01 PM all 5.21 0.00 0.73 0.02 0.00 94.05
10:40:01 PM 0 5.51 0.00 0.71 0.01 0.00 93.77
10:40:01 PM 1 4.91 0.00 0.74 0.02 0.00 94.33
```

## Read sar file using less 

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# sar -f /var/log/sar20 |less
```

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv sa]# sar -r -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa21
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain) 10/21/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

10:21:01 PM LINUX RESTART

10:30:01 PM kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit kbactive kbinact kbdirty
10:40:01 PM 556708 1313804 70.24 928 400236 2205668 55.59 790828 322332 0
10:50:01 PM 417208 1453304 77.70 928 406932 2243548 56.55 916944 325404 28
Average: 486958 1383554 73.97 928 403584 2224608 56.07 853886 323868 14

10:30:01 PM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s
10:40:01 PM eno16777736 0.29 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
10:40:01 PM lo 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10:50:01 PM eno16777736 0.29 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
10:50:01 PM lo 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: eno16777736 0.29 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: lo 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
```

Generate the Utilization report based on the custom seconds and number of times

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv sa]# sar -u 4 5
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

10:03:35 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
10:03:39 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 99.88
10:03:43 PM all 0.12 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 99.62
10:03:47 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:03:51 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 99.75
10:03:55 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Average: all 0.03 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 99.85
```

## Store sar output to mentioned file

Outputfile will be created on the same location, outputfile can’t be read directly we have to use sar -f outputfile

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv sa]# sar -o outputfile 2 5
```

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv sa]# sar -f outputfile
Linux 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (ArkIT-Serv) 11/23/2016 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

10:06:43 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
10:06:45 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 99.50
10:06:47 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:06:49 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 99.75
10:06:51 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:06:53 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 99.75
Average: all 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 99.80
```

That’s about sar command and sysstat reports.

## Related Articles

[htop command to see system utilization](https://arkit.co.in/10-reasons-htop-command-getting-popular/)

[Ultimate 25 Linux Commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** sar, systat

---

### [Linux Directory Structure Changed RHEL7 File System Hierarchy Standard](https://arkit.co.in/linux-directory-structure-changed-rhel7-fhs/)

**Published:** December 7, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Do you ever think why Linux Directory Structure is different than other operating systems..? And why we need to have so many directories in Linux, Let me explain in a better way to understand Linux Directory Structure Changed RHEL7 File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS).

## Why File System Hierarchy is important..?

- Basic Security
- Categorizing Sharable and UN-sharable files in different buckets
- Organizing application files as per the FHS complaint
- Which gives more flexibility for the developers to write / develop programs
- Easy to manage Operating system for Administrators

File System Hierarchy is dependent for more other processes like [booting process](https://arkit.co.in/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/) and recover / restore processes. Let’s see one by one what they store and how it is useful.

  ## Linux Directory Structure Changed RHEL7 File System Hierarchy Standard

**/bin** is a separate directory under / (slash / root) which stores essential command binaries and commands that may be used by normal users and administrators. symbolic links also to the other commands /scripts.

**Example:** cat, chgrp, chmod and so an..

**/boot** contains static files of the boot loader, This Directory contains everything required by the boot process except configuration files not needed at boot time and the map installer. This may include saved master boot sectors and sector map files.

**Example:** Grub2

**/dev** directory contains device files. dev directory contains MAKEDEV and MAKEDEV.local to create externally attached device files and also local device files.

**Example:** /dev/cdrom – CD player

 /dev/st0 – Tape Drive

**/etc** directory hold host-specific system configuration files. Configuration files must be an local files and must not be an executable binaries. No binary files located under /etc directory. It contains major / important system configuration files.

**Example:** /etc/passwd, /etc/group

**/lib** directory includes essential shared libraries and kernel modules. Dynamically linked C library files (lib.so*) and execution time linker/loader (ld*) file types contained by lib directory.

**/media** directory is used as mount point for removable media, such as CD / DVD drives, thumb drives etc. We can create sub-directories under /media directory to mount multiple devices.

**/mnt** directory used as mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily. Any partitions you would like to mount it for temporary you can make use of this temp path.

**/opt** directory is reserved for add-on application software packages such as chrome browser. Every third party packages you install it will create and <package name> directory or <provider name> directory to identify them easily. Directories under opt /opt/bin, /opt/doc, /opt/include, /opt/info, /opt/lib, and /opt/man are reserved for local system administrator use.

**Example:** /opt/chrome etc..

## /sbin directory

This /sbin directory contains essential system binaries. Utilities used by systemd administrators will be stored under this directory. /sbin also contains binaries which are used for booting, restoring, recovering and repairing the system.

**Example:** fsck, reboot etc..

**/srv** directory stores data for services provided by this system. It contains site specific data which is served by system.

**/tmp** stores temporary files. /tmp is very special directory which is accessible to every user in the system. Assigned an permissions called [sticky bit](https://arkit.co.in/sticky-bit-permission-explained-linux/) and few more special permissions.

**/usr** secondary major hierarchy. When /bin directory is not flexible to keep more binaries / scripts we can keep in /usr/bin directory. /usr is an shareable and read-only data, FHS complaint hosts and must not be writable.

**/var** holds variable data, which is not static data variable data is an dynamic data. Var directory contains log files as well.

**/home** is an default users home directory

**/root** is an default root user home directory.

**Conclusion:** Directory structure is created in Linux based on FH complaint. File system hierarchy standard. FHS gives basic security and separate shareable and UN-shareable files.

## [For Video Tutorial Click Here](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

[RHCSA Certification Complete Road Map](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-certification-complete-road-map/)

[RHCSA and RHCE Certifications Complete Course Content](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** FHS, File System Hierarchy Standard

---

### [p4search perforce application installation and configuration Guide in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/p4search-perforce-application-installation-linux/)

**Published:** December 13, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

p4search is an small and powerful tool to search repository of perforce. It will allow you to do much complex file search against to your perforce server. What it does is indexes file content from different types of files. In this article we are going to see how to setup p4search perforce application installation and configuration guide in Linux.

## Advantages of p4search

- Easy to search for particular change
- Faster way to find your change list
- You can also integrate with swarm application which gives more flexibility
- It also support advanced search based user name, string and specified repository path

## Let’s see how p4search perforce application installation process

**Requirements to install p4search**

  - 4GB of RAM
- 20GB of Disk space
- At-least 2 core processor
- Working state perforce server
- Swarm application is optional (if you want search feature in swarm you can use it)
- Perforce Admin access account credentials
- Jetty8
- Apache Solr
- Java 8 Version or above
- JDK
- Tomcat7 is required

**Step 1: Install Java and JDK packages as prerequisites**

To install java8 packages, we have to setup the repository first then try to install. p4search perforce application installation

```
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
 Oracle Java (JDK) Installer (automatically downloads and installs Oracle JDK7 / JDK8 / JDK9). There are no actual Java files in this PPA.

Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it

gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpnwudqesu/secring.gpg' created
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpnwudqesu/pubring.gpg' created
gpg: requesting key EEA14886 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
gpg: /tmp/tmpnwudqesu/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key EEA14886: public key "Launchpad VLC" imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1  (RSA: 1)
OK

root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get update
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get install oracle-java8-installer
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  gsfonts-x11 oracle-java8-set-default
Suggested packages:
  binfmt-support visualvm ttf-baekmuk | ttf-unfonts | ttf-unfonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic | ttf-sazanami-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho | ttf-sazanami-mincho ttf-arphic-uming
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  gsfonts-x11 oracle-java8-installer oracle-java8-set-default
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 267 not upgraded.
Need to get 36.4 kB of archives.
After this operation, 209 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get install oracle-java8-set-default
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
oracle-java8-set-default is already the newest version (8u111+8u111arm-1~webupd8~0).
oracle-java8-set-default set to manually installed.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 267 not upgraded.

root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get install default-jre
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get install default-jdk
```

Now required java packages has been installed, move forward to install tomcat. p4search perforce application installation

[![popup-1-java8-installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/popup-1-java8-installation-300x70.png "popup-1-java8-installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/popup-1-java8-installation.png)

[![popup-2-java8-installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/popup-2-java8-installation-300x36.png "popup-2-java8-installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/popup-2-java8-installation.png)

## 2 Step: Installation of tomcat

Along with the tomcat we have to run solr and jetty so it is required to install tomcat as we have to access p4 search from web interface.

```
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get install tomcat7
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  authbind libcommons-dbcp-java libecj-java libservlet3.0-java libtomcat7-java tomcat7-common
Suggested packages:
  libcommons-dbcp-java-doc libgeronimo-jta-1.1-spec-java ecj ant libecj-java-gcj tomcat7-docs tomcat7-admin tomcat7-examples tomcat7-user libtcnative-1
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  authbind libcommons-dbcp-java libecj-java libservlet3.0-java libtomcat7-java tomcat7 tomcat7-common
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 267 not upgraded.
Need to get 6,128 kB of archives.
After this operation, 7,391 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libcommons-dbcp-java all 1.4-5ubuntu2 [148 kB]
Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libecj-java all 3.10.1-2ubuntu1 [1,642 kB]
Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 libservlet3.0-java all 7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1 [302 kB]
Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 libtomcat7-java all 7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1 [3,715 kB]
Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 tomcat7-common all 7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1 [266 kB]
Get:6 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 tomcat7 all 7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1 [36.7 kB]
Get:7 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 authbind amd64 2.1.1+nmu1 [17.6 kB]
Fetched 6,128 kB in 13s (458 kB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package libcommons-dbcp-java.
(Reading database ... 233203 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libcommons-dbcp-java_1.4-5ubuntu2_all.deb ...
Unpacking libcommons-dbcp-java (1.4-5ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libecj-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libecj-java_3.10.1-2ubuntu1_all.deb ...
Unpacking libecj-java (3.10.1-2ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libservlet3.0-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libservlet3.0-java_7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1_all.deb ...
Unpacking libservlet3.0-java (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libtomcat7-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libtomcat7-java_7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1_all.deb ...
Unpacking libtomcat7-java (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package tomcat7-common.
Preparing to unpack .../tomcat7-common_7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1_all.deb ...
Unpacking tomcat7-common (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package tomcat7.
Preparing to unpack .../tomcat7_7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1_all.deb ...
Unpacking tomcat7 (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package authbind.
Preparing to unpack .../authbind_2.1.1+nmu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking authbind (2.1.1+nmu1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu10) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up libcommons-dbcp-java (1.4-5ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libecj-java (3.10.1-2ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libservlet3.0-java (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...
Setting up libtomcat7-java (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...
Setting up tomcat7-common (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...
Setting up tomcat7 (7.0.68-1ubuntu0.1) ...

Creating config file /etc/default/tomcat7 with new version
Adding system user `tomcat7' (UID 125) ...
Adding new user `tomcat7' (UID 125) with group `tomcat7' ...
Not creating home directory `/usr/share/tomcat7'.

Creating config file /etc/logrotate.d/tomcat7 with new version
Setting up authbind (2.1.1+nmu1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu10) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
```

Do not start tomcat7 service as we control tomcat from p4search.

## 3 Step: Install Jetty 8.

Basically jetty8 is the application we used to host our p4search web UI.

```
root@TechTutorials:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get install jetty8
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libasm4-java libjakarta-taglibs-standard-java libjetty8-extra-java libjetty8-java libjstl1.1-java libmail-java libxalan2-java
Suggested packages:
  libjetty8-java-doc libmail-java-doc libxalan2-java-doc libbsf-java libxsltc-java
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  jetty8 libasm4-java libjakarta-taglibs-standard-java libjetty8-extra-java libjetty8-java libjstl1.1-java libmail-java libxalan2-java
0 upgraded, 8 newly installed, 0 to remove and 267 not upgraded.
Need to get 6,789 kB of archives.
After this operation, 10.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libjetty8-java all 8.1.19-1 [1,571 kB]
Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libasm4-java all 5.0.4-1 [252 kB]
Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libmail-java all 1.5.5-1 [623 kB]
Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxalan2-java all 2.7.1-9 [3,166 kB]
Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libjakarta-taglibs-standard-java all 1.1.2-4 [272 kB]
Get:6 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libjstl1.1-java all 1.1.2-4 [17.7 kB]
Get:7 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libjetty8-extra-java all 8.1.19-1 [356 kB]
Get:8 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 jetty8 all 8.1.19-1 [530 kB]
Fetched 6,789 kB in 22s (305 kB/s) p4search perforce application installation
Selecting previously unselected package libjetty8-java.
(Reading database ... 233496 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libjetty8-java_8.1.19-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking libjetty8-java (8.1.19-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libasm4-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libasm4-java_5.0.4-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking libasm4-java (5.0.4-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmail-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libmail-java_1.5.5-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking libmail-java (1.5.5-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxalan2-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libxalan2-java_2.7.1-9_all.deb ...
Unpacking libxalan2-java (2.7.1-9) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libjakarta-taglibs-standard-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libjakarta-taglibs-standard-java_1.1.2-4_all.deb ...
Unpacking libjakarta-taglibs-standard-java (1.1.2-4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libjstl1.1-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libjstl1.1-java_1.1.2-4_all.deb ...
Unpacking libjstl1.1-java (1.1.2-4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libjetty8-extra-java.
Preparing to unpack .../libjetty8-extra-java_8.1.19-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking libjetty8-extra-java (8.1.19-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package jetty8.
Preparing to unpack .../jetty8_8.1.19-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking jetty8 (8.1.19-1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu10) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Setting up libjetty8-java (8.1.19-1) ...
Setting up libasm4-java (5.0.4-1) ...
Setting up libmail-java (1.5.5-1) ...
Setting up libxalan2-java (2.7.1-9) ...
Setting up libjakarta-taglibs-standard-java (1.1.2-4) ...
Setting up libjstl1.1-java (1.1.2-4) ...
Setting up libjetty8-extra-java (8.1.19-1) ...
Setting up jetty8 (8.1.19-1) ...
Adding system user `jetty' (UID 126) ...
Adding new group `jetty' (GID 134) ...
Adding new user `jetty' (UID 126) with group `jetty' ...
Not creating home directory `/usr/share/jetty8'.
```

[![jetty8 web access](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jetty8-installation-300x173.png "jetty8-installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jetty8-installation.png)

## 4 Step: Installing Apache solr

Apache solr is an powerful search engine based application, which is the main base for p4search working method. Apache solr packages are not available directly on ubuntu repository we have to download manually and install. Before installing solr, as a prerequisite install python tools.

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install python-software-properties
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  python-apt python-pycurl
Suggested packages:
  python-apt-dbg python-apt-doc libcurl4-gnutls-dev python-pycurl-dbg python-pycurl-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  python-apt python-pycurl python-software-properties
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 267 not upgraded.
1 not fully installed or removed.
Need to get 202 kB of archives.
After this operation, 929 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
```

Download solr package from solr website

```
root@TechTutorials:~#wget http://www.us.apache.org/dist/lucene/solr/5.5.3/solr-5.5.3.tgz
root@TechTutorials:~#tar -xvf solr-5.5.3.tgz 
root@TechTutorials:~#cd solr-5.5.3/
root@TechTutorials:~#./install_solr_service.sh ../../solr-5.5.3.tgz 
root@TechTutorials:~# service solr status
```

## 5 Step: Now it’s term to install helix-p4d

Helix p4d is required because we can’t manage it’s related things without p4 commands.

```
root@TechTutorials:~# apt-get install helix-p4d
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  helix-cli helix-cli-base helix-p4d-base helix-p4d-base-16.2 helix-p4dctl
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  helix-cli helix-cli-base helix-p4d helix-p4d-base helix-p4d-base-16.2 helix-p4dctl
0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 267 not upgraded.
Need to get 6,722 kB of archives.
After this operation, 15.5 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
  helix-cli-base helix-cli helix-p4dctl helix-p4d-base-16.2 helix-p4d-base helix-p4d
Install these packages without verification? [y/N] y
Get:1 http://package.perforce.com/apt/ubuntu trusty/release amd64 helix-cli-base amd64 2016.2-1468155~trusty [1,968 kB]
Get:2 http://package.perforce.com/apt/ubuntu trusty/release amd64 helix-cli amd64 2016.2-1468155~trusty [7,144 B]
Get:3 http://package.perforce.com/apt/ubuntu trusty/release amd64 helix-p4dctl amd64 2016.2-1468155~trusty [1,396 kB]
Get:4 http://package.perforce.com/apt/ubuntu trusty/release amd64 helix-p4d-base-16.2 amd64 2016.2-1468155~trusty [3,328 kB]
Get:5 http://package.perforce.com/apt/ubuntu trusty/release amd64 helix-p4d-base amd64 2016.2-1468155~trusty [3,270 B]
Get:6 http://package.perforce.com/apt/ubuntu trusty/release amd64 helix-p4d amd64 2016.2-1468155~trusty [19.2 kB]
Fetched 6,722 kB in 29s (231 kB/s) p4search perforce application installation
Selecting previously unselected package helix-cli-base.
(Reading database ... 234160 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../helix-cli-base_2016.2-1468155~trusty_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking helix-cli-base (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Selecting previously unselected package helix-cli.
Preparing to unpack .../helix-cli_2016.2-1468155~trusty_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking helix-cli (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Selecting previously unselected package helix-p4dctl.
Preparing to unpack .../helix-p4dctl_2016.2-1468155~trusty_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking helix-p4dctl (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Selecting previously unselected package helix-p4d-base-16.2.
Preparing to unpack .../helix-p4d-base-16.2_2016.2-1468155~trusty_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking helix-p4d-base-16.2 (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Selecting previously unselected package helix-p4d-base.
Preparing to unpack .../helix-p4d-base_2016.2-1468155~trusty_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking helix-p4d-base (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Selecting previously unselected package helix-p4d.
Preparing to unpack .../helix-p4d_2016.2-1468155~trusty_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking helix-p4d (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu10) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Setting up helix-cli-base (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Setting up helix-cli (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
linking /opt/perforce/bin/p4 to /usr/bin/p4
Setting up helix-p4dctl (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Setting up helix-p4d-base-16.2 (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
update-alternatives: using /opt/perforce/sbin/p4d.16.2 to provide /opt/perforce/sbin/p4d (helix-p4d) in auto mode
Setting up helix-p4d-base (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
Setting up helix-p4d (2016.2-1468155~trusty) ...
linking /opt/perforce/sbin/p4d to /usr/sbin/p4d

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::
::  Thank you for choosing Perforce Helix
::  The following has been installed by the 'helix-p4d' package:
::
::  - The Helix Version Engine (p4d)
::  - A 'perforce' system user
::  - p4dctl, a tool for managing Perforce service instances
::  - The Helix Command-Line Client (p4)
::
::  The Helix Version Engine is now installed, but not yet configured.
::  You must run the following to configure p4d (as root):
::
::    sudo /opt/perforce/sbin/configure-helix-p4d.sh
::
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Started 0 services.
No services configured.
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu10) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
```

## 6 Step: Download and install p4search utility

To download p4search utility use below link and copy to p4search server.

https://www.perforce.com/downloads/helix

```
root@TechTutorials:~# tar -xvf p4search.tgz
p4search-2016.1.1384678/
p4search-2016.1.1384678/LICENSE
p4search-2016.1.1384678/solr-config/
```

Install p4search application using install.sh script

```
root@TechTutorials:~# cd p4search-2016.1.1384678/
root@TechTutorials:~/p4search-2016.1.1384678# ls
API.pdf  conf  INSTALL  install.sh  jetty  jetty-distribution-8.1.14.v20131031.tar.gz  LICENSE  p4-search-2016.1.1384678.war  p4searchnotes.txt  README  scripts  solr-4.6.1.tgz  solr-config
root@TechTutorials:~/p4search-2016.1.1384678# ./install.sh
Enter the Perforce Server hostname: 192.168.158.129
Enter the Perforce Server port: 1666
Enter the Perforce Server charset (leave empty for non-unicde servers):
Enter the Perforce Server login: admin
Enter the Perforce Server password:
```

Login is succeed then its good to go. Now start the application using ./install/start.sh script p4search perforce application installation

```
root@TechTutorials:~/p4search-2016.1.1384678# ./install/start.sh
~/p4search-2016.1.1384678/install ~/p4search-2016.1.1384678
Starting solr: OK
~/p4search-2016.1.1384678
Starting p4-search: .2016-12-04 22:46:08.958:INFO:oejs.Server:jetty-8.1.14.v20131031
2016-12-04 22:46:08.998:INFO:oejdp.ScanningAppProvider:Deployment monitor /home/administrator/p4search-2016.1.1384678/install/jetty-distribution-8.1.14.v20131031/webapps at interval 1
2016-12-04 22:46:09.005:INFO:oejdp.ScanningAppProvider:Deployment monitor /home/administrator/p4search-2016.1.1384678/install/jetty-distribution-8.1.14.v20131031/contexts at interval 1
2016-12-04 22:46:09.008:INFO:oejd.DeploymentManager:Deployable added: /home/administrator/p4search-2016.1.1384678/install/jetty-distribution-8.1.14.v20131031/contexts/p4-search.xml
2016-12-04 22:46:09.129:INFO:oejw.WebInfConfiguration:Extract jar:file:/home/administrator/p4search-2016.1.1384678/install/jetty-distribution-8.1.14.v20131031/webapps/p4-search.war!/ to /tmp/jetty-0.0.0.0-8088-p4-search.war-_-any-/webapp
.....2016-12-04 22:46:13.277:INFO:/:Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext
java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException p4search perforce application installation
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.start.Main.invokeMain(Main.java:473)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.start.Main.start(Main.java:615)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.start.Main.main(Main.java:96)
Caused by: java.net.BindException: Address already in use (Bind failed)
        at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketBind(Native Method)
        at java.net.AbstractPlainSocketImpl.bind(AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java:387)
        at java.net.ServerSocket.bind(ServerSocket.java:375)
        at java.net.ServerSocket.(ServerSocket.java:237)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.server.bio.SocketConnector.newServerSocket(SocketConnector.java:96)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.server.bio.SocketConnector.open(SocketConnector.java:85)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.server.AbstractConnector.doStart(AbstractConnector.java:316)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.server.bio.SocketConnector.doStart(SocketConnector.java:156)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.util.component.AbstractLifeCycle.start(AbstractLifeCycle.java:64)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server.doStart(Server.java:291)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.util.component.AbstractLifeCycle.start(AbstractLifeCycle.java:64)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.xml.XmlConfiguration$1.run(XmlConfiguration.java:1259)
        at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
        at org.eclipse.jetty.xml.XmlConfiguration.main(XmlConfiguration.java:1182)
        ... 7 more

Usage: java -jar start.jar [options] [properties] [configs]
       java -jar start.jar --help  # for more information
.2016-12-04 22:46:14.808:INFO:/:Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet 'dispatcher'
.2016-12-04 22:46:15.992:INFO:oejs.AbstractConnector:Started SelectChannelConnector@0.0.0.0:8088
OK
```

[![Basic Search Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/first-search-results-300x42.png "first-search-results - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/first-search-results.png)

[![p4searcj perforce application installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/advanced-search-300x116.png "advanced-search - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/advanced-search.png)

**Conclusion:** p4search is an utility / tool to search perforce server repositories faster and more flexible way.

## Related Articles

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**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** p4 search perforce

---

### [disk firmware update Netapp Cluster Mode ( cmode ) Step by Step guide](https://arkit.co.in/disk-firmware-update-netapp-cluster-mode-cmode/)

**Published:** December 15, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Netapp disk firmware update is an very easy and straight forward. As many of the people think that disk firmware update need an downtime.?? 🙂 No disk firmware update Netapp cluster mode does required any downtime, it’s an non-disruptive update. Disk firmware update will go in background.

## Disk firmware update Netapp Cluster Mode Advantages

- Reduce disk failures
- Increase I/O performance
- Resolve if any bugs in existing firmware version

## 1 Step: Verify disk firmware version in controller and Netapp site

To Verify disk firmware version and disk owner ship use below command in Netapp Cluster mode.

  ```
ARK-NA::*> storage disk show
                     Usable           Disk    Container   Container
Disk                   Size Shelf Bay Type    Type        Name      Owner
---------------- ---------- ----- --- ------- ----------- --------- --------
1.10.0               1.62TB    10   0 BSAS    aggregate   root_ARK_NA02
                                                                    ARK-NETAPP
1.10.1               1.62TB    10   1 BSAS    aggregate   root_ARK_NA02
                                                                    ARK-NETAPP
ARK-NA::*> storage disk show -physical
Disk             Type    Vendor   Model                Revision     RPM     BPS
---------------- ------- -------- -------------------- -------- ------- -------
1.10.0           BSAS    NETAPP   X306_HMRKP02TSSM     NA00        7200     512
                 SerialNumber: P5G9XX7YX
1.10.1           BSAS    NETAPP   X306_HMRKP02TSSM     NA00        7200     512
```

Take the model number from above command output and search in Netapp disk firmware list, URL is given below.

http://mysupport.netapp.com/NOW/download/tools/diskfw/ [Click Here](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

[![disk firmware version check up in Netapp support site](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Disk-firmware-version-checkup-300x85.png "disk-firmware-version-checkup - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Disk-firmware-version-checkup.png)

Download required version of disk firmware from Netapp site and copy into your local web server path (which should accessible to Netapp controller). In this case i have used an Linux machine with [httpd enabled](https://arkit.co.in/web-server-installation/).

## 2 Step: Enable Background update option in Netapp

Enabling background firmware update option will save you lot of time and effort, if you want to do manually then need to do one by one disk. Background firmware update will automatically do it for you.

```
ARK-NA::*> storage disk option show -fields bkg-firmware-update
node     bkg-firmware-update
-------- -------------------
ARK-NA01 on
ARK-NA02 on
ARK-NA03 on
ARK-NA04 on
4 entries were displayed.
```

## 3 Step: Download firmware to Netapp controllers

First download Netapp firmware from netapp website and upload it to http / web enabled server, ready with web URL.

Login to Cluster mode controller then type below command to download the firmware, in place of existing URL change URL to your own. In command instead of node name use \* will download firmware zip file to all of the nodes.

If you did not have any FTP / HTTP / WEB server available then you can directly provide an username and password on the URL itself as mentioned below, (It is not exact URL change with correct one)

```
ARK-NA::*> storage firmware download -node * -package-url http://username:password@mysupport.netapp.com/X425_HCBEP1T2A10.NA01.LOD.zip
```

```
ARK-NA::*> storage firmware download -node * -package-url http://192.168.26.118/X425_HCBEP1T2A10.NA01.LOD.zip
Firmware download started.
Unpacking package contents.
Firmware downloaded.

Firmware download started.
Unpacking package contents.
Firmware downloaded.

Firmware download started.
Unpacking package contents.
Firmware downloaded.

Firmware download started.
Unpacking package contents.
Firmware downloaded.

4 entries were acted on.
```

That’s it, Netapp background disk firmware update will start automatically after 2 minutes. you can see disk firmware update status using below command.

```
ARK-NA::>storage disk show -fields firmware-revision,model
```

**Conclusion:** Disk firmware update in Netapp cluster mode not required any down time. It’s completely non-disruptive.

[How to replace failed disk](https://arkit.co.in/storage-system-maintenance/)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** netapp disk firmware update cmode

---

### [20 SSH Secure Shell Linux Interview Questions and Answers](https://arkit.co.in/20-ssh-secure-shell-linux-interview-questions-answers/)

**Published:** December 17, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In most of the Interviews it’s an common questions they ask is about SSH (Secure Shell) because in regular day to day tasks they required to use SSH. Usage of SSH protocol is high then employee should know about SSH before they are going to use that’s why interviewer will ask at least one question from these 20 SSH Secure Shell Linux Interview Questions and Answers.

## 20 SSH Secure Shell Linux Interview Questions and Answers

**Q1: What is SSH protocol.?**

  **Ans:** SSH, or secure shell, is a secure protocol and the most common way of safely administering remote servers. Because it encrypt data while transferring from one host to another host throughout network.

**Q2: What is the default port for SSH and configuration file path.?**

**Ans:** Default port number 22. Configuration file path /etc/ssh/sshd\_config

**Q3: What are different data manipulation (Encryption) techniques supported by SSH ..?**

**Ans:** SSH supports Symmetric and Asymmetric encryption methods

**Q4: How to change default SSH port number .?**

**Ans:** We can change the Default port by editing it’s configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd\_config & change Port 22 to other port number. After change restart sshd service to effect changes. If your firewall and SELinux is enabled then write the rule in firewall for new port number otherwise clients can’t connect.

**Q5: How does port forwarding works in SSH ..?**

**Ans:** Client is going to connect using different port number ( in this case 2048 ) other than default, but server ssh service will respond on default port. We have to use ssh -p 2048 from client machine.

[![ssh port forwading](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ssh-port-forwading-300x138.png "ssh-port-forwading - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ssh-port-forwading.png)ssh server port forwarding using firewall redirection

**Q6: How to disable root login for ssh server.?**

**Ans:** Disabling the root login for ssh is very secure way. we can do that by editing ssh configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd\_config then change ‘PermitrootLogin no‘

```
#LoginGraceTime 2m
PermitRootLogin no
#StrictModes yes
#MaxAuthTries 6
#MaxSessions 10
```

**Q7: How to Enable only Key based authentication..?**

**Ans:** This feature provides more/high security because any user can’t login without SSH key.

Note: We have to disable user login to SSH.

```
#RSAAuthentication yes
#PubkeyAuthentication yes
```

**Q8: Is it possible to Login to remote SSH server without password.?**

Ans: Yes, we can do by setting up Key based authentication (password less authentication setup)

> [Password less authentication to run scripts an remote server – Linux](https://arkit.co.in/password-less-authentication-for-running-remote-server-scripts/)

**Q9: What is different between Telnet & SSH.?**

**Telnet SSH**

1\. Data goes on network as plan text. Data will be encrypted using key pair (public key and private key)

2\. Default port 23 Default Port 22

3\. Bandwidth usage is less compare to SSH Bandwidth is high compared to telnet 20 ssh

**Q10. How to Limit SSH access to specific subnet.?**

Limiting SSH access to specific subnet will gives more secure environment, other than given subnet network can’t access SSH server. Edit sshd\_config file and add subnet as mentioned 20 ssh

```
AddressFamily 192.168.4.0/24
```

**Q11: How to restrict SSH server to use only protocol version 2 Or 1..?**

Edit default configuration file and un-comment below shown line and restart service

```
# The default requires explicit activation of protocol 1
#Protocol 2
```

**Q12: What do you mean by SSH cipher.? Tell me different types of ciphers..?**

Cipher is an algorithm to perform encryption and decryption.

Types of cipher supported by SSH are

1. 3des
2. blowfish
3. des

**Q13: How do you access GUI using SSH connection ..?**

SSH will also support of transferring X11 forwarding, we have to use options calle -XY to open server GUI app from client.

 **Q14: What the best procedure to troubleshoot SSH connection error .?**

To Enable Debugging in ssh command use -v option which gives more appropriate and deep analysis. Secure Shell Linux Interview Questions

**Q15: How to Check ssh version .?**

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# ssh -V
OpenSSH_6.6.1p1, OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
```

**Q16: How to Connect to remote IPv6 enabled server ..?**

It’s so simple to connect ssh using IPv6 version

```
ssh -6 root@remoteserver.arkit.co.in
```

**Q17: What is the procedure to log SSH errors to separate file .?**

Using option -E log\_file it will send an standard errors to specified file

**Q18: How many types of Key types SSH supports..?**

- RSA
- DSA
- ECDSA
- ED25519

**Q19: Where SSH will store its trusted ssh client keys .?**

By default when ever your trying to connect to remote SSH host for the first time it will ask you to confirm Yes/No as soon as we say yes, it will copy public key pair to ./ssh/known\_hosts

**Q20: What is the role of authorized\_keys file .?**

Authorized\_keys file stores all client keys to provide password less authentication. Secure Shell Linux Interview Questions

For more about SSH server see this [video session. ](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRSwTsBMx0QR001T00aePLQ?sub_confirmation=1)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Interview, Linux

**Tags:** SSH interview questions and answers

---

### [10 top command practical examples helps to analyze server performance](https://arkit.co.in/10-top-command-practical-examples-helps-analyze-server-performance/)

**Published:** December 21, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Top command provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system. It can display system summary information as well as list of processes of threads currently being managed by Linux Kernel. Top Command provides a limited interactive interface for process manipulation as well as a much more extensive interface for personal configuration. We are going to see 10 top command practical examples helps to analyze server performance.

## 10 top command practical examples helps to analyze server performance

Syntax: top -hv|-bcHiOSs -d secs -n max -u|U user -p pid -o fld -w \[cols\]

  When Started top for the first time you’ll be presented with three area’s as shown in below screenshot

[![top command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/top-command-areas-300x83.png "top command areas - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/top-command-areas.png)

Let’s divide each line as one row then we are going to discuss each and every row what each column means.

**Row1:**

```
top - 01:56:28 up  3:36,  1 user,  load average: 0.05, 0.06, 0.07
```

**01:56:28** – System time

**up 3:36** – Server uptime 3Hours and 36 Minutes

**Load average 0.05** (Every 1 min average) **0.06** (Every 5 Minutes average) **0.07** (Every 15 Minutes Average)

**Row2:**

```
Tasks: 171 total,   1 running, 170 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
```

2 row will provides you details about tasks and there status. It simple and straight forward that total processes, Running processes, Sleeping Processes, Stopped Processes and Zombie Process.

Zombie Processes are the processes which are died and still in process queue.

**Row3:**

```
%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
```

3row gives you an cumulative CPU(s) usage in various aspects Let’s see what are those

**0.0 us** – User running process percentage of CPU

**0.0 sy** – System running process CPU percentage

User Running (us) + System Running (sy) = Total CPU Used

 **ni**, nice : time running niced user processes
 **id**, idle : time spent in the kernel idle handler
 **wa**, IO-wait : time waiting for I/O completion
 **hi** : time spent servicing hardware interrupts
 **si** : time spent servicing software interrupts
 **st** : time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor

## Memory and Swap Utilization

**Row4:**

```
KiB Mem :  3871696 total,  2123424 free,   901076 used,   847196 buff/cache
KiB Swap:  2097148 total,  2097148 free,        0 used.  2700564 avail Mem
```

4 Row provides Memory (RAM) and Swap Utilization. “Buffers” represent how much portion of RAM is dedicated to cache disk block. “Cached” is similar like “Buffers”, only this time it caches pages from file reading.

**R0w5:**

```
  PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
```

Process Identify (PID) Every command/script/task you run an command/GUI will be assigned with UNIQ process ID with round robin mechanism.

USER – Which user run the command/script

PR – Priority of the task execution value 0 is an high priority and value 40 is low.

NI – Nice Value -20 is an high value and 20 is an low value

VIRT – Virtual Memory Size (KiB). The total amount of virtual memory used by the task.

RES – Resident Memory Size (KiB). The non-swapped physical memory a task is using.

SHR – Shared Memory Size (KiB). Amount of shared memory available to a task, not all of which is typically resident.

S — Process Status
 D = uninterruptible sleep
 R = running
 S = sleeping
 T = stopped by job control signal
 t = stopped by debugger during trace
 Z = zombie

%CPU – CPU Usage

%MEM – Memory allocate to the task to perform

TIME – Time elapsed for particular task execution

COMMAND – executed command name / path

## Top Command options / operation

Capturing top command output to file analyze server performance

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# top -b -n 1 > topoutfile
```

Expanding full command path

After entering into top command just hit ‘c’ COMMAND column will expand example as shown below

```
COMMAND
/opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr
/usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P
sshd: root@pts/0
/usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21
[kthreadd]
[ksoftirqd/0]
```

Kill particular process using top option ‘k’ when you press k key it will ask you to provide PID and signal which you want to send kill signal is 9. see all signals using kill -l command

```
PID to signal/kill [default pid = 1] 5573
Send pid 1 signal [15/sigterm] 9
```

Colored output using ‘z’ key

[![10 top command colored output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/top-Colored-output-300x73.png "top Colored output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/top-Colored-output.png)

## Few More 10 top command options

**r** – Re-nice a Process
**1** – shows the details of individual CPU’s running on the System.
**d** – Press change refresh Rate by default top refresh time 3 seconds
**h** – help
**A** – Split top output to Multiple Screens

[![Split top command output to multiple](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Split-top-command-output-to-multiple-300x170.png "Split top command output to multiple - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Split-top-command-output-to-multiple.png)
**n** – Reduce number of listed process
**l** – Hide / Show Load Average
**t** – Hide / show 2nd and 3rd Header line and Change CPU Usage state into bar
**m** – show / hide 4th and 5th line of top output and also change memory and swap utilization to bar

Particular User usage

```
top - u username
```

Watch particular PID how it’s going analyze server performance

```
top -p PID
```

Number of iterations after that top will close automatically

```
top -n 2
```

Thread of the process watch

```
top -H -p PID
```

That’s it about 10 top command practical examples to analyze system performance.

[htop command ultimate full colored output](https://arkit.co.in/10-reasons-htop-command-getting-popular/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** top command

---

### [How You Know You're Doing ps Command Linux The Right Way - Video](https://arkit.co.in/know-youre-ps-command-linux-right-way/)

**Published:** December 22, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going to see ps command Linux as video session. ps command displays report a snapshot of the current processes. ps displays information about a selection of the active processes. If you want a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed information, use top instead.

## ps command Linux

To see every process on the system using standard syntax

  ```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -e
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -ef
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -eF
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -ely
```

See every process on the system using BSD syntax

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps ax
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps axu
```

Print a process tree

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -ejH
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps axjf
```

Get info about threads

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -eLf
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps axms
```

Security info

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
 [root@ArkITShell ~]# ps axZ
 [root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -eM
```

To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user format:

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -U root -u root u
```

To see every process with a user-defined format

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
 [root@ArkITShell ~]# ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
 [root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
```

Print only the process IDs of syslogd

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -C syslogd -o pid=
```

Print only the name of PID 42

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# ps -q 42 -o comm=
```

That’s about ps command in Linux.

## Related Articles

[analyze Linux system performance](https://arkit.co.in/10-top-command-practical-examples-helps-analyze-server-performance/)

[20 ssh interview questions and answers](https://arkit.co.in/20-ssh-secure-shell-linux-interview-questions-answers/)

[Linux directory structure changed in RHEL7 – FHS file hierarchy standard](https://arkit.co.in/linux-directory-structure-changed-rhel7-fhs/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** ps command video

---

### [watch runs commands repeatedly - execute a program periodically](https://arkit.co.in/watch-runs-commands-repeatedly-execute-program-periodically/)

**Published:** December 24, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going to learn about watch command. Watch runs commands repeatedly. How this watch command is helpful for us..?

 When you would like to run one command multiple times by giving intervals, watch is ultimate solution for you. watch runs command repeatedly, displaying its output and errors. This allows you to watch the program output change over time. By default, the program is run every 2 seconds. By default, watch will run until interrupted.

  ## Watch runs commands repeatedly

Check with date command as date updates at every second. If you use option -d along with watch command data update will be highlighted.

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]#watch date

Every 2.0s: date Sat Dec 24 14:00:05 2016

Sat Dec 24 14:00:05 IST 2016
```

```

[root@ArkITShell ~]#watch -d date

Every 2.0s: date Sat Dec 24 14:00:28 2016

Sat Dec 24 14:00:28 IST 2016
```

[![watch -d date command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/watch-d-option-300x48.png "watch -d option - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/watch-d-option.png)

Using -n option we can provide interval time in seconds, As shown in below df -h command output updates at every 10 seconds. Continuously watch file system increment / decrements.

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch -n 10 df -h

Every 10.0s: df -h Sat Dec 24 14:05:30 2016

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 38G 3.5G 35G 10% /
devtmpfs 904M 0 904M 0% /dev
tmpfs 914M 80K 914M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 914M 8.9M 905M 1% /run
tmpfs 914M 0 914M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 497M 124M 373M 25% /boot
```

no-title watch command output. By using -t option along with watch command tittle will be eliminated.

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]#watch -t date

Sat Dec 24 14:09:49 IST 2016
```

To see the effects of quoting, try these out

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]#watch echo "'"'$$'"'"
[root@ArkITShell ~]#watch echo $$
[root@ArkITShell ~]#watch -n 0.5 echo $$
```

[![watch runs commands repeadatlly](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/watch-quoted-output-300x34.png "watch quoted output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/watch-quoted-output.png)watch command output

Real time process updates

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15'
```

[![real time process updates](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/real-time-process-updates-300x64.png "real time process updates - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/real-time-process-updates.png)real time process updates

## Watch command monitor packet transfer using below combination 

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch -d -n 1 ifconfig

Every 1.0s: ifconfig Sat Dec 24 14:18:01 2016

eno16777736: flags=4163 mtu 1500
 inet 192.168.4.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.4.255
 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee0:ae5e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
 ether 00:0c:29:e0:ae:5e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
 RX packets 8143 bytes 643514 (628.4 KiB)
 RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
 TX packets 2871 bytes 423670 (413.7 KiB)
 TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
```

Monitor Log file continuously for updates

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch -n 1 tail /var/log/messages
```

Know Updated data highlighted in color

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch -d=cumulative date
```

See multiple commands output with single watch command

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch "du -h filename.txt && df -h"
```

```
Every 2.0s: du -h file1.txt && df -h Sat Dec 24 14:22:41 2016

296K file1.txt
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 38G 3.5G 35G 10% /
devtmpfs 904M 0 904M 0% /dev
tmpfs 914M 80K 914M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 914M 17M 897M 2% /run
tmpfs 914M 0 914M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 497M 124M 373M 25% /boot
```

If data updated then exit from watch command

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch -e "! date |grep -m 1 \"Dec\""

Every 2.0s: ! date |grep -m 1 "Dec" Sat Dec 24 14:23:43 2016

Sat Dec 24 14:23:43 IST 2016

command exit with a non-zero status, press a key to exit
```

Continuously replace upcoming data with required string, In this example i would like to replace ‘A’ character with ‘Ravi’

```
[root@ArkITShell ~]# watch -n 1 sed 's/A/Ravi/g' file1.txt
```

That’s about watch runs commands repeatedly.

## Related Articles

[ps command understanding PID generation](https://arkit.co.in/know-youre-ps-command-linux-right-way/)

[top command to analyze system performance](https://arkit.co.in/10-top-command-practical-examples-helps-analyze-server-performance/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** watch command

---

### [add user without using useradd command in Linux Ultimate Trick](https://arkit.co.in/add-user-without-using-useradd-command-linux-ultimate-trick/)

**Published:** December 29, 2016
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Creating / add user without using useradd command not an good suggestion but still required in few cases. In this article we are going to discuss how to add user without using useradd command.

First we have to know background process of useradd command, when we type useradd <user name> what happens..?

  ## Add user without using useradd command in Linux Ultimate Trick

- Adds an entry to /etc/passwd file
- Creates an group with same user name
- passwd <user name> generate password and add to /etc/shadow file
- If you add user to groups and create group password then it add an entry in /etc/gshadow file
- Very important one is all the files from /etc/skel directory copied to user’s home directory

We are going to do same process manually.

**Note:** You must be logged in as root / super user.

**1Step: Add entry in /etc/passwd file**

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravi
ravi:x:1001:1001:RHEL7 User:/home/ravi:/bin/bash
```

## 2Step: Create group as like user name by adding entry in /etc/group file

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cat /etc/group |grep ravi
ravi:x:1001:
```

**3Step: Generate Encrypted password using openssl**

Generate encrypted password using openssl command, if you see command is not found then try to install using yum install openssl\* after that add encrypted password to /etc/shadow file.

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt xyz Password
$1$xyz$3xzWDtsGgf1NhmC9wAuk81

[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cat /etc/shadow |grep ravi
ravi:$1$xyz$3xzWDtsGgf1NhmC9wAuk81/Ke/:17120:0:99999:7:::

[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cat /etc/gshadow |grep ravi
ravi:!::
```

## 4Step: Make User home directory manually

User profile and his home directory path to be created manually using below commands.

\[root@Arkit-Serv ~\]# mkdir -p /home/ravi
\[root@Arkit-Serv ~\]# chown ravi:ravi /home/ravi

**5Step: Copy Required profile files from /etc/skel to user home path**

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cd /etc/skel/

[root@Arkit-Serv skel]# cp -v .* /home/ravi/

‘.bash_logout’ -> ‘/home/ravi/.bash_logout’
‘.bash_profile’ -> ‘/home/ravi/.bash_profile’
‘.bashrc’ -> ‘/home/ravi/.bashrc’
```

That’s it user created successfully. Login to user and enjoy.

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# su - ravi

[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$ who am i
root     pts/0        2016-12-29 02:03 (192.168.154.1)
[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$
```

## Related Articles

[User Administration create and Manage users in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/user-administration-creating-modifying-and-deleting-rhel-7/)

[How to reset root user password see here](https://arkit.co.in/root-user-password-reset-rhel5/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** create user without useradd command

---

### [Change login shell instantly Or permanently using these tricks Linux](https://arkit.co.in/change-login-shell-instantly-permanently-linux/)

**Published:** January 3, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

The question here it is how to change user login shell.? Or how to change your login shell..?. Here are few examples how we can change shells instantly means just for current session. Change login shell permanently means if you logout / restart still your login shell will not change. Change login shell instantly Or Permanently using these tricks Linux.

## First See Easy Way / Easy steps using chsh command

No Need to edit /etc/passwd file for changing the shell in your Linux / Unix Operating system. It is very simple to change shell. Use chsh command for changing login shell. chsh command is used to change local machine user shell only. If you would like to change remote machine (non-local) you may consider to use ypchsh Or lchsh.

  ```
Syntax: chsh [Options] [shell name] [User Name]
```

Options:

-s – Change Login shell

-l – List all available shells in system

-u – Help

-v – Version

Before going to change login shells please check valid shells available in your machine. using below commands

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cat /etc/shells
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/usr/bin/sh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh

[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# chsh -l
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/usr/bin/sh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh
```

Process of changing login shell using chsh command.

```
[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$ chsh
Changing shell for ravi.
New shell [/bin/bash]: /bin/csh
Password:
Shell changed.

[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$ echo $0
-csh
[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$ echo $SHELL
/bin/csh
[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$
```

Other user shell change can be done by super user Or root user. Normal user can’t change other user shell.

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# chsh -s /bin/bash admin
Changing shell for admin.
chsh: Shell not changed.
```

## usermod command can be used to change shell

One more command is usermod also helpful. We can simply use usermod -s option to change shell.

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# usermod -s /bin/csh admin
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# su - admin
[admin@Arkit-Serv ~]$ echo $0
-csh
[admin@Arkit-Serv ~]$ echo $SHELL
/bin/csh
```

## Change login shell permanently by editing config file

Edit /etc/passwd using any text editor and change the login shell value. This option is not handy for new users.

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravi
ravi:x:1001:1001:RHEL7 User:/home/ravi:/bin/csh
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# vi /etc/passwd
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravi
ravi:x:1001:1001:RHEL7 User:/home/ravi:/bin/bash
```

## Change Login Shell Instantly

Instantly if you would like to switch in between shell you can also do that using simple commands

```
[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$ echo $0
-bash
[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$ csh
[ravi@Arkit-Serv ~]$ echo $0
csh
```

That’s all about Change Login shell instantly Or Permanently..!!

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[User Administration Adding and Deleting User accounts in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/user-administration-creating-modifying-and-deleting-rhel-7/)

[Reset forgot root user password RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/reset-root-user-password-rhel7/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** change login shell, chsh command

---

### [Debug shell script easily identify any errors Improvements Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/debug-shell-script-easily-identify-errors/)

**Published:** January 6, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

While searching on Internet found very interesting and useful website which helps you, Debug shell script easily identify any errors Improvements in Shell script. Whatever the script you wrote, you can easily check with this tool.

  Beginners write scripts but they don’t know really written in good format Or all parameters used correctly..? No need of worry improve your shell scripting skill set using this tool.

## Advantages of ShellCheck

- Verify the script line by line and get suggestion
- Find errors in script
- Improve your script like Pro
- Get ride of syntax error’s
- Handy / Simple tool

Either you can use this tool online **www.shellcheck.net** Or you can install directly on your Linux / Unix like system and use it.

[![ShellCheck](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ShellCheck-300x222.png "ShellCheck - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ShellCheck.png)

[![Script Debug results](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Script-Debug-results-300x197.png "Script Debug results - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Script-Debug-results.png)

## Debug shell script easily identify any errors in Linux

Simply install using below commands on various distributions.

Debian based distributions :

```
$ sudo apt-get install shellcheck
```

Gentoo based distros :

```
$ emerge --ask shellcheck
```

Fedora based distros :

```
$ dnf install ShellCheck
```

OpenSUSE

```
$ zypper in ShellCheck
```

Red Hat / Centos Distros :

```
# yum install shellcheck
```

Output from Ubuntu

```
root@sny-nripa:~# apt-get install shellcheck
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  shellcheck
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 169 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,603 kB of archives.
After this operation, 13.3 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 shellcheck amd64 0.3.7-5 [1,603 kB]
Fetched 1,603 kB in 0s (1,782 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package shellcheck.
(Reading database ... 60797 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../shellcheck_0.3.7-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking shellcheck (0.3.7-5) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up shellcheck (0.3.7-5) ...
```

Now we are ready to debug shell scripts from Linux using shellcheck command

```
root@sny-nripa:~# shellcheck whichbig.sh

In whichbig.sh line 14:
if test $a -gt $b
        ^-- SC2086: Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
               ^-- SC2086: Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.
```

**Note:** ShellCheck will not check your logic. Which only check script errors and provide with improvements.

That’s it about debug shell script easily identify any errors improvements.

[shellcheck Site](https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck)

## Related Articles

[Generate Nagios Configuration Using shell script](https://arkit.co.in/generate-nagios-configuration-using-shell-script/)

[scripting Quotes](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-tutorial-quotes-double-single-reverse-quote/)

[Shell Scripting Variables](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-tutorial-variables-global-local-variables/)

[Shell Scripting Course Content](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-training-hyderabad/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** shellcheck

---

### [How To Delete Busy Snapshots From Netapp DATA ONTAP](https://arkit.co.in/delete-busy-snapshots-netapp-data-ontap/)

**Published:** January 10, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We seen snap list of the volume, found few of the snapshots are showing as busy 1% ( 1%) 11% ( 1%) Dec 26 08:42 snapshot\_for\_backup.7020 (busy,backup\[1\],dump) it’s holding few percentage of snapshot reserved space, like wise i have few in volume. Volume is getting full i can’t able to deleted the snapshots. Until i release snapshots volume usage will not come down. How to Delete busy snapshots from Netapp DATA ONTAP.

Snapshots are not deleting in any way 🙁 . If i issue snap delete it says snapshot is busy.!!

  ```
Ark-Netapp-01> snap delete -V CIFS_SHARE snapshot_for_backup.7437
Snapshot snapshot_for_backup.7437 is busy because of LUN clone, snapmirror, sync mirror, volume clone, snap restore, dump, CIFS share, volume copy, ndmp, WORM volume, SIS Clone
```

## How to Delete Busy Snapshots

This is an big question mark when we are in pressure, production data is not going to serve if volume is full. Don’t worry verify below steps and release your snapshot.

Verify Backup status

```
Ark-Netapp-01> backup status

ID     State     Type  Device   Start Date   Level  Path
--  -----------  ----  ------  ------------  -----  ---------------
 0  ACTIVE       NDMP  ndmp    Jan 03 11:42    0    /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
 1  ACTIVE       NDMP  ndmp    Dec 26 08:42    0    /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
 2  ACTIVE       NDMP  ndmp    Dec 27 18:42    0    /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
 3  ACTIVE       NDMP  ndmp    Dec 28 06:15    0    /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
 4  ACTIVE       NDMP  ndmp    Dec 29 08:32    0    /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
 5  ACTIVE       NDMP  ndmp    Jan 01 18:08    0    /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
 6  ACTIVE       NDMP  ndmp    Jan 02 03:36    0    /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
```

As per above output my snapshots are used by ndmp (dump), If i see from backup software non of the backups are running on NDMP Oops..!!

Let’s try to terminate the backup from Netapp Controller

```
Ark-Netapp-01> backup terminate 1
Cannot terminate ACTIVE dumps.
```

Volume does not have any LUN’s to check whether lun has dependent snapshots. Now what to do.? simple trick verify all ndmp sessions from backup software, If non of ndmp backups are running from backup software then simply execute below command to terminate all NDMP sessions from Netapp.

## Check NDMP

```
Ark-Netapp-01> ndmpd status
ndmpd ON.
Session: 33504
  Active
  version:        4
  Operating on behalf of primary host.
  tape.device:    nrst4a
  mover state:    Paused
  data state:     Active
  data operation: Backup
Ark-Netapp-01> ndmpd killall
```

Now verify backup status

```
Ark-Netapp-01>backup status

ID     State     Type  Device   Start Date   Level  Path
--  -----------  ----  ------  ------------  -----  ---------------
 0  RESTARTABLE  NDMP          Jan 03 11:42    0    /vol/WUX_CIFS/CIFS/Public
 1  RESTARTABLE  NDMP          Dec 26 08:42    0    /vol/WUX_CIFS/CIFS/Public
 2  RESTARTABLE  NDMP          Dec 27 18:42    0    /vol/WUX_CIFS/CIFS/Public
 3  RESTARTABLE  NDMP          Dec 28 06:15    0    /vol/WUX_CIFS/CIFS/Public
 4  RESTARTABLE  NDMP          Dec 29 08:32    0    /vol/WUX_CIFS/CIFS/Public
 5  RESTARTABLE  NDMP          Jan 01 18:08    0    /vol/WUX_CIFS/CIFS/Public
 6  RESTARTABLE  NDMP          Jan 02 03:36    0    /vol/WUX_CIFS/CIFS/Public
```

NDMP sessions has been killed, Terminate all UN-used sessions so that busy snapshots will be released.

```
Ark-Netapp-01> backup terminate 1
Tue Jan 10 15:02:35 CST [Ark-Netapp-01:dump.terminate:notice]: Terminating dump(1) on /vol/CIFS_SHARE/CIFS/Public
```

That’s it verify your volume status. Delete Busy Snapshots

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Delete Busy snapshots

---

### [Shell Scripting Exit Status Shell Scripting Return codes](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-exit-status-shell-scripting-return-codes/)

**Published:** January 10, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this Article we are going to see How an Shell commands exit with the status. Shell Scripting Exit Status / Shell Scripting Return codes are same. Exit codes are required to determine commands in scripts are run correctly. If any error there itself we can find reason.

  ## Shell Scripting Exit Status / Shell Scripting return Codes

Every Command returns an exit status. Range of exit codes from 0 – 255

0 = Success. Other than 0 is error. To find out exact reason behind the every exit code make use of [man pages](https://arkit.co.in/getting-help-5-command-line-tools/) or info to find meaning of exit status

Shell script exit status can be verified using special variable “$?” contains the return code of previously executed command

```
[ravi@ArkIT-Serv ~]$ ping 1923.6.3.2
ping: unknown host 1923.6.3.2
[ravi@ArkIT-Serv ~]$ echo $?
2
```

Based on command exit status we can make decisions to perform other tasks on shell scripts, example as mentioned below.

```
root@ArkIT-Serv:/scripts# cat returncode.sh
#!/bin/bash
## Ping and know exit status of command
ping -c 1 192.168.1.1
if test "$?" -eq "0" ; then
echo "192.168.1.1 IP is reachable"
else
echo "192.168.1.1 IP is not Reachable"
fi
```

Above one is the script which will check ping status and based on it’s return code it will print the statement. If exit status is 0 then it prints Host is reachable else Host not reachable.

```
root@sny-nripa:/scripts# sh -x returncode.sh
+ ping -c 1 192.168.1.1
PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.

--- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 0ms

+ test 1 -eq 0
+ echo 192.168.1.1 IP is not Reachable
192.168.1.1 IP is not Reachable
```

It’s exit status 1 so statement it’s printed Host not reachable.

## Using && (AND) and || (OR) Operators

By using Logical AND and OR Operators combine multiple commands to do required job.

```
mkdir /opt/backup && cp /important/* /opt/backup
```

Following command && will only executes when first command is succeed then second command will execute Or else both the commands will fail. In simple terms if first command is run with exit status zero then next command will execute. In above example if directory /opt/backup does not exists then no use of running copy command.

```
cp returncode.sh /tmp || cp returncode.sh /opt
```

Logical OR operator will execute second command when first command exit with non zero exit status. At any point one of the command will execute.

We can define exit /return code in each block of shell script from exit 0 – exit 255 to know where the script has been exited. If you did not defined any exit command in shell script than script exit status will considered as last command exit status.

## shell scripting return codes Example

Defining exit code in shell script and see how it works

```
root@ArkIT-Serv:/scripts# sh -x rtn.sh
+ echo Enter Host IP Address:\c
Enter Host IP Address:+ read IP
192.168.4.1
+ ping -c 1 192.168.4.1
PING 192.168.4.1 (192.168.4.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.4.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.567 ms

--- 192.168.4.1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.567/0.567/0.567/0.000 ms
+ [ 0 -gt 0 ]
+ exit 0

root@ArkIT-Serv:/scripts# cat rtn.sh
#!/bin/bash
## Exit code mentioned
echo "Enter Host IP Address:\c"
read IP
ping -c 1 $IP
if [ "$?" -gt "0" ]; then
echo "$IP Not reachable."
exit 1
fi
exit 0
```

We are controlling exit status of our script by specifying exit command. If ping command exit status is non zero then script will print IP not reachable and exit with exit status 1 Or else script will exit with exit status 0. shell scripting exit status

## Conclusion

All Commands returns an exit status from 0 to 255. 0 exit status is success other than zero is error. Special variable $? is used to determine command exit status.

## Related Articles

[Download Free shell scripting pdf books](https://arkit.co.in/4-free-books-to-learn-shell-scripting/)

[Create Multiple users using single command](https://arkit.co.in/create-multiple-users/)

[Debug any shell script using this amazing tool](https://arkit.co.in/debug-shell-script-easily-identify-errors/)

[Learn shell script quotes and there usage](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-tutorial-quotes-double-single-reverse-quote/)

[Video Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gS5pu7jA63s)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** Exit Status, Return Codes

---

### [Grouvi Awesome Group Chat App Ultimate Replacement for Whatsapp](https://arkit.co.in/grouvi-awesome-group-chat-app/)

**Published:** January 16, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Grouvi is the name of mobile application. Technical Group chats and any other group chats, go like awesome because app has ultimate features. In this article we are going to see Grouvi Awesome Group chat App Ultimate replacement for Whatsapp.

## What is Grouvi..?

It’s an Application built for group chats. Get instance help which results may not found in Google search. Connecting people together who has same fashion.

  ## Advantages of Grouvi

- Join to N Number of groups easily by using search option
- Like Others messages if you agree to other person, No need of repeating the same message again which compress noise
- Mark message as spam if message is irrelevant to group subject
- Create your own group and share [group URL](https://grou.vi/gmqic) to multiple people
- Control group members who send spam to the group by ban (Temporary Ban or Permanent Ban)
- Use Web Interface for faster and flexible usage https://grou.vi
- Save Messages which are important for you, Later you can refer them
- Join Using your mobile number, Your mobile number is not visible to anybody on the group (Completely Safe)
- Group description limited to 500 characters which is very useful to describe your group rules

## How to Register with Grouvi for free

Download and install Grouvi app from app store OR use https://grou.vi web URL to join.

[![grouvi group chat app](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/login-register-251x300.png "login register - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/login-register.png)

[![grouvi Login / Register using Web Interface](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/register-using-facebook-or-email-id-or-mobile-number-300x199.png "register using facebook or email id or mobile number - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/register-using-facebook-or-email-id-or-mobile-number.png)

From Mobile app. Open Mobile app it will ask you to select option to register either Email Address, Facebook Or Mobile Number.

[![First Time Registration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/First-Time-Registration-169x300.png "First Time Registration - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/First-Time-Registration.png)

Provide your mobile number it will send access code enter your received access code

[![Enter Access Code](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Enter-Access-Code-169x300.png "Enter Access Code - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Enter-Access-Code.png)

[![Provide your Name and Profile pic](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Provide-your-Name-and-Profile-pic-169x300.png "Provide your Name and Profile pic - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Provide-your-Name-and-Profile-pic.png)

That’s it Click on Save you just joined to grouvi.

## Group Conversations using Grouvi

[![Web Interface Grouvi](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Web-Interface-300x237.png "Web Interface - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Web-Interface.png)

Login to grouvi from web interface and make your conversations faster. As shown in Screenshot above you can use magnifying class symbol to search new groups. + plus symbol to create new group.

**Grouvi has multiple types of groups**

- Public Group – Which can be visible to the world.
- Private Group – Can’t be visible to anybody and can’t be found in search results. Group admin permission is required for joining.
- Local Groups – Local group can be visible local members, which means location based groups.

[![Post options](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Post-options-300x69.png "Post options - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Post-options.png)

Message options, reply to message, Save message, Like Message, Forward Message and Mark as Spam.

## Grouvi Awesome Group Chat App Conclusion:

It has ultimate features for group chats let’s join and enjoy your conversation. Even Whatsapp does not have these features.

Do you want help on Linux topic Join to this [LinuxGeeks Group](https://grou.vi/gmqic).

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** others

**Tags:** Grouvi

---

### [RHEL 6 vs RHEL 7 Difference Between Previous and Newer Version](https://arkit.co.in/rhel-6-vs-rhel-7-difference-previous-newer-version/)

**Published:** January 20, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 is an major / drastic change to enterprise. To serve / meet today’s business critical application performance RHEL 7 is the best Operating system to use, very light weight and container based. In this article we are going to see RHEL 6 vs RHEL 7 Difference Between Previous and Newer Version. RHEL 7 vs RHEL 6.

[Complete RHEL 7 Certification Guide](https://arkit.co.in/one-linux-tutorial/)

  ## What’s Changed in RHEL 7 Administration side

- System Boot time is optimized to boot faster
- Anaconda Installer completely redesigned
- Grub boot loader version changed from 0.97 to Grub 2
- No More SysV Initd system changed to Systemd system
- Network Interface names changed from ethx to ensxxx
- Introduced new concept of creating multiple Network profiles to activate based on network you connected (Ex. Home, Office and Other)
- Default Database is changed from MySQL to [MariaDB](https://arkit.co.in/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)
- No More editing of Network configuration file for assigning IP address and creating Teaming interfaces use [nmcli](https://arkit.co.in/nmcli-command-network-manager-command-line-tool-rhel-7/) utility
- Ifconfig and route commands are deprecated in RHEL 7, Replaced with ip command
- GNOME Version 2 replaced with GNOME 3 default Desktop
- System User UID range changed from 0-449 to 0-999
- Locate command is changed to mlocate
- Cluster Resource Manager changed from RGManager to Pacemaker and all CMAN features merged into Corosync
- Netstat command replaced with ss command
- NTP Daemon replaced with chronyd faster way to sync time RHEL 6 vs RHEL 7
- Directories /bin, /sbin, /lib and /lib64 moved under /usr directory

# RHEL 6 vs RHEL 7 Difference

**Feature Name****RHEL 6****RHEL 7****Default File System**Ext4XFS**Kernel Version**2.6.xx3.10.xx**Release Name**SantiagoMaipo**Gnome Version**GNOME 2GNOME 3.8**KDE Version**KDE 4.1KDE 4.6**Release Date**Wednesday, November 10, 2010Tuesday, June 10, 2014**NFS Version**NFS 4NFS 4.1. NFS V2 is deprecated in RHEL 7**Samba Version**SMB 3.6SMB 4.4**Default Database**MySQLMariaDB**Cluster Resource Manager**RgmanagerPacemaker**Network Interface Grouping**Bonding can be done as Active-Backup, XOR, IEEE and Load Balancing Team Driver will support multiple types of Teaming methods called Active-Backup, Load-balancing and Broadcast**KDUMP**Kdump does’t support with large RAM Size RHEL 7 can be supported up to 3TB**Boot Loader**Grub 0.97
 /boot/grub/grub.cfgGrub 2
 /boot/grub2/grub.conf## File System Check

e2fsck
 -Inode check. Block and size check
 –Directory Structure check
 -Directory Link Check
 -reference count check
 -Group Summary Check  xfs\_replair
– Inode blockmap checks
-node allocation map checks
-Inode size check
-Directory check
-Path Name check
-Link count check
-Freemap check
-Super block check**Process ID**Initd Process ID 1 Systemd Process ID 1**Port Security**Iptables by default service port is enabled when service is switched on. Firewalld instead of iptables. Iptables support with RHEL 7, but we can’t use both of them at the same time. Firewall blocks ports by default you have to enable explicitly.
**Boot Time**40 Sec20 Sec**File System Size**EXT4 16TB with XFS 100TBXFS 500TB with EXT4 16TB**Processor Architecture**32Bit and 64BitOnly 64Bit.**Network Configuration Tool**setupnmtui**Host name Config File**/etc/sysconfig/network/etc/hostname No need to edit hostname file to write permanent hostname simply use hostnamectl command**Interface Name**eth0ens33xxx## Managing Services

service sshd start
 service sshd restart
 chkconfig sshd onsystemctl start sshd.service
 systemctl restart sshd.service
 systemctl enable sshd.service**System Logs**/var/log//var/log
 journalctl**Run Levels**runlevel0 – Power Off
 runlevel1 – Single User Mode
 runlevel2 – Multi User without Networking
 runlevel3 – Multi User CLI
 runlevel4 – Not USed
 runlevel5 – GUI Mode
 runlevel6 – RestartThere is no run levels in RHEL 7. Run levels are called as targets
 Poweroff.target
 rescue.target
 multi-user.target
 graphical.target
 reboot.target**UID Information**Normal User UID will start from 500 to 65534
 System Users UID will start from 1 to 499Normal User UID start from 1000 – 65534
 System Users UID will start from 1 to 999 because Services are increased compare to RHEL 6**By Pass Root Password Prompt**append 1 or s or init=/bin/bash to Kernel command lineAppend rd.break or init=/bin/bash to kernel command line**Rebooting and Poweroff**poweroff – init 0
 reboot – init 6systemctl poweroff
 systemctl reboot**YUM Commands**yum groupinstall
 yum groupinfoyum group install
 yum group info## Newly Introduced Features in RHEL 7

1. No More 32-bit installation packages
2. Docker is an Open Source Project, it helps to deploy applications inside Linux containers.

Thanks for the Read, Please Provide your valuable feedback on the same. RHEL 6 vs RHEL 7

**100 Linux commands Video Playlist**

**Conclusion:** There are lot many changes out of all few are listed above. For complete and detailed information please read Red Hat enterprise Linux 7 release notes. [Download this Complete Changes list](https://www.redhat.com/en/files/resources/en-rhel-whats-new-in-rhel-712030417.pdf)

## Related Articles

[RHCSA and RHCE Complete Certification Course Content](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

[Online RHEL 7 Certification Training](https://arkit.co.in/linux-online-training-course/)

[RHCSA Certification Complete Road Map](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-certification-complete-road-map/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, rhel56, RHEL7

**Tags:** Difference RHEL 6 vs RHEL 7, RHEL 7 vs RHEL 6

---

### [14 SIEM Tools Security Information and Event Management Tools](https://arkit.co.in/14-siem-tools-security-information-event-management-tools/)

**Published:** January 26, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

**What is SIEM.?** – Security Information and Event Management, which means collecting Events and information from multiple devices, multiple types of information. But collecting multiple types of logs from multiple devices may not help until and unless, there is an correlation in between them. Of course manually correlating events and logs are horrible, time taking process. 12 SIEM tools will help in collecting and correlating information using complex algorithms. Let’s see 14 SIEM Tools Security Information and Event Management Tools.

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## 1. QRadar SIEM Tools

Qradar is the No 1 SIEM tool which will provide real-time visibility of your entire environment by detecting and prioritizing things. It has Effective threat intelligence to monitor user activity.

On-Premises and cloud environment appliances are available. It supports multi vendor product integration easily.

## 2. AlienVault – Security Information and Event Management Tools

Alienvault is a opensource solution to manage cyber attacks. Assets are treated based asset priority value. Nagios Core is used inside the Alienvault for services and asset availability monitoring.

- SIEM and Log Management
- Behavioral Monitoring
- Intrusion Detection
- Vulnerability Assessment

## 3. ArcSight

Arcsight is an HP company found in 2000. It provides comprehensive security information and event management solution that interfiles and prioritize threats in real time.

- Data Enrichment
- Categorization and normalization
- Powerful real time log correlation
- Forensic identification an event
- Out-of-box security cases
- Workflow automation to save time and identify appropriate

## 4. LogLogic MX

Is a technology company that specializes in Security Management, Compliance Reporting, and IT Operations products. LogLogic developed the first appliance-based log management platform. LogLogic’s Log Management platform collects and correlates user activity and event data. LogLogic’s products are used by many of the world’s largest enterprises to rapidly identify and alert on compliance violations, policy breaches, cyber attacks, and insider threats.

**5. LogRhythm**

The security intelligence company which provides tomorrow’s SOC’s features. Your team has alarm fatigue. Intrusions are being missed. A data breach could be next. Knowing what to investigate—and doing so quickly—is imperative. From detection through response, our SIEM was built for speed. Go faster with LogRhythm.

- Identify Advanced Threats
- Prioritize risks
- search unstructured data using powerful search algorithm
- Pre-packaged threat detection and compliance modules help you to accelerate adoption and use of advanced security analytics
- Automate incident response

## 6. McAfee Enterprise Security Manager (ESM)

Powerful security information and event management (SIEM) solution brings event, threat, and risk data together to provide strong security intelligence, rapid incident response, seamless log management, and compliance reporting—delivering the context required for adaptive security risk management.

- Advanced threat intelligence
- Critical facts in minutes, not hours
- Optimize security operations

## 7. TrustWave SIEM

As IT infrastructure becomes more distributed and vulnerable to attack, security information and event management (SIEM) technology becomes more essential for real-time alerting, analysis and auditing. Trustwave SIEM Enterprise provides the critical insight and information needed for organizations to proactively respond and manage security risk and compliance in easy-to-understand ways.

- Advanced correlation and threat management assessment
- Real-time control monitoring, compliance reporting, automated compliance alerting, notification and scheduling capabilities ensure your organization stays ahead of the threat curve.
- Deep forensics
- Big Data, Highly scalable, distributed architecture
- Friendly product
- More than 600 compliance-focused reports, with more than 2,600 overall reports, are available.
- Simply large and complex deployment

## 8. Correlog Correlation Server

CorreLog’s solutions and services are designed for maximum interoperability, flexibility, and scalability. CorreLog has the capability to work either independently of, or alongside, other SIEM technology to improve threat management and incident response capabilities. We leverage your existing infrastructure, and processes to return the fastest and best return on your existing investments. Correlog offers a wide range of deployment options, including multi-tiered and/or highly centralized or decentralized environments, or any combination thereof. Correlog offers data security managers a rapid and scalable solution to accommodate virtually any iteration and combination of environment architectures or existing SIEM solutions or applications. In sum, Correlog’s COTS software offers an existing and immediate approach to address the risk of inadequate or cumbersome threat detection and management, thereby avoiding costly, untested, or unnecessary delays associated with designing to be developed solutions. security information and event management tools

**9. Prism MicroSystems EventTracker**

Prism Microsystems, Inc. develops business-critical solutions to consolidate, correlate, and detect changes that impact the performance, availability, and security of information technology infrastructures. It offers security information and event management (SIEM) solutions which combines real-time log management with change monitoring and USB tracking to defend IT assets from cyber-attacks. The company also provides EventTracker HoneyNet, a managed security service that enables enterprises to add a deception network layer to its cybersecurity defenses. It serves government, financial services, retail, and healthcare sectors. 14 SIEM Tools

**10. GFI Software GFI EventManager**

Monitor, manage and secure your network with our award-winning products. Boost your IT security by fixing network vulnerabilities and installing missing patches; enhance web security and web protection; and ensure proper malware protection.

- Proactive approach to network security
- Productivity and Management
- Monitoring and consolidation of system event logs, data access control and IT infrastructure monitoring.

## 11. NetIQ Sentinel

Sentinel™ Enterprise is a full-featured Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) solution that simplifies the deployment, management and day-to-day use of SIEM, readily adapts to dynamic enterprise environments and delivers the true “actionable intelligence” security professionals need to quickly understand their threat posture and prioritize response.

- Simplified filtering, searching and reporting
- Anomaly detection
- Automate threat discovery
- Remediate threats before they generate damage
- Greater visibility into user activities
- Log management for simplified compliance and security

## 12. Solarwinds Logs Event Manager

Out of the box rules and reports make it easy to meet industry compliance requirements 14 SIEM Tools

- Node Based Licensing such as servers and network devices
- Real-Time event correlation, cross platform event processing
- search log data made easy
- Real-Time remediation
- Filer Integrity Monitoring
- High Data compression

**13. Tenable Network Security Log Correlation Engine**

Discover how next-generation vulnerability management can help you see and understand assets and threats never visible before.

- Advanced Analytics
- Pre-Built, Highly customization reporting and dashboards
- Dynamic group assets based on policies to obtain real-time view
- Pre-defined checks against industry standards and regulatory mandates, such as CIS benchmarks, DISA STIG, FISMA, PCI DSS, HIPAA/HITECH, SCAP and more
- Utilize intelligent connectors to integrate with leading solutions in patch management

## 14. Tripwire Log center

Understand suspicious behavior with superior log intelligence. Accurate. Fast. Thorough.

- Address security incidents swiftly and share information across business units and departments
- Tripwire Log Center normalizes data from servers, security and network devices
- Secure and Reliable log collection

## 14 SIEM Tools – Security Information and Event Management Tools

Conclusion: All above tools are not enterprise SIEM Tools. 14 SIEM Tools

[Top 5 Enterprise Monitoring Tools](https://arkit.co.in/top-5-enterprise-opensource-monitoring-tools/)

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security information and event management [tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_information_and_event_management)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Security

**Tags:** SIEM tools

---

### [7 Vnstat Command Tips You Need To Learn Now Network Traffic Monitoring Tool](https://arkit.co.in/vnstat-command-network-traffic-monitoring-tool/)

**Published:** January 26, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

vnstat is a command line network traffic monitoring tool for Linux and Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). It stores a logs of hourly,daily and monthly network traffic for selected network interfaces. 7 vnstat command tips you need to learn now network traffic monitoring tool.

- It is easy to install and configure.
- It can monitor multiple network interfaces at the same time.
- Vnstat can be used without root permissions.
- It provides the output summery,hourly,daily,weekly,monthly.
- It can generate the output in image/png graphically.
- Low CPU usage regardless of traffic.
- It uses of network interface statistics provided by the kernel as information source.
- Months also can be configured to follow billing period.

## Installation of vnstat command

Vnstat command install through yum command (or) we can install manualy by download the

  command source package

```
[root@ArkIT-Srv ~]# wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
--2017-01-26 19:41:01-- http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
Resolving dl.fedoraproject.org (dl.fedoraproject.org)... 209.132.181.27, 209.132.181.24, 209.132.181.23, ...
Connecting to dl.fedoraproject.org (dl.fedoraproject.org)|209.132.181.27|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 14704 (14K) [application/x-rpm]
Saving to: ‘epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm’

100%[============================================>] 14,704 53.0KB/s in 0.3s

2017-01-26 19:41:17 (53.0 KB/s) - ‘epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm’ saved [14704/14704]

[root@ArkIT-Srv ~]# rpm -ivh epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm

[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# yum install -y vnstat
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
 Installing : vnstat-1.15-2.el7.x86_64 1/1
 Verifying : vnstat-1.15-2.el7.x86_64 1/1

Installed:
 vnstat.x86_64 0:1.15-2.el7

Complete!

```

(or)

```
[root@ArkIT-Srv ~]# wget http://humdi.net/vnstat/vnstat-1.13.tar.gz
--2017-01-26 18:46:03-- http://humdi.net/vnstat/vnstat-1.13.tar.gz
Resolving humdi.net (humdi.net)... 213.168.251.41, 2a01:7e00::f03c:91ff:fe37:3421
Connecting to humdi.net (humdi.net)|213.168.251.41|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 101568 (99K) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘vnstat-1.13.tar.gz’

100%[================================================>] 101,568 326KB/s in 0.3s

2017-01-26 18:46:04 (326 KB/s) - ‘vnstat-1.13.tar.gz’ saved [101568/101568]

[root@ArkIT-Srv ~]# tar -xvf vnstat-1.13.tar.gz
```

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# make install
```

## vnstat commnd configuration

If you want find the network interfaces on your system use below command

```
[root@ArkIT-Srv ~]# vnstat --iflist
Available interfaces: eno16777736 (1000 Mbit) lo
```

Edit below file for set the interface

```
[root@Arkit-Serv ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/vnstat

VNSTAT_OPTIONS="-u -i eth0"

**Categories:** Linux

**Tags:** vnstat command

---

### [List All Windows Virtual Machines from ESX Server Using shell script](https://arkit.co.in/list-windows-virtual-machines-esx-server-using-shell-script/)

**Published:** January 27, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We came across one special requirement. We have number of ESX servers, there are N number of virtual machines hosted in those ESX servers. All Virtual machines are not Windows there are Linux and windows. Out of all virtual machines we would like to list out only windows machines. (: . List All Windows Virtual Machines Esx server Using shell script.

Manually checking N number of ESX servers by login to each and every one, required a lot of time, but we can make use of shell script knowledge to achieve this requirement easily.

  ## Let’s see how to List all windows Virtual Machines from ESX server using shell script

Pre-requisite is to install Vmware Perl SDK in Linux and Vmware Tools

After installing everything required than make list of ESX servers.

Create Text File **esx-server-list.txt**

```
192.168.1.98
192.168.1.167
192.168.1.171
192.168.1.177
192.168.1.196
192.168.1.197
192.168.1.199
192.168.1.244
192.168.1.254
192.168.2.13
192.168.2.32
192.168.2.39
```

We take the help of perl script as mentioned below save below script to **find-windows.pl** file

```
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
#This script prints names of all VM's with Windows guest

use strict;
use warnings;

use VMware::VIRuntime;

Opts::parse();
Opts::validate();
Util::connect();

my $vm_views =
 Vim::find_entity_views(view_type => 'VirtualMachine',
 filter => { 'config.guestFullName' => qr/Windows/ });

foreach (@$vm_views) { 
 print $_->name . ": " . $_->config->guestFullName . "\n";
}

Util::disconnect();
```

shell script to fetch required details

```
#!/bin/bash -x
# Just an While loop which take list of ESX servers from text file and process
cat /vmware/esx-server-list.txt | while read LINE
do
 echo "===================$LINE========================" >> /vmware/Windows-Inventory-List.log 
 perl /vmware/find-windows.pl --server ${LINE} --username root --password inScott! >> /vmware/Windows-Inventory-List.log 2>&1
 echo -e "\n\n" >> /vmware/Windows-Inventory-List.log
done
```

Run above shell script sh find-windows-inventory.sh

That’s it.

Your job done all the windows Virtual machines stored in Windows-Inventory-List.log file

## Few More Articles

[Troubleshoot: VM Does Not Power On After Cloning or Deploying from Template](https://arkit.co.in/troubleshoot-vm-does-not-power-on-after-cloning-or-deploying-from-template/)

[How to deploy OVF OVA template ESXi step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-deploy-ovf-ova-template-esxi/)

[vSphere 5 vs vSphere 6 Difference between both versions](https://arkit.co.in/vsphere-5-vs-vsphere-6/)

[clone virtual machine without vCenter using ESXi](https://arkit.co.in/clone-virtual-machine/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** List all Windows Virtual Machines'

---

### [find command practical examples Can Improve Your Skills](https://arkit.co.in/find-command-practical-examples-can-improve-skills/)

**Published:** February 5, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Search for files in a directory hierarchy, finding the files and directories in Linux is very easy using find command. Find will search any set of directories you specify for files that match the given search criteria. You can search for files by name, owner, group, type, permissions, data and other criteria. Learn find command practical examples.

**Syntax:** find <directory path> <Search pattern> <action>

  ## 1. Find Command without any options

It will list out all the files and folders in current directory including hidden along with path. $find Or $find . Or $find -print Or $find . -print

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find
```

[![find command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-300x142.png "find - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find.png)find command

## 2. Search Files and Directories using name

Looking files and directories based there names simple, we have to use -name parameter. In below example, searching for resolvebugs.txt file. Here you have to provide the name exact as file name because -name option is case sensitive.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find . -name resolvedbugs.txt
./resolvedbugs.txt
```

Ignore case we have to use -iname option

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find . -iname Resolvedbugs.txt
./resolvedbugs.txt
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find . -name Resolvedbugs.txt
```

[![find -name](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-name-300x79.png "find -name - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-name.png)find -name

**3. Search Only files out of all**

Only files i want to list out of all directories and files. We have an option -type f to fetch only files, here f means file

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find . -type f -iname file1.txt
```

[![find only files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-type-f-300x93.png "find -type f - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-type-f.png)find only files

**4. Search Only Directories within Linux Server**

List only directories again we have to use -type d to fetch only directories, here d means directory.

```
[root@sny-fusion ~]# find . -type d -iname file11
```

[![Find directories](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-type-d-300x73.png "find -type d - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-type-d.png)Find directories

## 5. Find all files which are end with same file extension

Some times we did not remember what is the file name, we just know file extension, so find all same extension files in particular path. In this case we are using \* [wild card](https://arkit.co.in/14-wildcards-linux-scripting/) character which replace one or more characters.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find . -name "*.txt"
```

[![find all text files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-all-files-300x65.png "find all files - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-all-files.png)find all text files

**6. Locate the files based on their permissions**

Ultimate feature of find command is to search files / directories based an their permissions. Some times we did not remember file name Or File extension what we simply remember it’s permissions, still you can find files / directories. This option is very useful for us because if would like to find all full permission files and directories because they are vulnerable.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find . -perm 0777
```

[![Find files and directories based on permissions](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-perm-777-300x77.png "find -perm 777 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-perm-777.png)Find files and directories based on permissions

**7. Files without permissions**

As we seen in 6th step is to find all full permission files, now find which are not having mentioned permissions. Here ! = not equal to.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find . ! -perm 0777
```

[![exclude provided string](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-not-perm-777-300x146.png "find -not -perm 777 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/find-not-perm-777.png)exclude provided string

## 8. Search for SGID files / directories using find

SGID = Set Group ID for execution. All files / directories which as SGID permissions.

```
[root@ArkIT-Serv ~]# find / -perm 2755
```

[!["

**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, RHEL7, Ubuntu

**Tags:** 50 find commands

---

### [chmod Command Understanding how-to grant file permissions](https://arkit.co.in/chmod-command-understanding-grant-file-permissions/)

**Published:** February 11, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Chmod command understanding how-to grant file permissions why i said title like that, because chmod command used for changing file mode bits. chmod changes the file mode bits of each given file according to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new mode bits.

```
Syntax : chmod  File / Directory Name
```

Read More: [AWK Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/awk-scripting-tutorial/)

  ## chmod command Understanding how-to grant file permissions

Let’s Understand the file and directory permissions first so that it makes very easy to go further. File Or Directory permissions we assign in form of User, Group and Others.

[![directory permissions](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/permissions-300x82.png "permissions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/permissions.png)directory permissions

For chmod command we use numerical values such as 4 = read, 2 = write and 1 = execute and character representation is r = read, w = write and x =execute.

## Numerical Values and there representation

NumberPermission TypeSymbol0No Permission—1Execute–x2Write–w3Execute + Write-wx4Readr–5Read + Executer-x6Read + Writerw-7Read + Write + ExecuterwxAssigning the permissions using numerical values we always have to use three numbers (User + Group + Others) if you type one or two its not going to work.

**1. Revoke all the permissions of file**

Using all Zero’s along with chmod will revoke file / directory permissions

```
chmod 000 techtutorial
```

[![revoke file permissions chmod 000](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/revoke-file-permissions-300x29.png "revoke file permissions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/revoke-file-permissions.png)revoke file permissions

**2. Provide Execute permissions to Owner + Group + Others**

111 numerical value will grant execute permissions to user(owner), group and others to specified file. If you provide same permissions to directory you can enter into directory but you can’t do anything, directory execute permissions means providing the access to enter into directory.

```
chmod 111 techtutorial
```

[![Excute permissions to all](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Excute-permissions-to-all-300x31.png "Excute permissions to all - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Excute-permissions-to-all.png)Execute permissions to all

[![change dir permissions to execute](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/change-dir-permissions-to-execute-300x39.png "change dir permissions to execute - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/change-dir-permissions-to-execute.png)change dir permissions to execute

**3. Write Permissions to all**

222 Write Permissions for Owner, Group members and Others. First 2 assigns write permission for Owner (user), second 2 will assign write permission to Group members and Third 2 assigns write permissions to others.

```
chmod 222 techtutorial
```

[![Assign write permissions to all](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Assign-write-permissions-to-all-300x32.png "Assign write permissions to all - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Assign-write-permissions-to-all.png)Assign write permissions to all

**4. Read Only Permissions to all**

Providing Read permissions to Directory means we can list all the files in directory but we can’t enter into directory. Filer read permission can allow us to read the data inside of the file.

```
chmod 444 samplefile
```

[![Read only permissions to all](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Read-only-permissions-to-all-300x63.png "Read only permissions to all - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Read-only-permissions-to-all.png)Read only permissions to all

## **5. Mixed permissions** 

Numerical values have to remember what are the permissions already there to Owner, Group Members and Others, because if you would like assign write permissions to group members, do not screw up existing permissions. Numerical values must be three as i said above. If not permissions can’t be proper manner. Let’s see few examples

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 464 techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-r--rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

As per above example, first techtutorial file has read only permissions and you want to assign write permissions to group members, then ultimately you have to remember user(owner) and other permissions. So Owner permissions 4, Group Permissions 6 (including read + write) and others 4 read only permissions

```
Full permissions to Owner, Group and Others
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 777 techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial

Random Permissions
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 755 techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial

Full Permissions for Owner and Read + Write for Group and Others
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 766 techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rwxrw-rw-. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

**Note:** Using Numerical values providing permissions to particular section like Owner Or Group Or Others will be difficult, Using Alpha would be flexible in this case, Let’s see few examples using alpha values.

[Download Ultimate Books](https://arkit.co.in/downloads/)

## Grant Filer Permissions using Alpha characters

Chracter SymbolRepresentationuUser / OwnergGroupoOthersaAllOperatorDescription+Adding Permissions to a File / Directory–Removing Permissions from File / Directory=Sets the permissions and overrides permissions set earlierThe operator + causes the selected file mode bits to be added to the existing file mode bits of each file; – causes them to be removed; and = causes them to be added and causes unmentioned bits to be removed except that a directory’s unmentioned set user and group ID bits are not affected.

**Note:** No Need of remembering previous File / Directory permissions, simply grant permissions

## Grant Read Only Permissions to Owner

Representation of u = User and + (Plus) r = Read permissions

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
----------. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod u+r techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-r--------. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

**Write Permissions to Owner**

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod u+w techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

Granting Permissions to Owner is simple using character based along with chmod command grant file permissions

## Random Permissions and There Examples

Assign Read + Write + Execute Permissions for group members

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod g+rwx techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rw-rwx---. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

g = Group “+” (Plus) means adding permissions to group rwx (read, write and execute)

As per below example granting permissions to all. Which is equal to chmod 777 fileName

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod a+rwx techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

Provide permissions to User and Others Read + Write

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod uo+rw techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rw----rw-. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

Like wise you can use any combinations to grant permissions to files and directories.

## Special Permissions Sticky Bit, SetUID and SetGID

> [sticky bit permission explained Linux](https://arkit.co.in/sticky-bit-permission-explained-linux/)

Refer above page for sticky bit permission and its explanation

Throughout the article i did not talked about setUID and setGUID. Where this permissions as you went trough entire article, granting permissions we can also use 4 digits, first digit in four digits is hold sticky bit, setUID and setGUID. Example is shown below grant file permissions

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 7777 techtutorial
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l techtutorial
-rwsrwsrwt. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 13:46 techtutorial
```

[![special permissions](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/special-permissions-300x102.png "special permissions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/special-permissions.png)special permissions

SPL PermissionDescription1Sticky Bit2SUID Can applied to Files4SGUID Can applied to files / Directoriesu+sSUID Can applied to filesg+sSGUID Can applied to files / DirectoriestSticky Bit Can be applied to Files[![All special permissions](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/All-special-permissions-300x68.png "All special permissions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/All-special-permissions.png)All special permissions

## Granting Sticky Bit to Particular File using chmod

Along with chmod command numerical value 1 will grant sticky bit to file. Restricted deletion flag or sticky bit (t) grant file permissions

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 1455 sample
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l sample
-r--r-xr-t. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 20:02 sample
```

**Assign SUID to a File**

What is SUID..?

When an executable file runs, it runs under the ownership of the user who has executed it. It means that when admin user runs “ls” command, then the corresponding process will run under the ownership of admin user. The SUID bit, also known as Set User ID bit, overwrites this behavior. If SUID bit is set on a program, then that program will run as the owner of that file, irrespective of who is executing it. grant file permissions

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 4455 sample
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l sample
-r-Sr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 20:02 sample

[root@ArkIT chmod]#touch sample1
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod u+s sample1
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l sample1
-rwSr--r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 20:10 sample1
```

## Set SGID To File and Directory Using chmod command

On File
For file, it has similar meaning as the SUID bit, example when any user executes a file with SGID bit set on it, it will always be executed with the group ownership of that file, irrespective of who is running it.

On Directories
When SGID bit is set on a directory, all the files and directory created within it has the group ownership of the group associated with that directory. It means that after setting SGID bit on /Project1 directory, all the files and directories being created in this directory will have the group ownership of “Project1” group. grant file permissions

```
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod 2744 sample
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l sample
-rwxr-Sr--. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 20:18 sample
[root@ArkIT chmod]#chmod g+s sample1
[root@ArkIT chmod]#ls -l sample1
-rw-r-Sr--. 1 root root 0 Feb 11 20:18 sample1
```

## Conclusion :

chmod command can be used to grant file permissions and also used for granting special permissions to files / directories. I tried to explain all the possible ways to use chmod.

**Related Articles**

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[awk command part-2](https://arkit.co.in/awk-command-explained/)

[ps command in Linux explained in detailed](https://arkit.co.in/know-youre-ps-command-linux-right-way/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** chmod command, file permissions

---

### [RHEL 7 Tutorial Managing Files and Directories](https://arkit.co.in/rhel-7-tutorial-managing-files-directories/)

**Published:** February 12, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In Linux Operating System Everything is considered as a File. If you know Managing Files and Directories Effectively that way you get more commanding on Operating system. In this Article We are going to learn RHEL 7 Tutorial Managing Files and Directories.

## RHEL 7 Tutorial Managing Files and Directories

Creating files and multiple files at a time using touch command, let’s see practical examples

  ```
[root@ArkIT touch]#touch samplefile

[root@ArkIT touch]#touch file{1..10}.txt
```

Listing the files and directories using ls command

[25 practical examples with ls command](https://arkit.co.in/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)

## Types of Files in Linux

File TypeSymbolDescriptionRegular file–Normal FileDirectorydDirectory can be stored with other filesLinklShortcut to the original fileSpecial Filec/dev file. Character device fileSocket FilesThe file system’s access controlPipepSpecial file that allows processes to communicateBlock FilebBlock Device FileCreating directories and parent directory structure using single command

```
# mkdir dir1

# mkdir -p /dir2/ravi/test
```

## Copy files source to destination

cp is the command to copy the files

```
# cp anaconda-ks.cfg ravi wel /dir2/
cp: overwrite ‘/dir2/ravi’? y
cp: cannot overwrite directory ‘/dir2/ravi’ with non-directory
```

Copy Directories

```
# cp -Rv dir1/ /dir2/
‘dir1/’ -> ‘/dir2/dir1’
```

## Move Files and Directories

Using mv command we can simple move files / directories from source to destination

```
# mv dir1/ /dir2/
mv: overwrite ‘/dir2/dir1’? y

# ls /dir2/
anaconda-ks.cfg dir1 ravi wel
```

## Deleting files and directories 

rm is the command to remove / delete files and directories

```
# rm ravi
rm: remove regular file ‘ravi’? y
# rm -f wel
# rm -f touch/
rm: cannot remove ‘touch/’: Is a directory
# rm -rf touch/
```

That’s about RHEL 7 Tutorial Managing Files and Directories.

## Related Articles

[25 commonly used commands in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[find command with 30 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/find-command-practical-examples-can-improve-skills/)

[chmod command to grant file / directory permissions](https://arkit.co.in/chmod-command-understanding-grant-file-permissions/)

[Complete RHCSA and RHCE Certification study Guide](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** managing files Linux

---

### [Opensource Autocad alternatives - Alternatives to Autocad OpenSource](https://arkit.co.in/opensource-autocad-alternatives-alternatives-to-autocad-opensource/)

**Published:** February 21, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

If your looking for an autocad software you have to buy from vendor and use. Are you thinking that if any opensource tool would save you cost, then here you go. In this article we are going to see 3 opensource autocad alternatives – alternatives to Autocad Opensource software. Ultimately you will save your cost by using these tools.. BRL-CAD, Freecad and Librecad

## Opensource Autocad alternatives

**1. BRL-CAD open Source autocad Software**

  Mike Muuss is the Initiator for BRL-CAD Software. Architecture and design started in 1979 and first version released in 1984.

BRL-CAD is a powerful open source cross-platform solid modeling system that includes interactive geometry editing, high-performance ray-tracing for rendering and geometric analysis, a system performance analysis benchmark suite, geometry libraries for application developers, and more than 30 years of active development.

- Cross Platform Support.
- Free and Open Source
- BRL-CAD is a Collection of more than 400 tools and utilities

## 2. FreeCad

FreeCAD is a parametric 3D modeler made primarily to design real-life objects of any size. Parametric modeling allows you to easily modify your design by going back into your model history and changing its parameters. FreeCAD is open-source and highly customizable, scriptable and extensible.

- Multi-platform support
- It is a Full GUI application
- It also support Command Line applications with low memory
- FreeCAD can be imported as a Python module
- Full macro recording & editing
- User Interaction Mirroring on console
- Annotations like texts or dimensions

## 3. Librecad

LibreCAD is a fully comprehensive 2D CAD application that you can download and install for free. There is a large base of satisfied LibreCAD users worldwide, and it is available in more than 20 languages and for all major operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Mandriva, Suse …).

LibreCAD is a feature-packed and mature 2D-CAD application with some really great advantages:

- It’s free – no worry about license costs or annual fees.
- No language barriers – it’s available in a large number of languages, with more being added continually.
- GPLv2 public license – you can use it, customize it, hack it and copy it with free user support and developer support from our active worldwide community and our experienced developer team.
- LibreCAD is an Open Source community-driven project: development is open to new talent and new ideas, and our software is tested and used daily by a large and devoted user community; you, too, can get involved and influence its future development.

## Related Articles

[Become an author Share knowledge](https://arkit.co.in/become-an-author/)

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[50 find command practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/find-command-practical-examples-can-improve-skills/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, others

**Tags:** Opensource Autocad

---

### [Automated OS Installation using Kickstart Method Linux RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/automated-os-installation-using-kickstart-method-linux-rhel7/)

**Published:** February 25, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Kickstart Means automated. Automated os installation using Kickstart method Linux RHEL7 is made very simple. We can use Kickstart method to install N number of servers yet the same time because this method does not require user intervention while the installation process. Oh. 🙂 sounds awesome but how this is going to accomplish.? In this Kickstart method, we are going to create a config file which contains all answers for operating system installation.

##  Automated OS Installation Advantages

- Install More than one server at the same time
- Save lot of time by creating auto answer file
- Multiple Distributions also supported
- Post-installation scripts help in automating more tasks

## Kickstart Method uses below protocols

- NFS
- HTTP
- FTP

## Step 1: Mount ISO and Dump Media Source files

First choose the protocol which you’re going to use for this Kickstart method installation, above mentioned protocols will be supported. HTTP, HTTPS, NFS, and FTP.

  For NFS server location you can make any directory under / (slash) and copy the media

If HTTP / HTTPS use default path as /var/www/html

FTP protocol use /var/ftp/pub/as default path

Mount ISO file or CD/DVD media

ISO file mounting

```
[root@ArkIT]# mount /tmp/RHEL7.iso /mnt
```

CD/DVD media mounting

```
[root@ArkIT]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
```

Web server Path: cp -rfv /mnt/\* /var/www/html/

FTP server Path: cp -rfv /mnt/\* /var/ftp/pub/

NFS Server Path: cp -rfv /mnt/\* /nfsserver/

## Step 2: Installation and generate Kickstart file / Auto Answer File

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# yum install system-config-kickstart
Total download size: 1.7 M
Installed size: 6.4 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Complete!
```

## Step 3: Generating Auto Answer File

After installing Kickstart config generator we have to open the tool and generate auto answer file.

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# system-config-kickstart
```

[![Opening Kickstart File Generator](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1-2017-02-24_22-59-08-300x172.png "1 - 2017-02-24_22-59-08 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1-2017-02-24_22-59-08.png)Opening Kickstart File Generator

As shown in above screenshot select required options

- Default Language
- Keyboard
- Time Zone
- Root Password and Confirm Password
- Target Architecture
- Reboot system After Installation

[![Kickstart Installation Method](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2-2017-02-24_23-02-38-300x249.png "2 - 2017-02-24_23-02-38 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2-2017-02-24_23-02-38.png)Installation Method

Select Installation method either perform a fresh installation or upgrade an existing installation. Kickstart supports upgrade option as well.

[![Linux RHEL7 Kickstart method](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/3-2017-02-24_23-08-51-300x248.png "3 - 2017-02-24_23-08-51 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/3-2017-02-24_23-08-51.png)Boot Loader options

If you would like to install new bootloader then select to install a new bootloader or else select do not install the bootloader. If you’re interested in setting up the GRUB password you can also do that by selecting the GRUB password option and provide a password.

[![Clear Master boot record](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/4-2017-02-24_23-10-15-300x246.png "4 - 2017-02-24_23-10-15 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/4-2017-02-24_23-10-15.png)Partition Information Tab

Using Partition Information tab declare partition details which are the partitions you would like to create.

- Clear Master Boot Record — Will clear before boot record if any
- Do Not Clear Master Boot Record — It will not touch the previous boot record
- Remove all – Will remove all existing partitions and create new
- Remove only existing Linux partitions – it will not delete NTFS partitions
- Preserve existing partitions – Will does not touch any of existing partitions

**Note:** There is no option to create LVM partitions in this tool, Add config definition after file generation.

[![Network Configuration Tab](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/5-2017-02-24_23-11-20-300x249.png "5 - 2017-02-24_23-11-20 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/5-2017-02-24_23-11-20.png)Network Configuration Tab

Network configuration tab will help you to configure NIC, IP Address and Network Device

[![Added Network Device](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/6-2017-02-24_23-12-15-300x248.png "6 - 2017-02-24_23-12-15 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/6-2017-02-24_23-12-15.png)Added Network Device

[![Authentication type](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/7-2017-02-24_23-22-44-300x248.png "7 - 2017-02-24_23-22-44 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/7-2017-02-24_23-22-44.png)Authentication Tab

Authentication Configuration is the option where you can select the option to join to NIS, LDAP, Kerberos and local encrypted authentication

[![Firewall Options](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/8-2017-02-24_23-23-30-300x248.png "8 - 2017-02-24_23-23-30 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/8-2017-02-24_23-23-30.png)Firewall Options

The decision to Enable / Disable firewall and its security level

[![Display Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/9-2017-02-24_23-28-22-300x247.png "9 - 2017-02-24_23-28-22 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/9-2017-02-24_23-28-22.png)Display Configuration

Would like to install graphical environment than simply select option

[![Package selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/10-2017-02-24_23-28-57-300x247.png "10 - 2017-02-24_23-28-57 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/10-2017-02-24_23-28-57.png)Package selection

**Note:** Package option did not have an option to select packages, after generating config file will add

[![Pre-installation script](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/11-2017-02-24_23-29-33-300x247.png "11 - 2017-02-24_23-29-33 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/11-2017-02-24_23-29-33.png)Pre-installation script

Before starting installation would like to run any script you can include

[![Post-Installation script](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/12-2017-02-24_23-31-01-300x249.png "12 - 2017-02-24_23-31-01 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/12-2017-02-24_23-31-01.png)Post-Installation script

After installation run script

[![save configuration file](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/13-2017-02-24_23-31-47-300x247.png "13 - 2017-02-24_23-31-47 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/13-2017-02-24_23-31-47.png)save auto answer configuration file

## Step4: Adding LVM config and Packages list

Simply generating Kickstart file will not work as expected, we have to add LVM configuration and Packages which you would like to install, edit the config file and add

Edit config file and add below lines to create LVM partitions and packages installation Automated OS installation

```
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
volgroup rhel --pesize=4096 PV0
part PV0 --fstype=lvmpv --ondisk=sda --size=50000
part /boot --fstype=xfs --size=500
logvol / --vgname=rhel --name=root --fstype=xfs --size=10000
logvol /var --vgname=rhel --name=var --fstype=xfs --size=8000
logvol swap --vgname=rhel --name=swap --fstype=swap --size=8000
logvol /home --vgname=rhel --name=home --fstype=xfs --size=7000
logvol /usr --vgname=rhel --name=usr --fstype=xfs --size=7000

%packages
@base
@core
@desktop-debugging
@dial-up
@fonts
@gnome-desktop
@guest-agents
@guest-desktop-agents
@input-methods
@internet-browser
@mariadb
@multimedia
@print-client
@x11
kexec-tools
```

## Step5: Sharing Auto Answer file using protocols

I would like to write all the protocol steps here, but follow the only one which you would like to do.

## **Steps for the HTTP protocol**

```
[root@ArkIT ~]# yum install http*
```

```
[root@ArkIT ~]#systemctl enable httpd.service
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service'
[root@ArkIT ~]#systemctl start httpd.service 
[root@ArkIT ~]#systemctl status httpd.service
```

Install HTTP packages, enable web service and start web service. Enable service and port number in a firewall. Automated OS installation

```
[root@ArkIT ~]#firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
success
[root@ArkIT ~]#firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
success
[root@ArkIT ~]#firewall-cmd --reload 
success
```

copy the auto answer file and RHEL7 media to default path /var/www/html

## Steps for FTP Protocol Linux RHEL7

Installing required packages for FTP and start ftp service

```
# yum install vsftpd*
# systemctl enable vsftpd.service 
# systemctl start vsftpd.service 
# systemctl status vsftpd.service 

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ftp 
# firewall-cmd --reload
```

Copy Kickstart file and Media files to /var/ftp/pub/ path

[NFS server installation and configuration see this full guide](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

## Client Side OS Installation

Boot client machine with OS CD/DVD

[![Boot Menu](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1-cd-dvd-booting-300x225.png "1 cd dvd booting - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1-cd-dvd-booting.png)Boot Menu

When you see above boot menu options do not select anyone just press Escape button

```
boot: linux ks=http://192.168.4.27/rhel7/ks.cfg
```

Hi Enter.

That’s It. Your Installation process starts and will complete automatically. Automated OS installation

## Conclusion Kickstart method

Setting up kick start method is very easy and simple. Kickstart installation process very useful when you would like to deploy Linux in a large number of servers.

[Download Kickstart Config File](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2017/02/rhel7-installation-kickstart-file.html)

**Related Articles**

[Installation and Configuration of FTP server step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/installation-and-configuration-ftp/)

[Installation and configuration web server step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/web-server-installation/)

[setting up PXE boot server](https://arkit.co.in/pxe-boot-server-configuration/)

[HTTPS setup step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/secure-web-server/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Auto Answer File creation, Kickstart Installation

---

### [YUM (YellowDog Updater Module) Local installation and configuration step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/yum-yellowdog-updater-module-local-installation/)

**Published:** February 26, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Yum is the Red Hat package manager that is able to query information about available packages, fetch packages from configured repositories, install and uninstall them, and update an entire system to the latest available version. Yum performs automatic dependency resolution on packages you are updating, installing, or removing, and thus is able to automatically determine, fetch, and install all available dependent packages. In this article YUM ( YellowDog Updater Module ) Local installation and configuration step by step guide.

Yum can be configured with new, additional repositories, or package sources, and also provides many plug-ins which enhance and extend its capabilities. It is able to perform many of the same tasks that RPM can’t additionally, many of the command-line options are similar. Yum enables easy and simple package management on a single machine or on groups of them.

  It provides secure package management by enabling GPG (Gnu Privacy Guard) signature verification on GPG-signed packages to be turned on for all package repositories or for individual repositories. When signature verification is enabled, Yum will refuse to install any packages not GPG-signed with the correct key for that repository. This means that you can trust that the RPM packages you download and install on your system are from a trusted source, such as Red Hat, and were not modified during transfer.

## YUM (YellowDog Updater Module) Advantages

- Resolving dependencies automatically
- It support upgrade to next version
- Install packages securely
- Does not required to download packages separately

## Local YUM Installation and Configuration Guide

If your CD/DVD media already in CD/DVD drive then simply mount using below command

```
[root@ArkIT ~]#mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@ArkIT ~]#df -h /mnt
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sr0 3.7G 3.7G 0 100% /mnt

Mount ISO file
[root@ArkIT ~]# mount -o loop RHEL7.iso /mnt/
```

**Note:** Permanent Local YUM server copy entire Dvd content to server path.

```
[root@ArkIT ~]#cd /mnt/
[root@ArkIT mnt]#cp -Rv * /rpms/
```

Configure YUM repository

```
[root@ArkIT Packages]#rpm -ivh createrepo-0.9.9-23.el7.noarch.rpm 
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
 package createrepo-0.9.9-23.el7.noarch is already installed
```

Edit the Configuration file and add the config

```
[root@ArkIT ~]#cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

[root@ArkIT rpms]#vi /etc/yum.repos.d/yumserver.repo 
[root@ArkIT rpms]#cat /etc/yum.repos.d/yumserver.repo
[RHEL7]
name=DVD media
baseurl=file:///rpms/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///rpms/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
```

## Verify enabled repository

```
[root@ArkIT ~]#yum repolist
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id repo name status
!RHEL7 DVD media 4,371
repolist: 4,371

[root@ArkIT ~]#yum repolist enabled 
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id repo name status
!RHEL7 DVD media 4,371
repolist: 4,371
```

## Install VNC Packages trough yum and check

```
[root@ArkIT ~]#yum install vnc*
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Package tigervnc-server-1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tigervnc.x86_64 0:1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================
Installing:
 tigervnc x86_64 1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7 RHEL7 212 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================
Install 1 Package

Total download size: 212 k
Installed size: 527 k
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
 Installing : tigervnc-1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7.x86_64 1/1 
 Verifying : tigervnc-1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7.x86_64 1/1

Installed:
 tigervnc.x86_64 0:1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7

Complete!
```

## Conclusion 

Local YUM server is more useful to install and upgrade packages with automatic dependencies resolving. yellowdog updater module

## Related Articles

[Setup Linux Lab at Home complete Guide](https://arkit.co.in/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

[Getting help from Command Line Interface RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/getting-help-5-command-line-tools/)

[25 Basic Linux Commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Local YUM server

---

### [How to access systemshell Node shell Netapp Cluster Mode Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/access-systemshell-node-shell-netapp-cluster-mode/)

**Published:** March 2, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Systemshell is used to diagnose low level issues. To Access Node Shell in Netapp Cluster mode we have to enable and reset the password of diag user. Be very careful when your enabling and accessing systemshell of the node In this article we are going to see How to Access Systemshell Node Shell Netapp cluster Mode Step by Step Guide.

Note: If your not aware of Systemshell / Node Shell use it very carefully. Any command in Systemshell execute leads to direct impact on Netapp Head.

  Login to your Cluster shell then verify the Diag user status.

## Access systemshell Node shell Netapp Cluster Mode 

```
ARKIT-NA::> security login show -vserver ARKIT-NA -user-or-group-name diag

Vserver: ARKIT-NA
 Authentication Acct
User/Group Name Application Method Role Name Locked
---------------- ----------- -------------- ---------------- ------
diag console password admin no
```

As shown in above command output diag account is not locked. If diag user in locked state use below command to unlock diag user.

```
ARKIT-NA::> security login unlock -username diag -vserver ARKIT-NA

ARKIT-NA::> security login show -user-or-group-name diag

Vserver: ARKIT-NA
 Authentication Acct
User/Group Name Application Method Role Name Locked
---------------- ----------- -------------- ---------------- ------
diag console password admin no
```

## Set the password to diag user

```
ARKIT-NA::> security login password -username diag -vserver ARKIT-NA

Enter a new password:
Enter it again:
```

Now change the privilege mode to diagnostic then login using diag user to systemshell.

```
ARKIT-NA::> set -privilege diagnostic

Warning: These diagnostic commands are for use by NetApp personnel only.
Do you want to continue? {y|n}: y

ARKIT-NA::*> system node systemshell -node ARKIT-NA02

Data ONTAP/amd64 (ARKIT-NA02) (pts/0)

login: diag
Password:
Last login: Wed Mar 1 22:59:42 from 169.254.100.246

Warning: The system shell provides access to low-level
diagnostic tools that can cause irreparable damage to
the system if not used properly. Use this environment
only when directed to do so by support personnel.

ARKIT-NA02% ps aux |grep ndmpd
root 3055 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 23Jun15 0:00.31 [ndmpd_dispatch_proc]
root 3056 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 23Jun15 0:00.32 [ndmpd_dispatch_proc]
root 3057 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 23Jun15 0:00.31 [ndmpd_dispatch_proc]
root 3058 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 23Jun15 0:00.31 [ndmpd_dispatch_proc]
root 3059 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 23Jun15 0:00.32 [ndmpd_dispatch_proc]
root 3386 0.0 0.0 0 16 ?? WL 23Jun15 0:05.67 [ndmpd2br_reply_thre]
root 3387 0.0 0.0 0 16 ?? WL 23Jun15 0:04.30 [ndmpd2br_svc_main]
root 23184 0.0 1.0 174776 42284 ?? Is 3:32AM 0:02.60 /sbin/ndmpd
root 23484 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 3:36AM 2:58.18 [ndmpd_proc]
root 25308 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 14Nov16 0:00.20 [ndmpd_proc]
root 51525 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 4Nov16 0:00.52 [ndmpd_proc]
root 51763 0.0 0.0 0 32 ?? WL 8Nov16 0:00.19 [ndmpd_proc]
diag 77221 0.0 0.0 14668 1328 0 S+ 3:27AM 0:00.00 grep ndmpd

ARKIT-NA02% sudo kill -9 51525
ARKIT-NA02%
```

Systemshell / Node shell Netapp cluster mode is like complete access to BSD core access

## Conclusion

Node shell Netap Cluster Mode / Systemshell is used to collect low level diagnostic details, It’s just like Linux Terminal access with super user privileges. Use with care. In this mode most if the BSD commands will work.

## Related Articles Netapp Cluster Mode

[How to Setup Two Node Netapp Cluster](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-setup/)

[20 Extraordinary articles to Learn Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/20-extraordinary-articles-learn-netapp-storage-7mode-cluster-mode/)

[Disk firmware Update Step by Step guide C-Mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/disk-firmware-update-netapp-cluster-mode-cmode/)

[15 aggr command examples](https://arkit.co.in/15-aggr-command-netapp-cluster-mode-practical-examples/)

[df command with practical examples in Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/df-command-netapp-cluster-mode-awesome-examples/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** node shell access, systemshell

---

### [Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring using Nagios Nagios-Cdot-Netapp Plugin](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-mode-monitoring-nagios-cdot-netapp/)

**Published:** March 10, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Monitoring storage usage / performance / utilization of space is more important, if something went wrong on the SAN / NAS dependent applications will also fail. To avoid we should continuously monitor the storage devices. Manually monitoring is not an good idea / humanly not possible. Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring Using Nagios Nagios-Cdot-Netapp Plugin Step by step Guide.

## Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring using Nagios 

Even If you use Nagios Core completely free open source application will work

  [Download Plugins](https://github.com/aleex42/netapp-cdot-nagios) Keep it ready

Also [Download Netapp SDK](http://mysupport.netapp.com/NOW/download/software/nmsdk/5.6/) file required login to Netapp Mysupport Site

Copy both the files to Linux and extract them using unzip <File Name>

```
[root@Ark-Nagios netapp-cdot-nagios-master]# ./check_cdot_aggr.pl
Can't locate NaElement.pm in @INC (@INC contains: /usr/lib/netapp-manageability-sdk/lib/perl/NetApp /usr/local/lib64/perl5 /usr/local/share/perl5 /usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/lib64/perl5 /usr/share/perl5 .) at /usr/local/lib64/perl5/NaServer.pm line 34.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at /usr/local/lib64/perl5/NaServer.pm line 34.
Compilation failed in require at ./check_cdot_aggr.pl line 17.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at ./check_cdot_aggr.pl line 17.
```

Before placing Netapp SDK stuff to /usr/lib/ path you will see above error. After extracting SDK file just copy every thing to /usr/lib/ example provided below

```
[root@Ark-Nagios ~]# mv netapp-manageability-sdk-5.6 /usr/lib/netapp-manageability-sdk
```

## Execute commands manually from Nagios Server and check status

To ensure commands are working by running manually.

```
[root@Ark-Nagios netapp-cdot-nagios-master]# ./check_cdot_aggr.pl --hostname 192.168.2.20 --username Username --password Password --warning 80 --critical 90
CRITICAL: aggr1_SAS_ARK_NA01 (93%), aggr1_SAS_ARK_NA03 (90%), aggr1_SAS_ARK_NA04 (66%), aggr1_SATA_ARK_NA02 (63%), aggr2_SAS_ARK_NA01 (59%), aggr2_SAS_ARK_NA03 (88%), aggr3_SAS_ARK_NA01 (33%), aggr4_SAS_ARK_NA01 (7%), root_ARK_NA01 (96%), root_ARK_NA02 (95%), root_ARK_NA03 (95%), root_ARK_NA04 (95%)
```

As per above output commands are working fine as expected, let move them to plugin directory and configure commands

```
[root@Ark-Nagios netapp-cdot-nagios-master]# cp * /usr/local/nagios/libexec/
```

## Configure Commands in commands.cfg file plugins Nagios-Cdot-Netapp

```
[root@Ark-Nagios ~]# vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/commands.cfg
define command {
 command_name checkaggr
 command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_cdot_aggr.pl --hostname $HOSTADDRESS$ --username UserName --password Password --warning 90 --critical 96
}

#Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring Interface Status
define command {
 command_name checkint
 command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_cdot_interfaces.pl --hostname $HOSTADDRESS$ --username UserName --password Password
}

#Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring snapmirror snapshot age by default 90Days
define command {
 command_name checksnaps
 command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_cdot_snapmirror_snapshots.pl --hostname $HOSTADDRESS$ --username UserName --password Password
}

#Disk Failed Status Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring
define command {
 command_name checkdisk
 command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_cdot_disk.pl --hostname $HOSTADDRESS$ --username UserName --password Password
}

#Check Snapmirror Idle time Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring Using Nagios
define command {
 command_name checksnapm
 command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_cdot_snapmirror.pl --hostname $HOSTADDRESS$ --username UserName --password Password
}

#Volume Space Usage Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring
define command {
 command_name cdotvol
 command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_cdot_volume.pl --hostname $HOSTADDRESS$ --username UserName --password Password --size-warning 95 --size-critical 97 --inode-warning 95 --inode-critical 97 --volume $ARG1$ --perf
}

#Aggregate Status Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring
define command {
 command_name cdotaggr
 command_line /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_cdot_aggr.pl --hostname $HOSTADDRESS$ --username UserName --password Password --warning 95 --critical 97 --perf --aggr $ARG1$
}
```

## Generate / Define your Host config File for Monitoring

Using above command names, have to define your host config file for monitoring checks

Host definition, PING and SSH service monitoring config below

```
######################################
#### Host Defination: Netapp-Cdot ###
######################################

define host{
 use linux-server
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 alias Netapp Filer Cluster Mode
 address 192.168.2.20
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$
 }

define service{
 use generic-service
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description PING
 check_command check_ping!200.0,40%!500.0,60%
 notifications_enabled 1
 process_perf_data 1
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 }

define service{
 use local-service ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description SSH
 check_command check_ssh
 notifications_enabled 1
 process_perf_data 1
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description Interface Health Status
 check_command checkontap!interface_health
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description Port Status
 check_command checkontap!port_health
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description Cluster Health Status
 check_command checkontap!cluster_health
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description Filer Hardware Health Status
 check_command checkontap!filer_hardware_health
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description Volume Health Status
 check_command checkontap!volume_health
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description cDOT Interfaces Status
 check_command checkint
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description cDOT Snapmirror Snapshot Status
 check_command checksnaps
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description cDOT Disk Health Status
 check_command checkdisk
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description cDOT Snapmirror Status
 check_command checksnapm
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description cDOT Aggregate Status
 check_command checkaggr
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

Likewise take all volumes list and specify config definitions.

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description Volume Volume1
 check_command cdotvol!Volume1
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netapp-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }

Define All Aggregates by replacing Aggregate name, copy definition paste it number of times.

define service{
 use generic-service-storage ; Name of service template to use
 host_name Netapp-Cdot
 service_description Aggregate Usage aggr1
 check_command cdotaggr!aggr1
 action_url /pnp4nagios/graph?host=$Netap-Cdot$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 process_perf_data 1
 }
```

 That’s it your Nagios Core Server is monitoring Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring Filers continuously and send’s you an alerts when something CRITICAL / WARNING usage.

## Conclusion: 

Don’e be afraid when you get NaServer.pm file is missing error, Download Netapp SDK and copy the same to /usr/lib path. Using Nagios Core Completely free open source will save lot of money and Best monitoring tool for enterprise. Netapp Cluster Mode Monitoring Using Nagios is enabled Enjoy.

## Related Articles

[Generation Nagios Configuration in Just 1 Minute](https://arkit.co.in/generate-nagios-configuration-using-shell-script/)

[Installing and Configuring NRPE Client in Linux machines](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

[Monitoring Windows Machines using Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-windows-client-using-nagios/)

[Netapp C-Mode Cheat Sheet](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-mode-commands-cheat-sheet/)

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**Categories:** C-Mode, Nagios, Netapp

**Tags:** Nagios-Cdot-Netapp, Netapp C-Mode Monitoring

---

### [SSH Server (Secure Shell) Installation and Configuration RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/ssh-server-secure-shell-installation-centos-7/)

**Published:** March 15, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

SSH Server (Secure Shell) is a program for logging into a remote host / server and managing remote host / server by executing commands. It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between client and server over an insecure network. SSH will also support X11 forwarding (which means executing GUI tasks).

**SSH Server Profile**

  - **Packages :** yum install openssh
- **Port Number:** 22 is default
- **Config File:** /etc/ssh/sshd\_config
- **Daemon Name:** sshd

## Advantages of SSH Server

- It Provides secure connection to remote host
- Using SSH we can also copy files from one host to another host (SCP) Secure copy
- Upload file securely using SFTP
- Execute commands on remote host
- Create Passwordless authentication (Key Based Authentication ) to run automated scripts

## SSH Server (Secure Shell) Installation and configuration

To install SSH Server it’s so simple using yum / rpm packages. Most of the installation methods will install openssh packages along with the Operating System installation itself.

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# yum install openssh
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
RHEL7 | 4.1 kB 00:00:00
(1/2): RHEL7/group_gz | 136 kB 00:00:00
(2/2): RHEL7/primary_db | 3.9 MB 00:00:00
Package openssh-6.6.1p1-31.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
```

**Enable and Start Services**

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# systemctl enable sshd.service
[root@ArkitServer ~]# systemctl status sshd.service
● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-03-15 20:54:55 IST; 23min ago
 Docs: man:sshd(8)
 man:sshd_config(5)
 Main PID: 1201 (sshd)
 CGroup: /system.slice/sshd.service
 └─1201 /usr/sbin/sshd
```

## Configure SSH Settings using config file

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
```

Restrict access to particular Network by adding network id. Example: 192.168.1.0/24

```
#ListenAddress 0.0.0.0
#ListenAddress ::
```

Change SSH default port to something else (instead of 22). After defining the port number in config file we have to apply [SELinux](https://arkit.co.in/selinux-security-enhance-linux/) policy

```
Port 1028
```

run below command to change SELinux context

```
semanage port -a -t ssh_port_t -p tcp 1028
```

Log authentication related logs to log file, If you hash out the SyslogFacility authentication related messages will not be logged

```
# Logging
# obsoletes QuietMode and FascistLogging
#SyslogFacility AUTH
SyslogFacility AUTHPRIV
#LogLevel INFO
```

## How to Permit Root Login via SSH..?

Permit root login from SSH you have to un-comment below config line (by default root is allowed). If you would like to deny root login via SSH instead of ‘yes’ write ‘no’

```
#PermitRootLogin yes
```

Enabling Key Based authentication, remote host keys would be added to required file. Customization can be done by specifying below parameter in config file

```
AuthorizedKeysFile      .ssh/authorized_keys
```

GUI windows access using SSH, Enable X11forwarding so that you can run GUI window on remote host from SSH

```
X11Forwarding yes
```

Banner Message when user logged in to server using SSH, user will see an banner message. To specify Banner message enable below config line

```
Banner /filepath
```

Allow to ssh only particular group members

```
AllowGroups groupname
```

Likewise there are so many options to configure SSH Server (Secure Shell) and optimize

**Conclusion:** SSH is used to connect remote servers securely and manage them easily. Mostly used protocol in the world is SSH.

## Related Articles

[How to Setup Passwordless Authentication to run scripts](https://arkit.co.in/password-less-authentication-for-running-remote-server-scripts/)

[SELinux Context](https://arkit.co.in/selinux-security-enhance-linux/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Openssh Server, Secure shell

---

### [Linux Mail command Send email from Command Line utility](https://arkit.co.in/linux-mail-command-send-email-command-line-utility/)

**Published:** March 17, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Sending email from Linux command line would he more helpful when we are trying to automate from programs / applications. Linux Mail command will help us in send email command line utility. Let’s see in detailed information about mail utility.

Linux Mail command is dependent on sendmail / postfix email services, because without any mail services email can’t be routed.

  ## Advantages Linux Mail Command Line utility

- Easy to Automate Tasks
- Complex tasks can also be achieved along with programs
- Send emails in bulk can be possible

## Install mail utilities

```
#yum install mailx*

$apt-get install mailutils
```

## Sending simple Email message from Command line

To send an email from command line simply use Linux mail command as mentioned below

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# mail -s "Testing Message" admin@arkit.co.in

**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux mail command, send email command line

---

### [SAN Boot Setup Using iSCSI Protocol Netapp Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/san-boot-setup-using-iscsi-protocol-netapp-cluster-mode/)

**Published:** March 19, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

iSCSI, which stands for Internet Small Computer System Interface, works on top of the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and allows the SCSI command to be sent end-to-end over local-area networks (LANs), wide-area networks (WANs) or the Internet. In this article we are going to see SAN Boot setup using iscsi protocol Netapp Cluster Mode.

iSCSI works by transporting block-level data between an iSCSI initiator on a server and an iSCSI target on a storage device. The iSCSI protocol encapsulates SCSI commands and assembles the data in packets for the TCP/IP layer. Packets are sent over the network using a point-to-point connection. Upon arrival, the iSCSI protocol disassembles the packets, separating the SCSI commands so the operating system (OS) will see the storage as a local SCSI device that can be formatted as usual. Today, some of iSCSI’s popularity in small to midsize businesses (SMBs) has to do with the way server virtualization makes use of storage pools. In a virtualized environment, the storage pool is accessible to all the hosts within the cluster and the cluster nodes nodes communicate with the storage pool over the network through the use of the iSCSI protocol. An iSCSI initiator is a piece of software or hardware that is installed in a server to send data to and from an iSCSI-based storage array or iSCSI target.

  ## The following are the steps need for SAN Boot Setup Using iSCSI Protocol:

 1. Unlike as FC the initiator in iSCSI is not WWPN. The initiator in iSCSI is IQN (iSCSI Qualified Name). To find the initiator the following command is used.

[![iscsi initiator listing](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1-300x18.png "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1.png)iscsi initiator listing

The iqn.1994-05 represents the iqn number and redhat represents the company name.

2\. For creating the igroup instead of giving WWPN number as a initiator, here we use iqn as initiator. For example:

[![Creating igroup in netapp CLI mode](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2-300x12.png "2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2.png)Creating igroup in netapp CLI mode

Give initiator as iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:59

3\. The lifs are created as below

[![Creating new interface in Netapp cluster mode](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3-300x18.png "3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3.png)Creating new interface in Netapp cluster mode

Here we need to specify the address and netmask address. The netmask address should remain same. The network address can be any valid ip address. It is recommended to change the domain for the different ports. For ex, 10.10.10.10 for all e ports and 10.10.20.11 for all f ports.

4\. Once you do the lif show the output will appear like this

[![Logical Interface Logical Interface](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/4-300x138.png "4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/4.png)Logical Interface

5\. Map the LUNS
 6. Now go to IMM (integration management Module). Give only the IP address to open.
 7. Check the configuration setup to check whether the PXE is enabled. If any other OS is already installed then change the boot order make PXE as first option.
 8. Once done the layout will appear as below:

[![select Operating system to install](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/5-300x176.png "5 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/5.png)select Operating system to install

Choose the want to install.
 9. Then wait for network manager to configure through eth0 or eth1 or
 10. Once it is done the screen will appear like this

[![Add Advanced Target](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6-300x201.png "6 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6.png)Add Advanced Target

11\. Then click on then configure the network.
 12. Check which network is public network which is connected to Ethernet port. Use command ethtool. For example
 For eth0: ethtool eth2
 This will give the details as

[![use command ethtool](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/7-300x213.png "7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/7.png)use command ethtool

13\. Click on configure network. The new window will popup like this

[![editing system ethernet properties](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/8-300x286.png "8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/8.png)editing system Ethernet properties

Go to IPv4 settings choose the method as manual. Now add the details for those Ethernet ports which are not public, which are 10G ports. Add the details for public port also. For example for port eth0 add network address as 10.141.13.59, netmask as 22 and gateway as 10.141.12.1. Once adding all the details like network address, netmask and gateway click on apply and save the configuration.
 14. Click on add drive option. The pop up window will appear as below. Provide iqn number as iSCSI initiator name and target ip address will be the ip address of any of the lifs which is created. Another option called discovery authentication is present which includes the options like CHAP pair and Chap pair and reverse pair. These services are enabled during the vSERVER security.

[![iscsi discovery details](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/9-300x133.png "9 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/9.png)iscsi discovery details

15\. Once the device discovery is done, the multipath device will show the LUN. Click on next button.
 16. We have to choose the option create custom layout for the installation. Create the partion table.

[![Operating system partitions](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/10-300x169.png "10 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/10.png)Operating system partitions

17\. Once done click on next button to proceed the installation.

## Conclusion :

SAN Boot setup using iSCSI protocol, when there is no internal hard disk is there for installing operating system, we can make SAN disk as internal HDD to install Operating system.

## Related Articles

[iscsi server installation and configuration in rhel 7 / centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/iscsi-server-installation-providing-remote-block-storage/)

[Could not create NetworkPortal in configFS issue resolved](https://arkit.co.in/could-not-create-networkportal-in-configfs/)

[Linux Mail command](https://arkit.co.in/linux-mail-command-send-email-command-line-utility/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Netapp, RHEL7

**Tags:** iSCSI SAN Boot, SAN Boot

---

### [AIX Commands Most Commonly used production environments](https://arkit.co.in/aix-commands-commonly-used-production-environments/)

**Published:** March 24, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

AIX is IBM propitiatory operating system which only run’s on IBM based hardware’s and Power servers. In this article we are going to discuss about AIX Commands Most commonly used production environments.

## Commonly Used Production Environments

- Find serial Number
- Version of AIX Operating system
- Service pack number
- Disks in Operating system
- Identify free space
- Memory information
- Processors information
- Paging details

## AIX Commands

Displays system configuration information. If you run the **prtconf** command without any flags, it displays the system model, machine serial, processor type, number of processors, processor clock speed, cpu type, total memory size, network information, file system information, paging space information, and devices information.

  ```
root@AIX1 / -> prtconf |grep "System Model"
```

[![prtconf to know system model](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1-300x22.jpg "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1.jpg)prtconf to know system model

**Oslevel command in AIX**

The oslevel command reports the technology level and service pack of the operating system using a subset of all filesets installed on your server. These filesets include the Base Operating System (BOS), base devices, base printers, and X11. Oslevel command also prints information about the technology level and service pack, including which filesets are not at a specified technology level or service pack.

```
root@AIX / -> oslevel -s
```

[![oslevel command output in AIX](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/oslevel-300x24.jpg "oslevel - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/oslevel.jpg)oslevel command output in AIX

```
root@AIX /-> oslevel -sq
```

Find service packs in your system / server

[![oslevel -sq command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/oslevel-sq-300x94.jpg "oslevel sq - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/oslevel-sq.jpg)oslevel -sq command output

## How many Disks / PV (Physical Volumes) do you have .?

Which command let you know about available disks / Physical volumes information in your server / system.

```
AIX / -> lspv
```

[![lspv command output in AIX server](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lspv-300x91.jpg "lspv - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lspv.jpg)lspv command output in AIX server

**Find Free space in VG’s and LV’s**

Most of the times when you would like to increase file system size ultimately this command will be handy to check free space.

```
root@ArkitAIX1 /-> lsvg | lsvg -i | egrep "GROUP|FREE"
```

[![lsvg -i command output AIX](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/free-space-300x38.jpg "free space - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/free-space.jpg)lsvg -i command output

**RAM / Memory Size verification**

How do you find out memory details from AIX server you can simply use below command to get the require details

```
root@ArkitAIX1 / -> lsattr -E1 mem0
```

[![lsattr -E1 mem0 command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lsattr-300x54.jpg "lsattr - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lsattr.jpg)lsattr -E1 mem0 command output

## Processor information from AIX system / server

As i mentioned in the first command itself prtconf command can get more details about system hardware information

```
root@ArkitAIX1 / -> prtconf | grep -i proc
```

[![prtconf |grep -i proc](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/prtconf-grep-i-proc-300x51.jpg "prtconf grep -i proc - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/prtconf-grep-i-proc.jpg)prtconf |grep -i proc

**Paging file information**

```
root@ArkitAIX1 /-> lsps -a
```

Above is useful to get paging space information

[![lsps -a](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lsps-a-300x28.jpg "lsps -a - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lsps-a.jpg)lsps -a

## Boot Device Information

Server is booted from which device can be identified using below aix commands

```
root@ArkitAIX1 / ->bootlist -om normal
```

[![bootlist -om normal](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/bootlist-300x22.jpg "bootlist - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/bootlist.jpg)bootlist -om normal

**Kernel Information using command line interface**

Do you know how do you know which kernel type your running on your system / server. Is it Uniprocessor kernel or a Multiprocessor kernel, or 32-bit / 64 bit kernel.

```
AIX /-> ls -l /unix
```

[![ls-l unix identify kernel AIX](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ls-l-unix-300x20.jpg "ls-l unix - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ls-l-unix.jpg)ls-l unix

**Recent Error Messages using single command in AIX**

```
AIX1# errpt | head
```

[![errpt command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/errpt-300x78.jpg "errpt - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/errpt.jpg)errpt command output

## Track your system / server shutdown / reboot times

When the system was last shutdown and/or rebooted? AIX Commands

```
root@AIX1 /-> last | egrep "reboot|shutdown" | head
```

[![last shutdown / rebooted information](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/last-300x91.jpg "last - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/last.jpg)last shutdown / rebooted information

**What packages are installed.?**

```
lslpp -l | more
```

[![AIX Commands Most Commonly used production environments](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lslpp-300x106.jpg "lslpp - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lslpp.jpg)

## Related Articles

[Centos Operating system learning topics](https://arkit.co.in/centos-operating-system/)

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[Linux Mail command](https://arkit.co.in/linux-mail-command-send-email-command-line-utility/)

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 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** AIX

**Tags:** AIX commands, commonly used production environments

---

### [Uniq command Linux Filter adjacent matching lines from INPUT](https://arkit.co.in/uniq-command-linux-filter-adjacent-matching-lines/)

**Published:** March 24, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Uniq Command Linux is used to report or omit repeated lines. Uniq is useful and handy tool to remove duplicate data from N number of lines of file. Its not only used to remove duplicate data it also helps in shell scripting to make reports.

## Options Uniq Command Linux

- **-c,** Option will count number of occurrences
- **-d,** Only print duplicate lines, one for each group
- **-D,** Print all duplicate lines groups can be delimited with an empty line METHOD={none(default),pretend,separate}
- **-f,** Avoid comparing the first N fields
- **-i,** Ignore differences in case when comparing
- **-s,** Avoid comparing the first N characters
- –**u,** Only print unique lines
- **-z,** End lines with 0 byte, not newline
- **-w,** Compare no more than N characters in lines

## Normal Uniq Command without options

```
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq testingdata

Test File data used for this article explanation
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# cat testingdata
```

Uniq command without any options will print uniq lines

  ## Count Recurrences using Uniq

If you have an data with multiple duplicates, you can even count the recurrences using Uniq command below is the best example

```
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -c testingdata

[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -c testingdata |sort -nr
```

## Print Only each line which has duplicates

Only print duplicate lines, one for each group

```
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -d testingdata
```

## Duplicate data group

Using Uniq command print group of duplicate lines using -D

```
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq --all-repeated=separate testingdata

[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -D testingdata
```

## Uniq Lines Printing out of all

Simple method to separate Uniq lines (which lines does not have any duplicates) using -u option

```
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -u testingdata
```

**N Characters in lines**

Compare no more than N characters specified using -w option

```
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -c -w 2 testingdata
```

**Avoid Comparing N Number of fields**

-f option eliminate comparing N number of fileds

```
[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -f1 testingdata

[root@localhost Linux_Commands]# uniq -f2 testingdata
```

## Uniq Command Linux Conclusion : 

Linux Command is used to find Uniq values out of number of duplicate lines. Count duplicate occurrences and print only files by specified numer.

**Related Articles**

[25 Linux basic commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[sed command 20 practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/sed-command-20-practical-examples/)

[bc command in linux examples](https://arkit.co.in/bc-command-10-practical-examples/)

[netstat command Linux](https://arkit.co.in/linux-netstat-command/)

[100 Linux Commands Video Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VG-MMju9RhQ&list=PLHyfPDPl-JDX_dfDEpsvglu4x3h1RjPkz)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux Uniq Command, Uniq command

---

### [Netapp Lun State Monitoring using Nagios - Dirty Way](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-lun-state-monitoring-using-nagios-dirty-way/)

**Published:** March 29, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Monitoring Netapp LUN directly may possible using SNMP by calling OID, in different way and dirty way using shell script. Here is an way Netapp Lun state Monitoring using Nagios- Dirty Way.

## Netapp Lun State Monitoring using Nagios Steps :

- Creating read-only account in Netapp
- Provide access to read-only account to execute Lun commands
- Create Key Based Access (Passwordless Access) from Linux Server to Netapp controller
- Copy below script to /usr/local/nagios/libexec file name lunstatus.sh
- Define service in Nagios

Use below Article to create Netapp User with read-only access

  [Creating User in Netapp 7 Mode](https://netappnotesark.blogspot.in/2014/02/netapp-user-administration.html)

To Create Passwordless connection between Linux and Netapp First Generate ssh key from Linux machine

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
24:e6:b5:71:7b:60:36:a4:3b:12:0e:87:ed:8e:8f:a9 root@ArkitServer
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| . |
| o o |
| o * = * |
| B = B + |
| = S . . |
| o . . . |
| . . |
| + |
| E.o . |
+-----------------+
```

Change Directory path to .ssh/ from user profile and copy the public content to Netapp controller to get access via passwordless authentication

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# cd .ssh/
[root@ArkitServer .ssh]# ls
id_rsa id_rsa.pub
[root@ArkitServer .ssh]# cat id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDxfpqVe7OgXy/RUfvqqqe9/kPaNj2LKPs79HZEvp4U0aZUT12g9uV4vHPmwd7RvDtJ9JJK129X2hAVYh0qAWwduGppWBeMjQwYHmCUCrU99BLBBtYNAxsd18zXxQvIvaMk5gTeYf9xcNXpKuziIt/4fs0AbadVCYq1obAAmfmkwJBmvIjv0zGzLpsRqARK/e1Z7jHaGGMNkoCJqmWxjhDftLdRNeMwPCTNEtHYBG9+polfe4Wlrhl2Z8Mk2qzJaOmruUjpWoqI6Dyr006evYWPINy2YkNNtRaPOpyy5467tndFIM2b7AkMC2KDJlWSo36/MV66j root@ArkitServer
```

Open Netapp CIFS share \\NEtappFilerIP\\ETC$

sshd/.ssh/username/authorized\_keys Paste public key content here

Command Syntax

```
./lunstatus.sh 192.168.1.4 /vol/vol2/lun
```

Define command in commands configuration file

```
#vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/commands.cfg

# 'check_lunstatus' command check netapp lun status
define command{
 command_name check_lunstatus
 command_line $USER1$/lunstatus.sh $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
 }
```

Now add service configuration

```
define service{
 use generic-service
 host_name cn-ark-netapp01
 service_description Lun status Check
 check_command check_lunstatus!/vol/vol2/lun1
 }
```

Below is the script

```
#!/bin/bash
## Lun state Monitoring Nagios Script
# Written by Ravi Ankam

if [ "$1" = "" ]; then
 echo "Usage: ./Scriptname FilerIP LUNPath"
 exit 1
fi

LUNCHECK=$( ssh 'root@'$1 lun show $2 | awk '{ print $5 }' )
output="Lun State: $LUNCHECK"
if [ $LUNCHECK != online, ]; then
 echo "CRITICAL - $output"
 exit 2
else
 echo "OK - Lun State: $LUNCHECK"
 exit 0
fi
```

## Conclusion :

The Dirty way to monitor Netapp Lun status using Nagios Monitoring tool.

## Related Articles

[NRPE Linux Machine Commands](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-linux-client-using-nagios-nrpe/)

[Installing and configuring Linux Nagios Agent](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, Nagios

**Tags:** Netapp Lun Monitoring

---

### [Easy Way To Collect Perfstat Data Netapp Cluster Mode and 7 Mode](https://arkit.co.in/easy-way-collect-perfstat-data-netapp-cluster-mode-7-mode/)

**Published:** April 5, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Users complain accessing data from CIFS / NFS / FCP protocols are slow, but storage administrator is not sure that which I/O is creating latency / performance issue. Here is an Easy Way To Collect Perfstat Data Netapp Cluster Mode and 7 Mode.

  There are many ways to collect Perfstat data.

- From Windows machine using RSH
- From Linux Machine using SSH
- Perfstat collector Tool

[Download Perfstat Collector Tool](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BxIxp88zkmFmTkxSTkNzS21FZDA?usp=sharing)

## Easy Way To Collect Perfstat Data Netapp Cluster Mode and 7 Mode

Run the Perfstat collector Tool by double clicking on .exe file

[![Netapp Support Tool Upgrade](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Netapp-Support-Tool-Upgrade-300x151.png "Netapp Support Tool Upgrade - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Netapp-Support-Tool-Upgrade.png)Netapp Support Tool Upgrade

It asks for Upgrade current version to next version, but i am more comfortable with this version i am not going to upgrade click No

[![Perfstat Data Collector for 7 mode and Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Perfstat-Data-Collector-for-7-mode-and-Cluster-Mode-300x244.png "Perfstat Data Collector for 7 mode and Cluster Mode - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Perfstat-Data-Collector-for-7-mode-and-Cluster-Mode.png)Perfstat Data Collector for 7 mode and Cluster Mode

Tool contains many features 7 mode data collection, C-Mode data collection, nSANity, FMC Data, FTP Upload and Send Auto Support. Click on Perfstat v7

[![Perfstat v7 Tool](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/3-Provide-required-information-300x294.png "3 Provide required information - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/3-Provide-required-information.png)Perfstat v7 Tool

**Note:** Based on required collection iterations select one from Perfstat time drop down

Provide required details as shown in above screenshot, you must have administrator access to Netapp controllers. Click Start

Or

Open command prompt, change path (where perfstat7.exe is located) and type below command

```
perfstat7.exe -f 192.168.5.4,192.168.5.5 -t 5 -i 3,0 -l root -S pw:"123456" -F -I -P flat >"2000054865463_perfstat_20170405_1523.out"
```

## Schedule to run Perfstat Collection

[![Schedule to Collect Perfstat](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Schedule-to-Collect-Perfstat-300x294.png "Schedule to Collect Perfstat - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Schedule-to-Collect-Perfstat.png)Schedule to Collect Perfstat

Completion of Perfstat collection in command prompt it will display the message Done. In the same place from where did you run the Perftstat7.exe file .out file generate there itself

Simply click on FTP Upload to Netapp and Upload the file with case details

[![Upload out file ftp.netapp.com](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Upload-out-file-300x194.png "Upload out file - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Upload-out-file.png)Upload out file

That’s it your Performance data collection has been sent to Netapp Support Team.

## Related Articles

[Howto Access systemshell Node Shell C-Mode](https://arkit.co.in/access-systemshell-node-shell-netapp-cluster-mode/)

[SAN Boot Setup Using iSCSI Protocol Netapp C-Mode](https://arkit.co.in/san-boot-setup-using-iscsi-protocol-netapp-cluster-mode/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, C-Mode, Netapp

**Tags:** Perfstat data collection

---

### [What Is A Red Hat Administrator? How Important is Certification?](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-a-red-hat-administrator/)

**Published:** April 8, 2017
**Author:** Priya Jatoliya

**Content:**

Most of the students think about Linux Certification is important and they subscribe for it. But really Student is aware of what is a Red Hat Administrator? How Important is Certification?

## What is Red Hat Administrator?

Go through the information given in various industry research groups, and you will understand that Red Hat Certification has consistently remained amongst the top for over 6 years now. This clearly demonstrates the need and value of this course.

   The Red Hat course primarily relates to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux OS and Red Hat Certification teaches IT professionals who do not have previous Linux administration experience. Those studying the Administration course understand how to become full time Linux system administrations with the introduction of command line concepts and a number of other enterprise-level tools.

## Main role of the Red Hat Administrator

In simple terms, the Red Hat Administrator’s job is to ensure that Linux continues to run without faults. For this, a number of core administration tasks are taught to the professionals. The Red Hat Certified System Administrator learns to solve different problems of network administration through experience.

##  Who is suitable for the Red Hat Administrator course?

IT professionals working across a range of disciplines who need to perform daily or frequent Linux administration tasks need to know more through this course. These tasks include management of physical storage, basic security administration, installation and establishment of network connectivity.

The certifications provided in Red Hat are on different technologies. These include virtualization, cloud, storage and the firm’s open source- based OS.

## Scope of Red Hat Certification

Various factors determine where the Red Hat training can lead you to. Experience is necessary for being paid well in this industry. It is said to be amongst the highest paying certification jobs meant for Linux administrators. Red Hat is treated as a highly respected credential within the IT industry.

Red Hat involves incorporating a lot of knowledge through hands-on training and practicals. Theoretical concepts are relatively lesser, though they cannot be eliminated. In companies, most jobs need to be performed in live machines, which is quite exciting for most. Understand that Red Hat is providing solutions to more than 90% of today’s Fortune 500 companies. These companies are across industries such as airlines, healthcare, commercial banks and Internet Service Providers.

 Though this course focuses only on basics of Linux administration, it works on the real competences of the trained professionals, which includes knowledge about configuration and installation of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux system.
 Course levels

There are two levels of the Red Hat Administrator course- Red Hat Certified System Administrator (RHCSA) and Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE). Both the courses are taught at Arkit Solutions.

## Red Hat Training Provided by Arkit Solutions Pvt Ltd

 Arkit Solutions is a reputed provider of Red Hat training and certifications. High quality training at Arkit ensures that participants are able to obtain the necessary knowledge and can delight their customers with their innovative techniques and overall administrative skills. Trainers working with Arkit have several years of working in the industry, where they have handled live scenarios. Passing on such information to the students is nothing short of invaluable.

## Certification Study Material

[Download the Book Written by Ankam Ravi Kumar Linux step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux-learners-guide-book-written-by-ankam-ravi-kumar/)

[Topic by Topic Learning](http://www.tectm.com/2015/08/index-of-redhat-certified-professional.html)

[A Complete Difference Between RHEL 6 and RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/rhel-6-vs-rhel-7-difference-previous-newer-version/)

[RHEL 7 A Complete Links Page to Study](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-and-rhce-certification-content-in-detailed/)

[RHCSA Certification Complete Road Map](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-certification-complete-road-map/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6bce614ca4306cdd2c9e1b140a065ace313600914526360d177223596458ed31?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Priya Jatoliya 

 [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/priyajatoliya65/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/priyajatoliya65/)

**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** RHCSA Certification, RHCSA Exam, RHCSA Training

---

### [6 Free Ubuntu Books to Learn Ubuntu Desktop and Server Yourself](https://arkit.co.in/6-free-ubuntu-books-learn-ubuntu-desktop-server/)

**Published:** April 8, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We all love Windows, right? It’s a great operating system, there’s no doubt about that. However, what if I told you that Ubuntu was better? You may laugh and think that nothing could possibly be better than your beloved Windows, but in this article we’re going to look at 6 reasons why Ubuntu is better than Windows. 6 Free Ubuntu Books to Learn Ubuntu Desktop and Server Yourself.

  ## 6 Free Ubuntu Books to Learn Ubuntu Desktop and Server Yourself

Some of you may think that Ubuntu is just for nerds, and that the average user wouldn’t be able to use it. So how on earth could it be better than Windows? Well the truth is that Ubuntu is not that difficult to use, in fact, it’s actually just as easy as Windows to use, if not easier in some respects. So then, let’s take a look at some of the reasons why Ubuntu is better than Windows.

[![https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_make301/](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/w_make301c8-279x300.jpg "w_make301c8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/w_make301c8.jpg)6 Things That Ubuntu Does Better Than Windows

 [6 Things That Ubuntu Does Better Than Windows](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_make301/)

## Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04

Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04 is not intended to be a comprehensive Ubuntu instruction manual. It is a quick-start guide that will get you doing the things you need to do with your computer easily, without getting bogged down with technical details. With the help of this guide, it should not take long before new users get used to the Unity desktop environment. Unity includes the Launcher, the Dash, the hud, indicators, and an on screen display notification system(osd). All these features will be explained in this guide. 6 Free Ubuntu Books to Learn Ubuntu Desktop and Server Yourself

[![Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04 https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_ubun08/](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/w_ubun08c8-300x206.jpg "w_ubun08c8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/w_ubun08c8.jpg)Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04

 [Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_ubun08/)

## Migrating From Windows 7 To Ubuntu: The Ultimate Guide

Despite what all the Linux haters say, choosing Ubuntu is logical and migrating from Windows 7 to Ubuntu is a breeze. This article summarizes the process and provides solutions to some of the most common beginner hiccups.

[![Migrating From Windows 7 To Ubuntu: The Ultimate GuideMigrating From Windows 7 To Ubuntu: The Ultimate Guide](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/w_make165c8-251x300.jpg "w_make165c8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/w_make165c8.jpg)Migrating From Windows 7 To Ubuntu: The Ultimate Guide

 [Migrating From Windows 7 To Ubuntu: The Ultimate Guide](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_make165/)

## 6 Free Ubuntu Books to Learn Ubuntu Desktop and Server Yourself

Ubuntu is a community developed, Linux-based operating system that is perfect for laptops, desktops, and servers, and is used by millions of people around the world. This book provides you with practical hacks and tips that are not readily available online, in FAQ files, or any other Ubuntu book on the market so that you can customize your Ubuntu system for your specific needs.

Bridging the gap between introductory information and overly technical coverage, this unique resource presents complex hacks and ways to extend them. You’ll feast on numerous tips, hints, and little-known secrets for getting the most out of your Ubuntu system. 6 Free Ubuntu Books to Learn Ubuntu Desktop and Server Yourself

Coverage includes:

- Hacking the Installation
- Selecting a Distribution
- Selecting the Ubuntu Version
- The 10-Step Boot Configuration
- Booting Variations and Troubleshooting
- Tweaking the BusyBox
- Upgrading Issues with Ubuntu
- Configuring GRUB
- Customizing the User Environment
- Configuring Devices
- Adapting Input Devices
- Managing Software
- Communicating Online
- Collaborating
- Tuning Processes
- Multitasking Applications
- Locking Down Ubuntu
- Advanced Networking
- Enabling Services

If you’re a power user hungry for cutting-edge hacks to intensify your Ubuntu system, then this is the book for you!

  [Download Ubuntu: Powerful Hacks and Customization](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_wile53/)

## Ubuntu: An Absolute Beginners Guide

This is a step-by-step, task-oriented guide for configuring and customizing your system. This guide includes information on the following topics: 6 Free Ubuntu Books to Learn Ubuntu Desktop and Server Yourself

- Introduction
- Installation
- Package Management
- Networking
- DM-Multipath
- Remote Administration
- Network Authentication
- Domain Name Service (DNS)
- Security
- Monitoring
- Web Servers
- Databases
- LAMP Applications
- File Servers
- Email Services
- Chat Applications
- Version Control System
- Samba
- Backups
- Virtualization
- Control Groups
- Clustering
- VPN
- Other Useful Applications

 [Ubuntu Documentation: Ubuntu Server Guide 2014](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_ubub01/)

This 30 page guide was written for beginners and will tell you everything you need to know about the Ubuntu experience. You will learn how to install and setup Ubuntu on your computer, find technical support in your community, understand the Ubuntu philosophy, navigate the Unity desktop interface and use Ubuntu compatible software programs.

 [Ubuntu: An Absolute Beginners Guide](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_make72/)

## Conclusion

Why we have to buy books when we are getting for free.

## Related Downloads

[Free Books Download](https://arkit.co.in/category/free-books/)

[Red Hat Certified Administrator](http://www.koenig-solutions.com/red-hat-certified-system-administrator-rhcsa-training-course.aspx)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Books, Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** free ubuntu books download

---

### [IBM V7000 Expansion Canisters Hardware Overview explained](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-expansion-canisters/)

**Published:** April 13, 2017
**Author:** Vudagandla Srikanth

**Content:**

As the below figure shows, two 12 Gbps SAS ports are side by side on the canister of every enclosure. They are numbered 1 on the left and 2 on the right. Similarly to the controller canisters, also expansion canisters are installed in the enclosure side-by-side in vertical position. In this Article we are going to see IBM V7000 Expansion Canisters Hardware Overview Explained.

## Brief Description on IBM V7000 Expansion Canisters:

[![Expansion-canister](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Expansion-canister-LEDs.png "Expansion-canister - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Expansion-canister-LEDs.png)  Expansion-canister

The interpretation of SAS status LED indicators has the same meaning as the LED indicators of SAS ports in control enclosure

[![SAS-LED's-status](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SAS-LED-Status.png "SAS-LED's-status - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SAS-LED-Status.png)SAS-LED’s-status

The below table shows the LED status values of the expansion canister.

[![Expansion-Canister-LED's-status](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Expansion-canister-LEDs-Status.png "Expansion-Canister-LED's-status - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Expansion-canister-LEDs-Status.png)Expansion-Canister-LED’s-status

## **Enclosure SAS Cabling**

Expansion enclosures are attached to control enclosures using 12 Gbps SAS cables. IBM Storwize V7000 Gen2 Control Enclosure attaches up to 20 expansion enclosures – twice more than the previous generation.

A strand starts with an SAS initiator chip inside an IBM Storwize V7000 node canister and progresses through SAS expanders (Card), which connect disk drives; each canister contains an expander. The below shows how the SAS connectivity works inside the node and expansion canisters. Each drive has two ports, each connected to a different expander and strand. This configuration assures that both nodes in the I/O group have direct access to each drive and there is no single point of failure.

[![Concept-of-SAS-chaining](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Concept-of-SAS-Chaining.png "Concept-of-SAS-chaining - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Concept-of-SAS-Chaining.png)Concept-of-SAS-chaining

A chain consists of a set of enclosures, correctly interconnected it has shown in below figure. Chain 1 of an I/O group is connected to SAS port 1 of both node canisters; chain 2 is connected to SAS port 2. This configuration means that chain 2 includes the SAS expander and drives of the control enclosure.

[![SAS-Cabling-with-number-of-enclosures](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SAS-Cabling-with-number-of-Enclosures.png "SAS-Cabling-with-number-of-enclosures - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SAS-Cabling-with-number-of-Enclosures.png)SAS-Cabling-with-number-of-enclosures

At system initialization, when devices are added to or removed from strands, IBM Storwize V7000 performs discovery process to update the state of the drive and enclosure objects.

## **IBM V7000 Power Units:**

All enclosures accommodate two power supply units (PSU) for normal operation. A single PSU can supply the entire enclosure for redundancy. For this reasons is highly recommended to supply AC power to each PSU from different power distribution unit (PDU).
 There is a power switch on the power supply and indicator LED’s. The switch must be on for the PSU to be operational. If the power switch is turned off, then the PSU stops providing power to the system. For control enclosure PSU’s, the battery integrated in the node canister continues to supply power to the node.

Fully charged battery is able to perform two firehose dumps. It supports the power outage 5 seconds before initiating safety procedures.

The below figure shows two PSU present in the control and expansion enclosure. The controller PSU has two green and one amber indication LED’s reporting the status of PSU.

[![Controller-and-expansion-enclosure-led-status-indicator](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Controller-and-expansion-enclosure-LED-status-indicator.png "Controller-and-expansion-enclosure-led-status-indicator - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Controller-and-expansion-enclosure-LED-status-indicator.png)Controller-and-expansion-enclosure-led-status-indicator

The below figure represents the rear overview of the enclosure canister with power unit (PSU). In contrast to he control enclosure, these PSUs do not have power switch. The enclosure is powered on by direct attachment of power cable.

[![Expansion-enclosure-power-supply-unit](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Expansion-Enclosure-Power-Supply-Unit.png "Expansion-enclosure-power-supply-unit - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Expansion-Enclosure-Power-Supply-Unit.png)Expansion-enclosure-power-supply-unit

Power supplies in both control and expansion enclosures are hot-swappable and replaceable without a need to shutdown a node or cluster. If the power is interrupted in one node for less than 5 seconds, the canister will not perform firehose dump and continue operation from battery.

This is useful for a case of for example maintenance of UPS systems in the data center or re plugging the power to the different power source or PDU unit. A fully charged battery is able to perform two firehose dumps.

That’s about IBM V7000 Expansion Canisters Overview

## Related Articles

[Volume types in V7000 SAN](https://arkit.co.in/ibm-v7000-volume-types-explained-san-admins-know/)

[Download Configuration Backup V7000 Storage](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-download-configuration-backup-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

[How to Replace Hardware IBM Storage](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-replace-the-node-canister-in-ibm-v7000-storage/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d702abdfbc41be9acb2bb93f8a9ee562aef87ed584b54ef8434efeb25f8c2bb1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Vudagandla Srikanth 

 Enthusiastic Storage Administrator, Fall in love with SAN technologies. Has 8 Years of solid Information Technology experience. Motto:- Share knowledge Help Others.!!  [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/author/vsrikanth/)

**Categories:** IBM

**Tags:** IBM V7000 Expansion Canisters

---

### [Nagiosr Consolidated report Hosts and Services their duration - Nagios Reporting](https://arkit.co.in/nagiosr-consolidated-report-hosts-and-services-nagios-reporting/)

**Published:** April 23, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Nagios is Enterprise Monitoring tool using Nagios we can monitor anything and everything which support SNMP, NSClient and NRPE. Monitoring can be done but how about reports, to show data on consolidated base will take most of the time. In this article we are going to learn Nagiosr Consolidated report hosts and services their duration – Nagios Reporting.

[Nagios Package source](https://exchange.nagios.org/directory/Addons/Reporting/nagiosr/details)

  ## How to Generate Nagiosr Consolidated Report

Consolidated report will looks like below shown screenshot, line start time, end time, server name, service name, duration.

[![nagiosr sample report](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/nagiosr-sample-report-300x82.png "nagiosr sample report - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/nagiosr-sample-report.png)nagiosr sample report

In order to get as like above perform below steps from this article

## Step 1: Download Nagiosr plugin from above specified site

It uses hooks function to generate text based reports from command line interface

## Step 2: Install required packages for Nagiosr reporting tool

Using yum server install below mentioned packages

```
[root@ark-nagios ~]# yum install perl-JSON perl-libwww-perl perl-XML-Parser perl-Net-SSLeay perl-Excel-Writer-XLSX --skip-broken

[root@ark-nagios ~]# yum install perl-TermReadKey
```

## Step 3: Configuring Nagiosr Script

Before going to run ./nagiosr report little configuration is required. Create .cf file /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagiosr.cf and copy below content to it.

```
# Example nagios.cf
# blank lines and '#' lines are ignored.

path = /usr/local/nagios/var

# define a custom header, if you wish.
# Your headings should stay in the same order. They are comma-delimited.
svc_header = Date & Time Down,Date & Time Up,Host / Service,Plugin Output,Duration
host_header = Date & Time Down,Date & Time Up,Hostname,Plugin output,Duration

# This is an abbreviated form of Perl's format function.
# use '' for right
# Then, put the number of spaces you want to display (the fn adds 1).
# This is followed by a comma-delimited list of the columns you wish to display.

# Note: "Hostname" or "Host / Service" plus "Plugin Output" are
# intelligently merged and thus guaranteed to be the width you specify here.
# Note also: you can not (currently) change the order of columns.

# Options: $timedown,$timeup,$descr_and_plugout,$duration
format = @ 9999 GB...
# my $gb = sprintf("%4.4s",int($tb *1024));
# $_ =~ s/$tb TB/$gb GB/;
#}
#while ( $_ =~ /(\d+\.\d+) GB/ ) {
# my $gb = $1;
# WARNING: will fail for > 9999 GB...
# my $gb_new = sprintf("%4.4s",int($gb));
# $_ =~ s/$gb GB/$gb_new GB/;
#}
s/.*?(\d+ GB total,).*?,(\s*\d+ GB avail)/$1$2/;

# check_netsnmp_loadave...
s/.* load average: (\d+\.\d+).*/$1 loadave/;

# check_ntp...
s/.* Offset ([-]*\d+\.\d+) secs.*/$1 sec offset/;
s/.* stratum (\d+), offset ([-]*\d+\.\d+).*/stratum $1, $2 sec offset/;
s/.* Received \d+ DHCPOFFER.*max lease time = (\d+) sec.*/$1 sec lease time/;

# check_dhcp...
s/.* \d+ in use, (\d+) free/$1 free leases/;
if ( s/DHCP problem: (.*)\.?/$1/ ) { $_ = lc($_); }

# check_afs_*...
s/.* (\d+ blocked) connections/$1/;
s/(.*?) AFS (\/.*)/$1 $2/;
s/(\d+) processes running normally/$1 ok processes/;
s/one process running normally/one ok process/;
s/(\d+) volumes under quota/$1 ok volumes/;
s/db version (\d+.\d+)/db $1/;

# check_condor_client...
s/.* vm1 = .*?\/(\S+), vm2 = .*?\/(\S+),.*/$1\/$2/;
s/.* vm1 = .*?\/(\S+), vm2 = .*?\/(\S+).*/$1\/$2/;
s/.* cpu = (\S+)/$1/;
s/CondorQueue.*?(\d+ job[s]?, \d+ running).*/$1/;
s/.*?No condor status.*/no condor status/;

# check_condor_pool...
s/.*?(\d+) nodes.*/$1 nodes/;

# check_nsr...
s/.*?(\d+\.\d+ GB), (\d+ saves) since.*/$1, $2/;
s/(\d+ GB avail)able, \d+ GB total/$1/;

# check_LPRng_queue...
s/(\d+) active job[s]?/$1 active/;
s/(\d+) stalled job[s]?/$1 stalled/;
s/(\d+) spooled job[s]?/$1 spooled/;
s/(\d+) incoming job[s]?/$1 incoming/;

# check_dcache*...
s/.*no status available.*/no dcache status/; s/service is (.*)/$1/;
s/.*(\d+) ms ave ping time/$1 ms ping time/; s/.*(\d+) ms ping time/$1 ms ping time/;
s/\d+\.\d+ bps/000.00 Mbps/g;

# check_netsnmp_raid...
s/.*degraded.*/degraded/; s/.*degraded/degraded/; s/.*built.*/building/;
s/.*built/building/; s/.*optimal.*/optimal/;

# plugin generic...
s/.*no response.*/connection timed out/i;
s/.*no route to host.*/no route to host/i;
s/Socket timeout.*/socket timed out/;

# nagios generic...
s/\(Service Check Timed Out\)/check timed out/;
s/\(No output returned from plugin\)/no output from plugin/;
s/Service check scheduled for.*/none/;
s/No data yet.*/no data yet/;

# generic generic...
s/.*?OK - //i; s/.*?WARNING - //i; s/.*?CRITICAL - //i;

# Additions
s/.*[Nn]o data received.*/no data received/;
s/SNMP ([Pp]roblem|OK)( - )?//;
s/.*?([Pp]lugin timed out).*/plugin timeout/;
s/.*[Cc]an't [Cc]onnect.*/connection failure/;
s/NRPE.*[Cc]ommand.*(does not exist|not defined).*/bad NRPE command/;
s/.*total.*([Uu]sed.*?\(\d+%\)).*/$1/;
s/.*(CPU Load \d+%).*/$1/;
s/.*?HTTP WARNING.*No [Hh]ost matches.*/no page found/;
s/.*System (time|date) is (way )?off.*/system time off/;

#site-specific
s/.*(\.log).*not updated.*(errors)?/log not updated/;
s/.*? (\w+) - (\d+ crits).*/$2/;
s/.*has not been rebooted.*/not rebooted/;
s/.*rebooted today.*/rebooted today/;
s/.*[Ss]topped/stopped services/;
s/.*possible error.*log.*/possible log error/;

.

############################################################################

host_plugin_hook =
s/\(Host assumed to be up\)/assumed up/; s/\(Host check timed out\)/timed out/;
s/\(Not enough data to determine host status yet\)/none/;
s/Ping .*? - (\d+)% packet loss.*/$1% pkt loss/;

# generic generic...
s/.*?OK - //i; s/.*?WARNING - //i; s/.*?CRITICAL - //i;
s/.*?([Pp]lugin timed out).*/plugin timeout/;

# site-specific

.
```

Now your almost ready to generate text based report. If required you can change the script as per your requirement.

Extract downloaded package using below command

```
unzip nagios-1010.zip
```

Provide executable permissions to nagiosr script

```
chmod 777 nagiosr

OR

chmod u+x nagiosr
```

## Step4: How to run nagiosr script to generate CLI report

```
[root@ark-nagios ~]#perl nagiosr

[root@ark-nagios ~]#./nagiosr
```

You can run the script as shown above, which will give last 24 hours services down report. But how do you know which are HARD state service report or SOFT state.

There are many options available in this nagiosr script, let’s see what are those.

## Generate Hosts down report

```
[root@ark-nagios ~]# ./nagiosr -H -s
```

In last 24 hours what are the hosts went to down state, it will show. if still host did not came back to up it will show as *Still CRITICAL*

Point out different configuration file and run the report based on new .cf file

```
./nagiosr --conf=new.cf -H
```

if you would like to run report using nagios archived log file still you can do that using below command

```
./nagiosr --file=/usr/local/nagios/var/archive1.log
```

Sort the report using column name, which is going to give more visibility to the report

```
./nagiosr --sort=
```

- timedown
- timeup
- host
- plugin
- duration

Soft and Hard alerts summary using below command

```
./nagiosr -s
```

Based on state you can still sort report

```
./nagiosr --state=
```

- down
- warning
- critical
- both

Today report using command line interface

```
./nagiosr -t --state=critical
```

Yesterday report

```
./nagiosr -y --state=critical
```

To know version of nagiosr script

```
./nagiosr -V
nagiosr v. 1.0.10
```

## Related Articles

[Monitoring Netapp Cluster mode using Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/netapp-cluster-mode-monitoring-nagios-cdot-netapp/)

[Configure Entire Linux hosts and there services within 5 minutes of time](https://arkit.co.in/generate-nagios-configuration-using-shell-script/)

[Installing Linux NRPE Agent on RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** consolidate report, nagios reporting, nagiosr

---

### [Linux Server Monitoring using SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/linux-server-monitoring-using-snmp-nagios/)

**Published:** May 2, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

If you would like to monitor servers agent less ultimately the best solution is SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). Agent less server monitoring using Nagios. In this Article we are going to see how to Linux server Monitoring Using SNMP Nagios.

Why you would like to go with an Agent less monitoring? because when your server is already in production but you don’t want to modify / Install extra packages in them. In this case simple method is enabling SNMP in client which send traps to Nagios server.

  ## Linux Server Monitoring Using SNMP Nagios

Open SNMP communication from Linux client and monitor using Nagios. Let’s see what are steps we have to follow in order to configure.

[Complete Step by step guide for SNMP Installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/snmp-installation-configuration-use-monitor-environment/)

```
[root@Arkit-Serv~]# vi /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

rocommunity commstring NAGIOS-SERVER-IP

:wq
```

Just check from Nagios server that SNMP is responding properly, if you get output like below then its working fine.

```
./check_snmp -H 192.168.1.23 -o .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 -C commstring
SNMP OK - Timeticks: (60558317) 7 days, 0:13:03.17 |
```

## Define Commands

```
define command {
 command_name check_service_snmp
 command_line $USER1$/check_snmp -H $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
```

Now Define your Host and Service Definitions

```
###############################################################
# #
# ::: Host Defination ::: #
###############################################################

define host {
 host_name LinuxServer.arkit.co.in
 use generic_host
 address 192.168.1.2
 hostgroups linux-servers
 max_check_attempts 5
 check_interval 5
 retry_interval 1
 check_period 24x7
 contacts Linuxadmin
 contact_groups LinuxGroup
 notification_interval 0
 notification_period 24x7
 notifications_enabled 1
 }

###############################################################
# #
# ::: Service Defination ::: #
###############################################################
define service {
 host_name LinuxServer.arkit.co.in
 service_description / Disk Usage
 use Linuxsnmp_storage
 check_command check_service_snmp! -C commstring --v2c -m "^/$" -w 90 -c 95 -f
 max_check_attempts 5
 check_interval 10
 retry_interval 1
 check_period 24x7
 notification_interval 0
 notification_period 24x7
 contacts Linuxadmin
 contact_groups LinuxGroup
 }

define service {
 host_name LinuxServer.arkit.co.in
 service_description CPU Usage
 use linuxsnmp_load
 check_command check_service_snmp! -C commstring --v2c -w 90 -c 95 -f
 max_check_attempts 5
 check_interval 10
 retry_interval 1
 check_period 24x7
 notification_interval 0
 notification_period 24x7
 contacts Linuxadmin
 contact_groups LinuxGroup

}

define service {
 host_name LinuxServer.arkit.co.in
 service_description Memory Usage
 use Linuxsnmp_storage
 check_command check_service_snmp! -C commstring --v2c -m Physical -w 90 -c 95 -f
 max_check_attempts 5
 check_interval 10
 retry_interval 1
 check_period 24x7
 notification_interval 0
 notification_period 24x7
 contacts Linuxadmin
 contact_groups LinuxGroup

}

define service {
 host_name LinuxServer.arkit.co.in
 service_description Ping
 use genericnetdevice_ping_service
 check_command check-host-alive
 max_check_attempts 5
 check_interval 10
 retry_interval 1
 check_period 24x7
 notification_interval 0
 notification_period 24x7
 notifications_enabled 1
 contacts Linuxadmin
 contact_groups LinuxGroup

}

define service {
 host_name LinuxServer.arkit.co.in
 service_description Swap Usage
 use Linuxsnmp_storage
 check_command check_service_snmp! -C commstring --v2c -m 'Swap' -w 90 -c 95 -f
 max_check_attempts 5
 check_interval 10
 retry_interval 1
 check_period 24x7
 notification_interval 0
 notification_period 24x7
 contacts Linuxadmin
 contact_groups LinuxGroup

}
```

 That’s it Go and see in your Nagios web console you can see all specified service status.

[![Nagios Linux](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Nagios-Linux-300x28.png "Nagios Linux - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Nagios-Linux.png)Nagios Linux

## Conclusion: 

If you have Network latency / Network slowness then you will so many false positive alarms from Monitoring tool. If you use NRPE client which reduce little bit of false positive alerts. Nagios Server resource utilization will go high when you use SNMP. Linux server monitoring using snmp

## Related Articles

[Core 4 Installation and configuration](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

[Consolidate reports for Hosts and Services](https://arkit.co.in/nagiosr-consolidated-report-hosts-and-services-nagios-reporting/)

[Installing and Configuring NRPE Client](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

[Monitoring Linux Using NRPE Client](https://arkit.co.in/monitoring-linux-client-using-nagios-nrpe/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Agent Less Monitoring Nagios, Linux Server Monitoring using Nagios, SNMP

---

### [5 Ultimate Text Editors for Linux Administrators and Programming Professional](https://arkit.co.in/5-ultimate-text-editors-for-linux-administrators-and-programming-professional/)

**Published:** May 7, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going to see 5 Ultimate Text Editors for Linux Administrators and Programming Professionals. Text editors helps to create, edit and write text files and make programs. Using correct editor will make administrator / programmer life easier. Gedit, Nano, Emacs, Leafpad, Zile and Kate

## 5 Ultimate Text Editors for Linux Administrators and Programming Professional

- ## Gedit
- ## Nano
- ## Emacs
- ## Leafpad
- ## Kate
- ## Zile

## Gedit Graphical Text Editor

Gedit is the official text editor of the GNOME desktop environment. While aiming at simplicity and ease of use, gedit is a powerful general purpose text editor. It can be used to create and edit all kinds of text files. Gedit features a flexible plugin system which can be used to dynamically add new advanced features to gedit itself. Gedit can only run when you have GUI installed CLI not supported.

  specify height and width of the edit window using -g or –geometry option

```
[root@localhost ~]# gedit --geometry=30x40
```

[![gedit text editor arkit](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/gedit-text-editor-300x246.png "gedit text editor - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/gedit-text-editor.png)gedit text editor

```
[root@arkitserv~]# gedit --new-window &
```

To Open new window

**Few Options**

- gedit –new-document = Create New Document in an existing instance of gedit
- gedit -w = Run gedit and block other process

## Nano Liner Text Editor

Another editor, an enhanced free Pico Clone. Nano is an small, Free and friendly editor which replaces Pico. Default editor included in the non-free Pine package.

[Advanced Nano Text Editor Complete Guide](https://arkit.co.in/editing-viewing-text-files-using-nano-text-editor/)

## Emacs Editor

GNU Emacs’s many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells within Emacs windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop (Lisp Interaction-Mode), automated psychotherapy (Doctor), and much more.

Installing emacs text editor

```
[root@localhost ~]# yum install emacs

Installed:
 emacs.x86_64 1:24.3-11.el7

Dependency Installed:
 ImageMagick.x86_64 0:6.7.8.9-10.el7 OpenEXR-libs.x86_64 0:1.7.1-7.el7 emacs-common.x86_64 1:24.3-11.el7 
 ilmbase.x86_64 0:1.0.3-7.el7 libXaw.x86_64 0:1.0.11-6.1.el7 liblockfile.x86_64 0:1.08-17.el7 
 libotf.x86_64 0:0.9.13-4.el7 libwmf-lite.x86_64 0:0.2.8.4-39.el7
```

Complete!

[![emacs window](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/emacs-window-300x275.png "emacs window - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/emacs-window.png)emacs window

Syntax to Edit files using emacs : $ emacs FileName

- CTRL + h CTRL + h : help
- CTRL + g : quit
- CTRL + x b : switch buffers
- CTRL + x right : right-cycle through buffers
- CTRL + x left : left-cycle through buffers
- CTRL + x k : kill buffer
- CTRL + x 0 : close the active window
- CTRL + x 1 : close all windows except the active window
- CTRL + x 2 : split the active window vertically into two horizontal windows
- CTRL + x 3 : split the active window horizontally into two vertical windows
- CTRL + x o : change active window to next window
- CTRL + x CTRL + f : open file
- CTRL + x CTRL + s : save file
- CTRL + x CTRL + w : save file as
- CTRL + space : set region mark
- CTRL + w : kill region
- CTRL + k : kill region between point and end of current line
- CTRL + y : yank region from kill ring
- CTRL + \_ : undo
- CTRL + s : search forwards
- CTRL + r : search backwards
- CTRL + left : move one word left
- CTRL + right : move one word right
- CTRL + up : move one paragraph up
- CTRL + down : move one paragraph down
- home : move to the beginning of the line
- end : move to the end of the line
- page up : move up a page
- page down : move down a page

## Zile Text Editor

Downloading Zile Text Editor. To install Zile we have an dependent package ncurses, libgc, gcc

```
[root@localhost ~]# wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/zile/zile-2.4.9.tar.gz

100%[================================================>] 1,192,776 640KB/s in 1.8s

2017-05-06 16:20:17 (640 KB/s) - ‘zile-2.4.9.tar.gz’ saved [1192776]
[root@Arkit-Serv]# yum install *curses*
[root@Arkit-Serv]# yum install gcc*
```

```
[root@Arkit-Serv]# tar xvf zile-2.4.9.tar.gz
[root@Arkit-Serv]# ./configure
[root@Arkit-Serv]# make
[root@Arkit-Serv]# make install
```

zile is a text editor of course, bearing the impress of the GNU project and blessed by the Arch Linux overlords with the explicit promise that this one is smaller and faster than the original emacs.

For my own part, it does feel a lot like full-blown emacs, or at least the little of emacs that I ever see. I thought I remembered a menu bar of some sort though, and it appears the default zile environment lacks that.

No matter. I am comfortable in the knowledge that this rendition of the emacs juggernaut has every bit the vigor of its progenitor, but none of the fat.

```
[root@Arkit-Serv]# zile FileName
```

## Leafpad Simplicity Text Editor

Leafpad is a simple GTK+ text editor that emphasizes simplicity. As development focuses on keeping weight down to a minimum, only the most essential features are implemented in the editor. Leafpad is simple to use, is easily compiled, requires few libraries, and starts up quickly. 5 Ultimate Text Editors

Currently Leafpad has the following features:

- Codeset option
- Auto codeset detection
- Unlimitted Undo/Redo
- Auto/Multi-line Indent
- Display line numbers
- Drag and Drop
- Printing

```
[root@Arkit-Srv]# leafpad FileName
```

## Kate Text Editor

Kate is a multi-document editor part of KDE since release 2.2. Being a KDE application, Kate ships with network transparency, as well as integration with the outstanding features of KDE.

Its has many features 5 Ultimate Text Editors

- Application Features like window splitting
- Inbuilt plugins for SQL, GDB, Replace in Files and More session support
- Syntax Highlighting advanced code editing features
- Auto backup and restore
- Line Numbering
- Script code auto completion arguments
- Kate support VI Mode as well

## Conclusion :

There are many text editors which are having there own features to do that things, By default most used text editor is nano and vi & vim. Just try above editors and see which one meets your requirement.

## Related Articles

[Default Text Editor complete Guide](https://arkit.co.in/editing-viewing-text-files-using-nano-text-editor/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux

**Tags:** emacs, gedit, kate, leafpad, Nano, zile

---

### [NFS Stale file handle Error Resolution](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-stale-file-handle-error-resolution/)

**Published:** May 9, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Observed as strange behavior for NFS Share. ” df: ‘/mnt/nfsshare’: Stale file handle ” NFS share not accessible, even not able to list the files / directories within NFS Share. NFS stale file handle Error resolution.

## NFS Stale file handle Error – How to Fix ?

Actually Stale file handle occurs when NFS server configuration changed but the same as not yet updated to remote client.

  The only solution is remount the NFS file system in Client

Use below command to remount

```
# umount -f /mnt/nfsshare

# mount -t nfs 192.168.2.3:/vol/nfshare/nfs /mnt/nfsshare
```

If still problem persist try to mount NFS Share with the noac option. However not recommend using noac option because of performance issue and Checking files on NFS filesystem referenced by file descriptors may lead to inconsistent result due to the lack of consistency check in kernel even if noac is used.

## Related Articles

[Network File System Installation and Configuration in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

[Secure Network File System with Kerberos](https://arkit.co.in/kerberized-nfs-server-linux/)

[How to Create Shares using Netapp Filers](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-exports-and-cifs-shares/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** 7Mode, Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** Stale File Handle Error

---

### [NSP Sorry Dave I Can't let you do that Error in NagiosXI Solution](https://arkit.co.in/nsp-sorry-dave-cant-let-error-nagiosxi-solution/)

**Published:** May 11, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Whenever trying to login to NagiosXi / Nagios web console it’s give an error ” NSP Sorry Dave I Can’t let you do that “. Next what to do? if you try from any other browser still same, clean browser history and try but not succeed.

## NSP Sorry Dave I Can’t let you do that – Solution

Session protection was added to 2009R1.2C to prevent CSRF attacks. This code to do this caused some users to see this error. The problem was due to the user’s browser caching older versions of the XI javascript code. In order to clear the cache and prevent this from happening, you need to clear your browser’s cache. This is typically done (in Firefox) by holding down the shift key and clicking reload.

  Go to **Admin –> System Config –> Manage System Config** – Update TimeZone by selecting drop down value. Click **Update Settings**

[![change timezone Nagiosxi](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/change-timezone-300x223.png "change timezone - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/change-timezone.png)change timezone

After changing the timezone value run database repair script

```
[root@NagioServer ~]# /usr/local/nagiosxi/scripts/repair_databases.sh
```

That’s it. Now Users can login to server without any issues. NSP Sorry Dave I Can’t Let you Do that

## Related Articles

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[Nagios Core Installation step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

[Creating and managing contacts in Nagios Core](https://arkit.co.in/creating-nagios-contacts/)

[How Hostgroups helps in Nagios Core](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-create-hostgroups-configure-hostgroups/)

[Common Problems in Nagios](https://support.nagios.com/kb/article.php?id=33)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** I Can't let you do that, NSP: Sorry Dave

---

### [Ubuntu Installation 6 Simple Steps To Do - You Love It](https://arkit.co.in/ubuntu-installation-6-simple-steps-love/)

**Published:** May 17, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Why should i use Ubuntu / Linux Operating system. I can say there are N number of reasons behind it. One of the most used Distribution for Desktops / Laptops is Ubuntu Installation 6 Simple Steps To Do – You Love It. First looks itself you will fall in Love with Linux Operating system if you try this version.

  ## What is the Advantage you Get by using Ubuntu

- Most of the Software’s you will get for free
- You customize thing as you like
- Completely Open source solution
- Telegram: Mobile and desktop messaging app with a focus on security and speed.
- Chromium: A fast, simple and secure web browser, built for the modern web.
- Thunderbird: Terrific email application, from Mozilla, that’s easy to set up and customize.
- Dropbox: The world’s favorite cloud backup and file sharing service.
- LibreOffice: The free office productivity suite that’s compatible with Microsoft Office.
- Twitter: The social media powerhouse that’s become an essential for online life.
- VLC: player No other video player is compatible with as many different file formats.
- Gimp: The world’s number one free app for image creation and photo retouching.
- Firefox: The speedy, independent, open source browser from Mozilla.

## Let’s See How Ubuntu Installation 6 Simple Steps To DO – You Love It

First thing is [Download Ubuntu ISO](http://releases.ubuntu.com/) file, then burn into DVD media as bootable image

Load Bootable DVD media into DVD player, boot from DVD and wait for an minute load below like screen

[![1 Install Ubuntu](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/1-Install-Ubuntu-300x219.png "1 Install Ubuntu - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/1-Install-Ubuntu.png)1 Install Ubuntu

Here there are two option

**Try Ubuntu:** Which does not install Operating system to your machine but still you can use Ubuntu from DVD media

**Install Ubuntu:** Ubuntu Operating system will load into your machine then you can use the same. Continue with Install Ubuntu for permanent usage and better things

[![2 Install third party](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2-Install-third-party-300x224.png "2 Install third party - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2-Install-third-party.png)2 Install third party

Select “Install Third Party Software’s for Wifi / Sound and Video Drivers” Click **Continue**

[![3 Use LVM](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/3-Use-LVM-300x224.png "3 Use LVM - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/3-Use-LVM.png)3 Use LVM

Very next option is to create partitions. Using LVM ([Logical Volume Manger](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/)) would give further options to increase / decrease partition space. Select Use LVM Option Click **Continue.**

[![4 LVM parts](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/4-LVM-parts-300x114.png "4 LVM parts - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/4-LVM-parts.png)4 LVM parts

Above are the details about created Logical Volumes – Click **continue**

[![5 Time Location](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/5-Time-Location-300x219.png "5 Time Location - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/5-Time-Location.png)5 Time Location

Time zone selection for Local system time update, which option is more ciritcal for accessing difference applications. Select Appropriate time zone and Click **continue**

[![6 Keyboard Language](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/6-Keyboard-Language-300x217.png "6 Keyboard Language - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/6-Keyboard-Language.png)6 Keyboard Language

Keyboard language Select the one which you want and click **Continue**

[![7 Create New user](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/7-Create-New-user-300x217.png "7 Create New user - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/7-Create-New-user.png)7 Create New user

Basically Ubuntu will not give direct access to root user, we have to create alternative user to login and switch to root user access / super user access. Provide User name full name and password select appropriate option and click **Continue**

That’s it installation will start

[![8 Installation Completed](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8-Installation-Completed-300x62.png "8 Installation Completed - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8-Installation-Completed.png)8 Installation Completed

Restart Ubuntu Installation completed successfully.

[![9 Login Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/9-Login-Screen-300x245.png "9 Login Screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/9-Login-Screen.png)9 Login Screen

After successful reboot, it asks you to provide credential which you created while installing Operating system.

[![10 Desktop](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/10-Desktop--300x222.png "10 Desktop - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/10-Desktop-.png)10 Desktop

## Conclusion

 Start learning Linux from here, use Ubuntu as a first user you Love it. Ubuntu Installation 6 simple steps

## Related Articles 

[AIX Commands Most commonly used in Production Servers](https://arkit.co.in/aix-commands-commonly-used-production-environments/)

[Introduction to Great Open source Operating system](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-linux/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux-distros, Ubuntu

**Tags:** Ubuntu Installation 6 steps

---

### [5 chown command examples to change file owner and group](https://arkit.co.in/5-chown-command-examples-change-file-owner/)

**Published:** May 23, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

5 chown command examples changes the user and/or group ownership of each given file/directory. If only an owner is given, that user is made the owner of each given file/directory, and the file’s group is not changed. If the owner is followed by a colon (:) and a group name, with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files/directory is changed as well. If a colon but no group name follows the user name, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the files is changed to that user’s login group. If the colon and group are given, but the owner is omit‐ted, only the group of the files is changed; in this case, chown performs the same function as chgrp. If only a colon is given, or if the entire operand is empty, neither the owner nor the group is changed.

  ## 5 chown command examples

**Syntax:** chown UserName:GroupName FileName

Before running chown command on Files / Directories verify User and group is exist in Linux machine or not by reading below files. If user or group does not exists your chown command won’t execute properly

```
[root@ArkitServer chown]# cat /etc/passwd |grep ravikumar
ravikumar:x:1000:1000:Ravi Kumar:/home/ravikumar:/bin/bash

[root@ArkitServer chown]# cat /etc/group |grep ravikumar
ravikumar:x:1000:
```

**Change User-Owner and Group-Owner for File and Directory**

```
[root@ArkitServer chown]# chown ravikumar:ravikumar Arkit2.txt
```

Using above command User-Owner and Group-Owner has changed from root:root to ravikumar:ravikumar

To get an confirmation when you change File / Directory Ownership, use option -c will give you information whether it is newly changed or old one

```
[root@ArkitServer chown]# chown -c ravikumar:root Arkit1.txt
changed ownership of ‘Arkit1.txt’ from root:root to ravikumar:root
[root@ArkitServer chown]# chown -c ravikumar:root Arkit1.txt
```

[![chown -c changed log](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/chown-c-changed-log-300x31.png "chown -c changed log - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/chown-c-changed-log.png)chown -c changed log

## User Ownership Change without changing group ownership

Without group name if you provide only user name it changes user ownership directly

```
chown root Arkit2.txt
```

**Group Ownership change without touching User-owner**

This step is simply possible with chown command to change only group ownership without changing user ownership. Now provide group-owner name after (semicolon)

```
chown :ravikumar Arkit5.txt
```

## Recursively change Ownership for Files / Directories

What does mean by recursively, within directory there are multiple files and sub directories. If you would like to change all of the files / directories permissions simple apply recursive option -R which will change all of the permissions in single go

```
chown -R ravikumar:ravikumar /chown/
```

[![chown -R command recursive Update](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Example-300x253.png "Example - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Example.png)chown -R recursive Update

**Take Reference of file and apply same ownership to destination file**

It’s so simple applying same ownership from source file to destination file using below example

```
chown --reference=anaconda-ks.cfg /chown/Arkit10.txt
```

**Symbolic Link permissions change**

chown -h affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file

Different option you can use along with 5 chown command examples

- **–dereference** affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself
- **–from=CURRENT\_OWNER:CURRENT\_GROUP**
- **–no-preserve-root** do not treat ‘/’ specially (the default)
- **–preserve-root** fail to operate recursively on ‘/’
- **-H** if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it
- **-L** traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered
- **-P** do not traverse any symbolic [links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chown) (default

## Related Articles

[chmod command to grant file permissions](https://arkit.co.in/chmod-command-understanding-grant-file-permissions/)

[Stickybit](https://arkit.co.in/sticky-bit-permission-explained-linux/)

[25 Mostly used Linux commands ](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** chown command

---

### [Alias Command Improve Productivity - Best Short Form Linux Commands](https://arkit.co.in/alias-command-best-short-form-linux-commands/)

**Published:** May 24, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Alias command will help you to improve command execution faster and more faster as you make best practice out of it. Best short form Linux Commands you can make, long command short easy to type and faster to execute.

  ## Alias Command

How did i make best short form Linux Commands using aliases.? Aliases are two types

- Global Alias
- Local Alias

Does it make any difference **Global** and **Local** Alias, I can say Yes, Because global level applicable for all the users including root user, whereas Local aliases are particular to that particular user only

## Configure Global Aliases.?

Careful when your adding global level aliases do not use already exists command names for alias names. To configure global edit /etc/profile file and add alias at the end of the file.

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# cat /etc/profile |grep ravi
alias ravi='df -h'

[root@ArkitServer ~]# ravi
bash: ravi: command not found...

[root@ArkitServer ~]# source /etc/profile

[root@ArkitServer ~]# ravi
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 15G 4.1G 11G 28% /
```

## Local Alias configuration

User level aliases are called local alias to particular user. /home/USERNAME/.bashrc file you can use to add local aliases.

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# cat .bashrc
# .bashrc

# User specific aliases and functions

alias rm='rm -i'

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
 . /etc/bashrc
fi
```

Adding alias is very easy on local level, using alias command

```
alias p='pwd'
```

type p will execute pwd this is how command can be reduced and increase typing speed

As you can think how this feature is useful for you.? you can add number of aliases into .bashrc file, see below example when you type scan command will automatically scan for new devices

```
alias scan='ls /sys/class/scsi_host/ | while read host ; do echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/$host/scan ; done'
```

## List Existing Aliases

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# alias -p
alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
```

as shown in above command alias -p will list all aliases

## How to Remove Aliases

It’s so simple to remove alias just type unalias ALIASNAME

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# unalias which
```

In case of global alias you have to edit /etc/profile file and remove the entry from that file

That’s it [about](http://www.linfo.org/alias.html) alias command short form Linux commands

## Related Articles

[25 commonly used commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** Alias Command, Linux Alias Command

---

### [NagiosXI Web Console Login Alert Shell Script](https://arkit.co.in/nagiosxi-web-console-login-alert/)

**Published:** May 25, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Get Alert when user logged into NagiosXI Web Console Login Alert by scheduling below script to [crontab](https://arkit.co.in/crontab-linux-unix/). Which i have written for internal requirement maybe useful for you. Here i am using the logic to convert actual time into epoc time and comparing the same based on time period alert will be generated.

  ## NagiosXI Web Console Login Alert

```
#!/bin/bash
# Purpose: To get alerts when user is logged in to Nagiosxi console
# Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
# Date: 25-May-2017
# NagiosXI Server
DT=`date +%Y-%m-%d`
psql -U USERNAME -d PASSWORD -t -A -F"," -c "select * from xi_auditlog;" > /tmp/auditlog.txt
cat /tmp/auditlog.txt |grep $DT > /tmp/today.txt
EPOCTIME=`cat /tmp/today.txt |awk -F, '{print $2}' |tail -1`
ENDTIME=$(date +%s)
STARTIME=$(date +%s -d"$EPOCTIME")
echo $((ENDTIME-STARTIME)) | awk '{print int($1/60)}' > /tmp/value1
count=`cat /tmp/value1`
if [ $count -lt 8 ]
then
 cat /tmp/auditlog.txt |grep $DT |tail -1 > /tmp/mail
 mail -s "NagiosXI Login ALERT: `cat /tmp/mail | awk -F, '{print $4}'` `cat /tmp/mail | awk -F, '{print $6}'` to `hostname` `date`" EMAILID@DOMAIN.COM < /tmp/mail
fi
rm -rf /tmp/auditlog.txt /tmp/today.txt /tmp/value1 /tmp/mail
```

Create file in your Linux machine example ngxlogin.sh

```
vi ngxlogin.sh
```

Copy above script to and paste into ngxlogin.sh file and replace required details

```
chmod u+x ngxlogin.sh
```

Edit crontab and add below entry

```
crontab -e
*/5 * * * * sh ngxlogin.sh
```

That’s it when [user](http://www.nagios.org) is logged into Nagiosxi web console Login alert will sent to your email id.

## Related Articles

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[NSP Sorry Dave Error](https://arkit.co.in/nsp-sorry-dave-cant-let-error-nagiosxi-solution/)

[Linux Server Monitoring using SNMP](https://arkit.co.in/linux-server-monitoring-using-snmp-nagios/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios, shell scripting

**Tags:** Nagiosxi Login Alert

---

### [Crontab -l Command Error "Authentication token is no longer valid"](https://arkit.co.in/crontab-l-command-error/)

**Published:** May 25, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

crontab -l command error “Authentication token is no longer valid; new one required You (root) are not allowed to access to (crontab) because of pam configuration. “

  ## How to Resolve crontab -l command error

This error will come when user password expired and your trying to list cron jobs. How did you verify.?

```
chage -l root
Last password change : Jan 23, 2017
Password expires : May 03, 2017
Password inactive : never
Account expires : never
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 100
Number of days of warning before password expires : 10
```

To Resolve this error simple reset your user password using below command

```
 passwd
Changing password for user root.
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
```

Now try to list out your cron jobs will work perfectly

```
crontab -l
###########
# ARKIT #
###########

# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed
```

That’s it. Authentication token is no longer valid resolved

## Related Articles

[Schedule cronjobs using best examples](https://arkit.co.in/scheduling-cronjobs/)

[crontab linux](https://arkit.co.in/crontab-linux-unix/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

---

### [How to Reset Forgotten Ubuntu Root Password](https://arkit.co.in/reset-forgotten-ubuntu-root-password/)

**Published:** May 27, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In Ubuntu by default first user account is an administrative account if you reset administrative account that’s enough again you gain access to system. How to Reset Forgotten Ubuntu Root Password Let’s see step by step guide.

  ## How to Reset Forgotten Ubuntu Root Password

[![Ubuntu User Login Failed](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/1-248x300.jpg "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/1.jpg)Ubuntu User Login Failed

I was trying to login to Ubuntu using my credentials. Oops i forgot Ubuntu Login details

[![reboot ubuntu machine](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2.jpg "2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2.jpg)reboot ubuntu machine

[![Click on Reboot](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/3-300x193.jpg "3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/3.jpg)Click on Reboot

Reboot the Ubuntu server using above options

[![Advanced options for ubuntu](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/4-300x214.jpg "4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/4.jpg)Advanced options for ubuntu

Select Advanced Options for Ubuntu and Hit Enter

[![Select Recovery Mode](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/5-300x214.jpg "5 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/5.jpg)Select Recovery Mode

Ubuntu, With Linux 4.4.0-57-generic (recover mode) you have to select and Hit Enter

[![Drop root shell](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/6-300x156.jpg "6 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/6.jpg)Drop root shell

root – Drop to root shell prompt selection and Hit Enter.

[![Ubuntu passwd reset](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/7-300x80.jpg "7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/7.jpg)passwd reset

Remount the file system with read-write because when you enter into the advanced with recovery mode file system will be read-only. With read-only file system we can’t do any modifications to the configuration files

[![passwd password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8-300x90.jpg "8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8.jpg)passwd password

```
passwd arkit
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:

passwd: password updated successfully
```

Password has been reset successfully.

```
reboot
```

Issue an reboot and boot with normal kernel That’s it.

Can you also refer this [guide](https://askubuntu.com/questions/24006/how-do-i-reset-a-lost-administrative-password)

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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](https://www.youtube.com/techarkit) [ ![social network 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**Categories:** Ubuntu

**Tags:** forgotten administrative ubuntu password

---

### [lastcomm Command Monitor User Activity Previously Executed Commands](https://arkit.co.in/lastcomm-command-monitor-user-activity/)

**Published:** May 29, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Lastcomm command is used to monitor user activity on Linux. What does it mean.? Everything in Linux which done by running commands so using lastcomm command monitor user activity previously executed commands.

  Personally we used this utility in my organization to find. A few times users run some commands which is dangerous to the environment after running they will not accept, we have to find the proof to say they run. In this article we are going to see how to do user activity monitoring.

**Syntax:**

```
lastcomm [Command Name]
lastcomm [User Name]
lastcomm [Terminal]
```

## How to install psacct in RHEL / Centos and Ubuntu

```
# yum install psacct -y
# sudo apt-get install acct
```

## Lastcomm Command Monitor User Activity Previously Executed Commands

By default psacct service status will be on stopped status, we have to start service so that user activity can be monitored

```
# systemctl status psacct
# systemctl enable psacct
# systemctl start psacct
```

[![psacct service status](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/psacct-status-300x91.png "psacct status - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/psacct-status.png)psacct service status

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# lastcomm
```

lastcomm command without any arguments will give all the commands which run on system.

## How to understand command output

For each entry the following information is printed:

- Command name of the process
- Flags, as recorded by the system accounting routines:
- **S** – Command executed by super-user
- **F** – Command executed after a fork but without a following exec
- **C** – Command run in PDP-11 compatibility mode
- **D** – Command terminated with the generation of a core file
- **X** – Command was terminated with the signal SIGTERM
- The name of the user who ran the process
- Time the process started

[![lastcomm command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-command-output-300x113.png "lastcomm command output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-command-output.png)lastcomm command output

To Fetch the details by user name lastcomm command and provide user name will automatically gives only commands which are run by particular user

```
# lastcomm arkit
```

[![lastcomm username](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-username-300x114.png "lastcomm username - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-username.png)lastcomm username

Know particular command in detailed when it run and run by whom, run terminal details and its duration

```
# lastcomm ls
```

[![lastcomm command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-command-300x78.png "lastcomm command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-command.png)lastcomm command

Commands / User run commands from particular terminal can also be identified using below

```
# lastcomm pts/0
```

[![lastcomm terminal](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-terminal-300x124.png "lastcomm terminal - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/lastcomm-terminal.png)lastcomm terminal

Combining all together, in single command also works with lastcomm command. Simple way to get required details

```
# lastcomm pts/0 arkit ls
```

Instead of getting the data from direct console output simple look out from file using below command options

```
# lastcomm -f /var/log/lastlog
# lacomm -f /var/log/lastlog arkit
```

That’s it about lastcomm command monitor user activity previously executed commands by users. [wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_activity_monitoring)

## Related Articles

[AIX Commonly used commands](https://arkit.co.in/aix-commands-commonly-used-production-environments/)

[Add user without using useradd command in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/add-user-without-using-useradd-command-linux-ultimate-trick/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** lastcomm command, psacct

---

### [Top 20 Whatsapp Tricks & Tips You Never Know](https://arkit.co.in/top-20-whatsapp-tricks/)

**Published:** May 29, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Almost all the people in the world using whatsapp application to share / connect / doing best job. Hello! Every one we are providing 20 whatsapp tips and tricks,which tips are used as save your time and Improve whatsapp Skills, lets see Top 20 Whatsapp Tricks.

## 20 whatsapp tricks

## 1. Message Delivery (In group)

It is used to Know who are seen sent message follow below steps

  step 1: Open your whats app group

step 2: Send any message and long press on the message

step 3: You can see in up as in i circle (It is shown in below screen short with red circle) just click on it.

now you can see who seen message and also who not seen message and delivery information also

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-28_15-55-33-157x300.jpg "2017-05-28_15-55-33 - ARKIT")![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-28_15-56-33-153x300.jpg "2017-05-28_15-56-33 - ARKIT")![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-28_15-56-33-1-153x300.jpg "2017-05-28_15-56-33 - ARKIT")![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-28_15-57-14-154x300.jpg "2017-05-28_15-57-14 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-28_15-55-33.jpg)

## 2) Tag friends

It is used to tag friends in Group, let’s follow steps

step 1 : Open group>type @

step 2 : Now type friend name or contact to tag

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tag-151x300.jpg "tag - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tag.jpg)

![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tag-1-156x300.jpg "tag 1 - ARKIT")

step 3 : finally,write the text for your friend what to you what to say

## 20 whatsapp tricks

‘[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tag-3-153x300.jpg "tag 3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tag-3.jpg)

## **3) Write** Font in Bold, italic and tide 

To write in **bold**, you have to write text in between two stars

Example : \*7 Hills \*

Output : **7 Hills**

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Bold-0-151x300.jpg "Bold 0 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Bold-0.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/bold-10-148x300.jpg "bold 10 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/bold-10.jpg)

To write in **Italic**, you have to write text in between two dashes

Example : \_7 Hills\_

output : *7 Hills*

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/italic-150x300.jpg "italic - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/italic.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/italic-1-149x300.jpg "italic 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/italic-1.jpg)

To write as **Tide**, you have to write text in between two ~ ~

Example : ~7 Hills~

## [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tide-150x300.jpg "tide - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tide.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tde-1-151x300.jpg "tde 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/tde-1.jpg)
 4) New front

To write as **New front**, you have to write text in between ”’ ”’

Example : ”’ 7 Hills ”’

##  [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/new-front-150x300.jpg "new front - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/new-front.jpg)
 5) Speak to messages text

Step 1: click on mic (to open ). Always typing is very boring and time consuming process Let’s speak it will type message for you

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/speak-153x300.jpg "speak - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/speak.jpg)

Step 2: now you have to which you to convert into text

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/seak-1-154x300.jpg "seak 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/seak-1.jpg)

## 6) Popup – option Direct chat without opening whats app

The popup option is used to direct chat without opening whats app

 Follow settings

Enable / Disable Pop-Up Settings > Notifications > Pop up > Only when screen off (select which option do you want)

##  7) Change account number without delete whats app

 Switch one account another account without loosing existing data Settings > Accounts > Change number > Next (you have to type **old & new** number)

 [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/7-1-152x300.jpg "7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/7-1.jpg)

## 8) One message to all Contacts

It is used as one Message select friends up-to 100 friends

Settings > New Broadcast > Add contacts

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8-1-161x300.jpg "8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8-1.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8-1-1-151x300.jpg "8 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/8-1-1.jpg)

## 9) Starred message

It is use as to save important message (Information)

Type text>Long press on the Message>click on star \*>now you can see that information in starred message list

Step 1: Long press on which you want to save in starred message > now press on star, its shows in top up of the window

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/9-152x300.jpg "9 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/9.jpg)

Step 2 : Now you can see saved message in starred messages

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/91-152x300.jpg "91 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/91.jpg)

## 10) Home shortcut chat 

Long press On Contasts >… > Add Shortcut

## ![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/10-152x300.jpg "10 - ARKIT")[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/10-1-157x300.jpg "10 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/10-1.jpg)
 11) Use whats app in pc or Laptop

Its is very is very useful jobbers

Go to Whatsweb.com > Scan Barcode (Through mobile )

To Scan web Bar code Settings > Whats app web > Click on +

 It is very simple you can just follow steps

## [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11-152x300.jpg "11 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11.jpg)
 12) Read scripts

Its is used to hide Read (v3) Message(Nobody can see Read messages )

Just Look at Settings > Accounts > Privacy > Read scripts

![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/12-151x300.jpg "12 - ARKIT")

## 13) Last seen cut or show

It is used to hide the Last seen

Open Whatsapp Application Settings > Accounts > Privacy > Last seen

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/13-152x300.jpg "13 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/13.jpg)

## 14) Save data

It is used to Save mobile data Unmaking the some options

Whats App Settings > Data uses > Un-mark all

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/14-153x300.jpg "14 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/14.jpg)[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/14-1-154x300.jpg "14 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/14-1.jpg)

## 15) whats app notifications Block

Used to block the notification when it disturb to you

Go to Mobile Settings > Apps > Show Notifications

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15-168x300.jpg "15 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15-1-151x300.jpg "15 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15-1.jpg)[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15-3-145x300.jpg "15 3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15-3.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15-4-155x300.jpg "15 4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/15-4.jpg)

## 16) Typing 22 languages 

This tip is used to Write 22 languages. Whatsapp Support 22 Language keyboard to enter and convert text so that you can talk in your own Known language

20 whatsapp tricks Play store > Google Indic keyboard >

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/16-154x300.jpg "16 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/16.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/16-1-153x300.jpg "16 1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/16-1.jpg)

##  17) Change background wallpaper

It is used to add wallpapers in background 20 whatsapp tricks

Person > … > Wallpapers

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/17-154x300.jpg "17 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/17.jpg)[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/17-8-152x300.jpg "17 8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/17-8.jpg)[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/17-3-150x300.jpg "17 3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/17-3.jpg)

## 18) Share Location

Share your location to other user so that He / She can easily comes to destination by using google navigation

Multimedia > Location > Share

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/18-152x300.jpg "18 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/18.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/18-2-151x300.jpg "18 2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/18-2.jpg)[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/18-7-152x300.jpg "18 7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/18-7.jpg)

## 19) Share your chat through email 

 20 Whatsapp Tricks Settings > More > Email

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/19-153x300.jpg "19 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/19.jpg) [![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/19-4-155x300.jpg "19 4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/19-4.jpg)[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/19-3454-159x300.jpg "19 3454 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/19-3454.jpg)

## 20) Z-photo fake for chat

Play with your friends just by sending fake photo and it is very funny try it once

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/20-153x300.jpg "20 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/20.jpg)

[That’s](https://www.whatsappbrand.com/) it about top 20 Whatsapp Tricks and Tips You Never Know.

 To know in detailed you can see this Video

## Related Articles

[How To Install Dual Whats App in Dual Sim Phone](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-dual-whatsapp/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Tricks, trickstips, whatsapp

**Tags:** 20 whatsapp tricks

---

### [touch Command 8 Best Practical Examples Linux / Unix](https://arkit.co.in/touch-command-linux-unix/)

**Published:** May 30, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

As most of the basic user know that touch command is used to create empty files. We can create one or more files using single touch command. In this Article we are going to discuss not only the touch options to create files but modifying file access Date, Modified Date and time STAMP as well. Touch Command Linux & Touch Command Unix.

  ## Touch Command 8 Best Practical Examples

**Command Syntax:** touch FileName(s)

```
# touch arkit
```

Above is the touch command example which can create empty file called arkit. To list created file use[ ls command](https://arkit.co.in/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)

**Create Multiple Files Using touch**

```
# touch file1 file2 file3
```

Don’t want to provide multiple file name when i am creating multiple files using touch, just provide [wildcard](https://arkit.co.in/14-wildcards-linux-scripting/) so that it will create similar name files more than 100 or 1000 whatever number you provide

```
# touch Text{1..10}.txt
```

[![touch command Linux examples](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/touch-examples-300x95.png "touch examples - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/touch-examples.png)touch examples

File’s can also be created with specific date using touch –date Option. Which is most useful one specific requirements fulfill

```
# touch --date="Sun,  29  May  2017  16:21:42  -0800" Testing123
```

Testing123 file created with Year=2017, Month = May, Date = 29 and Day = Sunday.

## Modify File Time Stamp Using touch Command

Here we can use -r Or -t option to change file time stamp. -r is used to take the reference from file and assign to destination file. -t is used to change time stamp by provide date-time in specific format

```
# touch -t 1705292005 oldfile
```

sets the modification time of oldfile to 20:05 on May 29, 2017.

```
# touch -r anaconda-ks.cfg touch/testing
```

sets the modification time of touch/testing to that of anaconda-ks.cfg file

**Change Access time stamp using touch**

```
# touch -a touchcommand10.txt
```

Above practical example will change file access time stamp from old to current

[![touch access time change](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/touch-access-time-change-300x130.png "touch access time change - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/touch-access-time-change.png)touch access time change

Modification time can also be changed using touch let’s see below example option is -m

```
# touch -m touchcommand10.txt
```

That’s it about touch command 8 practical examples. I hope you enjoyed reading this article, please do comment your feedback on the same

## Related Articles

[How you Know You’re doing Right ps Command](https://arkit.co.in/know-youre-ps-command-linux-right-way/)

[Paste Command with 10 Practical Examples](https://arkit.co.in/paste-command-linux/)

[Download Linux Commands cheat Sheet](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_lina01/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** touch command

---

### [ClusterSSH Run Command On Multiple Servers At Same Time - CSSH](https://arkit.co.in/clusterssh-run-command-multiple-servers-cssh/)

**Published:** May 31, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

SSH is called as – [Secure Shell](https://arkit.co.in/ssh-server-secure-shell-installation-centos-7/) and used to connect to remote server in encrypted manner and run commands do required things. Using SSH we can’t run single command in multiple servers yet the same time. My requirement is to run command multiple servers at the same time so that administrator job will become easy some times. ClusterSSH is used to run the command on multiple servers at the same time. cssh

  ## ClusterSSH (CSSH) Run Command Multiple Servers

- Required Graphical User Interface to run
- It also uses SSH protocol to connect remote machine
- Easy way to run similar commands in multiple servers
- Useful for Emergency Tasks

## Installing and configuring cssh command in Linux / Unix

```
$ sudo apt-get install clusterssh  #--For Ubuntu System

# yum install clusterssh -y   #--RHEL/Centos Systems
```

Clusterssh packages are not available with core list (within installation DVD / ISO) you have to setup [EPEL Repository](https://arkit.co.in/epel-repository/) and run yum install command

```
$ cch server1 server2
Or
$ cssh admin@server1 root@server2
```

[![Clusterssh GUI window](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Clusterssh-GUI-window-300x101.png "Clusterssh GUI window - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Clusterssh-GUI-window.png)Clusterssh GUI window

**Note:** When your trying to login to server1 and server2 users passwords should be same

```
$ cssh
```

Type cssh without providing any arguments it will open one window from there you can add number of hosts manually

[![add host to clusterssh](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/add-host-300x163.png "add host - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/add-host.png)add host

[![provide host name](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/provide-host-name-300x169.png "provide host name - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/provide-host-name.png)provide host name

Create Cluster(s) (Just Like Group)

We have an main configuration file /etc/clusters edit the file and define cluster so that instead of providing number of server name you can use cluster name to connect all the servers

/etc/clusters file is an global level configuration which will effect each user

We can also configure user level settings using ~.cssh or ~.clusterssh

```
clusteers = testservers
testservers = 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.10 172.23.2.10
```

Now connect to configured cluster(s) name

```
$ cssh -l arkit testservers
```

As per above command arkit is an UserName. Immediately it will open multiple windows connected to multiple servers now run command multiple servers

Most i see this cssh command is useful on setting up [passwordless](https://arkit.co.in/password-less-authentication-for-running-remote-server-scripts/) connection to multiple hosts on single go

## cssh command run command on multiple servers at same time

Open up a session to 4 servers

```
$ cssh server1 server2 server3 server4
```

Open up a session to a cluster of servers identified by the tag ‘web1’ and give the controlling window a specific title, where the tag is defined in one of the default configuration files

```
$ cssh -T 'Web Server1' web1
```

Connect to different servers using different login names. 
**NOTE:** This can also be achieved by setting up appropriate options in the configuration files. Do not close the console when the last terminal exits.

```
$ cssh administrator@server1 admin@server2
```

Open up a cluster defined in a non-default configuration file

```
$ cssh -c $HOME/cssh.custom
```

Override the configured/default port to use 2020 instead

```
$ cssh -p 2020 server1 server2
```

## Shortcut Keys

- Ctrl+Shift++(Plus) – Open’s “Add Host(s) or Cluster(s)” Dialog box.
- Alt+n – Paste in the Host Name Part of the specific connection string to each client
- Alt+1 – Paste in the Host Name of the server cssh is ebing run on
- Alt+q – Quit the program and close all connections
- Alt+r – Re-tile all the client windows
- Alt+u – Paste in the User Name for the connection

There are many other options to configure things using cssh utility

[Download Advanced Shell Scripting Book Freely in PDF format](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_pack42/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Fedora, Linux, Redhat Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** ClusterSSH, cssh, Run Command Multiple Servers

---

### [How to Convert img to iso Linux Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/convert-img-to-iso-linux-ccd2iso/)

**Published:** June 1, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

ccd2iso is Utility/Tool which converts File.img to ISO format and writes the result to File1.iso. No Arguments are required for ccd2iso tool while trying to convert img to iso Linux

IMG files are raw-data copies of optical media, generated primarily by the Windows application CloneCD, and are primarily used to store CDs with odd properties, such as sectors which need to have read errors when read. Conversion to ISO format removes this information, as ISO format does not support this.

  IMG files almost always include a SUB file, which contains additional data for the disc format, and a CCD file, which is a plain text configuration file describing the disc layout. ccd2iso does not make use of these files, but the applications which generate them expect them to have the same FOO prefix as the IMG file.

## How to Convert img to ISO Linux ccd2iso Tool

```
administrator@arkit-serv:~$ sudo apt-get install ccd2iso
[sudo] password for administrator:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
 linux-headers-4.4.0-21 linux-headers-4.4.0-21-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-64 linux-headers-4.4.0-64-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-66
 linux-headers-4.4.0-66-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-70 linux-headers-4.4.0-70-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-71 linux-headers-4.4.0-71-generic
 linux-headers-4.4.0-72 linux-headers-4.4.0-72-generic linux-image-4.4.0-21-generic linux-image-4.4.0-64-generic
 linux-image-4.4.0-66-generic linux-image-4.4.0-70-generic linux-image-4.4.0-71-generic linux-image-4.4.0-72-generic
 linux-image-extra-4.4.0-21-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-64-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-66-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-70-generic
 linux-image-extra-4.4.0-71-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-72-generic
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
 ccd2iso
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 115 not upgraded.
Need to get 7,266 B of archives.
After this operation, 53.2 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 ccd2iso amd64 0.3-4 [7,266 B]
Fetched 7,266 B in 0s (39.3 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package ccd2iso.
(Reading database ... 412888 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../ccd2iso_0.3-4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking ccd2iso (0.3-4) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up ccd2iso (0.3-4) ...
```

Using ccd2iso convert command

```
$ ccd2iso file.img fil1.iso
```

Sometimes you may get below error but ignore

```
Unrecognized sector mode (0) at sector 0!
```

## Another Way to convert img to ISO file

mount the img file to mount point and convert the same data to iso

```
$ mount -o loop  
```

make an ISO of the directories itself

```
$ mkisofs -o  
```

works like a charm!

## Related Articles

[6 useful Linux Command tools for sysadmin](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_makb28/)

[run command on multiple servers at same time](https://arkit.co.in/clusterssh-run-command-multiple-servers-cssh/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** ccd2iso, img to iso convertion

---

### [How to Monitor Cronjob Execution Status Using Nagios](https://arkit.co.in/monitor-cronjob-execution-status-using-nagios/)

**Published:** June 12, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Administrator has best option to automate there jobs by scheduling script using [crontab](https://arkit.co.in/crontab-linux-unix/)/ cronjobs. You have scheduled an important and CRITICAL job on crontab but do you know is it run successfully or struck in the middle.? So Let’s see monitor cronjob execution status Using Nagios.

  [Download Nagios Plugin](https://github.com/bbuchalter/check_exit_code/blob/master/check_exit_code.pl) and copy to your Nagios server machine

## How to Monitor Cronjob execution status Using Nagios – How it Works.?

Script checks exit code (number) and based on that it will tell that cronjob is executed perfectly or not. To capture each and every cronjob exit code we have to add below redirection to cronjob ending

```
2>&1 > /var/log/cronjobname.log; echo "Exit code: $?" >> /var/log/cronjobname.log
```

- 2>&1 –> Send standard error to where ever standard output is being redirected as well.
- $? –> Return code from the last command

```
# tail -f /var/log/whichbig.log
6 is big than 5
Exit code: 0
```

Sample log file output

## Setup Nagios Plugin

Usage of check\_exit\_code plugin is below

```
#/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_exit_code.pl --help

 Check log output has been modified with t minutes and contains "Exit code: 0".
 If "Exit code" is not found, assume command is running.
 Check assumes the log is truncated after each command is run.

 --help shows this message
 --version shows version information
 -f path to log file
 -t Time in minutes which a log file can be unmodified before raising CRITICAL alert
```

**Syntax:**

/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check\_exit\_code.pl -f <log file path> -t <time in minutes>

Example

```
#/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_exit_code.pl -f /var/log/test.log -t 10
OK. Command completed successfully about 1.58 minutes ago.

#/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_exit_code.pl -f /var/log/test.log -t 1
CRITICAL. ERROR: /var/log/test.log last modified 3.55 minutes, threshold set to 1 minutes
```

Define command in commands.cfg file

```
define command {
command_name check_exit_code
command_line $USER1$/check_exit_code.pl -f $ARG1$ -t $ARG2$
}
```

Service definition is below

```
define service{
 use local-service 
 host_name localhost
 service_description Cronjob Status
 check_command check_exit_code!/var/log/test.log!10
 }
```

If you have multiple cronjobs to monitor then separate the log file names based on there script name so that it will be easy to identify

That’s it Nagios will automatically informs you about your cronjob execution status.

## Related Articles

[SNMP Linux Server Monitoring](https://arkit.co.in/linux-server-monitoring-using-snmp-nagios/)

[NagiosXI Web Console Login Alert](https://arkit.co.in/nagiosxi-web-console-login-alert/)

[NSP Sorry Dave error Resolution](https://arkit.co.in/nsp-sorry-dave-cant-let-error-nagiosxi-solution/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Nagios

**Tags:** crontab execution status, crontab exit status

---

### [20 Network Troubleshooting Linux Commands Which Helps Lot](https://arkit.co.in/20-network-troubleshooting-linux-commands/)

**Published:** June 14, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Here is a list of Networking and Troubleshooting commands. 20 Network Troubleshooting Linux Commands Which Helps Lot. When your facing any Network related issue with Linux servers / Linux Or Unix Like operating systems you can make use of below commands to identify issue.

  ## 20 Network Troubleshooting Linux Commands

- IP Address related issues
- Not getting Internet access to Linux machine All IP details are correct
- Not able to Ping using host name but IP is pinging
- Having lot of packet loss how to identify.?
- Collect Logs to identify failure

## 1. ifconfig command 

Display and manipulate route and network interfaces. ifconfig command is used to configure the kernel-resident network interfaces.

- ifconfig -a — List all interfaces which are currently available, even down.
- ifconfig <Interface Name> – It will show only specified interface details

```
$ ifconfig -s
```

## 2. ip command

It is a replacement of ifconfig command in new releases. Show/manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels.

ip command a few examples below

```
$ ip address
$ ip add
$ ip route
$ ip link
$ ip -4 address
```

You can also refer [IP Addressing](https://arkit.co.in/ip-addressing-networking/)

## 3. traceroute command

Network troubleshooting utility, which is used to identify the reach of IP address by it’s path. It will show 30 hops route path from source to destination so that we can easily identify from which device packet is getting lose.

```
# traceroute -4 192.168.111.2
traceroute to 192.168.111.2 (192.168.111.2), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1 ArkitServer (192.168.111.128) 3007.067 ms !H 3006.971 ms !H 3006.952 ms !H
```

## 4. tracepath command

Similar to traceroute but doesn’t require root privileges. Command tracepath will show including hop device name as well.

```
$ tracepath 8.8.8.8
 1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1500
 1: 192.168.2.5 0.507ms
 1: 192.168.1.5 0.501ms
 2: 10.192.5.5 2.416ms
 3: gi0-0-0-11.3164.nr12.b003122-0.sfo01.atlas.cogentco.com 6.259ms
 4: te0-0-1-1.agr21.sfo01.atlas.cogentco.com 7.218ms
 5: be2903.ccr22.sfo01.atlas.cogentco.com 5.843ms
 6: be3179.ccr22.sjc01.atlas.cogentco.com 7.900ms
 7: be3144.ccr41.sjc03.atlas.cogentco.com 7.323ms
 8: tata.sjc03.atlas.cogentco.com 8.416ms
```

**5. ping command**

To check connectivity between two nodes. Mostly and widely used command to check remote host status. Ping uses the ICMP protocol’s mandatory ECHO\_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO\_RESPONSE from a host or gateway.

```
$ ping arkit.co.in
PING arkit.co.in (166.62.28.131) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from ip-166-62-28-131.ip.secureserver.net (166.62.28.131): icmp_seq=1 ttl=48 time=179 ms
```

**6. netstat command**

Display connection information. Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. Connected network port details and statistics including its path from Operating system.

```
$ netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
```

## 7. ss command

It is a replacement of netstat. ss is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. It can display more TCP and state information than other tools.

[complete ss command guide](https://arkit.co.in/ss-utility-investigate-sockets-rhel-7/)

**8. dig command**

Query DNS related information. Domain information Gropper, is a flexible tool for interrogating DNS Name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from name servers. 20 Network troubleshooting Linux commands one is dig command.

```
$ dig google.com
$ dig 8.8.8.8
```

**9. nslookup command**

Find DNS related query. Nslookup is a program to query Internet domain name servers. Nslookup has two modes: **interactive** and **non-interactive**. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just the name and requested information for a host or domain.

```
$ nslookup google.com
Server: 192.168.3.8
Address: 192.168.3.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: google.com
Address: 216.58.194.174
```

## 10. route command

Shows and manipulate IP routing table. It will list out kernel routing table.

```
$ route
```

**11. host command**

Performs DNS lookups. Host is a simple utility for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host prints a short summary of its command line arguments and options. Troubleshooting Linux Commands Helps Lot.

```
$ host 8.8.8.8
8.8.8.8.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer google-public-dns-a.google.com.
```

**12. arp command**

View or add contents of the kernel’s ARP table. Before using arp command in any Operating system just ping to that host and try arp so that it will provide you host MAC address details, Host name and Interface which is used to get the information.

```
$ arp IPADDRESS
```

## 13. iwconfig command

Used to configure wireless network interface. Iwconfig is similar to ifconfig, but is dedicated to the wireless interfaces. It is used to set the parameters of the network interface which are specific to the wireless operation. Iwconfig may also be used to display those parameters, and the wireless statistics.

```
$ iwconfig eth0 essid any
```

**14. hostname command**

To identify a network name. Hostname is used to display the system’s DNS name, and to display or set its hostname or NIS domain name. hostname command with -f option will provide you FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name).

```
$ hostname
```

**15. curl command**

To download a file from internet. curl is a tool to transfer data from or to a server, using one of the supported protocols (DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET and TFTP). The command is designed to work without user interaction.

```
$ curl URL
```

## 16. wget command

GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies.

```
$ wget 
```

**17. mtr command**

mtr combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single network diagnostic tool. Combines ping and tracepath into a single command.

```
$ mtr 
```

**18. whois command**

 Will tell you about the website’s whois. whois searches for an object in a RFC 3912 database. Network Troubleshooting Linux commands helps lot

```
$ whois 
```

**19. ifplugstatus command**

Tells whether a cable is plugged in or not. ifplugstatus is an utility which may be used to detect the link status of a local Linux Ethernet device, much in the same way mii-diag, mii-tool and ethtool work. Network Troubleshooting Linux commands helps lot.

```
$ ifplugstatus
ens32: link beat detected
lo: link beat detected
```

## Related Articles

[25 most commonly used commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[Configure MAC binding DHCP Server in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-mac-binding/)

[visit More tutorials](http://www.tectm.com/p/index.html)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Linux Network troubleshooting, Resolving network issues Linux

---

### [5 Cyber Security Books You Must Read To Protect Your Environment](https://arkit.co.in/5-cyber-security-books-must-read/)

**Published:** June 15, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Today’s trend is to protect any type of environment with maximum security because we won’t know How Hacker’s attack on your environment. To Protect against security risk’s you should very well aware of Technics which are used by Hackers / Crackers . To Know More 5 Cyber Security Books you Must Read to Protect yourself.

  Cybersecurity is the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. In a computing context, security includes both cybersecurity and physical security.

## 5 Cyber Security Books You Must Read

**1. How to Measure Anything in Cybersecurity Risk ($29 Value)**

**About Author:** *Douglas Hubbard* is the creator of the Applied Information Economics method and the founder of Hubbard Decision Research. He is the author of one of the best-selling business statistics books of all time, *How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of “Intangibles” in Business. He is also the author of The Failure of Risk Management: Why It’s Broken and How to Fix It, and Pulse: The New Science of Harnessing Internet Buzz to Track Threats and Opportunities.*

*Richard Seiersen* is a technology executive with nearly 20 years of experience in information security, risk management, and product development.

Pages in Book is 304

Book Content Index is Below

**PART-I WHY CYBERSECURITY NEEDS BETTER MEASUREMENTS FOR RISK**

- **CHAPTER 1** The One Patch Most Needed in Cybersecurity
- **CHAPTER 2** A Measurement Primer for Cybersecurity
- **CHAPTER 3** Model Now!: An Introduction to Practical Quantitative Methods for Cybersecurity
- **CHAPTER 4** The Single Most Important Measurement in Cybersecurity
- **CHAPTER 5** Risk Matrices, Lie Factors, Misconceptions, and Other Obstacles to Measuring Risk

**PART-II EVOLVING THE MODEL OF CYBERSECURITY RISK**

- **CHAPTER 6** Decompose It: Unpacking the Details
- **CHAPTER 7** Calibrated Estimates: How Much Do You Know Now ?
- **CHAPTER 8** Reducing Uncertainty with Bayesian Methods
- **CHAPTER 9** Some Powerful Methods Based on Bayes

**PART-III CYBERSECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTERPRISE**

- **CHAPTER 10** Toward Security Metrics Maturity
- **CHAPTER 11** How Well Are My Security Investments Working Together?
- **CHAPTER 12** A Call to Action: How to Roll Out Cybersecurity Risk Management

[Download Book Now](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_wile239/)

## 2. Cybersecurity Fundamentals – Risks, Procedures, & Integration

Book Written by Media Planet future of Business and Tech

Content of Book – 5 Cyber Security Books.

- Cybersecurity in the Modern Age
- Anatomy of a Cybercrime
- How to Work Around the Inherent Flaw of Cybersecurity
- 5 Ways to Protect Your Business from Cyberattacks
- Advice for Navigating Cyberattacks
- The Next Phase of Cybercrime

[Download the Book Now](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_medc02/)

## 3. Cyber Security Culture Barometer

It consists of a simple matrix of 10 different aspects of cyber security culture, each having six different descriptions of how an organization addresses that aspect. The descriptors range from outright hostility to cyber security, to totally embracing it. Your choices will determine just how supportive your organization’s cyber security culture is to your efforts.

[Download CyberSecurity Barometer Book Now](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_glod09/)

## 4. Cybersecurity: Managing Systems, Conducting Testing, and Investigating Intrusions

Author of this book is Thomas J. Mowbray

- **Chapter 1:** Executive Summary
- **Chapter 2:** The Problems: Cyber Antipatterns
- **Chapter 3:** Cybersecurity Architecture

Effective cybersecurity is a critical capability for the defense and preservation of civil society. Cyber crime is one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing categories of crime. Cyber criminals are responsible for more than $1 trillion USD in stolen funds and other assets, with crime in some segments growing 300 percent per year. Cyber espionage is epidemic and pervasive; even the world’s smartest companies and government institutions have terabytes of intellectual property and financial assets being lost annually via the Internet. Concealed malicious actors even threaten our electrical power grids, global financial systems, air traffic control systems, telecommunications systems, healthcare systems, and nuclear power plants. 5 Cyber Security Books.

[Download This Book Now](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_wile61/)

## 5. Breaking Into Cyber Security

Written by Boris Agranovich
What Will You Learn in This 79-Page e-Course:

- Module 1 – What is Cyber Security & What Are the Basics
- Module 2 – Cyber Compliance in the Industrial Revolution
- Module 3 – How To Ensure a Balanced Cybersecurity Plan

Governments are facing an unprecedented level of cyber attacks and threats with the potential to undermine national security and critical infrastructure, while businesses that store confidential customer and client information online are fighting to maintain their reputations in the wake of massive data breaches.

Economic thought leaders have warned of a digital disintegration, a scenario in which cyberspace could be completely undermined due to strengthening attacks where the Internet is no longer a trusted medium for communication or commerce, at a huge cost to economies and societies. 5 Cyber Security Books.

[Download Breaking Into CyberSecurity Book Now](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_glod05/)

## Related Articles

[14 SIEM Tools You should know](https://arkit.co.in/14-siem-tools-security-information-event-management-tools/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Books, Security

**Tags:** Cyber Security Books, CyberSecurity Books

---

### [pnp4Nagios Installation configuration Step by step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/pnp4nagios-installation-configuration/)

**Published:** June 21, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Pnp4Nagios is an tool which will store performance data into RRD (Round Robin Database) and show in graphical representation. Its easy to understand and represent the values in graphs. Let’s see pnp4nagios installation configuration Step by Step guide.

  Perf Data Flow to RRD Database is below

[![pnp4nagios data flow](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4nagios-data-flow-300x225.png "pnp4nagios data flow - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4nagios-data-flow.png)pnp4nagios data flow

There are three modes of data collection Using pnp4nagios

1. Default mode
2. Bulk Mode
3. Bulk with NPCD mode

Configure [Local Yum Repository](https://arkit.co.in/yum-yellowdog-updater-module-local-installation/) and Install rrdtool necessary (dependency)

```
# yum install rrdtool
# yum install ruby xorg-x11-fonts-Type1
```

[![rrdtool verification](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/rrdtool-verification-300x69.png "rrdtool verification - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/rrdtool-verification.png)rrdtool verification

```
# cd /tmp
# wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/pnp4nagios/files/PNP-0.6/pnp4nagios-0.6.25.tar.gz
# tar -xvf pnp4nagios-0.6.25
# cd pnp4nagios-0.6.25
# ./configure --with-rrdtool=/usr/bin/rrdtool
```

[![pnp4nagios installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4nagios-installation-300x195.png "pnp4nagios installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4nagios-installation.png)pnp4nagios installation

**Note:** Do not download pnp-0.4-14 which does not work properly

[Download pnp4nagios](https://sourceforge.net/projects/pnp4nagios/files/PNP-0.6/)

```
# make all
# make fullinstall
```

Sure that No errors while installing

Edit the /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg file and make sure enabled below config lines for sync mode (Default Mode)

```
# vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
```

```
process_performance_data=1

enable_environment_macros=1

host_perfdata_command=process-host-perfdata
service_perfdata_command=process-service-perfdata

```

[![pnp4naigos installation screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4naigos-installation-screen-241x300.png "pnp4naigos installation screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4naigos-installation-screen.png)pnp4naigos installation screen

```
# rm -rf /usr/local/pnp4nagios/share/install.php
```

Now you can see below error

```
pnp4nagios installation Please check the documentation for information about the following error.

perfdata directory "/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/perfdata/" is empty. Please check your Nagios config. Read FAQ online

file [line]:

application/models/data.php [109]:

back
```

Above error will appear when your using sync mode with Nagios Core 4.x version, because pnp4nagios is not compatible with sync mode you have to change in to bulk mode then it work like charm. To Change from sync mode to bulk mode to below steps

```
# Comment Below Lines
#host_perfdata_command=process-host-perfdata
#service_perfdata_command=process-service-perfdata

# Add Below Lines
# service performance data
#
service_perfdata_file=/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/service-perfdata
service_perfdata_file_template=DATATYPE::SERVICEPERFDATA\tTIMET::$TIMET$\tHOSTNAME::$HOSTNAME$\tSERVICEDESC::$SERVICEDESC$\tSERVICEPERFDATA::$SERVICEPERFDATA$\tSERVICECHECKCOMMAND::$SERVICECHECKCOMMAND$\tHOSTSTATE::$HOSTSTATE$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$HOSTSTATETYPE$\tSERVICESTATE::$SERVICESTATE$\tSERVICESTATETYPE::$SERVICESTATETYPE$
service_perfdata_file_mode=a
service_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
service_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-service-perfdata-file

#
# host performance data starting with Nagios 3.0
#
host_perfdata_file=/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/host-perfdata
host_perfdata_file_template=DATATYPE::HOSTPERFDATA\tTIMET::$TIMET$\tHOSTNAME::$HOSTNAME$\tHOSTPERFDATA::$HOSTPERFDATA$\tHOSTCHECKCOMMAND::$HOSTCHECKCOMMAND$\tHOSTSTATE::$HOSTSTATE$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$HOSTSTATETYPE$
host_perfdata_file_mode=a
host_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
host_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-host-perfdata-file
```

Check it out after few minutes you can see the data

[![pnp4nagios bulk Mode works like charm](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4nagios-bulk-Mode-works-like-charm-300x114.png "pnp4nagios bulk Mode works like charm - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pnp4nagios-bulk-Mode-works-like-charm.png)pnp4nagios bulk Mode works like charm

Verify perfdata path it will create an .rrd and xml files when graphing is working fine

```
[root@ArkitServer localhost]# ls
Current_Load.rrd Current_Users.rrd _HOST_.rrd HTTP.rrd PING.rrd Root_Partition.rrd SSH.rrd Swap_Usage.rrd Total_Processes.rrd
Current_Load.xml Current_Users.xml _HOST_.xml HTTP.xml PING.xml Root_Partition.xml SSH.xml Swap_Usage.xml Total_Processes.xml
[root@ArkitServer localhost]# pwd
/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/perfdata/localhost
```

Verify the pnp4nagios installation status using below command

```
./verify_pnp_config_v2.pl -m bulk -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg -p /usr/local/pnp4nagios/etc/

[OK ] PERFDATA template looks good
[OK ] service_perfdata_file_mode is defined
[OK ] service_perfdata_file_mode=a
[OK ] service_perfdata_file_processing_interval is defined
[OK ] service_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
[OK ] service_perfdata_file_processing_command is defined
[OK ] service_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-service-perfdata-file
[OK ] host_perfdata_file is defined
[OK ] host_perfdata_file=/usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/host-perfdata
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_template is defined
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_template=DATATYPE::HOSTPERFDATA\tTIMET::$TIMET$\tHOSTNAME::$HOSTNAME$\tHOSTPERFDATA::$HOSTPERFDATA$\tHOSTCHECKCOMMAND::$HOSTCHECKCOMMAND$\tHOSTSTATE::$HOSTSTATE$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$HOSTSTATETYPE$
[OK ] PERFDATA template looks good
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_mode is defined
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_mode=a
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_processing_interval is defined
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_processing_interval=15
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_processing_command is defined
[OK ] host_perfdata_file_processing_command=process-host-perfdata-file
[INFO] Nagios config looks good so far
[INFO] ========== Checking config values ============
service_perfdata_file_processing_command at ./verify_pnp_config_v2.pl line 462.
[OK ] Command process-service-perfdata-file is defined
[OK ] '/bin/mv /usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/service-perfdata /usr/local/pnp4nagios/var/spool/service-perfdata.$TIMET$'

```

Define Action (Graph) URL so that you can see graph symbol on each and every service. Click on icon will go to appropriate pnp4nagios graph.

```
define service{
 use local-service ; Name of service template to use
 host_name localhost
 service_description PING
 check_command check_ping!100.0,20%!500.0,60%
 action_url /pnp4nagios/index.php/graph?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
 }
```

Instead of going back to pnp4nagios page you also configure to show graph popups by adding below action\_url to each and every host and service

```
define host {
   name       host-pnp
   action_url /pnp4nagios/index.php/graph?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=_HOST_' class='tips' rel='/pnp4nagios/index.php/popup?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=_HOST_
   register   0
}

define service {
   name       srv-pnp
   action_url /pnp4nagios/index.php/graph?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$' class='tips' rel='/pnp4nagios/index.php/popup?host=$HOSTNAME$&srv=$SERVICEDESC$
   register   0
}
```

That’s it, pnp4nagios installation configuration completed successfully.

[How to Monitor Cronjob Execution Status](https://arkit.co.in/monitor-cronjob-execution-status-using-nagios/)

[Nagiosr Consolidated Report](https://arkit.co.in/nagiosr-consolidated-report-hosts-and-services-nagios-reporting/)

[Systemctl command with all possible options](https://arkit.co.in/systemctl-command/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Performance Graphs in Nagios, pnp4nagios

---

### [HowTo Install R Shiny Server in Centos 7/RHEL 7 Guide](https://arkit.co.in/install-r-shiny-server-centos-7/)

**Published:** June 22, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Shiny is an R package that makes it easy to build interactive web applications (apps) straight from R. This lesson will get you started building Shiny apps right away. Opensource and Enterprise ready professional software for the R Community. In this Article we are going to see HowTo install R shiny Server in Centos 7/RHEL 7.

  It’s widely used to generate HTML 5+CSS application by writing R language code simply. write small piece of code It will auto generate application with .R extension and run from R shiny server using web browser.

Environment:

- Server machine installed with Centos 7
- Sudo User Or Root User Access for Installation

## Setup Host Name

```
# hostnamectl set-hostname rshiny --static
# systemctl restart systemd-hostnamed.service
```

## Configure YUM for Packages Installation

Use below two commands to [enable EPEL Repository](https://arkit.co.in/epel-repository/)

```
# wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
```

## Install R Shiny Server in Centos 7

```
# yum install R
```

It installs around 376 packages by resolving dependencies all together

Now run R package installation command

```
# su - \
-c "R -e \"install.packages('shiny', repos='https://cran.rstudio.com/')\""

Rd warning: /tmp/RtmpsqdM5t/R.INSTALL5114625d5c82/shiny/man/updateSelectInput.Rd:35: missing file link ‘I’
 updateSliderInput html
 updateTabsetPanel html
 updateTextAreaInput html
 updateTextInput html
 urlModal html
 validate html
 validateCssUnit html
 verbatimTextOutput html
 verticalLayout html
 viewer html
 wellPanel html
 withMathJax html
 withProgress html
 withTags html
** building package indices
** testing if installed package can be loaded
* DONE (shiny)
Making 'packages.html' ... done

The downloaded source packages are in
 ‘/tmp/RtmpoL151g/downloaded_packages’
Updating HTML index of packages in '.Library'
Making 'packages.html' ... done
>
>
```

## Download R Shiny Server Package and Install

[Shiny Server Download](https://download3.rstudio.org/centos5.9/x86_64/shiny-server-1.4.2.786-rh5-x86_64.rpm)

```
# wget https://download3.rstudio.org/centos5.9/x86_64/shiny-server-1.4.2.786-rh5-x86_64.rpm
# yum install --nogpgcheck shiny-server-1.4.2.786-rh5-x86_64.rpm
```

Shiny-server install successfully after that enable and start services

```
# systemctl enable shiny-server
# systemctl start shiny-server
# systemctl status shiny-server
● shiny-server.service - ShinyServer
 Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/shiny-server.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
 Active: active (running) since Thu 2017-06-22 13:40:24 AWST; 33s ago
 Main PID: 20806 (shiny-server)
```

## Allow / Enable Firewall Ports

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3838/tcp
success
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3838/udp
success
# firewall-cmd --reload
success
```

3838 is the default port number used by shiny-server application

## Access Shiny Server from Browser

http://localhost:3838

[![welcome rshiny server](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/welcome-rshiny-server-300x148.png "welcome rshiny server - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/welcome-rshiny-server.png)welcome rshiny server

Test R shiny Server Installation from command Line Interface also

[![Test R Shiny Server Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Test-R-Shiny-Server-Installation-300x180.png "Test R Shiny Server Installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Test-R-Shiny-Server-Installation.png)Test R Shiny Server Installation

That’s it your R Shiny Server installed successfully, Rock to Build new applications using R Language

## Related Articles

[DHCP Server Installation and Configuration Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/dhcp-server-rhel7/)

[NFS Server installation and configuration RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7, Ubuntu

**Tags:** R Language, RShiny

---

### [HowTo Install KVM Hypervisor RHEL 7 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-kvm-hypervisor-rhel-7/)

**Published:** June 23, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We have many hypervisor’s in IT industry but opensource solutions are very popular. KVM is one of it. KVM stands for Kernel-Based Virtual Machine Using KVM we can run multiple machines within one server. It will support multiple operating systems Like: Windows, SUSE, Centos, Ubuntu and Etc.. In this Article we are going to see HowTo Install KVM Hypervisor (Kernel-Based Virtual Machine) RHEL 7/Centos 7.

  KVM is called as kernel-Based because whenever you install packages which goes and load from kernel level modules.

## KVM Hypervisor Advantages

- No Vendor Dependency it’s fully Open source Solution
- Cross Platform support
- High Performance workloads accepted
- Affordable and low cost
- Highly Secure by SELinux technologies

Verify the processor type using below command, some times we have to enable virtualization option in BIOS or else full functionality of virtualization will not work. If your command get the output as shown below it works. If not VT is not enabled so your machines does not support for KVM.

```
# egrep '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx lahf_lm arat epb xsaveopt pln pts dtherm tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid
```

## Install KVM Hypervisor RHEL 7/Centos 7

During Operating System Installation also you can install Virtualization directly

[![Package Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Package-Selection-300x225.png "Package Selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Package-Selection.png)Package Selection

Click on software Selection

[![Software Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Software-Selection-300x225.png "Software Selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Software-Selection.png)Software Selection

Select Either Virtualization Host Or Server GUI and Select Virtualization selection

Prerequisites and required packages you have to install in order to get KVM functionality enabled

```
# yum install qemu-kvm qemu-img libvirt virt-install libvirt-python virt-manager virt-install libvirt-client virt-viewer
```

Or Else we can also used yum group to install virtualization

```
# yum groupinstall "Virtualization Host"
```

- qemu-kvm = QEMU Emulator
- qemu-img = QEMU Disk Image Manager
- virt-viewer = Graphical Interface to see virtual machine console
- virt-manager = GUI to Manage Virtual Machines
- libvirt = libvirtd daemon to run services
- libvirt-client = Libvirt client packages

After installing required packages verify KVM module is visible from kernel using below command. Insert KVM module to kernel using modprobe command

```
[root@ArkitServer ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
[root@ArkitServer ~]# modprobe kvm
[root@ArkitServer ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
kvm 554609 0 
irqbypass 13503 1 kvm
```

Now Start KVM supportable services

```
# systemctl enable libvirt-guests.service 
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/libvirt-guests.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirt-guests.service.
# systemctl enable libvirtd
# systemctl start libvirt-guests.service
# systemctl start libvirtd
# systemctl status libvirt-guests.service 
# systemctl status libvirtd
```

**Note:** virt-Manager and virt-viewer required Graphical User Interface to launch virtual machine manager

If you have installed only minimal installation Operating system then you must install GUI

```
# yum install "@X Window System" xorg-x11-xauth xorg-x11-fonts-* xorg-x11-utils -y
```

Or

```
# yum groupinstall "Server with GUI"
```

## Start Virt-Manager 

By Default virtual machines supportable files are going to store in /var/lib/libvirt/images/ make sure before start virt-manager you have enough space to deploy /create virtual machine.

virt-manager we can either from command line or GUI ( install KVM Hypervisor )

From GUI Click on **Applications –> System Tools –> Virtual Machine Manager**

[![virt-manager from GUI](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/virt-manager-from-GUI-300x230.png "virt-manager from GUI - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/virt-manager-from-GUI.png)virt-manager from GUI

Command Line

```
# virt-manager
```

[![Create New Virtual Machine from GUI](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Create-New-Virtual-Machine-from-GUI-300x169.png "Create New Virtual Machine from GUI - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Create-New-Virtual-Machine-from-GUI.png)Create New Virtual Machine from GUI

Click on the Icon to create New Virtual Machine from GUI Mode

[![Creating Virtual Machine using KVM](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Creating-Virtual-Machine-using-KVM-274x300.png "Creating Virtual Machine using KVM - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Creating-Virtual-Machine-using-KVM.png)Creating Virtual Machine using KVM

Select Appropriate option to load Operating system in this case i am selecting ISO or CD-ROM and Click Forward

[![Select ISO](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Select-ISO-300x297.png "Select ISO - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Select-ISO.png)Select ISO

You have ready with .iso file for installing operating system, copy .iso file to base Linux machine to attach. Browse and attach ISO file click Forward

[![CPU and Memory](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/CPU-and-Memory-273x300.png "CPU and Memory - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/CPU-and-Memory.png)CPU and Memory

Provide Appropriate CPU’s and Memory (RAM) for virtual machine and Click Forward

[![Disk Space](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Disk-Space-270x300.png "Disk Space - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Disk-Space.png)Disk Space

Provide Disk Space and Click Forward

[![Virtual Machine Final](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Virtual-Machine-Final-266x300.png "Virtual Machine Final - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Virtual-Machine-Final.png)Virtual Machine Final

Give virtual Machine name, Select Network options and Click Finish

```
# virt-install --name=ArkitRHEL7 --ram=1024 --vcpus=1 --cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/images/rhel-server-7.3-x86_64-dvd.iso --os-type=linux --os-variant=rhel7  --network bridge=br0 --graphics=spice  --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/rhel7.dsk,size=20
```

Instead of going trough all the above steps simply create Virtual Machine using command line

That’s it about Install KVM Hypervisor RHEL 7 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine

## Related Articles

[Setting Up Linux Lab at Home](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

[Introduction to Linux Operating System Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-linux/)

[Logical Volume Manager](http://www.tectm.com/2017/05/logical-volume-manager-linux-step-by.html)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** KVM Hypervisor RHEL 7, qemu, virt-manager, virt-viewer

---

### [semanage command not found Not able to apply SELinux context](https://arkit.co.in/semanage-command-not-found/)

**Published:** June 29, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Suddenly i saw an error bash: semanage command not found while i am applying fcontext to samba share. Oops i am not sure that what is the package missing to bring back semanage command. No need to worry we can simply get an required packages list from yum command.

  Before trying yum actual command i just tried yum install semanage it doesn’t know what i was trying to install because there is no package name called semanage.

```
# semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "/srv/shiny-server(/.*)?"
bash: semanage: command not found
```

Verified whether SELinux is running or not using below command

```
# sestatus
SELinux status: enabled
SELinuxfs mount: /sys/fs/selinux
SELinux root directory: /etc/selinux
Loaded policy name: targeted
Current mode: enforcing
Mode from config file: enforcing
Policy MLS status: enabled
Policy deny_unknown status: allowed
Max kernel policy version: 28
```

Use below yum command to see which packages you have to install in order to get semanage command not found resolved

```
# yum whatprovides /usr/sbin/semanage

Or

# yum provides /usr/sbin/semanage
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.ventraip.net.au
 * epel: mirror.overthewire.com.au
 * extras: mirror.overthewire.com.au
 * updates: mirror.overthewire.com.au
policycoreutils-python-2.5-8.el7.x86_64 : SELinux policy core python utilities
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/sbin/semanage

policycoreutils-python-2.5-9.el7.x86_64 : SELinux policy core python utilities
Repo : updates
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/sbin/semanage

policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64 : SELinux policy core python utilities
Repo : updates
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/sbin/semanage
```

Now install policycoreutils-python to bring back semanage command

## semanage command not found will resolve install packages

```
# yum -y install policycoreutils-python
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.ventraip.net.au
 * epel: mirror.overthewire.com.au
 * extras: mirror.overthewire.com.au
 * updates: mirror.overthewire.com.au
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package policycoreutils-python.x86_64 0:2.5-11.el7_3 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: setools-libs >= 3.3.8-1 for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libsemanage-python >= 2.5-5 for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: audit-libs-python >= 2.1.3-4 for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: python-IPy for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libqpol.so.1(VERS_1.4)(64bit) for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libqpol.so.1(VERS_1.2)(64bit) for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libcgroup for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libapol.so.4(VERS_4.0)(64bit) for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: checkpolicy for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libqpol.so.1()(64bit) for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libapol.so.4()(64bit) for package: policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package audit-libs-python.x86_64 0:2.6.5-3.el7_3.1 will be installed
---> Package checkpolicy.x86_64 0:2.5-4.el7 will be installed
---> Package libcgroup.x86_64 0:0.41-11.el7 will be installed
---> Package libsemanage-python.x86_64 0:2.5-5.1.el7_3 will be installed
---> Package python-IPy.noarch 0:0.75-6.el7 will be installed
---> Package setools-libs.x86_64 0:3.3.8-1.1.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===============================================================================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
===============================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 policycoreutils-python x86_64 2.5-11.el7_3 updates 445 k
Installing for dependencies:
 audit-libs-python x86_64 2.6.5-3.el7_3.1 updates 70 k
 checkpolicy x86_64 2.5-4.el7 base 290 k
 libcgroup x86_64 0.41-11.el7 base 65 k
 libsemanage-python x86_64 2.5-5.1.el7_3 updates 104 k
 python-IPy noarch 0.75-6.el7 base 32 k
 setools-libs x86_64 3.3.8-1.1.el7 base 612 k

Transaction Summary
===============================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package (+6 Dependent packages)

Total download size: 1.6 M
Installed size: 5.1 M
Downloading packages:
(1/7): audit-libs-python-2.6.5-3.el7_3.1.x86_64.rpm | 70 kB 00:00:00
(2/7): libcgroup-0.41-11.el7.x86_64.rpm | 65 kB 00:00:00
(3/7): libsemanage-python-2.5-5.1.el7_3.x86_64.rpm | 104 kB 00:00:00
(4/7): policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64.rpm | 445 kB 00:00:00
(5/7): python-IPy-0.75-6.el7.noarch.rpm | 32 kB 00:00:00
(6/7): setools-libs-3.3.8-1.1.el7.x86_64.rpm | 612 kB 00:00:00
(7/7): checkpolicy-2.5-4.el7.x86_64.rpm | 290 kB 00:00:00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 6.3 MB/s | 1.6 MB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
 Installing : setools-libs-3.3.8-1.1.el7.x86_64 1/7
 Installing : checkpolicy-2.5-4.el7.x86_64 2/7
 Installing : libcgroup-0.41-11.el7.x86_64 3/7
 Installing : python-IPy-0.75-6.el7.noarch 4/7
 Installing : libsemanage-python-2.5-5.1.el7_3.x86_64 5/7
 Installing : audit-libs-python-2.6.5-3.el7_3.1.x86_64 6/7
 Installing : policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64 7/7
 Verifying : audit-libs-python-2.6.5-3.el7_3.1.x86_64 1/7
 Verifying : libsemanage-python-2.5-5.1.el7_3.x86_64 2/7
 Verifying : python-IPy-0.75-6.el7.noarch 3/7
 Verifying : libcgroup-0.41-11.el7.x86_64 4/7
 Verifying : policycoreutils-python-2.5-11.el7_3.x86_64 5/7
 Verifying : checkpolicy-2.5-4.el7.x86_64 6/7
 Verifying : setools-libs-3.3.8-1.1.el7.x86_64 7/7

Installed:
 policycoreutils-python.x86_64 0:2.5-11.el7_3

Dependency Installed:
 audit-libs-python.x86_64 0:2.6.5-3.el7_3.1 checkpolicy.x86_64 0:2.5-4.el7 libcgroup.x86_64 0:0.41-11.el7
 libsemanage-python.x86_64 0:2.5-5.1.el7_3 python-IPy.noarch 0:0.75-6.el7 setools-libs.x86_64 0:3.3.8-1.1.el7

Complete!
```

That’s it now try to run semanage command will work like charm.!! [SELinux Guide](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/SELinux_Users_and_Administrators_Guide/sect-Security-Enhanced_Linux-Working_with_SELinux-SELinux_Contexts_Labeling_Files.html) semanage command not found resolved.

## Related Articles

[SELinux Security Enhance](https://arkit.co.in/selinux-security-enhance-linux/)

[Install KVM Hypervisor in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-kvm-hypervisor-rhel-7/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** semanage, semanage command not found

---

### [What is RHEV Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Part-1](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization/)

**Published:** June 30, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Virtualization is a technology that allows us to create a N number of virtual machines on top of a base machine. Instead of purchasing several servers for many applications (each one for a different application), where the application cannot utilize the complete hardware, resources are being squandered. Increase business by using virtualization to share a single hardware resource among several applications (virtual machines). What exactly is RHEV? Virtualization for Red Hat Enterprise.

## Advantages of RHEV

- Cost Saving (By Utilizing hardware resource effectively)
- Data Center Space saving
- Power Usage saving
- Extend the life of installed applications
- Less Maintenance

RHEV = Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization.

  ## What is RHEV

RHEV (Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization) is management software that integrates and manages multiple KVM virtualization hosts and virtual machines. Integrating and managing dozens of virtualization hosts and hundreds of virtual machines with RHEV.

## Difference between standalone KVM and Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization

Management of standalone KVM is done using command line virsh and GUI virt – manager. I think that virt – manager is a reference implementation of a library named libvirt, that is to say that it is for testing library functions. The virt – manager that I use every day also can recognize multiple hypervisors at once, but I do not do anything like common resource management or integrated management of UUIDs for various resources. Out of several virtual machines, it is a very useful tool, but it’s very small-scale. When the number of virtual machines exceeds 50 units, the list display of virtual machines is also dangerous

## Virtual machine management function

KVM does not have HA functions (virtual machine level high availability implementation) common in virtualization management software, load balancing function of resources across multiple hypervisors, and so on. Such high value added functions are implemented in RHEV which is integrated virtualization management software. By using RHEV, you can also use live migration, HA function, snapshot function linked with storage function and DR function of virtual environment (disaster countermeasure). In addition, the authentication / authorization mechanism such as the right to use the virtual machine can also operate with the authorization mapped to the organization by linking with the external authentication infrastructure such as Active Directory, Red Hat Directory Server and so on.

It is also effective for hardware replacement to RHEL 7 compatible servers. It is also possible to move virtual machines running on the RHEL Hypervisor based on RHEL 6 to the RHEV Hypervisor based on RHEL 7 online by live migration function.

## DR (Disaster Recovery) support for storage domain

Previously, in the event that the database of RHEV-M was totally lost, or from the RHEV-M of a different site due to disaster measures, restore the virtual machine using the contents of the storage domain containing the actual data of the virtual machine That did not support it. Even in previous versions, I could build a DR configuration in the RHEV environment, but I also had to synchronize the RHEV-M database with the remote. In this RHEV 4.1, recovery of virtual machines from the storage domain is supported, and flexibility of the system repair method improves in case of emergency. However, please do not forget to back up the RHEV-M database.

**Conclusion**

With RHEV it is possible to efficiently manage KVM based virtualization resources. If you are considering replacing the virtual environment you are currently using instead of introducing a private cloud, why not consider RHEV as an alternative to OpenStack? RHEV is not the public cloud, OpenStack, RHEV is the best environment to migrate existing applications without cloud support.

## Related Articles

[RHEL6 vs RHEL7 Difference](https://arkit.co.in/rhel-6-vs-rhel-7-difference-previous-newer-version/)

[Setting up Linux Lab at Home](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-creating-and-modifying-vm-network/)

[Download Red Hat Linux KVM Book for Free](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_aaaa1831/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization, RHEV

---

### [HowTo Install RHEV-M Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager RHEL 7 - Part 2](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-rhev-m-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization-manager/)

**Published:** July 2, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We have just published [what is RHEV](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization/) is the first article to understand RHEV Better. In order to maintain multiple RHEV-Hosts from central place RHEV-Manager is required. RHEV-M will be used as a central place to manage all RHEV-Hosts. In this Article We are going to see HowTo Install RHEV-M Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager RHEL 7.

[![RHEV Architecture](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/RHEV-Architecture-300x139.png "RHEV Architecture - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/RHEV-Architecture.png)  RHEV Architecture

Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Management (RHEV-M) is a virtual management console built on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). It interacts with individual RHEV-Hosts using the Virtual Desktop Server Manager (VDSM). A VDSM agent is running on each of the RHEV-H nodes. RHEV-M allows administrators to manage/control number of data centers and their network, compute and storage resources. In addition RHEV-M provides a central repository for storing virtual machines, disks, images and virtual machine snapshots.

## Install RHEV-M Hardware Requirements

- Hard Disk Space Minimum 50GB
- RAM Minimum 4GB – Max 2TB
- Dual Core or High Processor
- 1Gbps NIC Card

## Software Requirements

- Operating System RHEL 7
- Red Hat Subscription Credentials
- DNS Server IP Details
- DNS PTR Record (for name resolution)
- Client Side (Windows/Linux/Mac) Browser with latest updates

It’s mandatory to register your Linux machine with Red Hat so that you will get an appropriate RHEVM supportable repository. You can also do an offline RHEV-M installation by one time download of repo from Red Hat.

```
[root@ArkIT-RHEV ~]# subscription-manager register
Registering to: subscription.rhsm.redhat.com:443/subscription
Username: raviankam
Password:
The system has been registered with ID: 1234567890hj-1872hskhr-y634knasdfg
[root@ArkIT-RHEV ~]# subscription-manager attach --auto
```

After completion subcription successfully just list all available repositories and enble appropriate then run RHEV-M Installation

## HowTo Install RHEV-M Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager RHEL 7

```
# subscription-manager list --available

[root@ArkIT-RHEV ~]# subscription-manager list --available | grep Virtualization
Subscription Name: 60 Day Self-Supported Red Hat Enterprise Linux with Smart Virtualization and Management Evaluation
 Red Hat Virtualization Host
 Red Hat Virtualization

# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-7-server-rpms
# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-7-server-supplementary-rpms
# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-7-server-rhv-4.1-rpms
# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-7-server-rhv-4-tools-rpms
# subscription-manager repos --enable=jb-eap-7-for-rhel-7-server-rpms
# subscription-manager attach --pool=8a85f9815cd0aad0015cd0add04f03dd
# yum update; yum install rhevm
# engine-setup
```

Below is an text file of yum update command output

[yum update; yum install rhevm – output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/yum-update-output.txt)

[![engine-setup command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1-300x43.jpg "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1.jpg)engine-setup command output

First set of questions it asks you about Product Options, you have to answer them

[![Product Options RHEV-M Setup](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2-300x40.jpg "2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2.jpg)Product Options RHEV-M Setup

```
--== PRODUCT OPTIONS ==--

Configure Engine on this host (Yes, No) [Yes]:
 Configure Image I/O Proxy on this host? (Yes, No) [Yes]:
 Configure WebSocket Proxy on this host (Yes, No) [Yes]:
 Please note: Data Warehouse is required for the engine. If you choose to not configure it on this host, you have to configure it on a remote host, nd then configure the engine on this host so that it can access the database of the remote Data Warehouse host.
 Configure Data Warehouse on this host (Yes, No) [Yes]:
 Configure VM Console Proxy on this host (Yes, No) [Yes]:
```

[![Packages Options](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3-300x36.jpg "3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3.jpg)Packages Options

```
--== NETWORK CONFIGURATION ==--

Host fully qualified DNS name of this server [localhost.localdomain]:
[WARNING] Failed to resolve localhost.localdomain using DNS, it can be resolved only locally
 Setup can automatically configure the firewall on this system.
 Note: automatic configuration of the firewall may overwrite current settings.
 Do you want Setup to configure the firewall? (Yes, No) [Yes]:
[ INFO ] firewalld will be configured as firewall manager.
```

[![Network Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4-300x46.jpg "4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4.jpg)Network Configuration

```
--== DATABASE CONFIGURATION ==--

Where is the DWH database located? (Local, Remote) [Local]:
 Setup can configure the local postgresql server automatically for the DWH to run. This may conflict with existing applications.
 Would you like Setup to automatically configure postgresql and create DWH database, or prefer to perform that manually? (Automatic, Manual) [Automaic]:
 Where is the Engine database located? (Local, Remote) [Local]:
 Setup can configure the local postgresql server automatically for the engine to run. This may conflict with existing applications.
 Would you like Setup to automatically configure postgresql and create Engine database, or prefer to perform that manually? (Automatic, Manual) [Autmatic]:
```

Select the Database whether it is local database or remote Database if it is remote provide remote server details

```
--== OVIRT ENGINE CONFIGURATION ==--

Engine admin password:
 Confirm engine admin password:
[WARNING] Password is weak: it is too simplistic/systematic
 Use weak password? (Yes, No) [No]: yes
 Application mode (Virt, Gluster, Both) [Both]:
```

Engine Password is the main password while connecting admin portal you have to provide

```
--== STORAGE CONFIGURATION ==--

Default SAN wipe after delete (Yes, No) [No]: yes
```

SAN Configuration do want wipe entire default space

```
--== PKI CONFIGURATION ==--

Organization name for certificate [localdomain]:
```

Public Key Infrastructure Certificate for provided domain, while accessing admin portal if domain name does not match you can’t load admin portal

```
 --== APACHE CONFIGURATION ==--

Setup can configure the default page of the web server to present the application home page. This may conflict with existing applications.
 Do you wish to set the application as the default page of the web server? (Yes, No) [Yes]:
 Setup can configure apache to use SSL using a certificate issued from the internal CA.
 Do you wish Setup to configure that, or prefer to perform that manually? (Automatic, Manual) [Automatic]:
```

 Configure RHEV-M Configuration with SSL for accessing using https://adminportalURL:8443

[![RHEV-M System Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/10-300x151.jpg "10 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/10.jpg)RHEV-M System Configuration

Verify Final configuration settings and say OK so that RHEV-M will start installing

[![Final Verification for RHEV-M Installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/11-300x178.jpg "11 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/11.jpg)Final Verification for RHEV-M Installation and Configuration

Summary if installation finally RHEV-M Installed successfully

[![Installation Summary](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/12-300x96.jpg "12 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/12.jpg)Installation Summary

Now Access RHEV-M Admin portal using URL to manage everything from single place

https://localhost.localdomain.ovirt-engine/sso/login.html

[![RHEV-M Admin portal Login screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-H1-300x176.jpg "RHEV-H1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-H1.jpg)RHEV-M Admin portal Login screen

After Successful Login you will as like below

[![HowTo Install RHEV-M Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager RHEL 7 - Part 2](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/14-300x179.jpg "14 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/14.jpg)HowTo Install RHEV-M Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager RHEL 7 – Part 2

That’s it about HowTo Install RHEV-M Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager 4.1

## Related Articles

[What is RHEV Part-1](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization/)

[Kernel-Based Virtual Machine installation Step by Step Guide RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-kvm-hypervisor-rhel-7/)

[Semanage Command not Found](https://arkit.co.in/semanage-command-not-found/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization, RHEV, RHEV-M, RHEVM

---

### [SSH Login using Private Key File - Without User Password Secure Way](https://arkit.co.in/ssh-login-using-private-key-file/)

**Published:** July 4, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Security plays major role now a days after seeing so many attacks across the world. Main and crucial part is handing over credentials to other party by passing credentials over internet in un-secured way. It’s always dangerous. To Over come such a CRITICAL part of security we can implement this solution in any of the organization. SSH Login using Private Key File Without User Password Secure Way.

  setup PuTTY SSH keys for passwordless user logins

Create new user

```
[root@Ark-Server ~]# useradd andy
```

Switch to user

```
[root@Ark-Server ~]# su andy
```

Generate the ssh key

## SSH Login using Private Key File – Without User Password Secure Way

```
[andy@Ark-Server root]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/andy/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/home/andy/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/andy/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/andy/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.

The key fingerprint is:
f1:bf:01:45:94:8a:a4:43:75:ab:15:f4:ad:65:6e:28 andy@Ark-Server.us-west-2.compute.internal
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| ...o . oo |
| .. o.o .. |
| ..oo.=. . |
| .o.*.o . |
| E o S o |
| . . . o |
| o |
| o |
| . |
+-----------------+
[andy@Ark-Server root]$
```

Successfully generated ssh key then have look at into default path to verify file

```
[andy@Ark-Server root]$ cd /home/andy/.ssh/
[andy@Ark-Server .ssh]$ ll
total 8
-rw-------. 1 andy andy 1675 Jul 1 23:58 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 andy andy 428 Jul 1 23:58 id_rsa.pub
[andy@Ark-Server .ssh]$
```

Download the PuTTygen software and generate public key. Must Copy the generate public key

[![PuttyGen To Generate Private Key](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/^FECA8C79E5E7B5E35026FB850C458895560C2851BFA468830F^pimgpsh_fullsize_distr-300x285.png "^FECA8C79E5E7B5E35026FB850C458895560C2851BFA468830F^pimgpsh_fullsize_distr - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/^FECA8C79E5E7B5E35026FB850C458895560C2851BFA468830F^pimgpsh_fullsize_distr.png)PuttyGen To Generate Private Key

Note : When your going to save the private key if you want to login with “Key passpharse” you can set the “key passpharse”. Whenever you given the name of “key passpharse”, must need to remember the “key passpharse” name

If dont’ want login with “key passpharse” leave the blank.

Save the private key to your System (name.ppk)

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/^C37AF63BA1028E47A3090B61963F7D25A7520AF69E801E972A^pimgpsh_fullsize_distr-300x292.png "^C37AF63BA1028E47A3090B61963F7D25A7520AF69E801E972A^pimgpsh_fullsize_distr - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/^C37AF63BA1028E47A3090B61963F7D25A7520AF69E801E972A^pimgpsh_fullsize_distr.png)
Follow above screenshots

copy public key to authorized\_keys file and give the permission

```
[andy@Ark-Server .ssh]$ vi authorized_keys
[andy@Ark-Server .ssh]$ chmod 600 authorized_keys
```

Now login with Private key.
Screenshot 4.

[![Add your Private Key to Putty](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Add-your-Private-Key-to-Putty-300x288.png "Add your Private Key to Putty - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Add-your-Private-Key-to-Putty.png)Attach your Private Key to Putty

```
login as: andy
Authenticating with public key "imported-openssh-key"
Passphrase for key "imported-openssh-key":
Last login: Sun Jul 2 00:09:48 2017
[andy@Ark-Server ~]$
```

If you would like to restrict complete

## Conclusion: 

Here you have to observe that User andy does not have password to login via SSH.

That’s It.

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux

---

### [RHVH 4.1 Installation Step by Step Guide Red Hat Virtualization Host](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-h-4-1-installation-step-by-step/)

**Published:** July 5, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Red Hat Virtualization Host (RHVH 4.1) is installed using a special build ([Download Link](https://access.redhat.com/products/red-hat-virtualization))of Red Hat Enterprise Linux with only the packages required to host virtual machines. It uses an Anaconda installation interface based on the one used by Red Hat Enterprise Linux hosts, and can be updated through the Red Hat Virtualization Manager or via yum. Using the yum command is the only way to install additional packages and have them persist after an upgrade. In this article we are going to see RHVH 4.1 installation

  RHVH features a Web interface for monitoring the host’s resources and performing administrative tasks. Direct access to RHVH via SSH or console is not supported, so the Cockpit user interface provides a graphical user interface for tasks that are performed before the host is added to the Red Hat Virtualization Manager, such as configuring networking and deploying a self-hosted engine, and can also be used to run terminal commands via the **Tools > Terminal.**

Access the Cockpit user interface at https://RHEV-HOST-FQDN:9090 in your web browser. Cockpit for RHVH includes a custom Virtualization dashboard that displays the host’s health status, SSH Host Key, self-hosted engine status, virtual machines, and virtual machine statistics.

## RHVH 4.1 Installation Step by Step Guide Red Hat Virtualization Host

Burn ISO image into CD/DVD or Attach ISO image to physical server using iDRAC / ILO / HMC hardware console, Boot from CD/DVD

[![RHVH 4.1 Booting Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1-1-300x225.jpg "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1-1.jpg)RHVH 4.1 Booting Screen

[![system language selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2-1-300x227.jpg "2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2-1.jpg)system language

Select **Install RHEV 4.1** and Hit Enter

Appropriate / required language and click **Forward**

[![Installation Options](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3-1-300x225.jpg "3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3-1.jpg)Installation Options

[![Time Zone Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4-1-300x225.jpg "4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4-1.jpg)Time Zone Selection

DATE & TIME –> Appropriate Time Zone

[![Keyboard Language Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/5-300x225.jpg "5 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/5.jpg)Keyboard Language Selection

KEYBOARD and select language to type

[![Disk Partitioning](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/6-300x225.jpg "6 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/6.jpg)Disk Partitioning

[![LVM thin provisioned](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/7-300x225.jpg "7 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/7.jpg)LVM thin provisioned

Create either startandard Or LVM partitions preferred [Logical Volume Manager](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/) (LVM Partitions)

[![Final LVM Partition acceptance](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/8-300x225.jpg "8 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/8.jpg)Final LVM Partition acceptance

[![Network Settings and Host Name](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/9-300x225.jpg "9 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/9.jpg)Network Settings and Host Name

[![Set Root user password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/10-1-300x225.jpg "10 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/10-1.jpg)Set Root user password

Using above wizard we can create Root Password and Create New User

[![root password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/11-1-300x225.jpg "11 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/11-1.jpg)root password

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/12-1-300x225.jpg "12 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/12-1.jpg)

After completion all the above options, it will prompt to reboot. Installation completed successfully.

That’s it Now login to RHVH using web browser https://RHVH-FQDN:9090 provide root user credentials

[![RHVH Login Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-H1-1-300x176.jpg "RHEV-H1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-H1-1.jpg)RHVH Login Screen

[![RHVH Options and Performance Monitoring](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-H-300x191.jpg "RHEV-H - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-H.jpg)RHVH Options and Performance Monitoring

## Related Articles

[What is RHEV](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization/)

[HowTo Install RHEV-M](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-rhev-m-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization-manager/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** RHVH 4.1

---

### [RHEV Hypervisor Installation Step by Step Guide Part-3](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-hypervisor-installation/)

**Published:** July 8, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

This before we posted an post about [RHEV-M (Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager)](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-rhev-m-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization-manager/) Here is an Continuation post for Installing Red Hat Enterprise Hypervisor Host. Manager is used to manage multiple RHEVH (Red Hat Hypervisor Hosts). In this article we are going to see HowTo Install RHEV Hypervisor Installation Step by Step Guide.

Hypervisor we can also install in RHEL versions but installing direct ISO will give to optimized environment and less performance issues. Hypervisor Operating System is fully optimized and runs only required services.

  [What is RHEV – Part-1](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization/)

[HowTo Install RHEV Manager – Part-2](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-rhev-m-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization-manager/)

[Download RHEV-H Link](https://access.redhat.com/products/red-hat-virtualization#getstarted)

## RHEV Hypervisor Installation

After successful completion of download ISO file. Please write to CD/DVD and try to load and boot from CD/DVD

[![Start RHEV Hypervisor7](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/16-300x225.jpg "16 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/16.jpg)Start RHEV Hypervisor 7

Select installation Start Rhev Hypervisor 7

[![Install Hypervisor 7.3](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Install-Hypervisor-7.3-300x225.jpg "Install Hypervisor 7.3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Install-Hypervisor-7.3.jpg)Install Hypervisor 7.3

To Continue Installation you have to select “Install Hypervisor 7.3“

[![KeyBoard Layout Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/KeyBoard-Layout-Selection-300x225.jpg "KeyBoard Layout Selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/KeyBoard-Layout-Selection.jpg)KeyBoard Layout Selection

RHEV Hypervisor Installation Select “Key Board Language” and Hit **Continue**

[![Select Disk for Booting](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Select-Disk-for-Booting-300x225.jpg "Select Disk for Booting - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Select-Disk-for-Booting.jpg)Select Disk for Booting

Please Select the Disk to use for Booting RHEV-H then Click **Continue**

[![Disks for Installation of RHEV-H](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Disks-for-Installation-300x225.jpg "Disks for Installation - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Disks-for-Installation.jpg)Disks for Installation

Storage Volumes and there space allocation

- Swap MB : 7960
- Config MB: 5
- Logging MB: 2048
- Data MB: 83531

[![Storage Volumes](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Storage-Volumes-300x225.jpg "Storage Volumes - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Storage-Volumes.jpg)Storage Volumes

After partitioning please **continue**

[![Confirm Disk Selection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Confirm-Disk-Selection-300x225.jpg "Confirm Disk Selection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Confirm-Disk-Selection.jpg)Confirm Disk Selection

The Data on these Disks will we erased! – Click **Confirm**

[![Set root user password](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Set-root-user-password-300x225.jpg "Set root user password - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Set-root-user-password.jpg)Set root user password

Enter a password for the admin user and confirm password – Click **Install**

[![Installation is in Progress](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Installation-is-in-Progress-300x225.jpg "Installation is in Progress - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Installation-is-in-Progress.jpg)Installation is in Progress

Installation of RHEV Hypervisor is in progress

[![Login Screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Login-Screen-300x107.jpg "Login Screen - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Login-Screen.jpg)Login Screen

[![bond0 Unconfigured](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/bond0-Unconfigured-300x139.jpg "bond0 Unconfigured - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/bond0-Unconfigured.jpg)bond0 Unconfigured

Configure bonding you have to select bond0 and click **Enter**

[![bond0 configuration IP Details](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/bond0-configuration-300x135.jpg "bond0 configuration - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/bond0-configuration.jpg)bond0 configuration

Select Boot protocol Static

- IP Address :
- Netmask :
- Gateway :

Click **Save**

[![bond completed](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/bond-completed-266x300.jpg "bond completed - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/bond-completed.jpg)bond completed

## Adding RHEV Hypervisor to RHEV Manager

Ping to the RHEV-M Host and check your able to reach

[![ping from rhevh to rhevm](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ping-from-rhevh-to-rhevm-300x89.jpg "ping from rhevh to rhevm - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ping-from-rhevh-to-rhevm.jpg)ping from rhevh to rhevm

If it is reachable then your almost near by

[![enable remote ssh access from security](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/enable-remote-ssh-access-from-security-300x147.jpg "enable remote ssh access from security - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/enable-remote-ssh-access-from-security.jpg)enable remote ssh access from security

Go to Security Tab and Enable SSH Remote Access which is used to authenticate from RHEVM for adding and changing Host settings from Manager

After enabling the SSH provide password and Hit Save

If you have requirement to monitor RHEV-H from monitoring tool enable SNMP

[![Enable SNMP](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Enable-SNMP-300x130.jpg "Enable SNMP - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Enable-SNMP.jpg)Enable SNMP

The Final step is to add Host to Manager to do that add RHEV-M details by selecting RHEV-M Tab

[![RHEV-M Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-M-Configuration-300x168.jpg "RHEV-M Configuration - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RHEV-M-Configuration.jpg)RHEV-M Configuration

RHEV-M FQDN – Provide Fully Qualified Domain Name OR IP Address of Manager

Provide Password for root

Click **<Save / Register>**

Go Back to Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager and check Host Tab you should see Added Host Pending for approval

[![Host is Pending for approval](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Host-is-Pending-for-approval-300x103.png "Host is Pending for approval - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Host-is-Pending-for-approval.png)Host is Pending for approval

Select Appropriate Host and Click Approve to continue

[![After adding Host to Manager](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/After-adding-Host-to-Manager-300x29.png "After adding Host to Manager - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/After-adding-Host-to-Manager.png)After adding Host to Manager

That’s it. RHEV Hypervisor installation completed successfully and also added to RHEV-M Now Next step is to Create Virtual Machines, Adding Storage Domains and Manage Virtual machines from Manager

## Related Articles

[HowTo Install Kernel-Based Virtual Machine](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-kvm-hypervisor-rhel-7/)

[Semanage Command Not Found](https://arkit.co.in/semanage-command-not-found/)

[For more details Read Guide](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_virtualization/4.1/html/installation_guide/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** REHV Hypervisor, RHEV-H

---

### [Shell Script To Check CPU Utilization In Linux Unix](https://arkit.co.in/shell-script-to-check-cpu-utilization-in-linux-unix/)

**Published:** July 12, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We have already published Shell script to Monitor CPU Utilization and get an email when it is CRITICAL in Usage [Check out Article](https://arkit.co.in/monitor-cpu-utilization-using-shell-script/). Here is an One more Shell Script To Check CPU Utilization in Linux Unix Operating systems and store the values in .out file for future reference.

  Below is the script which will collect CPU Utilization and store into file and does not apply any validation

```
#!/bin/bash
CPU_USAGE=$(top -b -n2 -p 1 | fgrep "Cpu(s)" | tail -1 | awk -F'id,' -v prefix="$prefix" '{ split($1, vs, ","); v=vs[length(vs)]; sub("%", "", v); printf "%s%.1f%%\n", prefix, 100 - v }')
DATE=$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:")
CPU_USAGE="$DATE CPU: $CPU_USAGE"
echo $CPU_USAGE >> /opt/cpu_usage.out
```

Above Shell Script Output is below

```
root@ArkIT-Script:/scripts# sh cpuload.sh
root@ArkIT-Script:/scripts# cat /opt/cpu_usage.out
2017-07-11 23:08: CPU: 1.2%
2017-07-11 23:22: CPU: 1.5%
```

But I am not Ok with above script which does not apply any validation the same script i have modified, can validate and send as an email alert when it is CRITICAL

## Shell Script To Check CPU Utilization In Linux Unix

```
#!/bin/bash
## Collect Real Time CPU Usage
## DATE: 12th July 2017
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
CPU_USAGE=$(top -b -n2 -p 1 | fgrep "Cpu(s)" | tail -1 | awk '{ print $8 }' | cut -c1-2)
if [ $CPU_USAGE -le 10 ]; then
 DATE=$(date "+%F %H:%M:%S")
 CPU_USAGE1="$DATE CPU: $CPU_USAGE"
 echo "CRITICAL $CPU_USAGE1% Idle" >> /opt/cpusage.out
 cat /opt/cpusage.out |tail -5 > /tmp/cpusage.tmp
 mail -s "CPU Utilization of `hostname`" EMAILADDRESS < /tmp/cpusage.tmp
elif [ $CPU_USAGE -ge 10 ] && [ $CPU_USAGE -le 20 ]; then
 DATE=$(date "+%F %H:%M:%S")
 CPU_USAGE1="$DATE CPU: $CPU_USAGE"
 echo "WARNING $CPU_USAGE1% Idle" >> /opt/cpusage.out
 cat /opt/cpusage.out |tail -5 > /tmp/cpusage.tmp
 mail -s "CPU Utilization of `hostname`" EMAILADDRESS < /tmp/cpusage.tmp
else
 DATE=$(date "+%F %H:%M:%S")
 CPU_USAGE1="$DATE CPU: $CPU_USAGE"
 echo "OK $CPU_USAGE1% Idle" >> /opt/cpusage.out
fi
```

Create one file using [touch command](https://arkit.co.in/touch-command-linux-unix/)

```
# touch 1cpuload.sh
```

Copy above script and paste in 1cpuload.sh file and run dos2unix filename which will convert from windows format to Unix format to avoid errors while executing shell script

```
# dos2unix 1cpuload.sh
```

**Note:** Before running the CPU Utilization Monitoring Shell script Change EMAILADDRESS

Run the script

```
root@ArkIT-Script:/scripts# sh 1cpuload.sh
root@ArkIT-Script:/scripts# cat /opt/cpusage.out
OK 2017-07-11 22:58 CPU: id% Idle
OK 2017-07-11 22:59 CPU: 98% Idle
OK 2017-07-11 22:59 CPU: 98% Idle
OK 2017-07-11 23:31:23 CPU: 98% Idle
```

That’s it about Monitoring CPU Utilization and storing output values for future reference. If you have any issues with this script please add your comment with error details we will try to help you out.

## Related Articles

[Delete Blank Lines from file Using AWK tool](https://arkit.co.in/delete-blank-lines/)

[What is Shell & Shell Scripting](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-a-shell-shell-script/)

[Learn Linux Step by Step Guide](http://www.tectm.com/p/index.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7, shell scripting

**Tags:** Check CPU Utilization

---

### [HowTo Install ShinySky Collection of Shiny UI Packages](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-shinysky-collection-shiny/)

**Published:** July 13, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Introducing ShinySky A collection of Shiny UI (User Interface) components/widgets that are not a part of standard Shiny. Currently there is only styled buttons and alerts in ShinySky, but the aim is to slowly add to it so that it becomes at “feature-parity” with Bootstrap, i.e. using standard R idiom, functions, one can completely define everything there is in Bootstrap. The intention is also to collate together the various components being customized. In this Article we are going to HowTo Install ShinySky Collection Shiny UI Packages Centos 7 / RHEL 7.

  ## Dependencies To Install ShinySky

- Curl
- Git2r
- Httr
- Devtools
- Openssl
- htmltools

Before start installing ShinySky we need to install devtools in R shiny or else it will fail with non-zero exit status. To install Devtools you have to install Git2r,Curl,Httr,Openssl and Htmltools.

```
ERROR: configuration failed for package ‘git2r’
* removing ‘/usr/lib64/R/library/git2r’
ERROR: dependencies ‘curl’, ‘openssl’ are not available for package ‘httr’
* removing ‘/usr/lib64/R/library/httr’
ERROR: dependencies ‘httr’, ‘git2r’ are not available for package ‘devtools’
* removing ‘/usr/lib64/R/library/devtools’
```

If you receive above error you have to install below mentioned packages then try again

```
# yum install openssl-devel openssl libcurl-devel
```

Enter into R Console for installing packages in RShiny

```
# R

> install.packages("devtools")
Installing package into ‘/usr/lib64/R/library’
** building package indices
** installing vignettes
** testing if installed package can be loaded
* DONE (devtools)
Making 'packages.html' ... done
```

```
The downloaded source packages are in
 ‘/tmp/RtmpN5wzOI/downloaded_packages’
Updating HTML index of packages in '.Library'
Making 'packages.html' ... done
> library("devtools")
> require("devtools")
```

Completion of installation verify the packages using list of installed packages in R Application

```
> ip  rownames(ip)  ip  print(ip, row.names=FALSE)
 Package Version
 curl 2.7
 devtools 1.13.2
 digest 0.6.12
 git2r 0.18.0
 htmltools 0.3.6
 httpuv 1.3.5
 httr 1.2.1
```

Check and Confirm that R devtools are installed then proceed for ShinySky Installation

## HowTo Install ShinySky Collection

```
> devtools::install_github("AnalytixWare/ShinySky")
Downloading GitHub repo AnalytixWare/ShinySky@master
from URL https://api.github.com/repos/AnalytixWare/ShinySky/zipball/master
Installing shinysky

** building package indices
** testing if installed package can be loaded
* DONE (shinysky)
Making 'packages.html' ... done
```

you could see an message as mentioned above, if you see any error message like exit status non-zero then ShinySky Installation is not successful. If console message is like above DONE (ShinySky) Install ShynySky is successful.

Now Ready rock with ShinySky action buttons let’s start web app

```
> shinysky::run.shinysky.example()
Loading required package: shiny

Listening on http://127.0.0.1:7035
Loading required package: RJSONIO
Loading required package: plyr

Attaching package: ‘shinysky’

The following object is masked from ‘package:shiny’:

actionButton

$event
[1] ""

$event_count
[1] 0
```

[![ShinySky Web View](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ShinySky-Web-View-300x94.png "ShinySky Web View - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ShinySky-Web-View.png)ShinySky Web View

## Conclusion

Install ShinySky Collection is Successful. Enjoy using UI action buttons in Shiny Application.

## Related Articles

[NFS Server Installation and Configuration RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

[R Shiny Server Installation Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/install-r-shiny-server-centos-7/)

[How to Reset root user password in RHEL 7](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.in/2016/05/reset-rhel7-root-password.html)

[More information Look at this github page](https://github.com/AnalytixWare/ShinySky)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTYiIGhlaWdodD0iMTYiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNiAxNiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KPHBhdGggZD0iTTEyLjI2MzUgNC42ODE0MUMxMS43MzM3IDQuNjgyNDUgMTEuMzAyOSA0LjI1MzQ3IDExLjMwMTggMy43MjM2NUMxMS4zMDA4IDMuMTkzODQgMTEuNzI5OCAyLjc2MzA1IDEyLjI1OTggMi43NjIwMUMxMi43ODk5IDIuNzYwOTcgMTMuMjIwNyAzLjE5MDIxIDEzLjIyMTcgMy43MjAwMkMxMy4yMjI1IDQuMjQ5ODQgMTIuNzkzNSA0LjY4MDM4IDEyLjI2MzUgNC42ODE0MVoiIGZpbGw9IiM0MzQ5NjAiLz4KPHBhdGggZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIiBjbGlwLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiIGQ9Ik04LjAwNzY1IDEyLjEwNzNDNS43MzkzOSAxMi4xMTE3IDMuODk2NzMgMTAuMjc2NiAzLjg5MjM0IDguMDA3NzdDMy44ODc5MiA1LjczOTQ4IDUuNzIzNTcgMy44OTY1NCA3Ljk5MTg0IDMuODkyMTNDMTAuMjYwNiAzLjg4NzczIDEyLjEwMzUgNS43MjM5MyAxMi4xMDc5IDcuOTkxOTdDMTIuMTEyMyAxMC4yNjA4IDEwLjI3NjIgMTIuMTAyOSA4LjAwNzY1IDEyLjEwNzNaTTcuOTk0NjkgNS4zMzM1N0M2LjUyMjQ0IDUuMzM2MTYgNS4zMzA2MyA2LjUzMjM5IDUuMzMzMjIgOC4wMDQ5MkM1LjMzNjA3IDkuNDc3NzIgNi41MzI1NSAxMC42NjkzIDguMDA0OCAxMC42NjY0QzkuNDc3NTggMTAuNjYzNiAxMC42Njk0IDkuNDY3NjEgMTAuNjY2NSA3Ljk5NDgxQzEwLjY2MzcgNi41MjIwMiA5LjQ2NzIyIDUuMzMwNzIgNy45OTQ2OSA1LjMzMzU3WiIgZmlsbD0iIzQzNDk2MCIvPgo8cGF0aCBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiIGNsaXAtcnVsZT0iZXZlbm9kZCIgZD0iTTIuNzQ2MTQgMC40MzA5ODZDMy4yNTQxNyAwLjIzMTkxNyAzLjgzNTU2IDAuMDk1NTc0OCA0LjY4Njc3IDAuMDU1Mzk4OEM1LjU0MDA3IDAuMDE0NDQ4NCA1LjgxMjQ4IDAuMDA1MTE0MDEgNy45ODQ1OCAwLjAwMDk2ODQxNEMxMC4xNTcyIC0wLjAwMzE3NzE5IDEwLjQyOTYgMC4wMDUxMTI0MSAxMS4yODI5IDAuMDQyOTU1NkMxMi4xMzQ0IDAuMDc5NzYyIDEyLjcxNiAwLjIxNDAzMiAxMy4yMjUxIDAuNDExMDI5QzEzLjc1MTggMC42MTM5ODMgMTQuMTk4NyAwLjg4NzE4OCAxNC42NDQgMS4zMzA2OUMxNS4wODkzIDEuNzc0NyAxNS4zNjM1IDIuMjIwMDEgMTUuNTY5IDIuNzQ1OTRDMTUuNzY3OSAzLjI1NDUgMTUuOTA0MiAzLjgzNTM3IDE1Ljk0NDYgNC42ODcxMkMxNS45ODUxIDUuNTQwMTUgMTUuOTk0OSA1LjgxMjMxIDE1Ljk5OTEgNy45ODQ3QzE2LjAwMzIgMTAuMTU2OCAxNS45OTQ0IDEwLjQyOTUgMTUuOTU3MSAxMS4yODMzQzE1LjkyIDEyLjEzNDMgMTUuNzg2IDEyLjcxNjIgMTUuNTg5IDEzLjIyNUMxNS4zODU1IDEzLjc1MTcgMTUuMTEyOCAxNC4xOTg2IDE0LjY2OTQgMTQuNjQzOUMxNC4yMjU5IDE1LjA4OTUgMTMuNzggMTUuMzYzNSAxMy4yNTQxIDE1LjU2OTNDMTIuNzQ1NiAxNS43Njc4IDEyLjE2NDcgMTUuOTA0MiAxMS4zMTM1IDE1Ljk0NDlDMTAuNDYwMiAxNS45ODUzIDEwLjE4NzggMTUuOTk0OSA4LjAxNDkxIDE1Ljk5OUM1Ljg0MzA2IDE2LjAwMzIgNS41NzA2NSAxNS45OTQ5IDQuNzE3MzcgMTUuOTU3M0MzLjg2NTg4IDE1LjkyIDMuMjgzOTggMTUuNzg2IDIuNzc1MTcgMTUuNTg5MkMyLjI0ODQ4IDE1LjM4NTUgMS44MDE2MSAxNS4xMTMxIDEuMzU2MyAxNC42NjkzQzAuOTEwNzQgMTQuMjI1NiAwLjYzNjI1NyAxMy43OCAwLjQzMDk3MiAxMy4yNTQxQzAuMjMxOTA1IDEyLjc0NTggMC4wOTYwNzE0IDEyLjE2NDYgMC4wNTUzODE4IDExLjMxMzdDMC4wMTQ2OTA2IDEwLjQ2MDEgMC4wMDUxMDMzOCAxMC4xODc0IDAuMDAwOTU5Mzc2IDguMDE1MjlDLTAuMDAzMjAwNjIgNS44NDI5IDAuMDA1MzU3NzggNS41NzA3NCAwLjA0MjY3NzggNC43MTc0NEMwLjA4MDI2NjYgMy44NjU3IDAuMjEzNzU4IDMuMjg0MDQgMC40MTA3NTMgMi43NzQ3MUMwLjYxNDIxOSAyLjI0ODI2IDAuODg2ODk3IDEuODAxNjUgMS4zMzA5MSAxLjM1NjA5QzEuNzc0NCAwLjkxMDc3NiAyLjIyMDIyIDAuNjM2MDEyIDIuNzQ2MTQgMC40MzA5ODZaTTMuMjk0MzYgMTQuMjQ1M0MzLjU3NjYzIDE0LjM1MzkgNC4wMDAxNSAxNC40ODM1IDQuNzgwMDkgMTQuNTE3NEM1LjYyNDA1IDE0LjU1NCA1Ljg3Njc2IDE0LjU2MiA4LjAxMjMyIDE0LjU1NzlDMTAuMTQ4NiAxNC41NTQgMTAuNDAxNCAxNC41NDQ5IDExLjI0NTEgMTQuNTA1MkMxMi4wMjQyIDE0LjQ2ODIgMTIuNDQ3OCAxNC4zMzcgMTIuNzI5MiAxNC4yMjcxQzEzLjEwMjggMTQuMDgxMiAxMy4zNjg3IDEzLjkwNjcgMTMuNjQ4MSAxMy42MjcxQzEzLjkyNzUgMTMuMzQ2MyAxNC4xMDA0IDEzLjA3OTYgMTQuMjQ1MSAxMi43MDYxQzE0LjM1MzkgMTIuNDIzNiAxNC40ODMzIDExLjk5OTggMTQuNTE3MiAxMS4yMTk4QzE0LjU1NDMgMTAuMzc2NCAxNC41NjIgMTAuMTIzNCAxNC41NTc5IDcuOTg3M0MxNC41NTQgNS44NTE3MSAxNC41NDQ5IDUuNTk4NzMgMTQuNTA0OCA0Ljc1NTAzQzE0LjQ2OCAzLjk3NTYgMTQuMzM3MSAzLjU1MjA1IDE0LjIyNjkgMy4yNzA4MkMxNC4wODEgMi44OTY3OSAxMy45MDcxIDIuNjMxMzcgMTMuNjI2NiAyLjM1MTY5QzEzLjM0NjEgMi4wNzIgMTMuMDc5NCAxLjg5OTYzIDEyLjcwNTQgMS43NTVDMTIuNDIzNiAxLjY0NTg4IDExLjk5OTYgMS41MTY3OSAxMS4yMjAyIDEuNDgyODRDMTAuMzc2MiAxLjQ0NTc3IDEwLjEyMzIgMS40MzgyNSA3Ljk4NzE3IDEuNDQyNEM1Ljg1MTYyIDEuNDQ2NTUgNS41OTg5MSAxLjQ1NTEgNC43NTUyMSAxLjQ5NTAyQzMuOTc1NTMgMS41MzIwOCAzLjU1MjUxIDEuNjYyOTggMy4yNzA1IDEuNzczMTRDMi44OTcyNSAxLjkxOTA3IDIuNjMxMzEgMi4wOTI0OCAyLjM1MTY0IDIuMzczMkMyLjA3MjQ3IDIuNjUzOTEgMS44OTk1OSAyLjkyMDEyIDEuNzU0OTYgMy4yOTQ0MUMxLjY0NjYyIDMuNTc2NDMgMS41MTYyMyA0LjAwMDQ4IDEuNDgyOCA0Ljc3OTkxQzEuNDQ1OTkgNS42MjM4NyAxLjQzODIyIDUuODc2ODYgMS40NDIzNiA4LjAxMjQ0QzEuNDQ2MjYgMTAuMTQ4NSAxLjQ1NTMyIDEwLjQwMTUgMS40OTQ5OCAxMS4yNDQ3QzEuNTMxNTMgMTIuMDI0NyAxLjY2MzQ1IDEyLjQ0NzcgMS43NzMxMSAxMi43Mjk5QzEuOTE5MDMgMTMuMTAyOSAyLjA5Mjk2IDEzLjM2ODkgMi4zNzMxNSAxMy42NDg2QzIuNjUzODcgMTMuOTI3MiAyLjkyMDU5IDE0LjEwMDYgMy4yOTQzNiAxNC4yNDUzWiIgZmlsbD0iIzQzNDk2MCIvPgo8L3N2Zz4K) 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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** R Shiny Packages, ShinySky

---

### [HowTo Install GNOME Desktop Centos 7 Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/install-gnome-desktop-centos-7/)

**Published:** July 14, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

GNOME Stands for GNU Network Object Model Environment. GNOME Desktop will give you ultimate/cool environment to work on and powerful GUI as well. In this article we are going to HowTo Install GNOME Desktop Centos 7 Step by Step Guide

  ## Install GNOME Desktop Advantages

- Simple and Easy to Access all your basic tasks
- Helps in making more productivity
- Puts you in Control
- Smooth, Polished Product to use beautiful
- Easily Access All your data

## Installation of GNOME Desktop Environment on Centos 7

GNOME is a free and open source desktop environment for Linux based systems. GNOME is developed by The GNOME Project.

Installation of GNOME Desktop Environment: Check the list of available package groups in the server using yum command

```
# yum group list
```

Install the GNOME desktop group

```
# yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop" "Graphical Administration Tools"
```

[![yum group list command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome-300x217.png "gnome - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome.png)yum group list command output

To Enable GUI on your system start up in CentOS7/RHEL7, Systemd uses “targets” instead of runlevels “/etc/inittab” file is no more used to change run levels.

below command to enable the GUI on system start.

```
# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target
```

set the system to boot directly into the GUI in CentOS7/RHEL7

```
# systemctl set-default graphical.target
```

start GUI login from command line

```
# systemctl start graphical.target
```

Now reboot your server

```
# reboot
```

[![License Agreement screen](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome1-300x181.png "gnome1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome1.png)License Agreement

After rebooted the server accept the licence agreement as shown below screenshot

[![Click Done](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome3-300x179.png "gnome3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome3.png)

To “FINISH CONFIGURATION” for complete the setup.

[![GNOME Desktop First Look](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome2-300x173.png "gnome2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gnome2.png)GNOME Desktop First Look

 GNOME Successfully installed.

That’s it.

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[Download Networking for Dummies Free Book 456 Pages](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_wile240/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** GNOME Desktop

---

### [Cheat Command - Create View Interactive Cheat Sheets Command Line](https://arkit.co.in/cheat-command-interactive-cheat-sheets/)

**Published:** July 17, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Are you an Linux User.? but you still have fear to remember [Linux Commands](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/) and there options. It’s an good news for you No need to remember Linux Commands any more simple use cheat command to create view interactive cheat sheets Command Line Interface. Wow..!! Amazing right.

  ## Let’s see How to Install Cheat Command

cheat command allows you to create and view interactive cheat sheets on the command-line. It helps users and administrators not to confuse while typing commands. Specially administrator commands are more dangerous some time system may crash if command options/arguments are wrong.

[There are 5 command line tools which help](https://arkit.co.in/getting-help-5-command-line-tools/) but still it’s not an straight forward answer, reading entire content and understanding will take more time

Cheat-Sheets are written in python language, to install cheat command you need to install its dependencies

```
# yum install python python-pip -y
```

In Ubuntu version use below commands

```
# apt-get install python
# apt-get install python-pip
```

[Download cheat from github](https://github.com/chrisallenlane/cheat.git)

if you get an error git command not found then install git command using below commands

```
# apt-get install git
# yum install git
```

Now Clone the Git Repository as shown

```
# git clone https://github.com/chrisallenlane/cheat.git

# cd cheat/
# ls
bin cheat CONTRIBUTING.md LICENSE licenses man1 MANIFEST.in README.md setup.py
```

[![cheat command installation error](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-command-installation-error-300x65.png "cheat command installation error - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-command-installation-error.png)cheat command installation error

Manually install dependencies

```
$ pip install docopt pygments appdirs
```

You may receive above error because if your not installing cheat command with existing user, in order to install cheat-sheets using root user use sudo -H option

```
$ sudo -H pip install cheat
$ pip install cheat

Or

$ python setup.py install
```

## View Cheat-Sheets Command Line

Syntax: cheat <cheat-sheet name>

```
$ cheat ps
```

[![cheat ps command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-ps-command-300x162.png "cheat ps command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-ps-command.png)cheat ps command

As shown cheat ps command listed best possible options. But how did you know there is ps cheat-sheet available

## List all Available cheat-sheets

```
$ cheat -l
```

[![cheat -l command output](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-l-command-output-300x210.png "cheat -l command output - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-l-command-output.png)cheat -l command output

First column of screen shot is cheat-sheet name and next column us path of source file

## Create Cheat Sheet Linux Command Line

Think if there is no cheat-sheet available which you looking at particularly don’t worry you can even create your own Linux cheat sheet using cheat command to do this first step is adding preferred cheat sheet editor

```
$ cheat -e arkit
You must set a CHEAT_EDITOR, VISUAL, or EDITOR environment variable in order to create/edit a cheatsheet.
```

Edit ~/.bashrc using any text editor and add

```
export CHEAT_EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim
export CHEATCOLORS=true
```

Now add commands to Linux cheat sheet then view them using cheatsheet name

```
$ cheat arkit
Hi This is an Test command line cheat-sheet
$ cat 
```

## Search Cheat Sheet in Linux

Awesome feature to search for Linux cheat sheets and there available options on the go

```
$ cheat -s 
```

Example

```
cheat -s cd
```

[![cheat sheet search](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-sheet-search-300x203.png "cheat sheet search - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cheat-sheet-search.png)cheat sheet search

## Directory Path of Stored Cheat Sheets

```
$ cheat -d
/home/administrator/.cheat
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/cheat/cheatsheets
```

Linux Cheat-Sheets are more useful for regular Linux users and Linux Administrators achieve them simply using cheat command Linux

```
$ cheat -v
cheat 2.2.0
$ cheat --help
cheat

Create and view cheat sheets on the command line.

Usage:
 cheat 
 cheat -e 
 cheat -s 
 cheat -l
 cheat -d
 cheat -v

Options:
 -d --directories List directories on CHEATPATH
 -e --edit Edit cheatsheet
 -l --list List cheatsheets
 -s --search Search cheatsheets for 
 -v --version Print the version number
```

That’s it about cheat command – Cheat sheets Linux Command Line Interface

## Related Articles

[CheatSheets](https://arkit.co.in/cheat-sheets/)

[shell script exit status](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-exit-status-shell-scripting-return-codes/)

https://github.com/chrisallenlane/cheat

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7, Ubuntu

**Tags:** CLI Cheat Sheets Linux, Linux cheat-sheets

---

### [HowTo Check Installed R Server Version Linux / Ubuntu](https://arkit.co.in/howto-check-installed-r-server-version/)

**Published:** July 19, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Shiny is an open source R package that provides an elegant and powerful web framework for building web applications using R Language. Shiny helps you turn your analyses into interactive web applications without requiring HTML, CSS, or JavaScript knowledge. In this article we are going to see HowTo Check Installed R Server Version Linux/Ubuntu.

To check R Server version we can use Terminal as well as R console

  ## Check Installed R Server Version from R Console

```
[root@RShiny-Server]# R

> version
 _
platform x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu
arch x86_64
os linux-gnu
system x86_64, linux-gnu
status
major 3
minor 4.0
year 2017
month 04
day 21
svn rev 72570
language R
version.string R version 3.4.0 (2017-04-21)
nickname You Stupid Darkness

> getRversion()
[1] ‘3.4.0’
> R.Version()$version.string
[1] "R version 3.4.0 (2017-04-21)"
```

above is the command output method one to check R Server version

```
> sessionInfo()
R version 3.4.0 (2017-04-21)
Platform: x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu (64-bit)
Running under: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
```

Session info is an one more way to check Installed R Server version

```
> getRversion()
[1] ‘3.4.0’
> R.Version()$version.string
[1] "R version 3.4.0 (2017-04-21)"
```

getRversion is one more way to check Installed R Server Version

To verify all the installed packages and there version use below

```
> packinfo[,c("Package", "Version")]
 Package Version
assertthat "assertthat" "0.2.0"
backports "backports" "1.1.0"
base "base" "3.4.0"
base64enc "base64enc" "0.1-3"
BH "BH" "1.62.0-1"
bindr "bindr" "0.1"
bindrcpp "bindrcpp" "0.2"
bitops "bitops" "1.0-6"
boot "boot" "1.3-19"
broom "broom" "0.4.2"
caTools "caTools" "1.17.1"
```

From Linux terminal you can use below commands

Red Hat / Centos

```
# rpm -qa |grep R-

Ubuntu
$ dpkg -s r-base
```

## Conclusion:

You may see this post like silly to read but when you not aware HowTo Check Installed R Server Version, then again you will come back here and check for options. Its so simple to check R server Version when you aware of required options.

## Related Articles

[HowTo Install RShiny Server](https://arkit.co.in/install-r-shiny-server-centos-7/)

[HowTo Install ShinySky App](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-shinysky-collection-shiny/)

[check Cron-R Project](https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-patched/R-admin.html)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** R Server Version

---

### [HowTo Install Apache OpenOffice4 Linux RHEL 7/Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/install-apache-openoffice4-linux/)

**Published:** July 22, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Quick guide to Install Apache OpenOffice 4 in Linux Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.x Or Centos 7.x. To Install Apache OpenOffice4 Linux first download extra source package from open office site.

  ## Apache OpenOffice4 Improvements

- Complete OpenSource Solution and alternative to MS Office
- Set default currency to Euro in Lithuanian locale
- Updated dictionaries.
- Enhancements to the build tools
- Security Fixes
- Several distinct enhancements were applied to the WebDAV management and file locking: OpenOffice is now able to properly interact with Microsoft Sharepoint, enabling a more productive usage in corporate-level environments. These enhancements were funded, and contributed upstream, by the Emilia-Romagna regional administration (Italy), where OpenOffice was adopted a few years ago.
- The PDF export dialog was redesigned for better usability on small laptop screens.
- Underlying libraries for the solver and digital signing functionality have been updated, for better performance and increased security.

## HowTo Install Apache OpenOffice4 Linux

Openoffice 32 bit download

```
wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/openofficeorg.mirror/files/4.1.3/binaries/en-US/Apache_OpenOffice_4.1.3_Linux_x86_install-rpm_en-US.tar.gz/download -O Apache_OpenOffice_4.1.3_Linux_x86_install-rpm_en-US.tar.gz
```

OpenOffice 63 bit download

```
wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/openofficeorg.mirror/files/4.1.3/binaries/en-US/Apache_OpenOffice_4.1.3_Linux_x86-64_install-rpm_en-US.tar.gz/download -O Apache_OpenOffice_4.1.3_Linux_x86-64_install-rpm_en-US.tar.gz
```

Extract the Package using [tar](https://arkit.co.in/20-useful-tar-and-zip-commands/)

```
$ tar -xvf Apache_OpenOffice_4.1.2_Linux_x86-64_install-rpm_en-US.tar.gz
$ su -
Password: 
# cd en-US/RPMS/
```

Now rum RPM installation using [Red Hat Package Manager](http://www.tectm.com/p/redhat-package-manager.html)

```
# rpm -ivh *.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
 1:openoffice-ure-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 2%]
 2:openoffice-core01-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 5%]
 3:openoffice-en-US-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 7%]
 4:openoffice-impress-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 10%]
 5:openoffice-en-US-base-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 12%]
 6:openoffice-en-US-calc-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 15%]
 7:openoffice-en-US-draw-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 17%]
 8:openoffice-en-US-help-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 20%]
 9:openoffice-en-US-impress-4.1.2-97################################# [ 22%]
 10:openoffice-en-US-math-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 24%]
 11:openoffice-en-US-res-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 27%]
 12:openoffice-en-US-writer-4.1.2-978################################# [ 29%]
 13:openoffice-base-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 32%]
 14:openoffice-calc-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 34%]
 15:openoffice-core02-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 37%]
 16:openoffice-core03-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 39%]
 17:openoffice-core04-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 41%]
 18:openoffice-core05-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 44%]
 19:openoffice-core06-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 46%]
 20:openoffice-core07-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 49%]
 21:openoffice-draw-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 51%]
 22:openoffice-images-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 54%]
 23:openoffice-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 56%]
 24:openoffice-math-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 59%]
 25:openoffice-writer-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 61%]
 26:openoffice-brand-writer-4.1.2-978################################# [ 63%]
 27:openoffice-brand-math-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 66%]
 28:openoffice-brand-base-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 68%]
 29:openoffice-brand-calc-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 71%]
 30:openoffice-brand-draw-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 73%]
 31:openoffice-brand-en-US-4.1.2-9782################################# [ 76%]
 32:openoffice-brand-impress-4.1.2-97################################# [ 78%]
 33:openoffice-ogltrans-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 80%]
 34:openoffice-gnome-integration-4.1.################################# [ 83%]
 35:openoffice-graphicfilter-4.1.2-97################################# [ 85%]
 36:openoffice-javafilter-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 88%]
 37:openoffice-onlineupdate-4.1.2-978################################# [ 90%]
 38:openoffice-ooofonts-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 93%]
 39:openoffice-ooolinguistic-4.1.2-97################################# [ 95%]
 40:openoffice-pyuno-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [ 98%]
 41:openoffice-xsltfilter-4.1.2-9782 ################################# [100%]
```

Required dependent packages are installed as you seen above command output

It’s an time to install desktop integration menus

```
# cd desktop-integration

# rpm -ivh openoffice4.1.2-redhat-menus-4.1.2-9782.noarch.rpm 
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing Openoffice4...
 1:openoffice4.1.2-redhat-menus-4.1.################################# [100%]
```

## Start OpenOffice4 Application

```
# openoffice4
```

[![OpenOffice4 Welcome Page First Time](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1-300x216.png "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1.png)OpenOffice4 Welcome Page First Time

[![Provide Name Click Finish](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2-300x214.png "2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2.png)Provide Name Click Finish

[![First Screen of OpenOffice4](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3-300x176.png "3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3.png)First Screen of OpenOffice4

[![Install OpenOffice4 RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4-300x157.png "4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4.png)Spreadsheet

## Conclusion

To Use Openoffice4 after installation in Linux you must be in GUI mode. Install Apache Openoffice4 Linux is very simple.

## Related Topics

[NFS Server Configuration RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

[Apodio Linux for Music Lovers](https://arkit.co.in/apodio-linux/)

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** OpenOffice4

---

### [HowTo Install RHEVH VMware Workstation Home Lab Setup - Part-4](https://arkit.co.in/install-rhevh-vmware-workstation/)

**Published:** July 22, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Most of the interested Administrators/Learners would like to practice at home using there own high configuration Workstations/Computers. Already virtualized environment do you want again enable for virtualization.? is it possible to do so, i say yes we can still do an virtualized virtual machine can be virtualized for installing RHEVH/Hyper-V/VMware ESX/ESXi. Using same method we are going to install RHEVH VMware Workstation Home Lab Setup This is the Part-4 in series of RHEV Tutorial

1. [What is Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization/)
2. [Installation of RHEVM step by step guide](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-rhev-m-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization-manager/)
3. [RHEVH4.1 Installation Guide](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-h-4-1-installation-step-by-step/)
4. [Red Hat Enterprise Hypervisor Installation](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-hypervisor-installation/)

## Install RHEVH VMware Workstation Home Lab Setup

Very first step is to create Virtual machine using VMware workstation 10.x/11.x/12.x Let’s follow the steps to create Virtual Machine. [Installation of VMware Workstation](https://arkit.co.in/setting-up-linux-lab-installing-vmware-workstation-software/)

  [![Click on File and Select NEw Virtual Machine](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/0-300x258.jpg "- ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/0.jpg)Click on File and Select NEw Virtual Machine

To Create a Virtual Machine Click on File –> New Virtual Machine

[![Select Custom and Click Next](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1-2-300x278.jpg "1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1-2.jpg)Select Custom and Click Next

Custom Installation required

[![Select Version](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2-2-300x278.jpg "2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2-2.jpg)Select Version Click Next

[![I will install Operating System Later](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3-2-300x278.jpg "3 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/3-2.jpg)I will install Operating System Later

[![Select Other Linux 64 Bit](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4-2-300x278.jpg "4 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/4-2.jpg)Select Other Linux 64 Bit

Here **Click Next** (Next Screen),

Provide your Virtual Machine and provide the path to store Virtual Disk **Click Next**

Processor Configuration Select Appropriate Numbers and **Click Next**

Memory For the Virtual Machine 8GB is Recommended **Click Next**

Network Type (Preferable is NAT) **Click Next**

Select I/O Controller Type LSI Logic is Recommended **Click Next**

Disk type Selection Window Select IDE, Other than IDE can’t be supported for RHEVH Installation in VMware Workstation **Click Next** In Continuation Select Create New Virtual Machine Disk and Next Screen Provide 100GB of Size for Machine Disk

[![Disk Space Allocate for RHEVH Installation](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/12-2-300x278.jpg "12 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/12-2.jpg)Disk Space Allocate

Verify the Disk Path and Click Next and Click Finish

**Note:** Do not Power On the Machine

Right Click on Virtual Machine –> Click on Settings –> Click on Processor

[![Change Processor Settings to Support Virtualization](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/17-300x266.jpg "17 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/17.jpg)Change Processor Settings to Support Virtualization

Now Edit .vmx file in notepad which is created the path you stored the Virtual Disk

Add below strings to last of the file

```
hypervisor.cpuid.v0 = “FALSE”
mce.enable = “TRUE”
vhu.enable = “TRUE”
```

Power on Virtual Machine and Start Installing RHEVH VMware WorkStation

[Follow Installation Steps](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-hypervisor-installation/)

## Conclusion

Enabling VT is only the key point here when you want to run any type of virtualization

[SELinux Policy Error](https://rhel7forfreshers.blogspot.com/2017/07/failed-to-load-selinux-policy-freezing.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7, vmware

**Tags:** install rhevh vmware workstation

---

### [Virsh Command Line Utility Manage KVM Virtual Machines Command Line](https://arkit.co.in/virsh-command-line-utility-manage-kvm/)

**Published:** July 23, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We have published an article way before to create [Kernel-Based Virtual Machine](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-kvm-hypervisor-rhel-7/) and installing KVM in RHEL 7/Centos. In this article we learn to create new VM with ‘virt-install’ & managing KVM based Virtual machines in CLI using command line tool named ‘virsh’. virsh command line interface tool for managing guests and the Hypervisor. The virsh tool is built on the libvirt management API and operates as an alternative to the xm tool and the graphical guest Manager( virt-manager ).

  ## Virsh Command Line Utility to Manage VM’s

Managing Kernel-Based Virtual Machines, Now that the machine has been created, we will learn managing KVM based VMs via CLI using ‘virsh’. Virsh supports a large number of commands, to view all of them use

```
$ virsh help
```

[command output there options](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/virsh-command-there-options.txt) in text file

You will get all the commands that can be used with virsh. Some the important commands are listed here in tutorial as well.

List all Guests Virtual Machines To list all Virtual machines that are running under KVM, use the following command

```
$ virsh list –-all
 Id Name State
—————————————————-
4 arkitvm running
```

Start Virtual Machine using below command example

```
# virsh start arkitvm
Domain arkitvm started

```

Where VM name , in our case, can be arkitvm

Power off VM, For shutting down a VM run the following

```
 $ virsh shutdown arkitvm
```

[![virsh shutdown command](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/virsh-shutdown-command-300x103.jpg "virsh shutdown command - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/virsh-shutdown-command.jpg)virsh shutdown command

This will shutdown VM in orderly manner. Which send an shutdown command to Virtual Machine you have to accept from VM

```
$ virsh destroy arkitvm
```

It will stop VM instantly and might cause damage to VM.

## Reboot Virtual Machine using Virsh Command

Rebooting Virtual Machine using virsh command line utility

```
$ virsh reboot Arkitvm
```

Suspending a Domain, VM will be in suspended mode so you can’t do anything its just like freeze

```
 # virsh suspend arkitvm
Domain arkitvm suspended
```

Resuming a VM, Suspended Virtual Machine you can bring back to normal state

```
# virsh resume arkitvm
Domain arkitvm resumed
```

**Note :** If the host is rebooted when suspended state of the VM will be lost

Saving a system State. To save the current state of a VM, run below mentioned command

```
$ virsh save arkit /tmp/vm
```

Where, /tmp/vm is the destination where the state of the VM will be saved.

Restoring state of a VM from save state. A saved state of the VM can be restored using the following command

```
$ virsh restore /data/vm
```

A saved state can be restored even after a host system reboot

Connecting to VM console using command line

```
# virsh console arkitvm &
[1] 34894
[root@Server0 Desktop]# Connected to domain arkitvm
Escape character is ^]
```

## Virsh Command VM Information

Displaying VM information dominfo command output

```
[root@Server0 Desktop]# virsh dominfo arkitvm
Id: 5
Name: arkitvm
UUID: 72f49f6d-b086-4fc7-8aa6-9a7ef52a0cb2
OS Type: hvm
State: running
CPU(s): 1
CPU time: 277.0s
Max memory: 1048576 KiB
Used memory: 1048576 KiB
Persistent: yes
Autostart: disable
Managed save: no
Security model: selinux
Security DOI: 0
Security label: system_u:system_r:svirt_t:s0:c282,c635 (enforcing)
```

Check VM memory & cpu usage

```
# virsh cpu-stats arkitvm
CPU0:
 cpu_time 161.426776171 seconds
 vcpu_time 155.533521360 seconds
CPU1:
 cpu_time 158.594611520 seconds
 vcpu_time 152.607630417 seconds
Total:
 cpu_time 320.021469790 seconds
 user_time 0.510000000 seconds
 system_time 12.620000000 seconds
```

Print Node Memory stats using virsh command

```
# virsh nodememstats
total : 7997540 KiB
free : 877400 KiB
buffers: 1456 KiB
cached : 5372372 KiB
```

To Check Network Information you simple use below command

```
# virsh net-info 
```

## Conclusion

You can do hell lot of things using virsh command which means you can simply control each and every guest using virsh. Attaching new devices and populate configuration using XML File.

[what is RHEV](https://arkit.co.in/rhev-red-hat-enterprise-virtualization/)

[more command options](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/5/html/Virtualization/chap-Virtualization-Managing_guests_with_virsh.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** virsh command

---

### [3 Python Programming Books Completely Free of Cost Just Download](https://arkit.co.in/3-python-programming-books-completely-free/)

**Published:** July 24, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Hi Friends, Amazing Python Programming E-Books for you, Just Download you need pay even Single Dollar from your Pocket. All you need to do is fill few details and click on download you will get an email with download link that’s it. 3 Python Programming Books Completely Free of Cost Just Download No need wait.

  ## 3 Python Programming Books Completely Free

1. Drive Into Python – Written by Mark Pilgrim
2. Learning Python – Written by Fabrizio Romano
3. Python Cook Book – Written by Sebastian

## Drive Into Python Programming

[Download Drive Into Python 328 Pages Book](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_dive01/)

This Book Contains below topics

 **Topic Name****Page Number** Installing Python2Which Python is right for you?2Python on Windows2Python on Mac OS X3Python on Mac OS5Python on RedHat Linux5Python on Debian GNU/Linux6Python Installation from Source6The Interactive Shell7Summary8Your First Python Program9Diving in9Declaring Functions9Documenting Functions10Everything Is an Object11Indenting Code13Testing Modules14Native Datatypes15Introducing Dictionaries15Introducing Lists17Introducing Tuples22Declaring variables23Formatting Strings25Mapping Lists26Joining Lists and Splitting Strings28Summary29The Power Of Introspection31Diving In31Using Optional and Named Arguments32Using type, str, dir, and Other Built−In Functions33Getting Object References With getattr36Filtering Lists38The Peculiar Nature of and and or39Using lambda Functions41Putting It All Together43Summary45Objects and Object−Orientation47Diving In47Importing Modules Using from module import49Defining Classes50Instantiating Classes53Exploring UserDict: A Wrapper Class54Special Class Methods56Advanced Special Class Methods59 Objects and Object−OrientationIntroducing Class Attributes60Private Functions62Summary63Exceptions and File Handling64Handling Exceptions64Working with File Objects66Iterating with for Loops70Using sys modules72Working with Directories74Putting It All Together77Summary78 Regular Expressions81Diving In81Case Study: Street Addresses81Case Study: Roman Numerals83Using the {n,m} Syntax85Verbose Regular Expressions88Case study: Parsing Phone Numbers89Summary93 HTML Processing94Diving in94Introducing sgmllib py98Extracting data from HTML documents100Introducing BaseHTMLProcessor py102locals and globals104Dictionary−based string formatting107Quoting attribute values108Introducing dialect py109Putting it all together111Summary113 XML Processing115Diving in115Packages121Parsing XML123Unicode125Searching for elements129Accessing element attributes131Segue132Scripts and Streams133Abstracting input sources133Standard input, output, and error136Caching node lookups140Finding direct children of a node141Creating separate handlers by node type141ter Scripts and StreamsHandling command−line arguments143Putting it all together146Summary148HTTP Web Services149Diving in149How not to fetch data over HTTP151Features of HTTP152Debugging HTTP web services153Setting the User−Agent155Handling Last−Modified and ETag156Handling redirects159Handling compressed data163Putting it all together165 Summary167 SOAP Web Service168Diving In168Installing the SOAP Libraries169First Steps with SOAP171Debugging SOAP Web Services1172Introducing WSDL173Introspecting SOAP Web Services2 with WSDL174Searching Google176Troubleshooting SOAP Web Services3179Summary182 Unit Testing183Introduction to Roman numerals183Diving in184Introducing romantest py184Testing for success187Testing for failure189Testing for sanity190 Test−First Programming193roman py, stage1193roman py, stage2196roman py, stage3199roman py, stage4202roman py, stage5205 Refactoring208Handling bugs208Handling changing requirements210Refactoring216Postscript219Summary221 Functional Programming223Diving in223Finding the path224Filtering lists revisited226Mapping lists revisited228Data−centric programming229Dynamically importing modules230Putting it all together1231Summary234 Dynamic functions235Diving in235plural py, stage1235plural py, stage2237plural py, stage3239plural py, stage4240plural py, stage5242plural py, stage6243Summary246Performance Tuning247Diving in247Using the timeit Module249Optimizing Regular Expressions250Optimizing Dictionary Lookups253Optimizing List Operations256Optimizing String Manipulation258Summary260Further reading261A −minute review268Tips and tricks282List of examples289Revision history302About the book314GNU Free Documentation License315Preamble315Applicability and definitions315Verbatim copying316Copying in quantity316Modifications317Combining documents318Collections of documents318Aggregation with independent works318 GNU Free Documentation LicenseTranslation318Termination319Future revisions of this license319How to use this License for your documents319Python license320History of the software320Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python320[Download Drive Into Python Free Book](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_dive01/)

## Learning Python Programming

Chapter1 Index from Learning Python Programming Book [Download Book Free](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb45/)

Chapter 1: Introduction and First Steps – Take a Deep Breath 11A proper introduction 22Enter the Python 44About Python 55Portability 55Coherence 55Developer productivity 66An extensive library 66Software quality 66Software integration 66Satisfaction and enjoyment 77What are the drawbacks? 77Who is using Python today? 88Setting up the environment 88Python 2 versus Python 3 – the great debate 88Installing Python 99Setting up the Python interpreter 1010About virtualenv 1212Your first virtual environment 1414Your friend, the console 1717How you can run a Python program 1717Running Python scripts 1818Running the Python interactive shell 1818Running Python as a service 2020Running Python as a GUI application 2020How is Python code organized 2121How do we use modules and packages 2222Python’s execution model 2525Names and namespaces 2525Scopes 2727Object and classes 3030Guidelines on how to write good code 3333The Python culture 3434A note on the IDEs 3535Summary 3636Chapter 2: Built-in Data Types 3737Everything is an object 3737Mutable or immutable? That is the question 3838[Learning Python Programming Book](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Learning-Python-Programming-Book.txt) Complete Content

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## Python Programming Cook Book

88 Pages of Book Excellent and it has so many real time python scripts to process .csv Data

[Python Cook Book Content](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Python-Cook-Book-Content.txt)

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That’s It. Enjoy 3 Python Programming Books

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  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Books

**Tags:** Free Books Download, Python Programming Books

---

### [One Linux Tutorial Illiterate Become An Expert At Weeks Time](https://arkit.co.in/one-linux-tutorial/)

**Published:** July 25, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

If your Looking for an Linux Tutorial, start learning from scratch you are in correct place. This Page is the central linking to learn/navigate to required articles. That’s why i say One Linux Tutorial Illiterate Become An Expert At Weeks Time. Are you ready to rock..!!

[RHEL 5/6 Tutorial Step by step Guide PDF](https://arkit.co.in/linux-learners-guide-book-written-by-ankam-ravi-kumar/) Download this guide for older versions

  ## One Linux Tutorial

Basically what you should learn to survive in current industry from Linux prospective is very simple. Understand What is Linux Operating System, How Linux works, Basic Linux commands to create, delete, move files and directories. Directory structure (File System Hierarchy). Linux Operating System Installation using CD/DVD and also from Network Installation (Kickstart / PXE Boot). A Few Text Editors to Create/Edit/Modify Configuration Files.

User Administration to Create / Modify and Remove Users and Groups. File Linking what is soft link and hard link. Process Management (How process is running and managing them). Understanding of System Utilization and analyzing performance using top command. Locating / Searching Files and Directories. Copying Files from One server to another server using scp command. Scheduling future tasks (Automatic execution of scripts). Create File Systems, Mounting them, increasing/decreasing based on requirement.

LVM (Logical Volume Manager), Installing, Updating, Removing and Upgrading Red Hat Packages (RPM), Configuring IPv4 Networking assigning IP Address, Network Teaming/Bonding Disk Management quota’s, Finally A few Servers Like NFS, SMB (Samba), FTP, Web Server (HTTP / HTTPS), iSCSI Server, MariaDB Or MySQL, SysLog Server, NTP Server, DHCP and DNS.

When you see all of the above so many things..!!! but eventually you feel like so easy just follow all below provide links one by one Linux tutorial.

## Requirements for Learning Linux

- One Computer/Laptop with at least 6GB RAM, Dual Core Processor, 250GB HDD and VT (Virtualization Technology) Enabled
- VMware Workstation Or Oracle virtual Box Software
- [Download RHEL ISO](http://209.126.105.33/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux7.3_ALLPCWORLD.iso)
- Intention to Learn / Spending time

Now Your Almost ready with required things follow below topics one by one Linux tutorial

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Introduction To Linux Tutorial Operating System](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-linux/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [ls Command with 25 Practical Examples](https://arkit.co.in/ls-command-with-25-practical-examples-rhel7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Installing Linux Operating System Step by Step Guide (RHEL 7.3)](https://arkit.co.in/how-to-install-redhat-enterprise-linux-7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Installing and Configuring IPA Server for Linux Lab Setup at Home](https://arkit.co.in/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Creating and Managing Files & Directories From CLI](https://arkit.co.in/rhel-7-tutorial-managing-files-directories/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [25 Linux Basic Commands you must Learn](https://arkit.co.in/25-commonly-used-linux-commands/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Get Help From Command Line Interface ( Whatis, Whereis, Man, Help, Info and –help )](https://arkit.co.in/getting-help-5-command-line-tools)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Edit, View Text Files Using Nano Text Editor](https://arkit.co.in/editing-viewing-text-files-using-nano-text-editor)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Linux Directory Structure (File System Hierarchy)](https://arkit.co.in/linux-directory-structure-changed-rhel7-fhs)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [User Administration Create, Modify and Remove Users and Groups](https://arkit.co.in/user-administration-creating-modifying-and-deleting-rhel-7)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Controlling Services and Daemons Systemctl](https://arkit.co.in/systemctl-command/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [IPv4 Linux Networking ](https://arkit.co.in/nmcli-command-network-manager-command-line-tool-rhel-7)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [SSH Server Installation in RHEL 7 / Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/ssh-server-secure-shell-installation-centos-7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Listing and Managing Linux Processes](https://arkit.co.in/know-youre-ps-command-linux-right-way)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Prioritize Process Execution](https://arkit.co.in/identify-processes-that-make-heavy-use-of-the-cpu-and-memory/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Syslog Server and Client configuration](https://arkit.co.in/rsyslog-server)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Archiving and Compressing Files Using tar and zip Commands](https://arkit.co.in/linux/20-useful-tar-and-zip-commands/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Copying Files and Directories from One Server to Another Server](https://arkit.co.in/centos/15-scp-commands-securely-copy-files/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Local YUM Server Configuration RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/yum-yellowdog-updater-module-local-installation/)

## One Linux Tutorial Illiterate Become An Expert

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Configuring Centralized YUM Repository Using FTP / HTTP](https://arkit.co.in/setup-linux-lab-yet-home-installing-configuring-ipa-server/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png)[ FTP Server Installation and Configuration VSFTPD](https://arkit.co.in/installation-and-configuration-ftp/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Searching files and directories using find command](https://arkit.co.in/find-command-practical-examples-can-improve-skills)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Managing of physical storage – Creating Standard Partitions](https://arkit.co.in/linux-file-system-successful/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Creating and Managing LVM’s – Logical Volume Manager](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [ACL – Access Control List in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/posix-access-control-list-acl/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Scheduling of future Linux tasks using at and Crontab](https://arkit.co.in/scheduling-cronjobs)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Deep Dive into Crontab in Linux Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/crontab-linux-unix/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [SELinux Overview](https://arkit.co.in/selinux-security-enhance-linux/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [NFS Server and Client in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/nfs-server-configuration-rhel7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Firewalld / Iptables – configuring and managing rules](https://arkit.co.in/firewalld-installation-configuration-rhel-7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Securing the NFS using kerberos](https://arkit.co.in/kerberized-nfs-server-linux/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Adding server as LDAP client](https://arkit.co.in/ldap-client-configuration/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Samba Server Installation and Configuration Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/simple-way-create-manage-samba/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Samba Multi-user Access Shares](https://arkit.co.in/samba-share-multi-user-access/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Using Virtualized systems – Kernel-Based Virtual Machines](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-kvm-hypervisor-rhel-7/)

Major Part Linux Tutorial You have Completed by Reading Above Content Just Few Steps to Complete One Linux Tutorial You will become an Expert.

## Continue One Linux Tutorial

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Automated OS installation – Using PXE Boot Server](https://arkit.co.in/linux/pxe-boot-server-configuration)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [OS Installation Through Auto Answer File](https://arkit.co.in/automated-os-installation-using-kickstart-method-linux-rhel7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Linux booting process Ultimate Guide](https://arkit.co.in/linux-boot-process-millionaire-guide/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Recovering forgotten root password Method-1](https://arkit.co.in/reset-root-user-password-rhel7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Reset forgotten root password method-2](https://arkit.co.in/root-user-password-reset-rhel7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [MariaDB Installation and Configuration](https://arkit.co.in/install-mariadb-10-2-rhel-7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Using regular expressions with grep command](https://arkit.co.in/practical-grep-command-tricks/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [DHCP Server Configuration RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/dhcp-server-rhel7/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [MAC Address Reservation – MAC Binding DHCP](https://arkit.co.in/configuring-mac-binding)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Master DNS server RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/master-dns-configuration-linux/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Web / Httpd/ Apache Server RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/web-server-installation/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Making secure web server (https) SSL enabled web server](https://arkit.co.in/secure-web-server/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Time synchronizing using NTP server and client](https://arkit.co.in/configure-ntp/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Perform simple SQL queries against a database](https://arkit.co.in/insert-update-delete-create-mariadb-databases-records/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [iSCSI Server to Convert Linux Machine Like SAN Storage](https://arkit.co.in/iscsi-server-installation-providing-remote-block-storage/)

[![One Linux Tutotial RHEL 7 Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png "hand - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hand.png) [Use network teaming or bonding to configure aggregated network links](https://arkit.co.in/rhel7-how-to-configure-nic-teaming/)

## Conclusion

Take decent time but don’t miss even single article reading from above links, If you read all one by one you will definitely become an expert. From my experiences i am saying Don’t simply read do practice until your confident on the topic if not understanding drop an comment using comment section.

That’s it One Linux Tutorial

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Learn Linux, Linux tutorial, One Linux Tutorial

---

### [HowTo Install RStudio Server Centos 7 Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/install-rstudio-server-centos/)

**Published:** July 27, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

RStudio Server enables you to provide a browser based interface to a version of R running on a remote Linux server, bringing the power and productivity of the RStudio IDE to server-based deployments of R. In this Article we are going to see HowTo Install RStudio Server Centos 7 Step by Step Guide.

  ## Prerequisites for Install RStudio Server Centos

- Centos 7 With Minimal Installation Or Server GUI Installation
- 2GB RAM At Least
- 10GB of Disk Free space in /usr
- Sudo User Access to install packages

## Configure EPEL Repository Centos 7

```
# wget https://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/linux/fedora-projects/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-10.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh epel-release-7-10.noarch.rpm
```

Or

```
# yum install epel-release
```

## Install R First

R Packages are the dependent packages for Rstudio server, it will install all dependency and required things

```
# yum install -y R
```

## Install RStudio Server Centos

Download and install latest rstudio server from [official site](https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download-server/)

```
# wget https://download2.rstudio.org/rstudio-server-rhel-1.0.153-x86_64.rpm
# yum install -y -nogpgcheck rstudio-server-rhel-1.0.153-x86_64.rpm
```

Enable and Start rstudio-server services

```
# systemctl enable rstudio-server.service
# systemctl start rstudio-server.service
# systemctl status rstudio-server
```

Allow Required ports from firewall to access from remote machines

```
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8787/tcp
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8787/udp
# firewall-cmd --reload
```

Access Rstudio console from web browser http://IP-address:8787/

[![rstudio login page](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/rstudio-login-page-300x231.png "rstudio login page - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/rstudio-login-page.png)rstudio login page

**Note:** Root Credential does not work to login rstudio console. Use normal user account credentials.

[![rStudio Console](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/rStudio-Console-300x137.png "rStudio Console - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/rStudio-Console.png)rStudio Console

To install / update packages you can do it from here. Simple load installed library by selecting from right side panel

```
>install.packages("DT")
```

Logout from session

```
> q()
```

[![rstudio start new session](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/rstudio-start-new-session-300x160.png "rstudio start new session - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/rstudio-start-new-session.png)rstudio start new session

That’s it about install rstudio server Centos 7

## Related Articles

[R Shiny-Server Installation RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/install-r-shiny-server-centos-7/)

[HowTo Check installed R Shiny Version](https://arkit.co.in/howto-check-installed-r-server-version/)

[HowTo Install Shiny-Sky App](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-shinysky-collection-shiny/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Rstudio SErver

---

### [Which Is Better RHCSA Or RHCE Certification Do Correct One](https://arkit.co.in/better-rhcsa-rhce-certification/)

**Published:** July 28, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Which Is Better RHCSA Or RHCE Certification? We published many articles to support certification. Check this [One Linux Tutorial](https://arkit.co.in/one-linux-tutorial/)

## Red Hat Significance

If there’s any rising star in the open source software and solutions in the world; it has got to be the Red Hat. It is providing power packed solutions and technology in all aspects of cloud, storage, operating system (Linux) and virtualization consistently for more than a decade now. It is providing technology efficient solutions for businesses, institutions, IT organisations and others in all sorts of system enterprises.

  ## Red Hat Certifications

There are numerous Red Hat certifications that can certify your credentials and expertise ranging from system administration to system engineering and variety of other areas.

RHCSA ([Red Hat Certified System Administrator](http://www.koenig-solutions.com/red-hat-certified-system-administrator-rhcsa-training-course.aspx)) and RHCE (Red Hat Engineer Training) are two certifications that can increase your overall chances of getting a secure and high profile job in the system administration of a reputed IT organisation. The certifications can show your employers that you have what it takes to be a top notch system administrator and can work as an asset to the organisation; adding the desired amount of value to it.

## Better RHCSA Certification

The certification imparts you enough credibility with skills pertaining local storage configuration and managing its security credentials in terms of user base, firewalls, [access controls](https://arkit.co.in/posix-access-control-list-acl/) and others in Linux enterprise. One needs a certain amount of expertise in handling and [managing virtual machines](https://arkit.co.in/howto-install-kvm-hypervisor-rhel-7/), working on command lines and others to take up the certification and qualify its examination.

## RHCE Certification

The certification provides you more advanced level expertise in handling the Linux administration with a better efficiency in shell commands, setting passwords for users, [configuring DNS](https://arkit.co.in/master-dns-configuration-linux/), managing server and security, remote storage management and configuration along with networking proficiency in FTP, SSH, NFS, [SMB](https://arkit.co.in/simple-way-create-manage-samba/), SMTP and others. RHCSA certification is a prerequisite for appearing for this credential.

## Significance of Red Hat certifications

The best thing about the Red Hat Certifications is that they are all practical knowledge based certifications and this can really help your perform at the highest level. The certifications give you a wide scope in handling Linux security, storage and server managements in a corporate world with just enough credentials to get a high level responsibility in the ranks of their organisation. With more and more companies giving preference to Red Hat credentials and skills, it is highly imperative for one to acquire these certifications to boost his chances of a better job.

## Comparison

Although both the certifications (RHCE and RHCSA) give you enough knowledge and recognition in the industry, there is a valid amount of difference between the two certifications. The RHCE credential helps you to acquire more key and important roles in IT companies as a system engineer or senior system engineers whereas RHCSA is a prerequisite to getting key roles in organisations as a system administrator or senior system administrator. Getting a more advanced RHCA (Red Hat Certified Architect) certification can land you big roles in the architecture department of a reputed IT organisation

RHCE ([Red Hat Engineer Training](https://arkit.co.in/linux-online-training-course/)) Certification is a more advanced level certification which covers a wide range of syllabus and gives you more chances of employment and recognition in the corporate world. To be considered eligible for an RHCE Certification, one must pass the exam and acquire an RHCSA (Red Hat Certified System Administrator) Certification first.

Moreover, an RHCE Certification allows you to be eligible for the more advanced level of Red Hat certifications which can really prove crucial for your carrier giving it a range and wide spectrum that it deserves. You can either opt for a Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA), Red Hat Certified Security Specialist (RHCSS) or even a Red Hat Certified Data center Specialist (RHCDS). These certifications can really change the course of your carrier and give you more than enough edge among other competitors to secure that high profile job in a big IT company that you’ve always wanted for yourself.

## Conclusion

In fact both the certifications are required very basic and start learning with Better RHCSA (Red Hat Certified System Administrator). With more and more employers vouching for Red Hat expertise in managing their servers and system administration, it is highly recommended for an individual to seriously think about acquiring an out and out RHCE or RHCSA certification to give him enough opportunities at the highest level.

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Perl Scripting, RHEL7

**Tags:** RHCE Certification

---

### [rht-vmctl RHCSA and RHCE Lab Commands](https://arkit.co.in/rht-vmctl-rhcsa-and-rhce-lab-commands/)

**Published:** July 29, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Most of the Students thinking that rht-vmctl command is not working on there own Desktops/Laptops which they build for practice. rht-vmctl is an command which is customized to execute only on Red Hat Class room Lab only.

## Why rht-vmctl does not work in RHEL 5/6/7

This command is not an inbuilt one which is not shipped with RHEL build. It is an customized environment for Red Hat Authorized training centers. If you think why like that.? because here is an scenario

  All Red Hat training centers have Uniq Training Lab to avoid difference in student practice method

[![red hat lab](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/red-hat-lab-300x139.png "red hat lab - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/red-hat-lab.png)red hat lab

The same architecture also followed by Red Hat Exam Centers. If your going to write an exam like RHCSA Or RHCE simple you have remember this below commands to view, start, stop and reset virtual machines.

Try in home installed Linux Operating system you will get

```
rht-vmctl command not found
```

rht-vmctl is command which is required for Red Hat labs because easy to manage / deploy work stations and very easy to reset the practice lab machines simply using below commands. There is no special lab maintenance is required. If there is no rht-vmctl is available you have to re-inistall Operating system so many time you don’t know how many times during your regular practice.

In any workstation there are two virtual machines available one is desktop and one more is server other than base machine

```
# rht-vmctl fullreset server
```

```
Above command will reset server machine completely which means freshly installed Operating system with yum configured and student user access available
 
# rht-vmctl fullreset desktop
```

To Only reset Desktop machine in lab use above command

```
# rht-vmctl fullreset all
```

All machines reset (Desktop and Server) using single command

Start machines for lab practice

```
# rht-vmctl start server

# rht-vmctl start desktop

# rht-vmctl start all
```

To view or bring graphical window to use GUI mode

```
# rht-vmctl view server
 # rht-vmctl view desktop
 # rht-vmctl view all
```

## Central Lab machine rht-vmctl

Not only for workstation, rht-vmctl command is available for central lab server as well to deploy setup to workstation, which means no need of formating and installing operating system again and gain in lab machines

awesome and simple. Are you looking for similar kind of setup using vmware workstation at home lab.?

Install Fresh Operating system and create snapshot, if you mess-up your machine simply revert back using snapshot

That’s it about rht-vmctl command

## Related Topics

[10 top command practical examples](https://arkit.co.in/10-top-command-practical-examples-helps-analyze-server-performance/)

[RHCSA and RHCE Certification practice guide](http://www.tectm.com/p/index.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** rht-vmctl command

---

### [HowTo Disable IPv6 on Centos 7 Simple Steps](https://arkit.co.in/howto-disable-ipv6-on-centos-7/)

**Published:** July 30, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Disable IPv6 on Centos 7 / RHEL 7. Why i am telling to disable IPv6 because still IPv6 is not in production use. If you enable it in production servers who knows how it impact vulnerability to hack into our system / servers. To avoid un-necessary headache simple keep in disabled mode until we use.

IPv6(Internet Protocol version 6) is the internet’s next-generation protocol and it is the most latest version of the internet protocol. IPv6 allows more users and devices to communicate on the Internet by using bigger numbers to create IP addresses.

  ## Method 1:

## Disable IPv6 – NO reboot required

To check “IPv6” enable or not by follow below command

```
# ifconfig |grep inet6
 inet6 fe80::8ee:33ff:feeb:44f0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10
```

Edit the configuration file for disable IPv6

```
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1

:wq
```

If you want to disable IPv6 on specific interface network, add the below line into sysctl.conf file

```
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

net.ipv6.conf.eth0.disable_ipv6 = 1
```

Restart the network

```
# systemctl restart network.service

(or)

# sysctl -p
 net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
 net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
```

Now check IPv6 is disabled?

```
# ifconfig |grep inet6
```

## Method 2:

## Disable IPv6 – reboot required

It requires reboot your server after disable the IPv6.

Add the word “ipv6.disable=1” in /etc/default/grub file

```
# vi /etc/default/grub
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap ipv6.disable=1 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root rhgb quiet"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

:wq
```

To Regenerate grub config file as followed by below command.

```
# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-22d1d7d01d88477b9bc2e044ccdca4f5
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-22d1d7d01d88477b9bc2e044ccdca4f5.img
done
```

Now reboot the server.

```
# reboot
```

After restart the server, to check ipv6 disabled or not by below command

```
# ifconfig -a |grep inet6
```

(or)

```
# ip addr show |grep inet6
```

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** ipv6 on centos 7

---

### [HowTo Update Java Version Linux Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/update-java-version-linux/)

**Published:** July 31, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. There are lots of applications and websites that will not work unless you have Java installed, and more are created every day. Java is fast, secure, and reliable. From laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere!. In this article we are going to see HowTo Update Java Version Linux Step by Step Guide.

  ## Update Java Version Linux Procedure

```
# java -version
java version "1.7.0_141"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (rhel-2.6.10.1.el7_3-x86_64 u141-b02)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.141-b02, mixed mode)
```

Existing Java Version is 1.7.0\_141 and we are going to update to 1.8.0\_144, Is that simple

Download extra package file from Java site using wget command, below package is 64 bit

```
# wget --no-cookies --no-check-certificate --header "Cookie: gpw_e24=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2F; oraclelicense=accept-securebackup-cookie" "http://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/java/jdk/8u144-b01/090f390dda5b47b9b721c7dfaa008135/jdk-8u144-linux-x64.tar.gz"
```

[Java Download Link](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html)

32 bit Java Download method is below

```
# wget --no-cookies --no-check-certificate --header "Cookie: gpw_e24=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2F; oraclelicense=accept-securebackup-cookie" "http://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/java/jdk/8u144-b01/090f390dda5b47b9b721c7dfaa008135/jdk-8u144-linux-i586.tar.gz"
```

To Download Java directly from command line use below method visit java download link provided above, right click on required package click on Copy Link Address

[![Java Download Trick command line](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Java-Download-Trick-300x152.png "Java Download Trick - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Java-Download-Trick.png)Java Download Trick

Login to Terminal and add below strings before download link (Update Java Version Linux)

```
# wget --no-cookies --no-check-certificate --header "Cookie: gpw_e24=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2F; oraclelicense=accept-securebackup-cookie" "PASTE URL"
```

Extract Java Downloaded Package for Update Java Version. Use [tar command](https://arkit.co.in/20-useful-tar-and-zip-commands/)

```
# cd /opt/java
# tar -xvf jdk-8u144-linux-x64.tar.gz
```

## Update Java Version

run Update Java Version command to Update existing Java Package version

```
]# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /opt/java/jdk1.8.0_144/bin/java
]# update-alternatives --config java

There are 3 programs which provide 'java'.

Selection Command
-----------------------------------------------
*+ 1 java-1.7.0-openjdk.x86_64 (/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk-1.7.0.141-2.6.10.1.el7_3.x86_64/jre/bin/java)
 2 /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/bin/java
 3 /opt/java/jdk1.8.0_144/bin/java

Enter to keep the current selection[+], or type selection number: 3
```

Let’s add variable path to Java

```
# export JAVA_HOME=/opt/java/jdk1.8.0_144/
# export JRE_HOME=/opt/java/jdk1.8.0_144/jre
# export PATH=$PATH:/opt/java/jdk1.8.0_144/bin:/opt/java/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/bin
```

Now Verify Java Version

```
# java -version
java version "1.8.0_144"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_144-b01)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.144-b01, mixed mode)
```

Update Java Version Linux is completed successfully. Java Version is now 1.8

## Related Articles

[Disable IPv6 on Centos 7](https://arkit.co.in/howto-disable-ipv6-on-centos-7/)

[rht-vmctl command](https://arkit.co.in/rht-vmctl-rhcsa-and-rhce-lab-commands/)

[Better RHCSA Or RHCE](https://arkit.co.in/better-rhcsa-rhce-certification/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7, Ubuntu

**Tags:** Java

---

### [Nagios Core Upgrade To Latest Version Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-upgrade/)

**Published:** August 1, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article we are going show how to upgrade Nagios core from 4.1.1 to latest version (4.3.2). Not Only this version of Nagios Core Upgrade you simply apply same method if there is any new release.

  ## Nagios Core 4.3.2 Improvements / Fixes [Release Notes](https://www.nagios.org/projects/nagios-core/history/4x/)

- Every 15sec /var/log/messages is flooded with “nagios: set\_environment\_var”
- Changed release date to ISO format (yyyy-mm-dd)
- `make all` fails if unzip is not installed
- Quick Search no longer allows search by Alias
- flexible downtime on a service immediately turns off notifications
- Fix to allow url\_encode to be called twice
- Update timeperiods.cfg.in (spelling)
- Spelling fixes
- Vent command pipe before remove to avoid deadlocks on writing end
- CGI utility cgiutil.c does not process relative config file path names properly
- xdata/xodtemplate.c bug in option-deprecation code
- Wildcard searching causes service status links to not work properly
- Quick search with no hits shows a permission denied error
- Setting a service as its own parent is not caught by the sanity checker (-v) and causes a segfault

## Step 1: Nagios Core Upgrade

Make sure you have backup of existing Nagios Core installation and Configuration file of nagios server. If anything missing or goes wrong, you can rollback to old version from backup of previous nagios.

## Step 2: Take Nagios Config Backup

To Taking backup of previous running nagios

Nagios Core upgrade from 4.1.1 to latest version

1\) Take the snapshot of Nagios server (If it is a Virtual Machine)
 2) Take the backup through [tar command](https://arkit.co.in/20-useful-tar-and-zip-commands/) Or Take Backup using Backup tools

```
# mkdir /opt/nagiosbackup
# tar -czvf /opt/nagiosbackup.tar.gz /usr/local/nagios
```

To view of list files in backup

```
# tar -vf nagiosbackup.tar.gz
```

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Nagios-4.1.1-1024x535.png "Nagios 4.1.1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Nagios-4.1.1.png)nagios old versin

## Step 3: Stop Nagios and Web Services

Stop the nagios and http services

```
# systemctl stop nagios.service
# systemctl stop httpd.service

# systemctl status nagios.service
nagios.service - LSB: Starts and stops the Nagios monitoring server
 Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/nagios)
 Active: inactive (dead) since Sun 2017-07-16 17:45:18 IST; 23s ago
 Process: 29687 ExecStop=/etc/rc.d/init.d/nagios stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Process: 29598 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/nagios start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

# systemctl status httpd.service
httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled)
 Active: inactive (dead)
```

## Step 4: Download Latest Nagios Version

Download latest Nagios version and install the Nagios latest version follow by below steps

```
# wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/nagios/files/nagios-4.x/nagios-4.3.2/nagios-4.3.2.tar.gz
# tar -xzvf /nagios-4.3.2.tar.gz
# cd nagios.4.3.2/
# ./configure --with-command-group=nagcmd
# make all
# make install-init
# make install-commandmode
# make install-config
# make install-webconfig
```

## Step 5: Start Back Nagios Services

```
# cd /usr/local/nagios/
# rm -rf etc/*
# tar -xvf nagiosbackup.tar.gz
# cp -Rpv /opt/nagiosbackup/etc/* /usr/local/nagios/etc/
# cp -v /opt/nagiosbackup/libexec/* /usr/local/nagios/libexec/
```

After install the latest Nagios version , start the Nagios and http services to bring back services online

```
# systemctl restart nagios.service
# systemctl restart httpd.service
```

**Note:** Sometimes starting Nagios service getting error like as below.

```
# systemctl start nagios.service
Warning: Unit file of nagios.service changed on disk, 'systemctl daemon-reload' recommended.

# systemctl restart nagios.service
Warning: Unit file of nagios.service changed on disk, 'systemctl daemon-reload' recommended.

# systemctl daemon-reload
```

**Step 6:**

To check the errors in Nagios configuration. You can see the latest version of nagios in below .

```
# /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

Nagios Core 4.3.2
Copyright (c) 2009-present Nagios Core Development Team and Community Contributors
Copyright (c) 1999-2009 Ethan Galstad
Last Modified: 2017-05-09
License: GPL

Total Warnings: 0
Total Errors: 0

Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check
```

[![Nagios Core Upgrade](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Nagios-Core-Upgrade-4.1.1.png "Nagios Core Upgrade 4.1.1 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Nagios-Core-Upgrade-4.1.1.png)Nagios Core Upgrade 4.1.1

Nagios upgraded from previous version to latest version successfully completed.

Now check in your browser

http://ipaddress/nagios/

[![](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Nagios-4.3.2-1024x567.png "Nagios 4.3.2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Nagios-4.3.2.png)nagios latest version

## Conclusion:

Nagios Core Upgrade did not change existing configuration it will just upgrade the version, after simply verify configuration files and simply replace previous config files your entire Nagios core configuration will be as it is. If it is a physical server change / Operating System Upgrade even then you can simple migrate configuration from Old Nagios Server to New Nagios Server.

## Related Articles

[Nagios Installation RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-4/)

[pnp4nagios Graphing Service](https://arkit.co.in/pnp4nagios-installation-configuration/)

[Installing NRPE Linux](https://arkit.co.in/installing-linux-nrpe-agent/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Nagios Upgrade

---

### [Bash if Statement Make Decisions Bash Scripts](https://arkit.co.in/bash-if-statement-make-decisions/)

**Published:** August 2, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Bash if statement can be used to make decisions based one condition true / false. I can say validating simple condition based on condition value print statement Or execute required commands. Avoid to do simple validations manually simple write bash if statement it will do it for you how.? Let’s see.

  [![bash if statement](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/bash-if-statement.png "bash if statement - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/bash-if-statement.png)bash if statement

## Bash if Statement Example

bash if syntax

```
if [ CONDITION ]; then 
      True Statement
fi  ##If closer
```

in shell script if statement will start with if and end with fi

```
#!/bin/bash
## If Statement Example www.arkit.co.in
## Author : Ankam Ravi Kumar

echo -e "Please enter any number:\c"
read num
if [ $num -le 9 ]; then
echo "You Entered number $num which is with in 0-9 numbers"
fi
```

Let’s see what you have written in above script and its meaning

- Line1: We are asking user to provide any number
- Line2: Read the Value and store in variable called $num
- Line3: Condition is if user provides value is within 0-9 numbers then it will print echo true statement.
- -le = Less than or equal to
- $num equal to User Provided value print true statement Or else not print any thing

Executing if statement script

```
administrator@Arkit-Serv:/scripts$ sh bash-if.sh
-e Please enter any number:10

administrator@Arkit-Serv:/scripts$ sh bash-if.sh
-e Please enter any number:8
You Entered number 8 which is with in 0-9 numbers
```

As per above executed script output it’s printed true statement when user provided value is with in 9 Or else nothing printed.

Other way of writing bash if statement

[![bash if then statement](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/if-then-statement-1024x318.png "if-then-statement - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/if-then-statement.png)bash if then statement

## Bash if else Statement with examples

[![bash if else statement](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/bash-if-else-statement.jpg "bash if else statement - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/bash-if-else-statement.jpg)bash if else statement

```
if [ DECISION ]; then
   execute commands
else
   execute
fi
```

**CONDITION:** if provided decision is true then it will execute bash if block or else it will execute else block

```
#!/bin/bash
## IF-ELSE Statement to check root user is logged in or not
##Author: Ravi Kumar
## WebSite: https://arkit.co.in

USER=`who |grep "$1" |head -1 |awk '{ print $1 }'`
if [ $USER > /dev/null ]; then
echo "$1 has logged in"
echo "Hi $1 Welcome"
else
echo "$1 has not logged in"
fi
```

Let me explain the bash if else statement script

- Line 1: USER Variable is defined and assigned who command value
- $1 is an positional parameter (you can pass value in first position)
- Line 2: Validate using condition if $USER variable match with provided string then if block executes

## Conclusion:

While writing bash if statement do not forgot to provide space in between value and braces “\[” “\]”. Semicolon after closing of braces. It is simple write if statement in shell scripting i hope your learned it.

[Download Shell Scripting Book](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_wile48/)

## Related Articles

[Debug Shell Script Error Easily ](https://arkit.co.in/debug-shell-script-easily-identify-errors/)

[Shell Script Exit Status](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-exit-status-shell-scripting-return-codes/)

[Variables in Shell Scripting](https://arkit.co.in/shell-scripting-tutorial-variables-global-local-variables/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Scripting, shell scripting

**Tags:** bash if

---

### [Mobileiron Command Line Interface Guide](https://arkit.co.in/mobileiron-command-line-interface-guide/)

**Published:** August 3, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Mobileiron is an MDM (Mobile Device Management) application used to manage multi platform devices such as iOS, Andriod and Microsoft. Providing secured email communication to mobile devices is very CRITICAL some times when you loose mobile. Using Mobileiron application you can simple control your lost mobile device remotely. Mobileiron Command Line Interface Guide.

\[?\] – Display context sensitive help. This is either a list of possible command completions with summaries, or the full syntax of the current command. A subsequent repeat of this key, when a command has been resolved, will display a detailed reference.

  AUTO-COMPLETION – The following keys both perform auto-completion for the current command line. If the command prefix is not unique then the bell will ring and a subsequent repeat of the key will display possible completions.

\[enter\] – Auto-completes, syntax-checks then executes a command. If there is a syntax error then offending part of the command line will be highlighted and explained.

\[tab\] – Auto-completes, syntax-checks then executes a command. If there is a syntax error then offending part of the command line will be highlighted and explained.

\[space\] – Auto-completes, or if the command is already resolved inserts a space.

## Mobileiron Command Line Interface MOVEMENT KEYS

\[CTRL-A\] – Move to the start of the line
 \[CTRL-E\] – Move to the end of the line.
 \[up\] – Move to the previous command line held in history.
 \[down\] – Move to the next command line held in history.
 \[left\] – Move the insertion point left one character.
 \[right\] – Move the insertion point right one character.

## DELETION KEYS

\[CTRL-C\] – Delete and abort the current line
 \[CTRL-K\] – Delete all the characters to the right of the insertion point.
 \[CTRL-U\] – Delete the whole line.
 \[CTRL-D\] – Quits from the session.
 \[backspace\] – Delete the character to the left of the insertion point.

There are two modes in Mobileiron Core Console. You can access mobileiron using Putty tool Over SSH.
 1. Non-Privileged Access
 2. Privileged Access

In NON-Privileged mode you can execute below commands which are limited

- enable Turn on privileged commands
- exit Exit from the EXEC
- help Description of the interactive help system
- host Query Internet name servers
- logout Exit from the EXEC
- ping Send echo messages
- show Show running system information
- speedtest Performs speed test for disk memory and cpu
- timeout CLI Idle timeout.
- traceroute Trace route to destination

## Mobileiron Command Line Interface Guide

Performs Speed test for disk memory and CPU

```
>speedtest
 Warning: System performance may be impacted while the test is in progress
 Proceed? (y/n)n
```

Change from Non-Privileged to Privileged Mode

```
> enable
 Password: (Provide Privileged Password)
```

User prompt will change from $ to #.

## Privileged Mode Commands Mobileiron

To See IP Address of mobile iron box

```
show ip interface brief GigabitEthernet 1
```

Repository Version Username and Password

```
show software repository
 https://support.mobileiron.com/mi/vsp/9.1.1.0-29/mobileiron-9.1.1.0-29/ arkit ***
```

Mobileiron CORE Installed Version

```
show version
 CORE 8.5.0.2 Build 7 (Branch toronto-core-release)
```

df like command to see disk partition usage details

```
show system disk

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
 /dev/sda3 68G 37G 28G 57% /
 tmpfs 3.9G 5.2M 3.9G 1% /dev/shm
 /dev/sda1 95M 72M 19M 80% /boot
```

See Host Name

```
show hostname
```

Running Services Status

```
show service

+------------+-----------+---------------
 Servicename + Enabled + Max.Sessions
 +------------+-----------+---------------
 ssh yes 5
 telnet no
 ntp yes
```

List all Installed RPM’s

```
install rpm info
```

Install RPM From cdrom

```
install rpm cdrom
```

Install Package by providing its path

```
install rpm file 
```

 You also install RPM using it’s direct URL

```
install rpm url 
```

START / STOP and check STATUS of particular service

```
 service iptables status
 service iptables stop
 service iptables start
```

Check tomcat

```
service tomcat status/start/stop
```

Updating Grub – Updates the grub configuration. Requires reload

```
grubupdate
```

Check for updates or update software

```
 software checkupdate
 software clear-updates
 software force-update
 software update
```

Halt and Cold Restart

```
reload
```

Set CLI Idle timeout. If you connected using CLI and your not using more certain Idle time CLI will close after specified minutes. Positive integer between 0 to 9999 in minutes

```
timeout (0-9999)
```

- clear Reset functions
- configure Enter configuration mode
- dbcleanup Delete duplicate and unused rows from the tables.
- disable Turn off privilized commands
- diskcleanup Delete unwanted data from the disk.
- end Exit from privilige context
- exit Exit from the EXEC
- failover Commands to assist with managing appliance failover.
- grubupdate Updates the grub configuration. Requires reload
- haenable Enable CORE HA version 2.0. Requires MICS service to restart
- help Description of the interactive help system
- host Query Internet name servers
- install Install tools or rpms
- logout Exit from the EXEC
- no Negate a command or set to its defaults
- ping Send echo messages
- poweroff Power off the system.
- reload Halt and perform a cold restart
- service Allows you do service operations
- setup Run the SETUP command facility
- show running system information
- software Check for updates or update software
- ssh Open a ssh connection
- telnet Open a telnet connection
- timeout CLI Idle timeout.
- traceroute Trace route to destination
- write Save configuration

## Conclusion

Mobileiron Command Line Interface is an easy to setup application and its rules. I have explained commands little bit but there are more commands in mobileiron core console.

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** others, Tricks

**Tags:** MobileIron CLI

---

### [HowTo Break CIFS Locks Netapp Filers Cluster Mode](https://arkit.co.in/howto-break-cifs-locks-netapp-filers-cluster-mode/)

**Published:** August 4, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

I was trying to delete one file from CIFS share but not able to do it. It always say “The action can’t be completed because the file is open” i tried so many ways but no luck. CIFS shares are coming from Netapp Cluster mode so let’s verify the CIFS lock files and release Lock from Netapp console. I will show you HowTo Break CIFS Locks Netapp Filers Cluster Mode.

[![Not able to delete file in use](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Not-able-to-delete-file-in-use.png "Not able to delete file in use - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Not-able-to-delete-file-in-use.png)  Not able to delete file in use

## HowTo Break CIFS Locks Netapp

There are two ways you can do. One is from Windows Computer Management. Second is from Netapp SSH session.

## Method 1:

Go to Computer Management console –> Right Click –> Connect Another Computer –> Provide Netapp Filer IP –> Click Ok

[![Connect Another Computer](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Connect-Another-Computer.png "Connect Another Computer - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Connect-Another-Computer.png)Connect Another Computer

[![computer management Open Files](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/computer-management.png "computer management - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/computer-management.png)computer management Open files

Here you will see all the open file sessions then select the one you want to release and break that session.

## Method 2 Break CIFS Locks:

Login to SSH Console using putty utility and verify locks using below command

```
>vserver locks show

Vserver: CIFS_ARKIT
Volume Object Path LIF Protocol Lock Type Client
-------- ------------------------- ----------- --------- ----------- ----------
CIFS_Software
 /CIFS_Software/Utilities/Softwares/ccmsetup.exe
 CIFS_Access cifs share-level 192.103.2.181
 Sharelock Mode: read-deny_write
28 entries were displayed.
```

CIFS Break is not available normal admin mode you have to switch back to advanced mode

```
> set advanced

Warning: These advanced commands are potentially dangerous; use them only when directed to do so by NetApp personnel.
Do you want to continue? {y|n}: y
```

\*> You can see \* in front of prompt be careful while running any command here

```
> vserver locks break -vserver CIFS_ARKIT -volume CIFS_Software -path "/CIFS_Software/Utilities/Softwares/ccmsetup.exe" -lif CIFS_Access
Warning: Breaking file locks can cause applications to become unsynchronized and may lead to data corruption.
Do you want to continue? {y|n}: y
2 entries were acted on.
```

Let’s see what the command say

- CIFS\_ARKIT = Storage Virtual Machine Name
- CIFS\_Software = volume Name
- CIFS\_Access = LIF name

That’s it. Now try to delete the file from path it will delete. That’s HowTo Break CIFS Locks Netapp Filers Cluster Mode.

## Conclusion

Be careful do not break against full volume or full CIFS Share path. run only to specific path is the recommended way.

## Related Articles

[C-Mode Netapp Basics](https://arkit.co.in/cluster-mode-top-commands-basics/)

[Steps to Setup C-Mode Netapp](https://arkit.co.in/steps-to-setup-cluster-mode-netapp/)

[Netapp Link](https://library.netapp.com/ecmdocs/ECMP1401220/html/GUID-6DB5C430-3BA5-4705-8D17-4057C9A379C6.html)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Netapp, windows

**Tags:** Break CIFS Locks

---

### [Pam_tally2 to Lock and Unlock User Accounts After Specified Attempts](https://arkit.co.in/pam_tally2-lock-unlock-user-accounts/)

**Published:** August 5, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

pam\_tally2 is an Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM), Module is used to specify user accounts lockout policy. Important and CRITICAL in security context, After few attempts user account should automatically lockout. Administrators can achieve using pam\_tally2 module. In this Article we are going to see pam\_tally2 Lock Unlock User Accounts After Specified Attempts.

  ## Pam\_tally2 To Lock and Unlock User Accounts

This PAM Module maintains a count of attempted accesses, if access is success count will be reset to 0 Or else after too many attempts access deny. pam\_tally2 is an application to manipulate counter file. It can display users counts, set individual counts or clear all counts.

All you need to mention policy in below files. Be careful when your defining PAM policy because it may lead to no access to user accounts (if wrongly configured)

```
/etc/pam.d/login
/etc/pam.d/sshd
/etc/pam.d/sudo
/etc/pam.d/xserver
```

## HowTo Lock and Unlock User Accounts

```
auth        required      pam_tally2.so no_magic_root deny=5 onerr=fail unlock_time=1200 audit
```

- **deny=5** – Deny access after 5 attempts and lock down user.
- **no\_magic\_root** – Exclude to lock down root user.
- **unlock\_time=1200** – Account will be locked till 20 Min (1200 Seconds = 20 Minutes). (remove this Unlock time if you want to lock down permanently – manually unlock.)
- **audi**t = Log audit
- **onerr=fail** = If something weird happens (like unable to open the file), return with PAM\_SUCCESS if onerr=succeed is given, else with the corresponding PAM error code.

By default log will be stored /var/log/taillylog, if you want different log file location for this specify file=FilePath

Log file is locate at below path, but you can’t read them directly you have to use PAM utility

```
/var/log/faillog
/var/log/tallylog
```

```
# pam_tally2 -f tallylog
Login Failures Latest failure From
root 510 07/27/17 15:43:06 unknown
```

See above command output root account has 510 failed attempts. To clear all User failed logins use below command options

```
# pam_tally2 -r -u root
```

Now check failed login attempts

```
 # pam_tally2 -u root
Login Failures Latest failure From
root 0
```

That’s it about PAM Utility. Lock and Unlock user Accounts.

## Conclusion

Whenever you reset Linux user password but still not able to login using SSH, Just verify pam\_tally2 failed attempts and clear them using above commands try login.

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** pam_tally

---

### [HowTo Set Default Printer in Linux using Command Line Interface (CLI)](https://arkit.co.in/set-default-printer-linux-command/)

**Published:** August 7, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

How Do i set an Default Printer to print anything from Command Line Interface in Linux. Simple Steps to setup Default Printer in Linux. Let’s see HowTo Set Default Printer Linux using lp commands.

  ## HowTo Set Default Printer Linux Command Line

Before Configuring the Default Printer in Linux check with lpstat command

```
ravi@Arkit-Serv:~# lpstat -t
scheduler is running
no system default destination
device for PRINTER1: socket://192.168.2.31:9100
PRINTER1 accepting requests since Mon 05 Aug 207 05:06:49 PM IST
printer PRINTER1 is idle. enabled since Mon 06 Aug 2017 05:07:49 PM IST
```

If your Linux system uses CUPS, you can change the default printer using Command Line Interface Using simple one liner command. Set Default Printer Linux CLI.

```
# lpoptions -d 
```

The ‘d’ option sets the default printer.

```
ravi@Arkit-Serv:~# lpoptions -d PRINTER1
auth-info-required=none copies=1 device-uri=socket://192.168.2.31:9100 finishings=3 job-hold-until=no-hold job-priority=50 job-sheets=none,none marker-change-time=0 media=na_letter_8.5x11in number-up=1 printer-commands=none printer-info='HP DesignJet 500PS42' printer-is-accepting-jobs=true printer-is-shared=true printer-location=Hyderabad printer-make-and-model='Generic text-only printer' printer-state=3 printer-state-change-time=1502096629 printer-state-reasons=none printer-type=4100 printer-uri-supported=ipp://localhost:631/printers/PRINTER1
```

After Setting Up an Default Printer using lpoptions see the lpstat -t command output

```
ravi@Arkit-Serv:~# lpstat -t
scheduler is running
system default destination: PRINTER1
device for PRINTER1: socket://192.168.2.31:9100
PRINTER1 accepting requests since Mon 08 Aug 17 05:05:49 PM IST
printer PRINTER1 is idle. enabled since Mon 09 Aug 217 05:04:49 PM IST
```

You can also setup an Default printer using simple environment variable adding into user profile file called ~/.bashrc. Why you have to add into .bashrc file because always when user logged into machine bashrc will be executed as part of profile loading.

```
export PRINTER=printer-name
```

If you use csh or tcsh, put this in your ~/.cshrc or ~/.tcshrc files because for CSH and TCSH prompt profile files

```
setenv PRINTER printer-name
```

If you’re a csh person, you might ask the difference between set PRINTER=printer-name and setenv PRINTER printer-name. The difference is that set makes a regular variable, and setenv creates an environmental variable. Regular variables are available only within csh. With an environmental variable, any program that you run from csh can also see the environmental variable.

## Conclusion

If you set default printer whenever you issue an print command lpr <File Name> by default it uses default printer. If you want specify printer name do remember to add printer name while issuing print command from CLI.

## Related Articles

[Cheat Command – Create and View Cheat Sheets](https://arkit.co.in/cheat-command-interactive-cheat-sheets/)

[Add Printer to CUPS Linux](https://arkit.co.in/add-printer-linux-adding-printer-cups-server-procedure/)

[Read CUPS](https://github.com/apple/cups/releases)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux

**Tags:** Printer

---

### [NoMachine Free Remote Desktop Access Tool - Enterprise Features](https://arkit.co.in/nomachine-free-remote-desktop-access-tool/)

**Published:** August 8, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

NoMachine Free Remote Desktop Access Tool for Everybody with enterprise Features enabled. It does not depend on any other packages / tools to get remote desktop. No Machine run’s on NX technology to access remote desktop securely using WAN. Every connection from end to end is encrypted to transfer secured communication.

  ## NoMachine Free Remote Desktop Access Tool Installation

First Step is to download the packages from No Machine site to your Linux machine.

**64 Bit Download**

```
#wget http://download.nomachine.com/download/5.3/Linux/nomachine_5.3.9_6_x86_64.rpm
Or
#wget http://download.nomachine.com/download/5.3/Linux/nomachine_5.3.9_6_x86_64.tar.gz
```

**32 Bit Download**

```
#wget http://download.nomachine.com/download/5.3/Linux/nomachine_5.3.9_5_i686.rpm
Or
#wget http://download.nomachine.com/download/5.3/Linux/nomachine_5.3.9_5_i686.tar.gz
```

Above is the package download URL for Free NoMachine software, if you want to download Enterprise / Small business you have to request NoMachine sales.

## Few NoMachine Enterprise Features

- Access and Share the Physical Desktop
- SSH Access Via NoMachine
- Desktop Access Via Browser
- Simply Take Remote Desktop from Android and iOS using apps
- Video Streaming
- Audio Streaming
- Screen Recording
- Whiteboard and chat tool
- File Transfer
- Multi-Monitor Support
- PAM Based Authentication

But No Machine Free Remote Desktop Access Tool Free Version can only provides you two concurrent remote connections, If you want more you have to buy enterprise version. Let’s see how to use this software in Linux machine.

## Environment for NoMachine Free Remote Desktop Access

- Linux NoMachine Server
- Windows Machine with No Machine Client

## Install NoMachine Linux Server

Simple method using rpm command you can install, it does not required any dependencies. Ultimately you have to have GUI enabled in Linux Machine. [GNOME](https://arkit.co.in/install-gnome-desktop-centos-7/)

```
[root@ArkItServ ~]# rpm -ivh nomachine_5.3.9_6_x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
 1:nomachine-5.3.9-6 ################################# [100%]
```

Check the Service status and Port is listening

```
[root@ArkItServ ~]# netstat -an |grep 4000
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:4000 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 
tcp 0 0 10.103.6.40:4000 192.168.6.31:49634 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 :::4000 :::* LISTEN

[root@ArkItServ ~]# systemctl status nxserver.service 
● nxserver.service - NoMachine Server daemon
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nxserver.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
 Active: active (running) since Tue 2017-08-08 11:02:36 IST; 9min ago
 Main PID: 8452 (nxserver.bin)
 CGroup: /system.slice/nxserver.service
 ├─8452 /usr/NX/bin/nxserver.bin --daemon
 ├─8554 /usr/NX/bin/nxd
 └─9132 /usr/NX/bin/nxserver.bin -c /etc/NX/nxserver --login -H 5

Aug 08 11:02:36 ArkItServ.local systemd[1]: Started NoMachine Server daemon.
Aug 08 11:02:36 ArkItServ.local systemd[1]: Starting NoMachine Server daemon...
```

[![NoMachine Server Status](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/NoMachine-Server-Status.png "NoMachine Server Status - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/NoMachine-Server-Status.png)NoMachine Server Status

To Check Server status in Linux Machine Click **Applications** –> **Internet** –> **No Machine Server Status**

[![NoMachine Server side Services](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Server-Services.png "Server Services - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Server-Services.png)Nomachine Server side Services

Server is running Let’s access Remote Desktop from Client

## Access Remote Desktop From Client

Whenever you open No Machine software it will automatically show machines which are having No Machine Server Software. You can also create new connection manually.

[![New Connection Button](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/New-Connection-Button.png "New Connection Button - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/New-Connection-Button.png)New Connection Button

Click on New button to Create New Connection

[![Protocol NX](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Protocol-NX.png "Protocol NX - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Protocol-NX.png)Protocol NX

Select Appropriate Protocol either NX Or SSH and Click **Continue**

[![Provide IP and Port Number](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Provide-IP-and-Port-Number.png "Provide IP and Port Number - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Provide-IP-and-Port-Number.png)Provide IP and Port Number

Type IP Address of the Server and **Continue**

[![Select Authentication Method](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Select-Authentication-Method.png "Select Authentication Method - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Select-Authentication-Method.png)Select Authentication Method

Authentication Methods

1. Password
2. Private Key
3. Kerberos

Select one and Click **Continue**

Proxy Settings if you have proxy in between Client and Server provide Proxy IP or else select Don’t Use a Proxy

Save the connection. Double Click on the Connection

[![Login Credential](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Login-Credential.png "Login Credential - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Login-Credential.png)Login Credential

[![Accept Connection](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Accept-Connection.png "Accept Connection - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Accept-Connection.png)Accept Connection

User as to accept connection from server to access remote desktop (It’s based on how you setup Server settings)

[![Ravikumar Connected No Machine](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Ravikumar-Connected.png "Ravikumar Connected - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Ravikumar-Connected.png)Ravikumar Connected

Controlling No Machine Remote Desktop

[![Control Remote Desktop Connection Keys](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Instructions.png "Instructions - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Instructions.png)Control Remote Desktop Connection Keys

That’s it you have successfully installed No Machine Free Remote Desktop Access Tool In RHEL 7. Accessed from client Windows machine.

## Related Articles

[HowTo Install GNOME in RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/install-gnome-desktop-centos-7/)

[Take RDP of your Ubuntu Machine from Windows](https://arkit.co.in/take-rdp-of-your-ubuntu-from-windows-machine-ubuntu-14-04/)

[RHEL6 vs RHEL7](https://arkit.co.in/rhel-6-vs-rhel-7-difference-previous-newer-version/)

[Check More Details](https://www.nomachine.com/) No Machine Site

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** NoMachine Free Remoted Desktop Tool

---

### [Linux Patch Management Keeping Linux Systems UpTo Date](https://arkit.co.in/linux-patch-management/)

**Published:** August 10, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Linux Patch Management is a CRITICAL Linux Administration Skill. Keeping all the Applications and System Up to Date is not an simple Task you have to look from multiple point of views to do single update. If your thinking about single package update then how about all the systems and there package updates. Linux Patch Management is the skill which comes with after lot of experience and mistakes. Keeping Linux systems Upto Date.

You never know what happens if you patch single Linux package, because Linux patch will not apply single update it will update lot dependents as well.

  ## Linux Patch Management Book Content

## 1 Patch Management Systems

- Basic Patch Concepts
- What Is a Patch?
- Patch Sources
- Patch Testing
- Distribution-Specific Repositories
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Updates
- Novell/SUSE
- Debian
- Other Linux Distributions
- Community-Based Sources
- Fedora Linux
- Red Hat Rebuilds
- Configuring Your LAN
- Linux Patch Management in a Network
- Rigorous Hardware Requirements
- Source Packages
- More Than One Repository
- Keeping Your Repository Updated

## 2 Consolidating Patches on a Red Hat/Fedora Network

- Creating Your Own Fedora Repository
- Installation Requirements
- Creating a Repository
- Configuring a Red Hat Network Proxy
- Configuring the Proxy Server
- Configuring the Proxy Client
- Configuring Red Hat Rebuilds
- CentOS
- Lineox
- Other Rebuilds

## Linux Patch Management Keeping Linux Systems Upto Date

## 3 SUSE’s Update Systems and [rsync](https://arkit.co.in/11-rsync-command-linux/) Mirrors

- The YaST Update System
- The YaST Package Manager
- Change Source of Installation
- Installation Into Directory
- Patch CD Update
- System Update
- UML Installation
- YOU Server Configuration
- A Local YaST Online Update
- Configuring YaST Patch Management for a LAN
- Creating a Local Mirror with YaST Online Update Server
- Creating a Local Mirror with rsync
- ZENworks Linux Management
- Supported Clients and Servers
- Installing the ZLM Server
- Configuring the Web interface
- Configuring Administrators
- Adding Clients
- Setting Up Activations
- Creating Groups
- Configuring Channels
- Creating Transactions

## 4 Making apt Work for You

- Fundamentals of apt
- Installing apt on a Debian-Based Distribution
- Installing apt on a RPM-Based Distribution
- Configuring apt on Your Computer
- The Basic apt Commands
- The aptitude System
- Running the Synaptic Package Manager
- Creating Your apt Repository
- Debian Repository Mirror Options
- A Complete Debian Repository
- Creating a Debian Mirror

## 5 Configuring apt for RPM Distributions

- A History of apt for RPM
- Reduced Dependency Trouble
- The Conectiva Approach
- An Overview of apt for RPM-Based Distributions
- Configuring apt for RPM
- Package Options
- Configuring apt
- Selecting Sources
- Configuring apt for Fedora Linux
- Configuring apt for SUSE Linux
- Configuring apt for a Red Hat Rebuild
- Setting Up a Local Repository
- Mirroring a Remote Repository
- Creating an apt Repository
- The apt Commands in Detail
- Analyzing apt-cache in Detail
- Analyzing apt-get in Detail
- Debian-Only apt Commands
- RPM-Only apt Commands

## Linux Patch Management Book

## 6 Configuring a yum Client

- The Basic yum Process
- Yellow Dog and yum
- yup and yum
- Repositories and Headers
- Required yum Packages
- Sample yum Clients
- Fedora
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Rebuilds
- Special yum Commands
- Caching Available Packages by yum
- Checking Available Updates by yum
- Finding a Needed File
- Identifying a Needed Package
- Listing Available Packages
- Getting More Information
- Updates or Installations by yum
- Deletions by yum
- Cleaning yum Caches
- Group Management by yum
- The yum Command Options
- Configuring Automatic Updates
- Finding the Right Update Command
- Automating the Process
- Other Automated Updates
- A yum GUI Tool
- Basic Configuration
- Adding More Repositories
- Installing Packages
- Updating Packages
- Removing Packages
- Using Your Own Commands

## 7 Setting Up a yum Repository

- Getting the Packages
- Strategy
- Creating a yum Directory Tree
- Start with a Distribution
- [Installing yum](https://arkit.co.in/yum-yellowdog-updater-module-local-installation/)
- Synchronizing Updates
- Managing Headers
- Header Creation Commands
- Adding the Headers
- Configuring a Local yum Server
- [Configuring an FTP](https://arkit.co.in/installation-and-configuration-ftp/) yum Server
- Configuring a yum Client for an FTP-Based yum
- Repository
- Configuring an NFS yum Server
- Configuring an NFS yum Client
- Adding Other Repositories
- Using Distribution Installation Files
- Keeping Extras with yum
- Adding Development Repositories
- Other Distribution Repositories
- Third-Party Repositories
- Maintaining the Repository
- Updating Packages
- Cleaning Header Information
- Creating an Enterprise Repository
- Creating a RHEL Update Repository
- Yummifying the RHEL Update Repository
- Sharing the RHEL Repository
- Configuring Updates to the RHEL Repository
- Configuring Clients to Use the RHEL Repository

## About The Author Michael Jang

Linux Patch Management is written by Michael Jang holds RHCE, SAIR Linux Certified Professional, CompTIA Linux+ Professional, and MCP certifications, and has written books on four Linux certifications A full-time writer specializing in networks and operating systems.

## [Download Book Now](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_infk12/)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Books, Linux, Security

**Tags:** Linux Patch Management

---

### [History Command Inside Shell Script Issue Resolved](https://arkit.co.in/history-command-inside-shell-script/)

**Published:** August 11, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Here is an Scenario that i would like to get one email from each and every Linux host with root executed commands. Looks very easy that simply run history command and grep the output by today’s date and send an email. That’s so super but do you know history command if you run directly it works. If you embed the same as shell / bash script it does not give any output..!!! 🙂 . So in this article i will show How To Run History Command Inside Shell Script Issue Resolved.

  ## History Command Inside Shell Script

I tried like blelow

```
#!/bin/bash
## To Grep History Command Output and Send Email
## Date: 11th Aug 2017
## Author: Ankam Ravi Kumar
## WebSite: https://arkit.co.in

DATE=`date "+%a %b %Y"`

history |grep "$DATE" > /tmp/histemp
COUNT=`cat /tmp/histemp |wc -l`
if [ $COUNT -ge ` ]; then
echo "Someone Run Command(s) as Root USer cat /tmp/histemp" | mail -s "Root User Command Log `date +%D-%M-%Y`"
else
echo "No Commands run as root"
fi
```

when i execute above script output file does not have single command run as root, but when i executed history command as mentioned below has so many commands.

```
# history |grep "DATE"
```

Then what is missing i scratched my head i did not find a clue. Script is correct and it does not have much complex in it. If i debug this shell script does not found single error.

I read so many web articles and found history command does not provide output when you include in bash script

Here is an way History Command Inside Shell Script

```
#!/bin/bash
# History Command Inside Bash
set -o history
HIST=$(history);
echo "$HIST" > /tmp/history
```

Now execute above script as mentioned below

```
# source hist.sh
```

Schedule History Command Collection using crontab

```
59 23 * * * source /scripts/hist.sh
```

Everyday based on above script output we can correlate and get emails with root command log

```
#!/bin/bash
## Working History Command Inside Bash Script

# Mail list
MAILLIST="YOUREMAILID"

# Daily root history commands
DATE=`date "+%a %d %b %Y"`

# Log path
AUDLOG="/var/log/commandhistory.log"

cat /tmp/history > $AUDLOG
cat $AUDLOG |grep "$DATE" > /tmp/histemp

# Mail notification
COUNT=`cat /tmp/histemp | wc -l`
if [ $COUNT -ge 1 ]; then
/bin/egrep '/sbin|init.d|vim|vi|mv|rm|chown|chmod' /tmp/histemp |mail -s "IT DEV HOST $HOSTNAME - `whoami` DAILY COMMANDS LOG" ${MAILLIST}
else
echo "NO Command executed as root today `date "+%a %d %b %Y"`" > $AUDLOG
fi
```

That’s it. It worked for me.

## Conclusion: 

History command is not execute in interactive shells. You have to try above method to capture history command output to another file. That’s how i resolved History Command Inside shell Script.

## Related Articles

[Debug Shell Script Easily](https://arkit.co.in/debug-shell-script-easily-identify-errors/)

[ Delete blank Lines from File AWK Script](https://arkit.co.in/delete-blank-lines/)

[Become an Expert in Shell Scripting Read this book](https://arkit-in.tradepub.com/free/w_wile48/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Linux, Scripting, Ubuntu

**Tags:** history command inside bash

---

### [What Is Patch Management In Linux A Deep Dive](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-patch-management-in-linux/)

**Published:** August 16, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article i am going to explain you What is Patch Management in Linux. to Understand Patch Management you have to understand Software development cycle, releases, version and Updates. Why all this you have to know because that’s where actual patching staff will start.

## What is Software..?

Software is an group of programs written to accomplish particular job. When this particular software is under development stage they call is it as version 1.0. After development completes they ask Testing team to test functionality as per given description. Again Quality team will verify software integrity, code quality and its performance. UAT (User acceptance Test) then release to production.

  Let’s take one simple example to explain how RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) name is defined

```
bash-3.1-16.1-i386.rpm
```

bash = Package Name (Label)
3 = Major Number
1 = Minor Number
16 = Path Number
1386 = Architecture the software designed
.rpm = Package Extension (Red Hat Package Manager)

Major Number will change only when version release (which means there is an new feature Or enhancement)
Minor Number will change when testing is identified there is an BUG Or functionality not working as expected
Path Number change when there is any missing program parameters Or identified security related loops. Software Developer should release immediate hot-fix to fix the vulnerability.

## What is Patch Management in Linux

[![What is Patch Management in Linux](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/What-is-Patch-Management-in-Linux-1024x583.png "What is Patch Management in Linux - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/What-is-Patch-Management-in-Linux.png)What is Patch Management in Linux

Here actual security program / vulnerability management program starts. Most of the corporate companies will have separate security team. Network Security/Information Security team will scan all the server machines including Windows/Linux and MAC. They Use [SIEM Tools](https://arkit.co.in/14-siem-tools-security-information-event-management-tools/) and Penetration testing tools.

All software’s and Operating system’s related loop wholes will be explioted and recorded. Now action begins Security Team will ask Windows Adminstrators/Linux Adminstrators/Technical team to update installed programs. When they ask to update you can’t simply update them, to update verify below things first.

1\. Verify compatibility issues based on your Operating System version
2\. Check any depent applications
3\. What are the enhancements will come if you update
4\. Is there any impact to current running apps in prod
5\. If new feature additions think about end user training’s on it

There are much more you have to check/verify.

## Do i need to remediate all vulnerabilities.?

As per my experience No, You must remediate a few. Based on Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) you have to take call. CVSS score is measured based on so many paramenters.

- Attack Vector
- Attack Complexity
- Privileges Required
- User Interface
- Scope
- Confidentiality
- Integrity
- Availability
- Exploit Code Maturity

The CVSS provides an Open framework for communicating the characteristics and impacts of IT vulnerabilities. It’s quantitative model ensures repeatable accurate measurement while enabling users to see underlying vulnerability characteristics that were used to generate the scores. Based on CVSS characteristics vulnerabilities are labeled “Low” (Score from 0.0 -3.9), “Medium” (4.0 – 6.9), “High” (7.0 – 8.9) and “CRITICAL” (9.0 – 10.0).

Consider marked as High and Critical must be patched.

## How do you do Patch Linux Servers

You no need to do manual installation to each and every single server. Then how.? In opensource market lot of tools available for that

1\. Red Hat Satellite Server
2\. Spacewalk
3\. Anisible
4\. Puppet
5\. Chef
6\. YUM Repository

## What is the Patching procedure

Before proceeding to execute an action from any tool, take simple testing environment which should contain all of your production environment applications and version’s should be same.

**Example :** In Production if you have Oracle 11g, OS is RHEL 5.9 and 1289 Packages installed in it.

Setup simulated environment for testing and deploy patches ask end users to test applications. If applications working as expected. If yes, then proceed to deploy in production environment. If applications are not working as expected then you have to think other way work around.

**Note:** Always be ready with revert back plan if anything goes wrong with patch deployment – patch management in Linux.

## Conclusion: 

Always be sure to verify software version’s and there features, improvements, enhancements before your going to patch Linux Servers. Compatibility of new software should be validated before pushing to production.

Thanks. That’s it about ” What is Patch Management in Linux “

## Related Articles

[Linux Patching to Keep your Systems Up to Date](https://arkit.co.in/linux-patch-management/)

[HowTo Install Apache OpenOffice4 RHEL 7](https://arkit.co.in/install-apache-openoffice4-linux/)

[RPM Command](http://www.tectm.com/p/redhat-package-manager.html)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7, Ubuntu

**Tags:** Patch Management in Linux

---

### [HowTo Configure Linux LVM with Multipath Enabled](https://arkit.co.in/howto-configure-linux-lvm-multipath/)

**Published:** August 17, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

In this article, your going to learn HowTo Configure Linux LVM Multipath Enabled. Before We published about [What is LVM](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-lvm-how-to-create-lvm-linux-logical-volume-manager/) (Logical Volume Manager). Creating LVM itself you have the flexibility to increase/decrease disk space as per the requirement, but why we have to create Multipath for SAN Disks.?

Actually, DM Multipath is used to fail over when one path is failed, it will use another path to send application I/O through multipath (Active/Passive). Another way of using is load sharing when one path is full with I/O it redirect the traffic with another path (Active/Active)

  ##  What is Multipath and How it will be useful

[![Typical Multipath Connectivity](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Typical-Multipath-Connectivity.png "Typical Multipath Connectivity - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Typical-Multipath-Connectivity.png)Typical Multipath Connectivity between server and Storage devices

As shown in above diagram, Linux server is connected to SAN Storage with dual paths (path-1 and path-2). If you map an LUN from SAN Device it will show in Linux server as two disks because it is coming from two HBA cards (typically two paths). Here our goal is to combine both the paths and use them as single path (redundancy).

Always do not trust (dependent) single cable connectivity because

- If FC Cable Fails.?
- HBA Card Failure.?
- SAN Switch Failed.?

If any one the component fails, you loose Disk from your Linux Server as a result hosted application will go down. Now do you understand how CRITICAL is SAN Disk.

[![Multipath Data Flow To LUN](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Multipath-Data-Flow-To-LUN-1024x430.png "Multipath Data Flow To LUN - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Multipath-Data-Flow-To-LUN.png)Multipath Data Flow To LUN

Above is the diagram which shows Data flow from Applications to LUN/SAN Storage after multipath configuration

## HowTo Install and configure Multipath RHEL 7

To configure multipath in Linux few packages you have to install

```
# yum install -y device-mapper*
```

Verify installed packages using rpm command

```
# rpm -qa |grep device-mapper
device-mapper-persistent-data-0.6.3-1.el7.x86_64
device-mapper-multipath-0.4.9-99.el7.x86_64
device-mapper-libs-1.02.135-1.el7.x86_64
device-mapper-event-1.02.135-1.el7.x86_64
device-mapper-1.02.135-1.el7.x86_64
device-mapper-event-libs-1.02.135-1.el7.x86_64
device-mapper-multipath-libs-0.4.9-99.el7.x86_64
```

Now do not start multipathd service, we have to copy the multipath config file from /usr/share/doc/device-mapper-multipath-0.4.9/multipath.conf location to /etc/multipath.conf Or you can also generate using simple multipath command

```
[root@ArkItServ yum.repos.d]# systemctl start multipathd
[root@ArkItServ yum.repos.d]# systemctl status multipathd.service 
● multipathd.service - Device-Mapper Multipath Device Controller
 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/multipathd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
 Active: inactive (dead)
Condition: start condition failed at Thu 2017-08-17 19:04:38 IST; 7s ago
 ConditionPathExists=/etc/multipath.conf was not met
```

Generate Multipath Configuration file using below command and start multipathd service

```
# mpathconf --enable --user_friendly_names y
```

[![Multipathd service status](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Multipathd-service-status.png "Multipathd service status - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Multipathd-service-status.png)Multipathd service status

```
[root@ArkItServ ~]# modprobe dm_multipath
[root@ArkItServ ~]# lsmod |grep dm_multipath
dm_multipath 23065 0 
dm_mod 114430 23 dm_multipath,dm_log,dm_persistent_data,dm_mirror,dm_bufio,dm_thin_pool
```

## HowTo Configure Linux LVM Multipath

Map the LUN from SAN Storage to Linux Server using FCP protocol

Scan for New devices using below command

```
ls /sys/class/scsi_host/ | while read host ; do echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/$host/scan ; done
```

Now verify multipath disks automatically get friendly name you already enabled in multipath configuration

[![multipath -ll](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/multipath-ll-1024x225.png "multipath -ll - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/multipath-ll.png)multipath -ll command list all multipath devices

If you exclude few devices list by specifying block list they will not show in multipath command list

Use multipath alias section to specify alternative name to override friendly name. Below is the actual /etc/multupath.conf file

```
### Default Multipath configuration RHEL 7 ###
defaults {
 udev_dir /dev
 polling_interval 10
 selector "round-robin 0"
 path_grouping_policy failover
 getuid_callout "/sbin/scsi_id -g -u -s /block/%n"
 # prio_callout "/sbin/mpath_prio_ontap /dev/%n"
 prio_callout /bin/true
 path_checker readsector0
 rr_min_io 100
 max_fds 8192
 rr_weight priorities
 failback immediate
 # no_path_retry fail
 user_friendly_names yes
}

## Device Blacklist Rule ##
blacklist {
 devnode "sd[a]$"
 devnode "^(ram|raw|loop|fd|md|dm-|sr|scd|st)[0-9]*"
 devnode "^hd[a-z]"
 devnode "^cciss!c[0-9]d[0-9]*[p[0-9]*]"

}

## Multipath Aliases ###

multipaths {

multipath {
 wwid 4500a098038303635685d472f492d6b5q
 alias DATA-DISK
 path_grouping_policy failover

# ONTAP Path: ark-netapp-03:/vol/prod_ora_disk1/prod_disk1
 # LUN: 1
 # LUN Size: 500g
 # Host Device: mpath1(4500a098038303635685d472f492d6b5q)
 # 5:0:0:5 sdp
 # 6:0:0:5 sdq
 # 6:0:1:5 sdaa
 # 5:0:1:5 sdr
 }
}
```

Now check new changes using multipath -v2 command

- -v level
- verbosity, print all paths and multipaths
- 0 no output
- 1 print the created or updated multipath names only, for use to feed other tools like kpartx
- 2 + print all info : detected paths, coalesced paths (ie multipaths) and device maps

[![multipath -v2](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/multipath-v2-1024x320.png "multipath -v2 - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/multipath-v2.png)multipath -v2

Add Partition Mappings using kpartx command

```
# kpartx -a /dev/mapper/DATA-DISK
```

Verify the device mapper

```
# ls -al /dev/mapper/
```

Create Linux LVM partition using fdisk utility

```
# fdisk /dev/mapper/DATA-DISK

:n
:p
Enter
Enter
t
8e
:wq
```

## Start Creating Linux LVM using multipath disk

```
# pvcreate /dev/mapper/DATA-DISKp1
 Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/mapper/DATA-DISKp1"
 Physical volume "/dev/mapper/DATA-DISKp1" successfully created
```

Physical volume is created successfully, using multipath Linux LVM

```
# vgcreate DATAVG /dev/mapper/DATA-DISKp1
 Volume group "DATAVG" successfully created
```

Volume Group has created using Multipath PV

```
# lvcreate -n LV03 -l 100%FREE DATAVG
 Logical volume "LV03" created
```

Logical Volume with 100% free space now in place.

Format Newly created Logical Volume using below command

```
# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/DATAVG/LV03
```

You have successfully configure Linux LVM Multipath

Mount formatted partition and use it

```
# mount /dev/DATAVG/LV03 /mountpoint
```

Permanent mount add entry in fstab file

```
/dev/DATAVG/LV03                           /mountpoint                    ext4    defaults        1 2
```

That’s All we achieved is redundant disk path in case of one path failure.

## Related Articles

[shell scripting very basics to learn](https://arkit.co.in/what-is-a-shell-shell-script/)

[RHCSA Certifiation Guide Written by Ravi Kumar](https://arkit.co.in/rhcsa-certification-book/)

[see this for more](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/DM_Multipath/multipath_logical_volumes.html)

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 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, RHEL7

**Tags:** Multipath Linux LVM

---

### [Nagios Core Graphs Showing Incorrect Time - Resolved](https://arkit.co.in/nagios-core-graphs-showing-incorrect-time-resolved/)

**Published:** August 19, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

We are using Nagios Core for Monitoring our entire environment which consist of Windows/Linux/MAC/Unix and Storage Devices. Recently i observed an error in [pnp4nagios](https://arkit.co.in/pnp4nagios-installation-configuration/) graphs after changing Nagios server timezone. Nagios Core Graphs showing Incorrect Time.

  [![Nagios Core graph timings showing wrong](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/graph-timing.png "graph timing - ARKIT")](https://arkit.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/graph-timing.png)Nagios Core graph timings showing wrong

As shown in above picture One entry is showing like 8 Hours and another is showing like 21 Hours. I thought maybe correct due to format change like 24 hours and 12 hours but morning 8 hours is not considered as 20 Hours or 21 Hours. Completely wrong data showing.

Basically i thought its an timezone difference (Example: Malaysia (MYT) – India Standard Time (IST) but not matching.

## Resolution Nagios Core Graphs Showing Incorrect Time

**Step1:** Check Current Server time and match with timezone. Note (Keep Ready) Timezone name.

**Step2:** You know PNP4Nagios will run/depend on PHP. Go to /etc/php.ini PHP configuration file and find the string name called date.timezone un-comment it and add your timezone.

```
# vi /etc/php.ini

[Date]
; Defines the default timezone used by the date functions
 ; http://php.net/date.timezone
 date.timezone = Australia/Brisbane

**Categories:** Nagios

**Tags:** Nagios Graphs Incorrect Time

---

### [How To Keep Running Commands After SSH Session Disconnection](https://arkit.co.in/keep-running-commands-ssh-disconnection/)

**Published:** August 21, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Some time back i got an requirement that i have to run few commands/scripts which execute more than 8 hours to complete. But my SSH connection can’t wait for 8 hours. Either i can’t keep my Laptop at office for security reasons then how can i run command which should run continuously for 8 hours without interrupt. Here is an Few tips you can use To keep Running Commands After SSH Session Disconnection.

  ## How To Keep Running Commands After SSH Session Disconnection

The Very first tip is to send your command to background and exit from command line command will execute still it completes in background. What i have to do for that.?

```
nohup sh scriptname.sh &
```

above command will create nohup.out file with command output and command will run in background

```
# jobs
[1]+  Running                 nohup sleep 300 &
```

OR

simply run command by adding & to last

```
# sleep 300 &
```

## Option-2 Screen Command to Run background Jobs

```
# screen
bash: screen: command not found...
```

screen command by default not exists, you have install using below yum command

```
# yum install screen
```

Screen is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between several processes (typically interactive shells). Each virtual terminal provides the functions of a DEC VT100 terminal and, in addition, several control functions from the ISO 6429 and ISO 2022 standards.

```
# screen -t sh scriptname.sh 

Or

# screen -L CommandName
```

It opens new virtual terminal within terminal session and it run scripts/commands to if your terminal closes no problem virtual terminal will still exists until your executed scripts completes. There are many options in screen command for more details read

```
# man screen
```

## Option-3 tmux command to run scripts continuously

 tmux is a terminal multiplexer: it enables a number of terminals to be created, accessed, and controlled from a single screen. Install tmux using below command

```
# yum install -y tmux
```

Each session is persistent and will survive accidental disconnection, you re-attach using below command

```
# tmux attach
```

Open new session and run scripts as you want run for more duration

```
# tmux new-session 
```

## Option-4 disown command keep running job after you exit from a shell prompt in background

When you exit from shell prompt hangup signal will be sent to all current running jobs to avoid to send hangup signal to your current running jobs just execute below command with disown

```
# disown -h JOBID
```

## Option-5 byobu for Ubuntu Linux

Byobu is an open-source Linux project to run multiple screens. Powerful then screen command and have more control over terminals

```
# apt-get install byobu
```

run commands using byobu

```
# byobu -S SessionTittle
```

## Option-6 VNC Server/Viewer

Install VNC server in your Linux server and start vnc services connect from your desktop using vnc viewer and run the job close the viewer still your VNC session keep running in background

```
# yum install -y vnc*
```

Start VNC server services and

```
[root@ArkItServ ~]# vncserver

You will require a password to access your desktops.

Password:
Verify:

Warning: ArkItServ.local:1 is taken because of /tmp/.X11-unix/X1
Remove this file if there is no X server ArkItServ.local:1

New 'ArkItServ.local:2 (root)' desktop is ArkItServ.local:2

Creating default startup script /root/.vnc/xstartup
Starting applications specified in /root/.vnc/xstartup
Log file is /root/.vnc/ArkItServ.local:2.log
```

Connect using VNCVIEWER to VNC server session:2

Last but not least NoMachine RDP Tool

you can also run more background jobs and manage remote servers using NoMachine Free Linux Virtual Desktop Tool

[See More Details Here](https://arkit.co.in/nomachine-free-remote-desktop-access-tool/)

## Conclusion

These tools will come handy when you want to run jobs/commands/scripts which runs for more duration/time.

## Related Articles

[PNP4Nagios Installation and Configuration Step by Step Guide](https://arkit.co.in/pnp4nagios-installation-configuration/)

[NRPE (Nagios Remote Process Executor)](https://arkit.co.in/nrpe-installation-and-configuration-in-remote-linux/)

[KickStart Server](http://www.tectm.com/2017/07/kickstart-server-installation-and.html)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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**Categories:** Centos, Linux, Redhat Linux, Ubuntu

**Tags:** Keep Running Jobs

---

### [Linux Server Operating Systems Most Widely Used Run Business Apps](https://arkit.co.in/linux-server/)

**Published:** August 22, 2017
**Author:** Ravi Kumar Ankam

**Content:**

Most basic thing is to know Why we call Linux Operating Systems in two different things one Desktop Operating systems and Server Operating Systems. Linux Server (s) are used to produce high computing/performance power, because host hardware is more powerful (High Configuration) then Desktops.

## What is Linux Server .?

Basically server is a high configuration computer which provide services to clients over network. Example: Web Server. Host Web Services in Linux Server and use it from many clients.

  ## Linux Server Operating Systems

First of all how an Server and Desktop operating systems are segregated based on what parameters. There are few parameter which any business (Industry/Company) Looks for, based on qualifying those features/parameter we consider OS is Server Operating system.

In Linux very few are designed for Linux Server Operating Systems

- **Cost:** Any Business/Industry first think about investment cost. Most of the Linux Server (s) are open-source, so that buying/adopting cost will reduce comparatively Windows OS. Because you can freely download and install Linux Server Operating systems but only you need to buy support (For more details Read GNU terms). Of course not free if you want to re-distribute.

- **Scalability:** Start as a small level and expand to any level. While starting business you don’t need to buy huge configuration servers, later when business expands along with the business your applications/servers need to expand. Linux Server has super scalable capacity.

- **Stability:** Another expectation is applications/servers should always stable. Once Linux server is moved to production it does not required to shutdown/reboot until an unless there is an need (Power Outage).

- **Security:** Now a Days most required is security. Linux Servers are by default secure if you install with harden (Only required things in it). [SELinux](https://arkit.co.in/selinux-security-enhance-linux/), [Firewalld](https://arkit.co.in/firewalld-installation-configuration-rhel-7/) and File & Directory level permissions are controlled by super administrator (root).

- **Support:** If any problem with designed Operating System(s) support team should fix errors proactively.

- **Multitasking / Multi User:** Basically Server Operating systems are designed to support Multiple task execution / Multi User support at the same time. Task execution can’t be wait for current task, all task will be executed as soon as they get the resource from resource pool (Depends on Hardware Configuration).

- **Networking:** Of Course it’s mandatory to have as many as integration support with multiple applications (As Industry grows). It should support all most all TCP/IP protocols and UDP protocols to communicate with multiple devices around the internet cloud.

## Here are Few Linux Server OS’s

## Red Hat Enterprise Linux

- Protect your data with military grade security
- Maximum Up time
- Multi container-based applications across enterprise
- Deliver High Performance, toughest workloads immediately
- Works with Heterogeneous platforms

[See this for more Details](https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux)

## Ubuntu Server

It is always at the top of most Linux-related lists. Ubuntu is Debian-based and is undoubtedly the leading standard in the industry. Ease of installation quality commercial support and excellent hardware discovery means Ubuntu’s standards is hard to match.

- Instead of Using Swap Partition it uses Swap File
- New Release Ubuntu 17.04 (Zesty Zapus)
- Kernel Version 4.10
- Updated Versions of QEMU, Libvirt and DPDK
- Driverless printing enabled

[Ubuntu Server OS](https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server)

## Centos

This is popular operating system for web hosting companies around the globe. Centos is clone of Red Hat Enterprise Linux with extended repository support. CentOS Linux is no-cost and free to redistribute.

[Read More on office site](https://www.centos.org/about/)

## Fedora

Fedora Server Edition is an ecosystem ideal for creating and operating validated service roles addressing most computing needs.

## Slackware

Slackware is one of the earliest available Linux server distributions. It was released first in 1993 and since then, it has grown an extensive fan base. Slackware is not associated with commercial distributions but it maintains relationships with many companies that offer fee-based support.

[For more Details](http://www.slackware.com/info/)

## CoreOS

We think open source works best when it is treated like Linux or Apache httpd, basic infrastructure that we all share with very little direct commercial motives.

We want our open source components, things like etcd, rkt, flannel, and Container Linux, to be freely used, even if by a competitor. To that end, we want to make sure CoreOS serves a single purpose for our users: the place for open source tools that are the fundamental building blocks of modern distributed systems.

## Oracle Enterprise Linux

This will come as a surprise but Oracle does indeed run an in house Linux distribution. Formerly known as Oracle Enterprise Linux, this is Red Hard Enterprise Linux made stronger by some nifty additions from Oracle. Oracle’s Linux competes directly with Red Hat’s Linux server distributions and it has been able to keep doing so effectively. Free to Download and Easy to Use.

## ClearOS

- Ease of Use. Installation and Setup is made easy.
- No Additional Cost. ClearOS is Pre-loaded.
- Aimed for Small Business Industries

## Arch Server Linux 

Arch Linux is a simple and lightweight Linux distribution designed with more competent Linux users in mind. It may not offer the same level of support and ease of use as can be found in other Linux sever operating systems on this list, but it has effortlessly functioned as a viable server for many more experienced administrators.

## Suse Linux Enterprise Server

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server is a world-class, secure open source server operating system, built to power physical, virtual and cloud-based mission-critical workloads. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) is owned by Micro Focus but operated independently. It is a good option for businesses without the time and patience for lengthy troubleshooting calls. SLES is another distribution that focuses on stability and support as against leading-edge technologies and features.

- Transform Software-defined Networking & Network Function Virtualization
- Meet strict security requirements of the Federal Government (FISMA)
- Adapt to new technologies—ARM AArch64, Raspberry Pi & Omni-Path
- Easy access to the latest packages/technologies using SUSE Package Hub integration with SUSE Customer Center (SCC)

## Read More

[How To Configure Linux LVM with Multipath Enabled](https://arkit.co.in/howto-configure-linux-lvm-multipath/)

[Introduction to Linux Operating System](https://arkit.co.in/introduction-to-linux/)

[rht-vmctl RHCSA and RHCE Lab](https://arkit.co.in/rht-vmctl-rhcsa-and-rhce-lab-commands/)

  ![author avatar](https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bde6ec0b084d7a9434b7a0f4290efa668000d5462c30c17e8e86b19a1e94e3f1?s=300&d=mm&r=g) 

 Ravi Kumar Ankam 

 My name is Ravi Ankam. I am passionate about learning new technologies quickly and sharing knowledge with others. My goal is to help learners grow their skills, because the more you learn, the more you earn. [See About Me](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [See Full Bio](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) [    ](https://arkit.co.in/about-founder-of-arkit/) 

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